Southern Tang - Knowledge

509: 1017: 1908:, the successor and younger brother of Taizu. He had a keen interest in the Southern Tang, whose final ruler Li Yu had been dethroned at the beginning of 976. Southern Tang governmental documents remained unprocessed when Taizong ascended to the Song throne later that year. Li Yu was posthumously granted the title prince of Wu (吳王) by Taizong in 978. This was the same title once held by Li Ke, the supposed ancestor of the Southern Tang house. Taizong probably saw it possible to claim to be the legitimate successor of the Tang through transmission from Li Yu and the Southern Tang. 853: 1870: 1288: 981: 954: 1612: 1792:. The newly formed state bordered the Khitans. The Later Jin reigned as a Khitan vassal which made them undesirable to the Koreans. The strategic position of Goryeo was likely valued by the Southern Tang as a means to threaten the Khitan. Taejo sent a tribute mission to the Southern Tang in the summer of 938. A variety of locally produced goods were presented to Li Bian. Another mission from the Korean Peninsula arrived at Jinling in 938. The group was likely private traders from the recently conquered 1608:

greatly distressed Qian Yuanguan, who died soon afterwards. Southern Tang military officers pushed for an invasion to seize Wuyue. Li Bian demurred to the idea: "How can I take advantage of the calamity of other people?" Instead, an army from Li Bian sent out foodstuffs for the beleaguered people of Hangzhou. An opportune time to strike at a major rival of the Southern Tang was therefore passed over. Dialogue between the two states apparently ended in 942 due to their mutual contentions over Min.

1947:). The final chapters of the Zizhi Tongjian deal with the Southern Tang. They provide significant amount of information about the state. Sima Guang opined that conquering the north was beyond the capabilities of the Southern Tang. Contemporary scholars have noted that the personal biases of Sima Guang at times removed a sense of objectivity in the text. The ideological stances of the Zizhi Tongjian greatly influenced subsequent Song historiography, and are still prominent in modern scholarship. 1263:

likely to be a financial burden and source of disorder. Both states were much more useful as buffers against the North than areas of expansion. If a propitious opportunity arose to strike the "usurpers and thieves" in control of the Central Plains he declared he would act. After their defeat the Imperial Court would relocate to Chang'an and rebuild the dilapidated city. The restored Tang Empire would then encourage the remaining Southern states to recognize their legitimate rule and submit.

1388:. Afterwards, the Southern Tang army began to return home. Later Jin forces eventually caught up to the sluggish Southern Tang army and decisively defeated them in Mahuang Valley. The disobedience of his commanders upset Li Bian greatly. In a letter to Shi Jingtang, he claimed his generals were uncontrollable, as they were keen on career advancement through combat, and pressed for amicable relations. Thus, ended Southern Tang pretensions to the Central Plains for the time being. 834:(桑樹) were planted in large numbers in the Huai and Yangtze River basins. In May 939 farmers that had cultivated 3,000 or more in the past three years were given fifty bolts of silk from Li Bian's treasury. Payment of 20,000 copper cash was awarded to those that reclaimed at least 80 mu (≈1,040 acres) of land. All new fields they cultivated were not taxed for 5 years. These measures have been credited with increasing agricultural production across the realm. 1458:. The Southern Tang commander hesitated when a Later Han army arrived and called for a retreat back to the Huai River. Later that year another army was sent to seize territory across the Huai River. The campaign focused on Zhengyang, a city of strategic importance due to the ease of crossing the Huai River there. As in previous attempts of expanding north the Southern Tang army suffered a defeat from Later Han forces and retreated to the Huai River. 1070:. Li Jing established the Inkstone Bureau (硯務) to set annual quotas of their production. Skilled craftsmen that worked for the bureau received monthly salaries. Efforts were overseen by an Inkstone Officer (硯官). Dragon tail inkstones were prized possessions and offered as gifts among the Southern Tang literati, a tradition that continued into the Song dynasty. The most valued dragon tail inkstone contained minerals of a golden hue and were called 52: 1180:

distinctive paper became the official paper for royal proclamations. Only privileged officials were given any for use in creating government documents. Pure Heart Hall paper retained its importance throughout the Southern Tang, it was so prized that it was not sold in marketplaces. After the Song defeated the Southern Tang a multitude of imitation Pure Heart Hall papers appeared as the process for creating genuine articles had become lost.

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brother-in-law was sent to Tanzhou as an envoy to the Southern Tang in 959. The Liao were treated to a sumptuous feast by their Southern Tang hosts. Spies loyal to the Later Zhou were among those present. Muzong's brother-in-law was beheaded by the Later Zhou spies. The Liao court was unaware that the Later Zhou perpetrated the murder. Muzong furiously revoked all contact with Li Jing, ending Liao-Southern Tang relations.

1044:(南唐文房四寶) focused on brushes made by the Zhuge family, dragon tail inkstones (龙尾砚), inksticks crafted by Li Tinggui (李廷珪), and Pure Heart Hall paper (澄心堂紙). By the middle of the 11th century the Four Treasures were appreciated by Song literati who amassed private collections of them. While Song literati noted the quality of writing instruments, they did not perceive the Southern Tang regime itself as exceptional. 1486:, revolted against the Later Zhou. He was able to court military intervention from the Northern Han and the Southern Tang although neither actually provided much assistance. At the time the Southern Tang were experiencing great difficulty in securing their recent conquests in the kingdom of Chu. Their unpopular administration provoked provincial revolts. The Southern Han meanwhile began an invasion to secure 1029: 838:

dynasty was established in 960 these payments became exorbitant. Tribute to the Song incurred a downturn of the Southern Tang economy. After forcible incorporation into the Song Empire the former southern kingdoms became the focal point of the Chinese economy. Throughout their brief period of independence they had "laid the groundwork for the great economic surge that followed."

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its significance as a source for him to claim legitimacy. The Jiangnan lu has been lost besides several passages existing in largely hostile sources. Xu Xuan was criticized by various scholars of the era for incorrectly depicting events that occurred in the Southern Tang. The author of the Diaoji litan accused Xu Xuan of blaming other officials for his own ruinous policies. The

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realm would be lost. Li Jing however took no heed. Liu Yan gathered a coalition of former Chu troops and launched attacks on Southern Tang positions across Hunan. Bian Hao fled Tanzhou on 1 December 952. Liu Yan submitted to the Later Zhou in order to protect against a potentially revanchist Southern Tang. Thus Li Jing's effort to control Hunan ended in an embarrassing rout.

