445:
This transition from official mission status to ordinary
Spanish society, when it occurred in an official manner, was called "secularization." In this official transaction, the mission's communal properties were privatized, the direction of civil life became a purely secular affair, and the direction of church life was transferred from the missionary religious orders to the Catholic diocesan church. Although colonial law specified no precise time for this transition to take effect, increasing pressure for the secularization of most missions developed in the last decades of the 18th century.
917:, the Marquis de San Miguel de Aguayo, to build a new mission. On February 23, 1720, the new mission, San José y San Miguel de Aguayo was established 5 miles (8 km) south of San Antonio de Valero. Like San Antonio de Valero, Mission San José served the Coahuiltecan natives. The first buildings, made of brush, straw, and mud, were quickly replaced by large stone structures, including guest rooms, offices, a dining room, and a pantry. A heavy outer wall was built around the main part of the mission, and rooms for 350 Indians were built into the walls.
55:
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902:
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24:
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247:
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known as the Alamo was not built until 1744, and most of its actual structure does not remain. The mission eventually grew to include a granary, workhouse, and rooms for the priests, native peoples, and soldiers. To protect from frequent Apache raids, a wall surrounded the buildings. Outside the wall were farmlands and ranches owned by the mission.
862:
Its first location was west of San Pedro
Springs, and after being moved several times, it was finally established above a bend in the San Antonio River, where it would be easy to defend. The early mission buildings were made of grass, and the first stone building was built in 1727. The building now
670:
The current church building was completed in 1755 and is the oldest unrestored stone church in the United States. It is built in the shape of a cross, with walls that are 45 inches (1.1 m) thick. The mission was closed in 1794, with the property divided among the resident Native
Americans, all
920:
A new church, which still stands, was constructed in 1768 from local limestone. The mission lands were given to its
Indians in 1794, and mission activities officially ended in 1824. After that, the buildings were home to soldiers, the homeless, and bandits. It was restored in the 1930s and is now
448:
This mission system was developed in response to the often very detrimental results of leaving the
Hispanic control of relations with Native Americans on the expanding frontier to overly enterprising civilians and soldiers. This had resulted too often in the abuse and even enslavement of the Indians
572:
In its first two years of existence, the mission faced much hardship, as floodwaters and then drought destroyed their crops. After an epidemic killed half of the local population, the
Hasinai became convinced that the missionaries had caused the deaths. Fearing an attack, on October 25, 1693, the
444:
In the closely supervised setting of the mission the Native
Americans were expected to mature in Christianity and Spanish political and economic practices until they would no longer require special mission status. Then their communities could be incorporated as such into ordinary colonial society.
666:
The mission inherited the lands of the closed
Mission San Francisco Xavier de Najera 3 miles (5 km) south of San Antonio de Valero. Most of the Native Americans at the mission were Coahuiltecans who disliked the hard work of mission life. The Native Americans often ran away and were brought
627:
Mission San Juan
Capistrano had been known as Mission San José de los Nazonis in East Texas. When the mission was relocated to San Antonio in 1731, it was renamed so as not to cause confusion with Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo. Located 3 miles (5 km) south of Mission San José, San
1168:
This mission then thrived in the cattle and agriculture business. It was the 27th mission in Texas. Spain declined in influence in Texas and Mexico took over this mission. The
Mexican Roman Catholic diocese of Guanajuato, Mexico took over the mission operations in Texas with a few exceptions. The
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By 1762, the mission consisted of a stone chapel with stone rooms for the priests and the soldiers who lived at the mission. Rooms made of adobe were built along the walls to house the 200 resident Native American peoples. The mission was secularized in 1794, with the property divided among the
967:
The mission became the first large cattle ranch in Texas, with near 40,000 free roaming cattle at the height of production in about 1778. The large herds of longhorns and mustangs were cared for by the vaquero Indians from the mission. They also grew large crops of grain, fruit and vegetables to
782:
Archeologists confirmed the location of the mission in the late 1970s. It is one of three archeologically confirmed mission locations in East Texas and the only site open to the public. The City of San Augustine constructed a museum, campground and archeology lab in 2000. Since July 1, 2016, the
604:
Mission SantĂsimo Nombre de MarĂa was the second mission established by the Spanish in East Texas. Built for the native Neches population, the mission opened in September 1690 6 miles (10 km) northeast of Mission San Francisco. The mission consisted of a straw chapel and a house for the
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to guide him to East Texas to reopen the missions there; in return, Aguayo promised to open a mission along the San Antonio River for the chief's tribe. The new mission was established 3 miles (5 km) south of San Antonio de Valero and was initially populated by fifty families under the
452:
In the end, the mission system was not politically strong enough to protect the Native Americans against the growing power of ranchers and other business interests that sought control over mission lands and the manpower represented by the Native Americans. In the first few years of the
870:
Native Americans until 1793, when mission activities ended. At that time the land and livestock were divided among the thirty-nine Indians remaining at the mission. The buildings later served as a home for a Mexican army unit before becoming a military hospital in 1806. During the
420:
Following government policy, Franciscan missionaries sought to make life within mission communities closely resemble that of Spanish villages and Spanish culture. To become Spanish citizens and "productive" inhabitants, Native Americans learned vocational skills, such as
775:. The mission was built to convert the local Ais Native Americans. Following the Chicken War in 1719, Spanish officials closed the East Texas missions and Father Margil and others were relocated to San Antonio. During the next year, Father Margil founded
662:
before moving to San Antonio in 1731, where it was renamed Mission Nuestra Señora de la PurĂsima ConcepciĂłn de Acuña. The name was changed because the mission no longer served the Ainais tribe, and its new name honored the current viceroy of Mexico.
805:
Mission San Miguel de Linares de los Adaes was the fifth mission established in East Texas in 1716â1717. The mission was to serve the Native American village of Adaes just 20 miles (32 km) west of the French fort at
2290:
172:
457:âbetween 1824 and 1830âall the missions still operating in Texas were officially secularized, with the sole exception of those in the El Paso district, which were turned over to diocesan pastors only in 1852.