1627:. Changzhou was put under siege but the Wuyue army suffered heavy losses against a Southern Tang relief force. This defeat made the Wuyue army sent against Xuanzhou retreat before reaching the city. The Wuyue did not try attacking the Southern Tang again until 958 when Later Zhou victory was apparent. 20,000 troops were sent to assist in the final stages of the campaign. 938:. It is likely that the area had a potent artistic tradition before the formation of the Southern Tang. While most subjects were inherited, Southern Tang painters developed relatively new genres such as "landscape, ink bamboo, and flower-and-bird painting." Additionally they developed artwork focused on marine life. Their Tang predecessors apparently did not paint fish. 746:. The child was given the name Xu Zhigao. Using the threat of Wu-Yueh raids as an excuse, Xu Wen turned Chiang-nan into his base of operations. This in time would morph into the Kingdom of Qi. While Xu Wen assumed a position of power over the Yang family, he likely did not depose them due to unfavorable circumstances rather than the lack of will to do so. 1059:. Zhuge brushes kept a position of prominence until the mid-Northern Song era. The quality of Zhuge brushes began to decline. Song scholars developed a new calligraphic style of writing frame-less characters (無骨字) which required more flexible brushes than those made by the Zhuge family. Competing brush producers from other areas, especially from 1861:

army after seizing She Prefecture before persuaded to surrender; Jiangnan general Hu Ze who was stationed at Jiang Prefecture refused to surrender to Song and continued to resist until his failure in May. In 978 Li Yu died probably from actual illness, rather than being poisoned on the command of Taizu as some accounts claim.

819:(苧). These practices were in efflorescence during the Southern Tang, which created the most developed agricultural economy among the southern states. Rice farmers had better yields and in general had more disposable income than their predecessors. This led to more state revenue by taxes on cereal and cash crops. 1259:, Min, Southern Han, and Wuyue on 21 November 937 to announce his assumption of the throne. By spring of the following year all four states had sent their own envoys to congratulate Li Bian on becoming emperor. Thus began interactions between the Southern Tang and their neighboring and often competing states. 2001:

depicted Song Qiqiu as starting as an honest official that eventually became corrupt. Notably he is not recorded as affiliated with any supposed political faction nor that he established one. In the Wudau Shiji Wei Cen replaces Song Qiqiu as a member of the Five Demons, although the latter reportedly

1997:, and Zha Wenhui 查文徽. While some men included did act for self-aggrandisement there is not an obvious reason to consider them operating as a cohesive unit. Ma Ling detailed eight men operating as a faction; Song Qiqiu, Chen Jue, Li Zhenggu 李徵古, Feng Yanlu, Feng Yansi, Wei Cen 魏岑, and Zha Wenhui. The 1851:

The campaign began in November 974 and proceeded favorably for the Song. The Yangtze River was overcome with a floating bridge built across from Caishiji. Song forces crossed the waterway and secured a bridgehead. Outside Caishiji an army of 20,000 Jiangnan troops was defeated by Cao Bin. Song forces

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Li Yu kept a semi-independent status but came at a steep price of consistent tribute of gold, silver, and silk. Jiangnan was significantly smaller than the Southern Tang territorial apex achieved in the 950s. This made the large quotas demanded by the Song challenging to meet. In 964 the Song decreed

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By the close of Li Jing's reign the Southern Tang was well on the way to obscurity. He had pursued a number of foreign adventures managed by incompetent military officers that generally ended in costly disaster. From 955 to 988 the Later Zhou successfully campaigned against the Southern Tang. Li Jing

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and a 10,000 strong Tang force was sent to the Chu capital of Tanzhou. Ma Xi'e invited them into the city but was deposed in December 951. The majority of Chu territory was now in Southern Tang possession. Officials argued that Bian Hao needed to be replaced due to his incompetence, or the former Chu

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The foreign policy maintained by Li Bian has been described as maintaining a "martial conservatism." He recruited disaffected officials exiled from the north who found his realm to have bountiful resources. This made some of the newcomers contemplate its ability to expand territorially. The perceived

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Efforts by the Southern Tang to secure an alliance with the Liao against the northern dynasties continued to flounder. In 948 Liao and Southern Tang officials formulated a joint attack against the Later Han. Yet the Liao delayed for over a year. Once they did attack the Later Han, Khitan forces only

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The Wuyue had antagonistic relations with Wu and several conflicts occurred between the latter's pretensions to Min territory. The rulers of Wuyue maintained a status of vassal to the Northern dynasties as this protected them against Wu and later Southern Tang aggression. If attacked, their northern

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was advised to strike the lengthy and porous Southern Tang border. Simultaneously Southern Tang defensive procedures were reduced along the seasonally shallow Huai River in winter 955, leaving their border easy to cross. Later Zhou forces advanced south and constructed a floating bridge to cross the

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became scarce. The situation became dire in northern China. In 955 the Later Zhou Emperor Chai Rong banned the possession of bronze utensils upon pain of death. The Southern Tang and their neighbors minted coinage from clay, iron, or lead. These coins for domestic circulation (despite having minimal

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The Southern Tang and its neighbors were relatively prosperous compared to regimes successively in control of the Central Plains. The greater agricultural productivity of the region created favorable conditions. Consistent tax revenues were secured with the growing disposable income of the populace.

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Li Bian encouraged the bureaucratization of his court, taking power away from military officers. The constant turmoil of the Central Plains created a pool of experienced émigré officials that relocated to the more stable south. Li Bian was in particular interested in men versed in Confucian rituals.

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The Jiangnan lu was drafted by Tang Yue (湯悅) and Xu Xuan, both prominent members of the former Southern Tang government, to further the goal of connecting Taizong to the Southern Tang. It likely did not achieve more than a minor circulation. By the 980s Taizong was more firmly in power and the text

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Song historians tended to favor presenting the Five Dynasties as passing on the mandate of heaven in a linear fashion to the succeeding dynasty. The Song were at the end of this process, gaining the mandate from the Later Zhou. This logic, which did not factor the Southern Tang or other states, was

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as Emperor Taizu. Li Jing quickly sent envoys to confirm his loyalty and vassalage to Taizu. Taizu pursued an expansionist agenda to unite China under his rule. Jiangnan was not a tactical priority compared to other states and was left alone in return for considerable tribute. In August 961 Li Jing

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dispatched gifts to Li Bian. Later that year a group of Khitan envoys visited with an impressive herd of 35,000 sheep and 300 horses. In return for the livestock the Khitan received medicinal supplies, silk, and tea. The Southern Tang court financed a piece called "Two Qidan Bringing Tribute" by an

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The Southern Tang were initially able to export their tea, salt, and silk without impediment to the Central Plains. Additionally the positive relations allowed the Southern Tang to pursue the conquest of Chu without Later Zhou interference. This period of peaceable interactions quickly deteriorated

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According to Sima Guang these initially successful campaigns against Chu and Min made Li Jing grow an "ambition for the empire." Xuan Xu recorded in the Jiangnan Lu that certain officials sent requests to the Imperial Court for the Southern Tang "to secure the four quarters" (經營四方) through military

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Li Bian possibly cast a coin with the inscription Daqi Tongbao (大唐通寶) while the state still had its original name of Qi. During the reign of Li Jing several cash coins were created of different commercial value. Datang Tongbao (大唐通寶) and Tangguo Tongbao (唐國通寶) coins maintained the same inscription,

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During the reign of Li Jing he authorized several military ventures that according to He Jainming incurred heavy financial burdens that inhibited further economic development of the Southern Tang realm. Tributes were paid to the Later Zhou once they defeated the Southern Tang in 958. After the Song

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The Diaoji litan 釣磯立談 was composed by a private citizen of the Southern Tang after its conquest by the Song. In the work the author defended the legacy of the Southern Tang. The Tang-Song interregnum was conceived as a period where competing states potentially had a limited mandate of heaven. They