1169:
Mission was isolated from Mexico and began to do trade with the many different groups of Indians, French and Americans. The Fathers of this mission gave the name "River of the Most Holy Trinity" or
739:
Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de los Nacogdoches was established in 1716 by the Domingo Ramón-St. Denis expedition. Located in East Texas, the mission was established to serve the
275:
1165:
Destroyed by the Karankawa natives and relocated farther North. Sickness and Indian attacks forced the mission to relocate farther north, on the Trinity River 40 miles south of Dallas.
1015:
leadership of El CuilĂłn. The families did not stay long, and by 1726 the mission closed. Its lands were later given to Mission Nuestra Señora de la PurĂsima ConcepciĂłn de Acuña.
576:
The mission was reestablished on July 3, 1716, as Nuestro Padre San Francisco de los Tejas. In 1721, it was renamed Mission San Francisco de los Neches. It was moved in 1731 to
632:
remaining mission Indians. A priest continued to hold church services there, but other mission activities ended. The church has been restored and is still an active parish.
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The mission was attacked by French soldiers in 1719 and was closed. Three years later, the Marquis de San Miguel de Aguayo reopened the mission, but at a site closer to the
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1088:
930:
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2145:
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This mission was originally established on the Angelina River in East Texas in 1716 as Mission Nuestra Señora de la PurĂsima ConcepciĂłn de los Ainais. It served the
268:
2178:
119:
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Mission San José de los Nazonis was the third mission established in East Texas in 1716. Located near a Nazoni village, the mission was established by the
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Materials from ruins probably used to build new structures in the early 19th century. The site is presently owned by Our Lady of Refuge Catholic Church.
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672:
261:
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30:
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Juan Capistrano served Coahuiltecan natives. It was the most distant of the missions from the presidio at Bexar and was often raided by Apaches.
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998:, as a result of a promise made by the Marquis de San Miguel de Aguayo, the governor of Spanish Texas. The previous year, Aguayo had asked the
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779:. Mission Dolores was reestablished in 1721. Missionaries continued their work until 1773 when the East Texas missions were once again closed.
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support the residents and trade with others. Cattle and livestock were also driven and traded with the other missions in Texas and Louisiana.
581:
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3041:
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Shortly after its founding, Mission San Antonio de Valero became overcrowded with refugees from the closed East Texas missions, and Father
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but reopened in 1721. The mission continued until 1773, when the Spanish government ordered all of East Texas to be abandoned. In 1779,
675:, who cleaned it and began conducting services again. It is now open to the public for prayer, and is part of the National Park Service.
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of whom has left by 1800. For a time, the buildings were used as a cattle barn, but in 1855 the land and church were given to the
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supplies for the U.S. Army were stored there. The buildings are now owned by the state of Texas and operated as memorial by the
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124:
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695:. Although the mission closed after the French took the presidio at Los Adaes, it was reopened several years later by the
810:. At that time, the Spanish claimed the Red River as the eastern boundary of Texas, so the mission was considered part of
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74:
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Mission Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de los Ais was originally established in 1717 in the area of Ayish Bayou (modern
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only for a few months before being permanently relocated to San Antonio, where it became known as San Juan Capistrano.
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tribe. It was closed because of the French threat and reopened in 1721. In 1730, it moved temporarily to present-day
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84:
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39:
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Mission Nuestra Señora del EspĂritu Santo de ZĂșñiga was established in 1749, and referred to as "Mission La Bahia"
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skills were needed to help clothe the inhabitants. As buildings became more elaborate, mission occupants learned
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371:. In all, twenty-six missions were maintained for different lengths of time within the future boundaries of the
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228:
114:
79:
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4685:
4457:
4139:
3928:
3913:
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2862:
2815:
2591:
2529:
2240:
1918:
979:
800:
104:
4247:
4888:
4856:
4387:
4252:
3688:
3068:
2877:
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2481:
2275:
2195:
1119:
830:
688:
523:
162:
134:
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2118:
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was San Francisco de la Espada. In 1689, Spanish authorities found the remnants of a French settlement,
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On January 7, 1830, the official secularization order was finally executed and Refugio was abandoned.
843:
Mission San Antonio de Valero was established on May 1, 1718, as the first Spanish mission along the
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where it was named Mission San Francisco de la Espada. The surviving structure is now part of
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Currently a state historical park operated by the State of Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
711:
Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe was established in 1756 in central Texas near present-day
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In 1881, the Jesuits took control and renamed it Mission de Nuestra Señora del Monte Carmelo
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Rosario was formally combined with Mission Nuestra Señora del Refugio on February 7, 1807.
8:
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and influential among many of the other tribes of Rancheria Grande natives, such as the
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missionaries buried the mission bell, set the building ablaze, and retreated to Mexico.
54:
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1130:
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251:
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588:. A commemorative representation of Mission San Francisco de los Tejas, is located in
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was a part of New Spain. On its southern edge, Texas was bordered by the province of
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Rosario was not secularized until 1828, with the order officially executed in 1831.
872:
848:
364:
233:
157:
89:
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Law of coartaciĂłn (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
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Peace Came in the Form of a Woman: Indians and Spaniards in the Texas Borderlands
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2037:, Yale Western Americana Series, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press,
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1731:, accessed March 27, 2012. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
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Mission Nuestra Señora de la Limpia Concepción de Los Piros de Socorro del Sur
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and controlled by the State of Texas Parks and Wildlife Department as part of
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to the area to settle in the empty mission buildings. This began the town of
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2418:
2413:
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1971:
1943:
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1228:
Flooding destroyed the mission twice: once around 1742 and again around 1829.
1081:
Established 1754 4 miles west of La Bahia to serve various Karankawan tribes.
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945:
811:
724:
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formed the boundary between the two, France insisted that the border was the
465:
425:, farm implements, and gear for horses, oxen, and mules fell into disrepair,
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4229:
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3908:
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2153:
1034:
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depredations and was never protected by a complementing presidio garrison.
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477:
473:
213:
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999:
23:
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3698:
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510:
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472:. The boundary between the provinces was set at the line formed by the
4736:
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2331:
1497:
1307:
First permanent mission, built in 1691, was swept away by flood in 1744
1265:
1031:
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550:
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324:
293:
223:
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Destroyed by 2,000 Comanche warriors and their allies in March, 1758.
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949:
818:
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438:
340:
312:
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1337:
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935:
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728:
469:
349:
246:
1237:
In 1980, the name was changed to Mission San Antonio de los Tiguas
1084:
The mission developed a vast ranching system during its existence.
994:
Mission San Francisco Xavier de NĂĄjera was established in 1722 in
5035:
5006:
3516:
3501:
2658:
2637:
2632:
1866:"Goliad Area Historic Sites: Mission Rosario State Historic Site"
1480:
Established circa 1749 on the south bank of the San Gabriel River
1453:
1400:
1388:
720:
699:. In 1730, it was moved temporarily to what is now Austin, near
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under the direction of craftsmen contracted by the missionaries.
434:
430:
2354:
2098:
Short Biographies of Early Franciscans in New Mexico & Texas
529:
During their expedition, the Spanish met representatives of the
382:
throughout New Spain (Mexico and portions of what today are the
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3526:
3521:
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tribe. It closed several years later because of threats from
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Currently the ruins are an archaeological site designated as
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530:
344:
332:
297:
1142:
Assets transferred to Mission Santa Cruz de San SabĂĄ in 1756
3356:
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2057:
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890:
2119:
Map of Mission, Presidio, and Village locations in Texas
989:
636:
Mission Nuestra Señora de la PurĂsima ConcepciĂłn de Acuña
1728:
Gunnar Brune, "COMAL SPRINGS," Handbook of Texas Online
1475:
Historic marker for Mission San Lorenzo de la Santa Cruz
541:
Rivers. The Caddo expressed interest in learning about
292:
Spanish missions within the boundaries what is now the
2155:
Spanish missions of the Catholic Church in the Americas
1842:(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007)
1513:
Founded 1762 among the Franciscan Missionaries for the
1507:
1419:
A presidio (Spanish military outpost) est. here in 1751
1231:
Present church was constructed in 1851 on higher ground
518:
The first mission established within the boundaries of
1207:
1202:
735:
Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de los Nacogdoches
706:
3004:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
1177:
1069:
814:, despite being in what is now considered Louisiana.
727:
of the Comal river. It was closed in 1758 because of
499:
460:
1350:
599:
363:
was one of the three major agencies employed by the
2492:
Mission Nuestra Señora del EspĂritu Santo de ZĂșñiga
1146:
1089:
Mission Nuestra Señora del EspĂritu Santo de ZĂșñiga
931:
Mission Nuestra Señora del EspĂritu Santo de ZĂșñiga
925:
Mission Nuestra Señora del EspĂritu Santo de ZĂșñiga
1432:Established in 1746 near the mouth of Brushy Creek
751:led a group of settlers who had been removed from
678:
1990:The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts
1892:. University of Arizona Press. 1997. p. 116.
1705:
1483:Founded by the College of Santa Cruz de Querétaro
1467:Mission Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria del Cañón
1435:Founded by the College of Santa Cruz de Querétaro
1385:Founded by the College of Santa Cruz de Querétaro
1018:
557:village of Nabedaches in late May, and its first
5062:
2462:Mission Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de los Ais
1520:The first governor of the Lipan Apache here was
1244:
1002:(also known as Juan Rodriguez) the chief of the
824:
763:Mission Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de los Ais
691:expedition and was near the present-day site of
16:17th to 19th-century Catholic religious outposts
3548:
948:(whence the name "La Bahia" The Bay) among the
859:. The mission later became known as the Alamo.
605:priest. It was destroyed by a flood in 1692.
409:in 1689, and a response to the first permanent
971:Final official secularization in February 1830
857:Baltasar de ZĂșñiga y GuzmĂĄn, Marquis of Valero
608:
3193:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
2674:
2370:
2139:
1343:3rd mission of the San Juan Bautista missions
1047:Was the first place that the Spanish and the
851:, the patron saint of the mission's founder,
582:San Antonio Missions National Historical Park
269:
2868:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
2114:The Five Spanish Missions of Old San Antonio
1904:On Spanish Missions in neighboring regions:
1825:
1823:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1701:
1699:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1503:Third of three San Xavier (Gabriel) missions
1496:The Coco Indians and their allies (Tops and
1320:
549:led an expedition to establish a mission in
343:, fruits, vegetables, and industry into the
5101:History of Catholicism in the United States
1183:Established February 4, 1793, in East Texas
1113:Mission San Francisco Xavier de los Dolores
855:, as well as for the viceroy of New Spain,
480:, 100 miles (161 km) northeast of the
394:missions were a direct response to fear of
2681:
2667:
2377:
2363:
2146:
2132:
1909:Spanish missions in Chihuahua and Coahuila
1403:, Top, and Nabedache gathered at this site
1377:Mission San Francisco Xavier de Horcasitas
1087:In 1781 the livestock were transferred to
875:, the buildings served as the site of the
795:Mission San Miguel de Linares de los Adaes
367:to extend its borders and consolidate its
276:
262:
53:
4987:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
1992:, Plano, Texas: Republic of Texas Press,
1987:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1734:
1696:
1687:
1673:
1659:
1647:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1552:
1543:
913:received permission from the governor of
839:Mission San Antonio de Valero (the Alamo)
821:. The mission remained open until 1773.
4992:Colonial universities in the Philippines
1929:Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery
1579:
1561:
1470:
1426:
934:
900:
834:
639:
618:
563:
509:
287:
3983:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
2014:
2010:, Birmingham, AL: Southern Living Books
1965:
1588:
1570:
905:Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo
891:Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo
5121:Spanish Colonial architecture in Texas
5063:
4936:
2592:Monarchs and Viceroys of Spanish Texas
1939:On colonial Spanish American history:
1606:
1597:
1222:The Tigua tribe gathered at this site
990:Mission San Francisco Xavier de NĂĄjera
667:back forcibly by soldiers or priests.
327:orders to spread their doctrine among
4935:
4831:
4830:
3954:
3832:
3547:
3406:
3374:
3311:
3248:
3163:
3086:
3026:
2940:
2929:
2701:
2700:
2662:
2358:
2127:
2035:The Spanish Frontier in North America
2032:
2005:
1934:List of the oldest churches in Mexico
1313:Present mission was completed in 1843
1310:Second church was washed away in 1829
496:, 45 miles (72 km) to the west.