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Despite the motions made by the Khitan in founding an imperial dynasty, they treated the conquest as a "very large scale raid." Taizong soon departed for the Khitan homeland in March 947 and died on the journey Meanwhile, the Southern Tang were embroiled in a war of conquest against Min. This left

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The Khitan were an important partner for the Southern Tang. Positive relations were used to counter the threat posed by the Central Plains regimes and their Wuyue vassal. Dialog and gift exchanges were frequent during Li Bian's rule. He sent ambassadors to the Khitan court at Shangjing to announce

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When Li Bian sent messengers announcing his assumption to the throne; the Wuyue were the first to send their congratulations. In January 941 emissaries presented gifts from Wuyue to celebrate Li Bian's birthday. In August 941 the Wuyue capital of Hangzhou was devastated by fires. The ensuing chaos

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Leadership across the Ten Kingdoms did not see a politically unified China under a centralized bureaucracy as necessarily inevitable. Their sovereignty was revoked only through force of arms. Conceptually there could only be one Son of Heaven but regional autonomy was still possible. Some kingdoms

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by the Later Zhou but resisted them for 14 months. Throughout the conflict incompetent military officers made critical errors that ended in a string of costly defeats for the Southern Tang. By April 958 Shouchun had fallen and the Later Zhou were advancing upon the capital of Jinling. The Southern

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were among the stylistic standards for Southern Tang painters. As successful artists took on apprenticeships the styles and genres popular with the Southern Tang court were likely transmitted to many artists outside the Hanlin Academy. In 975 the Song conquered the Southern Tang. Talented painters

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Agricultural practices along the lower Yangtze River had undergone major modifications in the final years of the Tang dynasty. Irrigation and water management systems were more complex than in previous years. Intensive cultivation of rice was conducted in lowlands and adjacent reclaimed areas from

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Unlike the continual unrest and rebellions of the Central Plains, Tang rule across the Yangtze and Southern China had been generally more successful. These halcyon days had become a source of nostalgia for people in the south. This respect paid to the deposed dynasty became a useful political tool

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was presented to Taizu. This measure signified the complete submission of Jiangnan to the Song. Jiangnan was formally annexed and dissolved by the Song. The newly incorporated territories had 650,565 registered families. Lu Jiang acting Military Governor of Zhaowu Circuit continued to resist Song

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Wuyue became entangled in the Southern Tang conquest of Min. They sent forces to Fuzhou throughout winter 946 and spring 947. The combined forces of the Fuzhou garrison and Wuyue army defeated the Southern Tang in the Battle of Fuzhou. Subsequently, Fuzhou joined the Wuyue domain as a vassal. The

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On 12 March 939 Xu Gao took on the name of Li Bian. He additionally authorized a genealogy that claimed descent from the Tang Imperial family. Records vary about whom his supposed Tang progenitor was. Johannes L. Kurz concluded that the more reliable sources state his ancestor was either son or a

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continued to advance and reached the outskirts of Jinling in March 975. No defensive preparations were made by Li Yu. Both he and his court officials foolishly felt existing fortifications were adequate enough to keep the Song at bay. Starting in April the capital was put under siege by Cao Bin.

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Compared to regimes of the Central Plains, the Southern Tang were economically prosperous. This created bottlenecks for any army advancing north as long supply trains were required. The Southern Tang military utilized a combination of infantry and naval forces, while cavalry was seldom employed.

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An important paper medium for the Southern Tang was Pure Heart Hall paper. During the Tang dynasty generations of Jiangnan craftsmen developed their skills and artistic talent in creating paper. These trends were used by their successors in the Southern Tang to create Pure Heart Hall paper. This

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The Wudai shiji largely followed the Zizhi Tongjian in its treatment of the Southern Tang. However, the work has been seen as less accurate by contemporary scholars. In the work Ouyang defined the histographical concept of the Ten Kingdoms (十國). He also wrote a treatise on political legitimacy,

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proposed for the assassination of a Khitan dignitary that was visiting the Southern Tang court when they returned north through Later Jin territory. He felt that the murder could provoke a war between the Later Jin and the Khitans. While successful in killing the envoy, the harmonious relations

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In 941 Li Bian held meetings with his officials about the geopolitical position of the Southern Tang. He felt if the Southern Tang were to invade Wuyue, then the Later Jin would surely launch a counter-attack to protect their vassal. While the Min Kingdom was much easier to conquer, it was also

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trees to produce huimo (徽墨) inksticks. The highest quality were produced by Xi Chao's son, Xi Tinggui, whose skill was recognized by Li Yu. The Southern Tang ruler bestowed his family name (Li) to the Xi family in honor of their craftsmanship. Now called Li Tinggui, his products became known as

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The Song political experiences influenced the depiction of the Southern Tang in their historical works. During the reign of Emperor Zhenzhong a group of financial and political reformists were derided as the "Five Demons" by opposing interest groups. This designation was later employed by Song

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wrote an essay critiquing the recently published Song shi. In it he questioned the prevailing belief that the Southern Tang were not a legitimate political entity. He recorded statements from Taizu and Qubilai that supposedly demonstrated the importance of controlling Southern China to acquire

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Unlike his father Li Jing pursued territorial expansion against neighboring states. In 945 the Min Kingdom was conquered, although the Wuyue gained control of the prosperous port city Fuzhou. Chu was subjugated in 951 but much of the state was lost in a rebellion against the deeply unpopular

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In September 935 Yang Pu and Xu Zhigao settled on the territorial extent of the kingdom of Qi as having 10 of the 25 prefectures then under Wu control. Yang Pu awarded Xu Zhigao the title of King of Qi (齊王) in March of 937. In May he dropped the ranking character 'zhi' from his given name to

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as Emperor Taizong after entering Bian. Shortly afterwards Taizong offered Li Jing to become the "ruler of the Central Plains." This proposal was rejected, potentially due to the Southern Tang considering themselves culturally superior to the Khitan. Receiving the Central Plains, rather than

1474:"We have no hostile intentions towards the Tang. Both of us station troops along the Huai River, and both of us protect our border regions. We will not permit our troops and people to enter Tang territory illegally. Merchants can travel to and fro, and there will be no restrictions on trade." 998:

The Hanlin Academy (翰林院) was founded in 943 and had large amounts of accomplished painters. There were only two other artistic academies in operation during the period. Those employed by the institution held hierarchical titles that denoted rank. The lowest ranked were likely apprentices to

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took the Liao throne, securing aid became more difficult for the Southern Tang. He was far less interested in participating in Chinese affairs than his predecessors. In 955 the Later Zhou began a campaign to subdue the Southern Tang. Li Jing requested military intervention by Muzong. His

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them unable to effectively pursue a northern invasion. The campaign ended successfully late in 947. By this point however Liu Zhiyuan had already captured Bian from the Khitan and founded the Later Han dynasty. The opportunity to move against the north had been missed by the Southern Tang.

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determining that the principal factor lay in controlling a unified Chinese state. He laid out how to determine the legitimacy of a regime without necessarily giving into personal or cultural biases. He postulated that there were interregnums where no authority was necessarily legitimate.