3264:Captaincy General of the Philippines
2756:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
2515:Presidio La BahĂa del EspĂritu Santo
1954:California mission clash of cultures
1949:Spanish colonization of the Americas
1508:Mission San Lorenzo de la Santa Cruz
1316:Socorro became part of Texas in 1848
921:a state and national historic site.
335:a toehold in the frontier land. The
4967:Indochristian painting in New Spain
3087:
2224:List of missions in Spanish Florida
1208:Mission Corpus Christi de la Ysleta
1203:Outside boundaries of Spanish Texas
1186:Moved in June, 1794 Mosquitos Creek
1106:Goliad State Park and Historic Site
1102:Mission Rosario State Historic Site
789:Mission Dolores State Historic Site
707:Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe
615:Mission San Juan Capistrano (Texas)
488:. Although Spain claimed that the
13:
3934:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
3407:
2688:
2520:Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas
2467:Mission San Francisco de la Espada
2015:Maxwell, Margaret Muenker (1997),
2006:Mason, Herbert Molloy Jr. (1974),
1340:, and Pacal) gathered at this site
1178:Mission Nuestra Señora del Refugio
1076:Mission Nuestra Señora del Rosario
1070:Mission Nuestra Señora del Rosario
1063:Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas
885:Daughters of the Republic of Texas
514:Mission San Francisco de la Espada
506:Mission San Francisco de la Espada
500:Mission San Francisco de la Espada
461:Within boundaries of Spanish Texas
429:skills soon became indispensable.
14:
5132:
3164:
3027:
2908:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
2546:Juan Bautista de las Casas Revolt
2384:
2051:
1351:Mission Santa MarĂa de las Caldas
600:Mission SantĂsimo Nombre de MarĂa
449:and a heightening of antagonism.
398:encroachment when the remains of
378:Since 1493, Spain had maintained
5091:Colonial United States (Spanish)
5019:Criollos in the colonial society
4947:Spanish missions in the Americas
4069:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
2530:Presidio de San Antonio de BĂ©jar
2105:from the Portal to Texas History
1147:Mission Nuestra Señora de la Luz
245:
22:
5046:Great PotosĂ Mint Fraud of 1649
2930:
1924:On general missionary history:
1880:
1858:
1845:
1832:
1722:
1459:Second of 3 San Xavier missions
1256:Established 1682 1Πmiles from
697:Marquis de San Miguel de Aguayo
679:Mission San José de los Nazonis
644:The front of Mission ConcepciĂłn
561:was conducted on June 1, 1690.
484:. On the east, Texas bordered
3375:
3098:Captaincy General of Guatemala
2806:Franco-Spanish War (1635â1659)
2608:Jefe PolĂtico of Spanish Texas
2497:Mission Santa Cruz de San SabĂĄ
2019:, Austin, Texas: Eakin Press,
1914:Spanish missions in New Mexico
1416:First of 3 San Xavier missions
1240:Still in use as a church today
1155:Located near the mouth of the
1025:Mission Santa Cruz de San SabĂĄ
1019:Mission Santa Cruz de San SabĂĄ
533:people, who lived between the
1:
5096:Archaeological sites in Texas
4997:General Archive of the Indies
4258:Francisco VĂĄzquez de Coronado
3929:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
3914:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
2863:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
2816:War of the Spanish Succession
2781:Anglo-Spanish War (1585â1604)
1974:: University of Texas Press,
1959:
1919:Spanish missions in Louisiana
1456:Indians gathered at this site
1245:Mission San Antonio de SenecĂș
1171:"RĂo de la SantĂsma Trinidad"
1065:was still running until 1772.
980:Works Progress Administration
825:Mission San Antonio de Valero
801:Spanish missions in Louisiana
723:tribes congregating near the
553:. It was completed near the
3955:
3069:Captaincy General of Yucatan
2999:Union with Holy Roman Empire
2978:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
2893:GermanâSpanish Treaty (1899)
2482:Alamo Mission in San Antonio
2109:The Handbook of Texas Online
1537:
1363:people gathered at this site
1336:Coahuiltecan Indians (OcĂĄn,
1298:people gathered at this site
1139:people gathered at this site
963:La Bahia (now Goliad, Texas)
831:Alamo Mission in San Antonio
7:
3833:
3549:Administrative subdivisions
2746:War of the League of Cognac
2472:Mission San Juan Capistrano
1966:Chipman, Donald E. (1998),
1899:
976:Civilian Conservation Corps
974:Restored from ruins by the
785:Texas Historical Commission
623:Mission San Juan Capistrano
609:Mission San Juan Capistrano
10:
5137:
4263:Diego Velåzquez de Cuéllar
4248:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
4150:Ălvar NĂșñez Cabeza de Vaca
3312:
3048:), Western United States (
2941:
2811:Portuguese Restoration War
2551:GutiĂ©rrezâMagee Expedition
2017:Let's Visit Texas Missions
1868:. Texas Parks and Wildlife
1710:. Handbook of Texas Online
1706:Donald E. Chipman (2010).
1283:
1248:
1211:
1189:Moved in January, 1795 to
1073:
1022:
928:
894:
828:
798:
647:
612:
503:
384:southwestern United States
5116:18th century in New Spain
5071:Spanish missions in Texas
5031:Slavery in Spanish Empire
4942:
4931:
4837:
4826:
4724:
4618:
4611:
4496:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4318:Pere d'AlbernĂ i Teixidor
4228:
4097:
4059:Ălvaro de BazĂĄn the Elder
4021:
3965:
3961:
3950:
3919:Barcelona Trading Company
3886:
3843:
3839:
3828:
3732:
3684:New Andalusia (1501â1513)
3654:
3596:
3558:
3554:
3543:
3494:
3453:
3417:
3413:
3402:
3381:
3318:
3259:
3191:Venezuela, part of Guyana
3170:
3093:
3044:, Central United States (
3033:
2947:
2936:
2925:
2776:BruneianâSpanish conflict
2761:Expulsion of the Moriscos
2707:
2696:
2616:
2600:
2584:
2564:
2538:
2505:
2454:Spanish missions in Texas
2452:
2392:
2314:
2261:
2161:
1321:Mission San Juan Bautista
1061:was gone the neighboring
847:. It was named for Saint
787:has operated the site as
568:Mission Espada's aqueduct
545:, and the following year
347:area. In addition to the
305:Spanish Missions in Texas
149:Missions in South America
62:Missions in North America
4972:Quito painting tradition
4962:Cusco painting tradition
4323:GarcĂa LĂłpez de CĂĄrdenas
4313:JerĂłnimo Luis de Cabrera
4220:Felipe GonzĂĄlez de Ahedo
4140:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
2717:Conquest of the Americas
2103:Images of Texas Missions
2033:Weber, David J. (1992),
1988:Edmondson, J.R. (2000),
1889:Journal of the Southwest
1558:Edmondson (2000), p. 10.
1326:Established in 1700-1702
1159:north of Wallisville in
1030:Established 1757 by the
897:Mission San José (Texas)
777:Mission San José (Texas)
594:Mission Tejas State Park
311:outposts established in
4757:Comuneros (New Granada)
4534:Balearic Islands (1558)
4253:HernĂĄn PĂ©rez de Quesada
4180:Ruy LĂłpez de Villalobos
4135:Miguel LĂłpez de Legazpi
4049:GarcĂa de Toledo Osorio
2913:Western Sahara conflict
2903:Independence of Morocco
2843:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
2786:Piracy in the Caribbean
2771:French Wars of Religion
2395:Early Texas Settlements
1968:Spanish Texas 1519-1821
1621:Chipman (1992), p. 113.
1549:Edmondson (2000), p. 6.
1500:) gathered at this site
1486:Located 5 mi.from
1438:Located 5 mi.from
1406:Located 5 mi.from
1346:Also site of a Presidio
1271:River moved and now in
1122:established the mission
1120:Pedro de RĂĄbago y TerĂĄn
1118:Established in 1755 by
866:The mission served the
808:Natchitoches, Louisiana
773:Antonio Margil de Jesus
353:(fortified church) and
5111:18th century in Mexico
5002:Colonial Spanish Horse
4676:Colonia del Sacramento
3899:Spanish treasure fleet
3476:Royal Decree of Graces
2507:Spanish forts of Texas
2083:Mission Espiritu Santo
1853:Peace Came in the Form
1829:Maxwell (1998), p. 32.
1817:Maxwell (1998), p. 31.
1808:Maxwell (1998), p. 30.
1799:Maxwell (1998), p. 29.
1790:Maxwell (1998), p. 28.
1781:Maxwell (1999), p. 27.
1772:Maxwell (1998), p. 26.
1763:Maxwell (1998), p. 25.
1754:Maxwell (1998), p. 24.
1745:Maxwell (1998), p. 19.
1693:Maxwell (1998), p. 34.
1684:Maxwell (1998), p. 33.
1670:Maxwell (1998), p. 18.
1656:Maxwell (1998), p. 37.
1644:Maxwell (1998), p. 36.
1630:Maxwell (1998), p. 17.
1585:Chipman (1992), p. 89.
1567:Chipman (1992), p. 83.
1476:
940:
906:
840:
645:
624:
569:
515:
455:new Republic of Mexico
300:
252:Catholicism portal
5106:18th century in Texas
4160:Vasco NĂșñez de Balboa
4120:Juan SebastiĂĄn Elcano
3435:Council of the Indies
2796:SpanishâMoro conflict
2766:OttomanâHabsburg wars
2726:Treaty of Tordesillas
2585:Monarchs and Viceroys
2556:James Long Expedition
1594:Weber (1992), p. 154.
1576:Weber (1992), p. 153.
1474:
1448:Akokisa (Orocquisa),
1427:Mission San Ildefonso
1173:to the Trinity river.
1051:went into a conflict.
1040:They lived among the
938:
904:
838:
819:Presidio of Los Adaes
715:, to serve the local
643:
622:
586:National Park Service
567:
513:
405:were discovered near
291:
4957:Mesoamerican Codices
4681:Comuneros (Paraguay)
4519:Siege of Castelnuovo
4105:Christopher Columbus
3924:Consulate of the Sea
3904:Casa de ContrataciĂłn
3495:Titles and positions
2888:SpanishâAmerican War
2878:Liberal constitution
2721:Asia and the Pacific
2617:Municipal government
2525:Presidio of San SabĂĄ
1612:Mason (1974), p. 36.
1603:Mason (1974), p. 35.
1129:River headwaters in
944:Established in 1722
881:MexicanâAmerican War
769:San Augustine, Texas
713:New Braunfels, Texas
369:colonial territories
339:introduced European
4686:Cartagena de Indias
4308:Diego de Mazariegos
4278:Pere Fages i Beleta
4145:SebastiĂĄn de Ocampo
3626:Provincias Internas
3598:Captaincies General
3512:Municipal president
3481:School of Salamanca
3252:Spanish East Indies
3231:Misiones Orientales
3103:Spanish West Indies
3067:, Central America (
3014:Pyrénées-Orientales
2967:Union with Portugal
2858:Napoleonic invasion
2838:War of Jenkins' Ear
1527:Located in current
1382:Established in 1745
1356:Established in 1730
1042:Lipan Apache people
955:Moved in 1726 near
877:Battle of the Alamo
853:Antonio de Olivares
749:Antonio Gil Y'Barbo
4982:Academia AntĂĄrtica
4937:Other civil topics
4303:PĂĄnfilo de NarvĂĄez
4205:SebastiĂĄn VizcaĂno
4170:Andrés de Urdaneta
4130:Juan Ponce de LeĂłn
4115:Ferdinand Magellan
4089:Bernardo de GĂĄlvez
3988:Indian auxiliaries
3486:Trial of residence
3466:Laws of the Indies
3250:Asia and Oceania (
3111:Dominican Republic
2648:SĂndico Procurador
2477:Mission ConcepciĂłn
2073:Mission ConcepciĂłn
1477:
1331:Guerrero, Coahuila
1225:Located in El Paso
941:
915:Coahuila and Texas
907:
841:
757:Nacogdoches, Texas
650:Mission ConcepciĂłn
646:
625:
570:
516:
307:comprise the many
301:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5053:
4927:
4926:
4832:Spanish conquests
4822:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4607:
4606:
4288:Pedro de Alvarado
4273:Gaspar de PortolĂ
4268:Pedro de Valdivia
4243:Francisco Pizarro
4195:NicolĂĄs de Ovando
4190:Alonso de Ercilla
4165:Alonso de Salazar
3998:Ships of the line
3946:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3370:
3369:
3327:Northern Africa (
3323:Equatorial Guinea
3307:
3306:
3244:
3243:
3159:
3158:
3082:
3081:
3073:Spanish Caribbean
3046:Spanish Louisiana
3022:
3021:
2957:Crown of Castille
2921:
2920:
2898:Spanish Civil War
2873:AdamsâOnĂs Treaty
2853:Nootka Convention
2801:Thirty Years' War
2791:Eighty Years' War
2712:Catholic Monarchs
2702:Timelineâimmersed
2656:
2655:
2352:
2351:
2008:Missions of Texas
1533:Abandoned in 1769
1462:Abandoned in 1755
1422:Abandoned in 1755
961:Moved in 1749 to
879:, and during the
845:San Antonio River
417:ten years later.