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was released in 974 and is the earliest work to deal with the Southern Tang. It was composed to justify Song political pretensions. Li Yu still ruled as a vassal of Taizu and so was excluded from the work. The Southern Tang was denounced as a state of "usurpation and thievery" or jianqie

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The Southern Han sent envoys in 940 to reconfirm agreements made with Southern Tang. In 941 the Southern Han proposed for the partition of the Chu realm. However, Li Bian was unwilling to commit to the enterprise. The same year they sent gifts to celebrate Li Bian's birthday.

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critical to Song claims of legitimacy. Other states of the period were seen as not in possession of the mandate and therefore entirely illegitimate. Song histographers likewise disregarded the Southern Tang and its potential "as a southern alternative to empire building."

1270:"As a child I grew up in the army and saw the profound damage soldiers did to the people. I cannot bear to hear words about this again. When I leave other people alone and in peace, then my people will be in peace as well. Why do you ask me to start a war then!" 942:

and his students developed a unique style of landscape painting known as the Southern School, which influence artists in the Song and Yuan dynasties. Sculptures crafted with detailed pictorial reliefs became widespread and surviving examples can be found at the

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The conflict had incurred many expenses and for the Southern Tang and drained their treasury. The Southern Tang gained control of the Jianzhou and Tingzhou prefectures, while the Wuyue secured the area around Fuzhou. Control over the coastal prefectures of

1844:. Taizu now turned his attention to Jiangnan. Throughout 973 and 974 Li Yu was repeatedly summoned to the Song court. He feigned illness and claimed to be unable to make the trip. Tired of these excuses, Taizu raised an invasion force under the command of 1430:, revolted in the summer of 948. He sent envoys to Jinling in the hopes of securing an attack on the Later Han's southern flank. Li Jing was amenable to an intervention and dispatched an army under Li Jinquan from the Huai River. This force reached modern 653:) and abandoned "Ruler of Tang" in favor of "Ruler of the State of Jiangnan", which remained used until 976 when he surrendered to the invading Song armies. Taizu gave Li Yu the humiliating title of Marquis of Disobedience (違名侯) when he arrived in Bian. 1805:

was forced to cede all prefectures north of the Yangtze River and become a Later Zhou tributary. The realm became territorially truncated and lost the economic and political relevance it enjoyed when Li Jing assumed the throne 15 years earlier.

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Yongtong Quanhuo (永通泉貨) coins were initially valued at 10 copper coins but counterfeits were widely circulated leading to distrust of them. Copper coins were still preferred by the populace, which caused a rapid depreciation of the newer coins.

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waterways. Silk production developed into a regional cottage industry as farmers planted mulberry trees alongside their cereal crop. Meanwhile, in nearby piedmont areas agriculturalists became specialized in growing tea or textile plants like

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for aid. Throughout winter 946 and spring 947 Wuyue forces arrived on naval transports to protect their new vassal. The Wuyue and Fuzhou garrison killed over 20,000 Southern Tang troops. The siege was lifted and the war soon came to a close.

1556:. By February 945 Wang Yanxin had died and Wang Yanzheng reunited Min. The Southern Tang invaded soon afterwards. On 2 October 945 Jianzhou fell and Wang Yangzheng was captured. The majority of Min territory was now under Southern Tang rule. 1449:

calling for the resumption of trade between the Southern Tang and Later Han. This request was denied and the two states continued to clash in border conflicts throughout 949. In March an army of 10,000 was sent across the border into modern

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meanwhile maintained some significance as the secondary capital. His reign according to Robert Krompart represented the initial rebuilding "of the social, economic, administrative, and religious forces that produce stability in China."

1751:"If your Majesty wants to revive your ancestors’ enterprise, then the right time is now. Once the ruler of the slaves has returned to the north, and another ruler has appeared in the Central Plains, it will not be as easy to realize." 730:

proclaimed his own reign title. His brother Yang Pu continued this trend of asserting ideological independence from the Kaifeng-based regimes by claiming the title of Emperor in 927. This irrevocably ended diplomatic contact with the

672:) also used. By not using the formal name it claimed, authors denied the Southern Tang "the status of an independent state." Reign titles of rulers were likewise seen as unacceptable and their personal names were used exclusively. 1932:. An account was given of the Southern Tang geopolitical position and its plans for unifying China. By utilizing this terminology and logic the author disputed the negative status given to the Southern Tang by Song historians. 1732:. The Khitans sent six diplomatic missions to the Southern Tang between 938 and 943. In 940 Khitan envoys presented Li a snow-fox fur robe. In both 941 and 942 the Southern Tang sent three diplomatic missions to the Khitans. 1119:

During the late Tang dynasty Xi Nai (奚鼐) established himself as a prominent inkstick manufacturer in Hebei. His son Xi Chao (奚超) migrated to Shezhou to escape the continual instability of the period. There the family utilized

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the start of his reign. In correspondence Yelü Deguang and Li Bian referred to each other as brothers. This demonstrated the favorable opinion the Khitan held of the southern state compared to the reigning Later Tang.

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nominally accepted the suzerianity of the Five Dynasties. Several rulers simultaneously claimed to be emperors and still engaged in diplomatic exchanges with each other despite this breach of imperial orthodoxy.

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considered them second only to Phoenix beak inkstones (鳳咮硯), at point trading a bronze sword for a dragon tail inkstone. In the 13th century Yao Mian (姚勉) wrote a poem about a dragon tail inkstone once opened by

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In 927 Xu Zhigao inherited Xu Wen's position of power behind the Wu monarchy and laid out the groundwork for his seizure of the throne. He feared that the majority of the bureaucracy still supported the imperial

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In January 976 Li Yu surrendered outside his palace. He and his remaining courtiers kneeled down at the feet of Cao Bin. The deposed ruler reached Bian in February. The imperial portrait of Li Bian produced by

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in some capacity. The existence of this supposed faction has been critiqued by Johannes Kurz as a product of the personal biases of Song historians and their deliberate rearrangement of historical materials.

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new economic regulations that made the situation even more dire. Northern merchants were forbidden travel into Jiangnan. New commodity taxes were imposed in Jiangnan that could only be paid in gold or silver.

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officials that made a faction to illicitly gain power in the Southern Tang government. Membership in this ostensible group varies somewhat between the sources. It was however almost always affiliated with

1747:. The request was denied and greatly infuriated Li Jing who then ordered meetings to formulate an invasion of the Central Plains. Han Xizai advised the Southern Tang Emperor to capture Bian at this time: 726:. Yang Wo did not recognize this regime change as legitimate and continued to use the Tang era name of 'Tianyou'. Without a reigning Tang emperor, however, he was in effect an independent ruler. In 921 1311:

However, in the open Central Plains cavalry forces held the advantage. Peter A. Lorge concluded that these circumstances made Southern Tang campaigns into the Central Plains logisitically challenging.

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Kurz, Johannes (1997). "The Yangzi in the Negotiations between the Southern Tang and Its Northern Neighbors (Mid-Tenth Century)". In Dabringhaus, Sabine; Ptak, Roderich; Teschke, Richard (eds.).

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and Ouyang Xiu likewise critiqued the Jiangnan lu. Hostility to Xu Xuan by other Song historians likely came from a combination of his social prominence and prior service to the Southern Tang.