286:
285:
5128:
4933:
4932:
4899:Chibchan Nations
4828:
4827:
4797:Santiago de Cuba
4656:Guadalupe Island
4616:
4615:
4343:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4298:Diego de Almagro
4175:Antonio de Ulloa
4079:Ambrosio Spinola
4074:Pedro de Zubiaur
4044:Alfonso d'Avalos
4034:Antonio de Leyva
3978:Army of Flanders
3963:
3962:
3952:
3951:
3841:
3840:
3830:
3829:
3556:
3555:
3545:
3544:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3403:
3372:
3371:
3345:Peñón of Algiers
3309:
3308:
3246:
3245:
3161:
3160:
3084:
3083:
3066:
3024:
3023:
2938:
2937:
2927:
2926:
2848:Seven Years' War
2821:Queen Anne's War
2698:
2697:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2487:Mission San José
2379:
2372:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2281:Circular Mission
2271:Jesuit reduction
2148:
2141:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2078:Mission San José
2068:Mission San Juan
2047:
2029:
2011:
2002:
1984:
1894:
1893:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1862:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1708:"RAMĂN, DOMINGO"
1703:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1671:
1668:
1657:
1654:
1645:
1642:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1291:Established 1682
1152:Established 1756
1131:Hays County
1057:Even though the
873:Texas Revolution
849:Anthony of Padua
745:French Louisiana
673:Brothers of Mary
584:operated by the
524:Fort Saint Louis
486:French Louisiana
403:Fort Saint Louis
386:) to facilitate
329:Native Americans
278:
271:
264:
250:
249:
193:Eastern Missions
57:
40:Spanish missions
26:
19:
18:
5136:
5135:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5086:Colonial Mexico
5061:
5060:
5059:
5050:
5026:Old inquisition
4938:
4923:
4833:
4806:
4762:Trinidad (1797)
4732:La Noche Triste
4720:
4716:San Juan (1797)
4666:San Juan (1595)
4603:
4492:
4332:Notable battles
4327:
4293:MartĂn de UrsĂșa
4224:
4155:Alonso de Ojeda
4125:Juan de la Cosa
4110:PinzĂłn brothers
4093:
4064:John of Austria
4039:MartĂn de Goiti
4017:
3957:
3938:
3882:
3835:
3816:
3728:
3724:Terra Australis
3719:RĂo de la Plata
3664:Castilla de Oro
3650:
3592:
3588:RĂo de la Plata
3550:
3531:
3490:
3449:
3445:Santa Hermandad
3409:
3390:
3386:Terra Australis
3377:
3366:
3333:Spanish Morocco
3314:
3303:
3294:Northern Taiwan
3255:
3240:
3211:RĂo de la Plata
3166:
3155:
3089:
3088:Central America
3078:
3060:
3029:
3018:
2962:Crown of Aragon
2943:
2932:
2917:
2833:Bourbon Reforms
2703:
2692:
2687:
2657:
2652:
2612:
2596:
2580:
2560:
2539:Armed conflicts
2534:
2501:
2448:
2388:
2383:
2353:
2348:
2327:Mission Indians
2310:
2257:
2174:Baja California
2157:
2152:
2093:Mission Refugio
2088:Mission Rosario
2054:
2045:
2027:
2000:
1982:
1962:
1902:
1897:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1674:
1669:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1522:El Gran Cabezon
1510:
1469:
1429:
1379:
1353:
1323:
1288:
1286:Socorro Mission
1282:
1253:
1247:
1219:Founded in 1682
1216:
1210:
1205:
1180:
1161:Chambers County
1149:
1125:Located on the
1115:
1078:
1072:
1027:
1021:
992:
933:
927:
899:
893:
833:
827:
803:
797:
765:
737:
709:
681:
652:
638:
617:
611:
602:
508:
502:
463:
411:French outposts
282:
244:
219:Mission Indians
75:Baja California
47:Catholic Church
44:
42:in the Americas
41:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5134:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5011:
5010:
5009:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4842:Canary Islands
4838:
4835:
4834:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4696:TĂșpac Amaru II
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4641:BogotĂĄ savanna
4638:
4633:
4628:
4622:
4620:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4549:Spanish Armada
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4443:White Mountain
4440:
4438:Cape Celidonia
4435:
4433:English Armada
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4210:Juan FernĂĄndez
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4185:Diego Columbus
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4013:Army of Africa
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3993:Spanish Armada
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3959:
3958:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3894:Manila galleon
3890:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3837:
3836:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3552:
3551:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3411:
3410:
3408:Administration
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3329:Western Sahara
3325:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3227:Banda Oriental
3208:
3194:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3042:Coastal Alaska
3034:
3031:
3030:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2693:
2690:Spanish Empire
2686:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2315:Related topics
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2200:United States
2198:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2184:Sonoran Desert
2181:
2176:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2063:Mission Espada
2060:
2053:
2052:External links
2050:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2030:
2025:
2012:
2003:
1998:
1985:
1980:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1879:
1857:
1844:
1838:Juliana Barr,
1831:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1733:
1721:
1695:
1686:
1672:
1658:
1646:
1632:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1518:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1494:
1484:
1481:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1446:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1404:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:Closed in 1749
1370:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1292:
1284:Main article:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1251:Senecu, Mexico
1249:Main article:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1214:Ysleta Mission
1212:Main article:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1166:
1163:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1133:
1123:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1074:Main article:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1055:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1023:Main article:
1020:
1017:
991:
988:
987:
986:
983:
972:
969:
965:
959:
953:
929:Main article:
926:
923:
911:Antonio Margil
895:Main article:
892:
889:
829:Main article:
826:
823:
799:Main article:
796:
793:
764:
761:
736:
733:
708:
705:
701:Barton Springs
693:Cushing, Texas
680:
677:
648:Main article:
637:
634:
613:Main article:
610:
607:
601:
598:
547:Alonso De LeĂłn
504:Main article:
501:
498:
462:
459:
390:. The eastern
284:
283:
281:
280:
273:
266:
258:
255:
254:
241:
240:
239:
238:
237:
236:
231:
221:
216:
208:
207:
206:Related topics
203:
202:
201:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
152:
151:
145:
144:
143:
142:
137:
132:
127:
125:Sonoran Desert
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
64:
63:
59:
58:
50:
49:
36:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5133:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5076:Spanish Texas