953: 1377:. Li Bian broke his policy of maintaining peaceable relations with neighboring states in a campaign that ultimately ended in Southern Tang failure. The military commissioner of Anyuan, 1545:

in 938 to represent the Min court and praised Li Bian for his assumption of the throne. In January 940 Min representatives renewed arrangements previously made with the Southern Tang.

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oversaw and edited the compilation that covered 1,300 years of Chinese history. Leaders of the southern states that claimed the title of emperor were instead referred to as "ruler" (

7588: 1187:, noted its quality in poetic works. Ouyang Xiu later gifted Mei Yaochen two scrolls of Pure Heart Hall paper for calligraphy. Song painters utilized the paper for their artwork. 8312: 1515:

Tang offered to cede all territory north of the Yangtze to the Later Zhou and become a vassal. The Later Zhou gained control over Huainan and almost a quarter million families.

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were popular among the Southern Tang. Li Congqian (李從謙) of the imperial family in particular greatly cherished the brushes. They later received praise from Song literati like

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Nonetheless, Li Jing praised Taizong of Liao for dethroning the Later Jin and petitioned him to allow the Southern Tang to repair the dilapidated Imperial Tang tombs of

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to label them as swindlers. Despite these ideological attacks, the work accurately recorded political events between the Central Plain dynasties and the Southern Tang.

1381:, contacted the Southern Tang with an offer to change allegiance from the Later Jin to the Southern Tang realm. Li Bian accepted the offer and sent an army northwards. 8371: 529:

The names and titles used by Southern Tang rulers changed several times throughout its existence. In the 930s Xu Zhigao ruled as king over a sizeable territory called

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Cho-ying, Li (2018). "A Failed Peripheral Hegemonic State with a Limited Mandate of Heaven: Politico-Historical Reflections of a Survivor of the Southern Tang".

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distinguish from his adopted brothers and was now known as Xu Gao. In October of the same year Yang Pu surrendered the state seal to him, ending Yang rule of Wu

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Hino Kaisaburō has detailed the principle routes used for inland economic and diplomatic exchanges between northern and southern Chinese states. These were the

585:). Taking on the name of Tang increased his status. Such a move could be easily construed to mean "the potential unification of territories under one ruler." 7581: 1255:

Li Bian however felt it was sensible to foster friendly relations with the other southern states. He dispatched ambassadors to the neighboring states of

7034:

Pak-sheung, Ng (2016). "A Regional Cultural Tradition in Song China: "The Four Treasures of the Study of the Southern Tang" ('Nan Tang wenfang sibao')".

1399:

pursued an antagonistic course with his overlord Yelü Deguang. This incensed the Khitan ruler who launched an invasion and defeated Shi Conggui in 946.

787:

Ma Ling (馬令) reported that the civilian government maintained by Li Bian "was humane and attracted men from far and near." Among these recruits was

8361: 7475: 7458: 1498:, the Southern Tang lost a pitched battle and lost over 1,000 troops. Despite this failure, court officials pushed for conquering the Later Zhou. 8276: 7574: 7287: 999:

established artists. The Emperors of Southern Tang took part in the administration of the Hanlin Academy and oversaw the hiring of new painters.

1595:. This vassal state maintained de facto autonomy from the Southern Tang until forcible incorporation into the Song dynasty three decades later. 1358:, promised annual tribute, and accepted a subordinate role to Yelü Deguang. In return the Khitan ruler appointed Shi Jingtang as Emperor of the 1438:. One evening Later Han forces appeared and attempted to encircle the Southern Tang base. Li Jinquan was able to lead a retreat to the port of 807:

Interstate trading of specialized crafts like colored silks and salt reclaimed from the Huai River likewise was promoted by the Southern Tang.

6037: 1183:

Song literati began to value Pure Heart Hall paper after a gathering of notable scholars that included Liu Ban (劉攽), Mei Yaochen, Ouyang Xiu,

508: 8351: 1566:. He initially submitted to Li Jing but was attacked after Southern Tang officials fabricated orders for his surrender. Li Renda appealed to 1454:. Later Han rebel groups operating there were receptive to accepting Southern Tang rule. While stationed there a Southern Tang army captured 1638:. The Wuyue ruler instead forwarded the letter to Emperor Taizu. Quan Chu joined his suzerain in attacking the Southern Tang. Changzhou and 8341: 8308: 7547: 1604:

suzerians could strike at Southern Tang territories along the Huai River. This kept the Southern Tang and Wuyue in a state of equilibrium.

565: 1442:

with his forces intact. His inaction against the Later Han perturbed Li Jing that Li Lingquan never held another active military posting.

1279:

conquest. These typically disastrous schemes were formed by certain officials keen on creating opportunities for their own advancement.

637:, the third and final Southern Tang monarch, initially used the title and seal of his father. He attempted to demonstrate obeisance to 1502:

advised strongly against the idea as he felt Guo Wei was in a position of power. Li Jing ultimately concurred and ceased hostilities.

1490:. These military pressures likely explain why Li Jing only sent 5,000 troops to assist Murong Yanchao. The Southern Tang army reached 882:(開元通寶) coins that were created during the Tang dynasty remained in circulation. Li Yu later minted coins with the same inscription in 711:

recognized Yang Xingmi's conquests and granted him the title of the Prince of Wu (吳王). He ruled for three more years and died in 905.

987: 960: 738:

During a campaign in 895 an orphaned child was captured, whom Yang Xingmi initially took into his household. However, his oldest son

1243:. The mixture was steamed, sweetened with honey and then sliced into pieces. The dish continued to be made during the Song Dynasty. 980: 864:

Copper mining in the north was heavily disrupted by the constant warfare of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms era. In consequence

537:) that existed within Wu. After deposing the Yang Imperial family in 937 he adopted the title of emperor and announced the creation 8336: 7540: 6421:

Lorge, Peter (2013). "Fighting Against Empire: Resistance to the Later Zhou and Song Conquest of China". In Lorge, Peter A. (ed.).

830:

these were successful, as "the lands of Huai were fully planted, sericulture was widespread, and the state grew rich and strong."

766:

On 11 November 937 Xu Gao formally ascended the throne. Xu Gao took inspiration from Tang governance and established two capitals.

6531:

Worthy, Edmund H. (1983). "Diplomacy for Survival: Domestic and Foreign Relations of Wu Yüeh, 907-978". In Rossabi, Morris (ed.).

1713:

unnamed artist in honor of these proceedings. The painting symbolized the importance put on relations with the Khitan by Li Bian.

1266:

Officials pushed for attacking the Later Jin. Li Bian refused to engage in a conflict at that time as he felt it was inopportune:

1016: 607:, which was used by both the Later Zhou and the Song to refer to the Southern Tang. Later Zhou correspondence called Li Jing the " 603:

and become a vassal of the Later Zhou. Li Jing additionally had to renounce claims to emperorship. The rump state was centered on

1716:

Contact between the two states was blocked by the Central Plains regimes. Consequently, a naval route was developed. Starting at

794:

The question of succession arose near the end of Li Bian's reign. He preferred his second son Li Jingda. However, his oldest son

7597: 7283: 7225: 1735:

After being insulted by an antagonistic Shi Chonggui, Yelü Deguang destroyed the Later Jin in 946. In early 947 he founded the

783:. On 2 May 939 Li Bian performed the traditional sacrifices to Heaven. Jingnan and Wuyue sent ambassadors praising this event. 399: 157: 8292: 7024: 6634:

Clark, Hugh (2017). "Why Does the Tang-Song Interregnum Matter? Part Two: The Social and Cultural Initiatives of the South".