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4977:Tapada limeña
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4934:
4930:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4829:
4825:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4569:Montes Claros
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4509:Vienna (1529)
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4238:Hernån Cortés
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4230:Conquistadors
4227:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4200:Juan de Ayala
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4054:Duke of Savoy
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3949:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3853:Dollar (Peso)
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3831:
3827:
3813:
3812:Santo Domingo
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3689:New Andalusia
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3636:Santo Domingo
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3560:Viceroyalties
3557:
3553:
3546:
3542:
3528:
3525:
3523:
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3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3484:
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3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
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3456:
3452:
3446:
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3441:
3438:
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3433:
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3428:
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3423:
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3416:
3412:
3405:
3401:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3373:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3310:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3165:South America
3162:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3085:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3050:Spanish Texas
3047:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3028:North America
3025:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:Franche-Comté
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
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2953:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
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2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2386:Spanish Texas
2380:
2375:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2263:South America
2260:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:North America
2160:
2156:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2046:
2044:0-300-05198-0
2040:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2026:1-57168-197-3
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1999:1-55622-678-0
1995:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1981:0-292-71188-3
1977:
1973:
1972:Austin, Texas
1969:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1944:Spanish Texas
1942:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1867:
1861:
1854:
1848:
1841:
1835:
1826:
1824:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1730:
1725:
1709:
1702:
1700:
1690:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1515:Lipan Apaches
1512:
1511:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:Located near
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1274:
1273:Ciudad JuĂĄrez
1270:
1267:
1263:
1260:. Settled by
1259:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1157:Trinity River
1154:
1151:
1150:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
984:
981:
977:
973:
970:
966:
964:
960:
958:
954:
951:
947:
946:Matagorda Bay
943:
942:
937:
932:
922:
918:
916:
912:
903:
898:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
864:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
837:
832:
822:
820:
815:
813:
812:Spanish Texas
809:
802:
792:
790:
786:
780:
778:
774:
770:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:Domingo RamĂłn
676:
674:
668:
664:
661:
657:
651:
642:
633:
629:
621:
616:
606:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
566:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
520:Spanish Texas
512:
507:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
478:Nueces Rivers
475:
471:
467:
466:Spanish Texas
458:
456:
450:
446:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:blacksmithing
424:
418:
416:
412:
408:
407:Matagorda Bay
404:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
365:Spanish crown
362:
358:
357:
352:
351:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
299:
295:
290:
279:
274:
272:
267:
265:
260:
259:
257:
256:
253:
248:
243:
242:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
210:
209:
205:
204:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
155:
154:
153:
150:
147:
146:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
85:The Carolinas
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
66:
65:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
48:
43:
38:
37:
33:
32:
25:
21:
20:
4952:Architecture
4847:The Americas
4711:Newfoundland
4701:TĂșpac Katari
4691:Cuerno Verde
4626:Tenochtitlan
4458:Valenciennes
4215:Luis Fajardo
4084:Blas de Lezo
4029:Duke of Alba
3909:Spanish Road
3747:Buenos Aires
3656:Governorates
3425:Ayuntamiento
3418:Organization
2883:Carlist Wars
2731:Italian Wars
2624:Ayuntamiento
2576:Moses Austin
2565:
2453:
2393:
2322:Cargo system
2301:Nahuel Huapi
2250:
2179:Sierra Gorda
2034:
2016:
2007:
1989:
1967:
1938:
1923:
1903:
1888:
1882:
1870:. Retrieved
1860:
1852:
1847:
1839:
1834:
1813:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1689:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1492:Milam County
1444:Milam County
1412:Milam County
1329:Site now in
1264:people from
1170:
1101:
1035:Missionaries
993:
982:in the 1930s
919:
908:
868:Coahuiltecan
865:
861:
842:
816:
804:
781:
771:) by Father
766:
738:
710:
682:
669:
665:
653:
630:
626:
603:
575:
571:
543:Christianity
528:
517:
494:Sabine River
464:
451:
447:
443:
419:
388:colonization
377:
360:
359:(town), the
354:
348:
331:and to give
304:
302:
214:Cargo system
183:Nahuel Huapi
129:
29:
4919:Philippines
4884:El Salvador
4504:Capo d'Orso
4388:St. Quentin
4363:Rome (1527)
4022:Strategists
3772:Guadalajara
3699:New Navarre
3694:New Castile
3679:La Luisiana
3631:Puerto Rico
3621:Philippines
3578:New Granada
3268:Philippines
3229:(Uruguay),
3225:(Bolivia),
3175:New Granada
3115:Puerto Rico
3061: [
2931:Territories
2751:Encomiendas
2567:Empresarios
2424:Nacogdoches
2404:San Antonio
1529:Real County
1366:Located at
996:San Antonio
578:San Antonio
5065:Categories
4589:Somosierra
4579:Manila Bay
4453:Nördlingen
4393:Gravelines
3873:Columnario
3845:Currencies
3762:ConcepciĂłn
3734:Audiencias
3709:New Toledo
3674:La Florida
3507:Corregidor
3471:Papal bull
3376:Antarctica
3284:Micronesia
2741:Golden Age
2444:Orcoquisac
2429:Atascosito
2332:Reductions
2246:New Mexico
2214:California
1960:References
1714:August 13,
1498:Karankawas
1266:New Mexico
1127:San Marcos
1032:Franciscan
741:Nacogdoche
725:headwaters
551:East Texas
482:Rio Grande
415:Gulf Coast
413:along the
400:La Salle's
375:of Texas.