6495: 6430: 6304: 6273: 6246: 6227: 5852: 5414: 5395: 5376: 4869: 4765: 4517: 3914: 3270: 1172:

for his scholarly pursuits. Li Tinggui's ink remained the standard to which other inksticks were compared until the reign of

1362:. Throughout his reign Shi Jingtang maintained amicable relations with his overlord, despite criticism from many officials. 8264: 8260: 7105:

The Southern Restoration of T'ang: Counsel, Policy, and Parahistory in the Stabilization of the Chiang-Huai Region, 887–943

1299:

The term "Five Dynasties" was coined by Song dynasty historians and reflects the view that the successive regimes based in

1384:

Southern Tang forces met up with Li Jinquan as planned. But against Li Bian's commands its commanders ordered the looting

8252: 5980: 7063:

Woolley, Nathan (2014). "From restoration to unification: legitimacy and loyalty in the writings of Xu Xuan (917–992)".

577:

were overthrown in late 936, which opened the way for Li Bian to claim it. In February 939 Li Bian renamed his realm to

6816:

Kurz, Johannes (2016b). "Song Taizong, the 'Record of Jiangnan' ('Jiangnan lu'), and an Alternate Ending to the Tang".

6563: 6388: 6350: 6341:

Hay, Jonathan (2012). "Tenth-Century Painting before Song Taizong's Reign: A Macrohistorical View". In Hung, Wu (ed.).

6331: 1959:

political legitimacy. Neither quotation appears in any other historical sources, making them of doubtful authenticity.

1651: 901:. They were hung on red silk and tassels in the spirit hall of the Imperial Treasury for offerings to the gods of the 6752:"'Cannot be Fed on when Starving': An Analysis of the Economic Thought Surrounding China's Earlier Use of Paper Money" 7533: 7463: 6521: 6449: 6369: 2078: 559: 553: 1252:

need for Li Bian to prove his legitimacy through military conquest likewise motivated many Southern Tang officials.

8256: 8248: 7230: 1939:

is an authoritative historical text published in 1084 that remains an important source for Chinese historiography.

1326:. Control of the Grand Canal was divided between several states, therefore it was the least used route in the era. 1066:

Dragon tail inkstones were another literary tool produced by the Southern Tang. They were made in the vicinity of

8356: 7274: 6001: 8376: 6540: 6513: 6487: 6468: 6411: 6265: 2037: 1635: 497: 472:

invaded the Southern Tang domain in 956 and defeated them by 958. Li Jing was forced to become a vassal of the

232: 51: 8288: 1841: 1533: 691:. Throughout a series of conflicts with neighboring officials he expanded his control over most contemporary 642: 493: 569:, referred to the state as Qi. They begin to use Tang only after Xu Zhigao adopted the name Li Bian in 939. 551:

referred to this state as Tang from its foundation, while the majority of historical sources, including the

7663: 7615: 7414: 7302: 6379:

Kurz, Johannes (2011b). "Han Xizai (902–970): An Eccentric Life in Exciting Times". In Lorge, Peter (ed.).

2002:

controlled the group through Chen Jue. This purported arrangement was also reported in the Zizhi Tongjian.

1080:

had a dragon tail inkstone among his collection, which provoked further interest in them by Song literati.

723: 395: 6663:

Clark, Hugh (2016b). "Why does the Tang-Song Interregnum matter?: A focus on the economies of the south".

480:, and relinquish his title of emperor. In 960, the Southern Tang became a vassal of the newly established 8346: 8167: 7653: 7419: 7367: 1685:. The Southern Tang counterattack ended in failure and the Southern Han secured their territorial gains. 1553: 1455: 1037: 7200: 6955:"Crise politique et développement rizicole en Chine : la région du Jiang-Huai (VIIIe – Xe siècles)" 1510:

Huai River at Zhengyang and began the invasion of Huainan in early 956. The crucially important city of

7789: 7739: 7693: 7673: 7409: 7322: 7317: 7308: 7005:"Where is 'Yingyou' : the 'Tea Route' between Khitan and Southern Tang and its ports of departure" 6220:

Patrons and Patriarchs : Regional Rulers and Chan monks during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

1837: 1412: 1359: 902: 489: 6130: 964: 795: 20: 7252: 1620:

Wuyue participated in the Later Zhou invasion of the Southern Tang. In 956 armies were sent capture

770:

was already his seat of power and became the principal location of the court. The old Wu capital of

8240: 8127: 8044: 8039: 6101: 5946: 1986: 1678: 1161: 1152:

in particular were recognized for their quality. Emperors gave them as presents to their scholars.

1004: 898: 780: 708: 481: 340: 236: 8232: 8100: 7779: 7774: 2998: 1905: 1339: 1224: 1173: 1141: 869:

value intrinsically) and to prevent the export of precious bronze coinage to neighboring states.

588: 454: 257: 131: 7566: 7242: 7125: 8331: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8284: 8280: 8272: 8236: 8034: 8029: 7902: 7829: 7496: 7453: 7143: 6954: 6870: 1981:

The Diaoji litan was the first work to employ the term. The claimed members of this group were

1920:

by Chen Pengnian both in a partisan manner to fix these supposed errors. Later historians like

1768: 1067: 6846: 6019: 1548:

Throughout the early 940s the Min Emperor Wang Yanxi faced strife with his rebellious brother

656:

Historical texts produced during the Song dynasty were named after Jiangnan, with variants of

8268: 8244: 8228: 8105: 3182: 1822: 1809: 906: 847: 638: 634: 485: 143: 6808: 6784: 6400:

China and Her Neighbours: Borders, Visions of the Other, Foreign Policy 10th to 19th Century

922: 402:. Located in southern China, the Southern Tang proclaimed itself to be the successor of the 7506: 7247: 6256:

Clark, Hugh R. (2009). "The Southern Kingdoms between the T'ang and the Sung, 907–979". In

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Li Bian pursued the economic development of his realm through a number of fiscal policies.

262: 934:

The majority of Southern Tang court painters with surviving documentation were natives of

8: 7659: 7267: 6345:. Chicago: The Center for the Art of East Asia, University of Chicago. pp. 285–318. 2631: 1355: 1315: 1140:

and used it as a source of paint for restoration projects. It was not until the reign of

874: 865: 798:

was eventually picked as his heir. In 943 Li Bian died and Li Jing succeeded his father.

7516: 6626: 852: 826:

drafted many initiatives that focused on tax reform that were implemented. According to

8115: 7363: 7051: 6991: 6941: 6916: 6891: 6866: 6833: 6804: 6771: 6738: 6713: 6680: 6651: 6601: 6552: 6508:; Tietze, Klaus-Peter (1994). "The Liao". In Franke, Herbert; Twitchett, Denis (eds.). 6310: 6288: 5996: 2926: 1729: 1721: 458: 6222:. Studies in East Asian Buddhism. Vol. 25. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 1969: 1740:

conquering it, would have left the legitimacy of the Southern Tang far from certain.

7055: 7020: 6880:"The Consolidation of Official Historiography during the Early Northern Song Dynasty" 6837: 6775: 6684: 6655: 6559: 6536: 6517: 6491: 6464: 6445: 6426: 6407: 6384: 6365: 6346: 6327: 6314: 6300: 6269: 6242: 6223: 6195: 6177: 6156: 6114: 6095: 6079: 6058: 5959: 5940: 2613: 2204: 1592: 1511: 1304: 1287: 1236: 6862: 930:

on Pure Heart Hall paper of the Buddhist Kaixian Temple (開先寺) by the order of Li Yu.

7448: 7443: 7183: 7072: 7043: 6966: 6858: 6825: 6796: 6763: 6705: 6672: 6643: 6622: 6597: 6593: 6292: 2029: 1785: 1639: 1220: 1077: 414:. At its territorial peak in 951, the Southern Tang controlled the whole of modern 411: 377: 7103: 6694:"Historiography as Politics in Yang Wei-chen's 'Polemic on Legitimate Succession'" 6800: 6505: 6479: 6257: 1781: 1373:

In 940 the Southern Tang supported backed a rebellion in the Later Jin territory

883: 879: 7260: 6905:"The Invention of a "Faction" in Song Historical Writings on the Southern Tang" 1998: 1936: 1917: 1483: 1060: 857: 754:

family. The Crown Prince Yang Lian was arranged to marry one of his daughters.

751: 547: 85: 7076: 6767: 6343:

Tenth-century China and Beyond: Art and Visual Culture in a Multi-centered Age

6296: 1199:

Among the culinary options available in the Southern Tang was a pastry called

8325: 8208: 8198: 8173: 7925: 7649: 7470: 6533:

China among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries

1913: 1889: 1549: 1392: 1374: 1228: 831: 719: 477: 453:. He largely maintained peaceable relations with neighboring states. His son 7094:

The Transformation in State and Elite Responses to Popular Religious Beliefs

7092: 6970: 6751: 6709: 5924: 742:

disliked the child, and so Yang decided to give the child to his lieutenant

8203: 8132: 8072: 8021: 7907: 7834: 7816: 7806: 7765: 7752: 7747: 7554: 7511: 7501: 7393: 7373: 6535:. Berkley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 17–46. 6403: 2560: 1955: 1873: 1817: 1736: 1697: 1588: 1567: 1446: 1396: 1351: 1335: 1240: 969: 944: 727: 688: 403: 7163: 7047: 6829: 6676: 6647: 1709: 1611: 1552:. In 943 Wang Yanzheng seized the northwest regions of Min and formed the 8147: 8142: 8137: 8062: 7968: 7958: 7953: 7871: 7801: 7633: 7438: 6172: 2972: 2241: 2018: 1813: 1744: 1439: 1427: 1408: 1323: 1052: 887: 680: 313: 193: 6995: 6945: 6920: 6895: 6742: 6605: 6239:

The Sinitic Encounter in Southeast China through the First Millennium CE

8157: 8152: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7991: 7948: 7930: 7894: 7853: 7839: 7720: 7684: 7669: 7628: 7348: 7327: 7312: 6979: 6929: 6904: 6879: 6726: 6717: 6581: 6268:. Vol. 5. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 133–205. 6203: 6185: 6164: 6143: 6122: 6109: 6087: 6074: 6066: 6053: 6045: 6027: 6009: 5988: 5967: 5954: 5932: 3011: 1994: 1990: 1982: 1974: 1944: 1940: 1929: 1921: 1898: 1894: 1857: 1725: 1717: 1657: 1542: 1538: 1378: 1366: 1347: 1188: 1129:(李廷珪墨 "Li Tinggui Ink"), while those made by his relatives were called 1056: 827: 823: 732: 599:. The Southern Tang were forced to cede their territories north of the 592: 574: 522: 469: 219: 6693: 6516:. Vol. 6. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–153. 6490:. Vol. 5. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–132. 7963: 7917: 7866: 7824: 7725: 7715: 7699: 7383: 7282: 3029: 2145: 1833: 1677:

Taking advantage of the Southern Tang invasion of Chu, in winter 951

1624: 1621: 1584: 1506: 1499: 1343: 1319: 1153: 1048: 939: 927: 788: 596: 517: 473: 7004: 5259: 5257: 2177:(Under Li Yu, the Southern Tang did not have its own reign periods) 1796:. A later mission from Goryeo brought more goods as tribute in 940. 1693: 1615:

The Wuyue Kingdom in 978, before incorporation into the Song dynasty

1191:

in particular only used Pure Heart Hall paper for his compositions.

8213: 8193: 7996: 7710: 7016: 6135: 1661: 1631: 1580: 1559: 1431: 1419: 1008:

and poets were subsequently hired and brought to the Song capital.

1000: 935: 856:

A Tangguo Tongbao (唐國通寶) cash coin with its inscription written in

771: 684: 604: 74: 69: 8095: 8077: 8067: 8054: 7940: 7861: 7623: 7596: 7378: 7343: 7114: 6151: 5254: 5136: 5134: 5132: 2600: 2580: 2540: 1877: 1845: 1700:

riders hunting with eagles. Painting by Hu Gui (胡瓌), 10th century

1682: 1487: 1467: 1300: 1292: 1256: 1165: 1114:

Yao Mian (姚勉), Longwei yan ming (龍尾硯銘), Yao Mian ji (姚勉集) vol. 42

1021: 767: 739: 712: 700: 692: 600: 450: 446: 442: 435: 415: 407: 299: 170: 119: 65: 6980:"Fragments for Constructing a History of Southern Tang Painting" 1470:

decreed in an edict to regulate contact with the Southern Tang:

7986: 7978: 7491: 7353: 5975: 5513: 5511: 3733: 3731: 2260: 1789: 1720:

Southern Tang ships sailed north along the coastline until the

1563: 1495: 1491: 1423: 1216: 1184: 1086: 1081: 743: 462: 423: 385: 327: 206: 5445: 5129: 1028: 19:"Nan Tang" and "Nan T'ang" redirect here. For other uses, see 8185: 7358: 4896: 4894: 4107: 3945: 1793: 1761: 1571: 1451: 1435: 893:

The Southern Tang were the first in Chinese history to issue

816: 704: 696: 431: 427: 419: 365: 6287:. China Connections. Translated by Zhang, Qinggang. London: 5690: 5508: 3728: 1642:

were seized. Wuyue forces joined the Song siege of Jinling.

5242: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4842: 4840: 4428: 4302: 4266: 4254: 4242: 4196: 4194: 4155: 4131: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3438: 3318: 3316: 2009: 1385: 1232: 1212: 1208: 1032:

Dragon tail inkstone (龙尾砚) crafted during the Song dynasty.