325:Franciscan
294:U.S. state
224:Reductions
115:New Mexico
80:California
5081:New Spain
4894:Nicaragua
4872:Guatemala
4782:Pichincha
4767:Chacabuco
4706:Pensacola
4651:Mataquito
4631:Cajamarca
4612:New World
4584:Trafalgar
4488:Alhucemas
4368:Landriano
4353:Comuneros
4339:Old World
4283:Joan OrpĂ
4003:Royalists
3777:Guatemala
3704:New Spain
3641:Venezuela
3616:Guatemala
3573:New Spain
3568:Columbian
3461:Exequatur
3361:Cape Juby
3215:Argentina
3038:New Spain
2972:Gibraltar
2736:Habsburgs
2601:Governors
2414:El CĂłpano
2409:Los Adaes
2306:RĂo Bueno
2276:Chiquitos
2241:Louisiana
2234:Carolinas
2058:The Alamo
1538:Footnotes
1397:Ervipiame
1333:, Mexico.
1275:, Mexico.
1004:Ervipiame
1000:El CuilĂłn
950:Karankawa
753:Los Adaes
689:St. Denis
490:Red River
439:carpentry
341:livestock
317:Dominican
313:New Spain
198:RĂo Bueno
163:Chiquitos
120:Querétaro
105:Louisiana
90:Chihuahua
4904:Colombia
4889:Honduras
4802:Asomante
4787:Ayacucho
4777:Carabobo
4752:Curalaba
4529:Ceresole
4423:Gembloux
4383:MĂŒhlberg
4098:Mariners
3956:Military
3878:Doubloon
3863:MaravedĂ
3807:Santiago
3714:Paraguay
3440:Germania
3280:Caroline
3235:Malvinas
3219:Paraguay
3179:Colombia
3121:Trinidad
2988:Sardinia
2828:Bourbons
2643:Alguacil
2626:–
2439:Presidio
2419:La BahĂa
2196:Trinidad
1900:See also
1855:, p. 126
1488:Rockdale
1440:Rockdale
1408:Rockdale
1338:Pacuache
1049:Comanche
1010:and the
1008:Yojuanes
957:Victoria
729:Comanche
537:and the
476:and the
470:Coahuila
380:missions
350:presidio
337:missions
309:Catholic
140:Virginia
135:Trinidad
31:a series
28:Part of
5036:Asiento
5007:Mustang
4867:YucatĂĄn
4862:Chiapas
4742:Tucapel
4574:Passaro
4524:Algiers
4514:Preveza
4483:Tetouan
4478:Vitoria
4468:Bitonto
4408:Antwerp
4403:Lepanto
4358:Bicocca
3834:Economy
3757:Charcas
3752:Caracas
3646:YucatĂĄn
3517:Regidor
3502:Alcalde
3430:Cabildo
3337:Tripoli
3276:Mariana
3223:Charcas
3199:(Peru,
3183:Ecuador
3146:Bonaire
3141:Curazao
3126:Jamaica
3054:Florida
2638:Regidor
2633:Alcalde
2628:Cabildo
2286:CĂłrdoba
2229:Georgia
2219:Florida
2209:Arizona
2189:Yucatan
1454:Deadose
1401:Hasinia
1389:Yojuane
1368:Socorro
1303:Socorro
1191:Refugio
1059:mission
952:Indians
721:Tonkawa
555:Hasinai
535:Trinity
435:masonry
431:Weaving
168:CĂłrdoba
100:Georgia
95:Florida
70:Arizona
45:of the
5014:Castas
4772:BoyacĂĄ
4747:Guiana
4737:Iguape
4661:Recife
4599:Mactan
4594:Annual
4559:Rocroi
4554:Leiden
4539:Djerba
4473:Bailén
4428:Ostend
4413:Azores
4008:LegiĂłn
3973:Tercio
3966:Armies
3868:Escudo
3797:PanamĂĄ
3792:Mexico
3787:Manila
3742:BogotĂĄ
3527:Vecino
3522:Syndic
3353:BĂ©jaĂŻa
3313:Africa
3299:Tidore
3187:Panama
3151:Belize
3058:Mexico
2984:Sicily
2980:Naples
2942:Europe
2434:Ysleta
2342:Jesuit
2291:ItapĂșa
2204:AjacĂĄn
2169:Mexico
2041:
2023:
1996:
1978:
1851:Barr,
1452:, and
1393:Mayeye
1258:Ysleta
1137:Apache
1012:Mayeye
660:Austin
656:Ainais
590:Weches
474:Medina
396:French
361:misiĂłn
356:pueblo
323:, and
321:Jesuit
234:Jesuit
188:Mainas
173:ItapĂșa
158:Chiloé
110:Mexico
4909:Chile
4877:Petén
4852:Aztec
4671:Bahia
4646:Penco
4636:Cusco
4564:Downs
4544:Tunis
4463:Ceuta
4448:Breda
4398:Malta
4378:Tunis
4373:Pavia
3887:Trade
3802:Quito
3767:Cusco
3606:Chile
3341:Tunis
3288:Palau
3205:Chile
3136:Aruba
3131:Haiti
3065:]
2994:Milan
2952:Spain
2337:Andes
2296:Moxos
2251:Texas
1872:9 May
1450:Bidai
1296:Piros
531:Caddo
423:plows
392:Tejas
373:state
345:Texas
333:Spain
298:Texas
229:Andes
178:Moxos
130:Texas
4914:Inca
4857:Maya
4792:Guam
4725:Lost
4497:Lost
4418:Mons
3858:Real
3782:Lima
3669:Cuba
3611:Cuba
3583:PerĂș
3359:and
3357:Ifni
3349:Oran
3272:Guam
3201:Acre
3197:Peru
3107:Cuba
2986:and
2039:ISBN
2021:ISBN
1994:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1874:2015
1716:2020
1361:Suma
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