812: 6727:"The Imperial Treasuries: Finance and Power in Song China" 6582:"The Historiography of the Tzu-Chih T'ung-Chien: A Survey" 5895: 5557: 5555: 5081: 5045: 4926: 4924: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4391: 4389: 3878: 3477: 3465: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3340: 3328: 2183: 1482:

In 952 a member of the deposed Later Han imperial family,

1426:, the Later Han military governor of Huguo Circuit (護國]), 7127:

Religion and Politics in the Writings of Xu Xuan (917-92)

6442:

War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795

6402:. South China and maritime Asia. Vol. 6. Wiesbaden: 5481: 5457: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5322: 5320: 5069: 5033: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4796: 4683: 4681: 4613: 4481: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4350: 4326: 4314: 3854: 3770: 3489: 3402: 1203:(雲英麨). It was often given as a gift during celebrations. 7201:"Chinese Cast Coins – Southern T'ang Dynasty AD 937–978" 6930:"Sources for the History of the Southern Tang (937-975)" 5654: 5642: 5579: 5347: 5146: 5105: 5023: 5021: 4960: 4837: 4560: 4374: 4338: 4290: 4278: 4230: 4218: 4206: 4191: 4179: 4167: 4143: 4119: 4095: 3794: 3501: 3313: 3289: 1928:

called the Southern Tang a "peripheral hegemonic state"

1103:

It was the dragon tail inkstone from the dark jade bank.

7205:

Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery – Chinese Cast Coins

7116:

Frontier crossings from north China to Liao, c.900-1005

6785:"On the Unification Plans of the Southern Tang Dynasty" 5801: 5777: 5729: 5719: 5717: 5702: 5666: 5596: 5594: 5552: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5498: 5496: 5337: 5335: 5281: 5218: 5093: 5057: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4921: 4876: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4729: 4717: 4693: 4668: 4666: 4646: 4625: 4584: 4572: 4548: 4524: 4493: 4457: 4416: 4386: 3706: 3704: 3677: 3617: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3364: 3352: 1591:

was recognized by the Southern Tang, who appointed him

791:, who rose in prominence during the reign of Li Jing. 718:

In 907 the last Tang Emperor was evicted from power by

7065:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

5828: 5741: 5678: 5359: 5317: 5293: 4936: 4911: 4909: 4852: 4753: 4678: 4601: 4440: 4406: 4404: 4362: 4083: 3996: 3830: 3806: 3760: 3758: 3583: 3581: 3554: 3455: 3453: 3392: 3390: 3388: 1494:

before Later Zhou resistance was met. Pushed south of

6484:

The Sung Dynasty and its Precursors, 907–1279, Part 1

6383:. Hong Kong: China University Press. pp. 79–98. 6262:

The Sung Dynasty and its Precursors, 907–1279, Part 1

5818: 5816: 5469: 5421: 5117: 5018: 4977: 4948: 4808: 4741: 4705: 4536: 3974: 3972: 3921: 3902: 3890: 3866: 3743: 3301: 3245: 3243: 3230: 3228: 3226: 2167: 2154: 2135: 2122: 2109: 2093: 2068: 2052: 218:• Forced to cede Huainan and become a vassal of 7097:(PhD thesis). University of California, Los Angeles. 6934:

Society for Song, Yuan, and Conquest Dynasty Studies

6909:

Society for Song, Yuan, and Conquest Dynasty Studies

6731:

Society for Song, Yuan, and Conquest Dynasty Studies

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And was once appreciated by Su Shi in a snowy hall.

457:did not follow this foreign policy, conquering the 6551: 5813: 5170: 4505: 4044: 4008: 3969: 3957: 3716: 3426: 3240: 3223: 1479:as Guo Wei enforced his will over northern China. 1411:had evicted the Khitan forces and established the 1207:was made from ground melon and a medley of flower 968:, first half. 12th century copy of an original by 8372:States and territories disestablished in the 970s 7108:(PhD thesis). University of California, Berkeley. 5305: 5182: 5158: 4071: 4056: 4032: 3984: 3277: 3255: 687:of Huainan Circuit during the final years of the 8323: 6478:Standen, Naomi (2009). "The Five Dynasties". In 6425:. Leiden and New York: Brill. pp. 107–140. 4020: 1904:The Jiangnan lu 江南錄 was written on the order of 1840:by Taizu. In 971 the Southern Han were likewise 6504: 5451: 5263: 5140: 3933: 2209: 2197: 8367:States and territories established in the 930s 7168:Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture 7148:Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture 6959:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 1011: 7582: 7268: 7130:(PhD thesis). Australian National University. 2162: 2149: 2130: 2117: 2104: 2088: 2063: 2047: 1660:became a vassal of the Southern Tang in 951. 873:size, and weight but used different fonts of 34: 7548:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms 1370:between the Later Jin and Khitan continued. 1063:, overtook the Zhuge brushes in popularity. 566:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms 6129: 2012:Sovereigns in Southern Tang Kingdom 937–975 1630:Li Yu pleaded for military assistance from 1160:made by four generations of the Li family. 7589: 7575: 7275: 7261: 7033: 6756:Journal of the History of Economic Thought 6285:Introduction to the Urban History of China 6036: 4380: 4356: 4344: 4332: 4320: 4308: 4296: 4284: 4272: 4260: 4248: 4236: 4224: 4212: 4200: 4173: 4149: 4137: 4125: 4113: 4101: 3951: 1962: 1020:Pottery Dancers. 943 CE. From the tomb of 715:succeeded his father as the Prince of Wu. 50: 7198: 7161: 7141: 6952: 6847:"On the Southern Tang Imperial Genealogy" 6510:Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368 3927: 3896: 3872: 3737: 1708:In 938 both Yelü Deguang and his brother 1681:launched a successful invasion to secure 56:The Southern Tang territorial peak in 951 7541:Historical Records of the Five Dynasties 7101: 6851:Journal of the American Oriental Society 6724: 6612: 6241:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 6108: 5807: 5696: 5648: 5517: 5353: 5152: 5111: 4846: 4463: 4434: 4422: 4395: 3812: 3683: 3560: 3548: 3536: 3524: 3444: 3358: 3346: 3334: 1868: 1692: 1610: 1286: 1047:Brushes produced by the Zhuge family of 1027: 1015: 921: 851: 507: 8362:10th-century disestablishments in China 7123: 7112: 7079:– via Cambridge University Press. 7062: 6477: 6362:China's Southern Tang Dynasty (937–976) 6321: 6150: 6073: 5708: 5684: 5672: 5561: 5413:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKurz2011 ( 5394:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKurz2011 ( 5375:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKurz2011 ( 5326: 5299: 5248: 5224: 4942: 4868:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKote1999 ( 4764:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKurz2011 ( 4687: 4619: 4607: 4578: 4516:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKote1999 ( 4161: 4089: 3913:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKurz2011 ( 3884: 3836: 3749: 3483: 3471: 3269:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKurz2011 ( 2184:Southern Tang and Wu rulers family tree 1235:(芋), and two kinds of water chestnuts, 465:dynasties in 945 and 951 respectively. 8324: 7598:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 7284:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 7226:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 6749: 6662: 6530: 6052: 5771: 5123: 5027: 4983: 4971: 4954: 4814: 4566: 4542: 3860: 3788: 3659: 3635: 3599: 3322: 1880:when it was the Southern Tang capital. 1099:And its tripod feet are like a toad's. 400:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 158:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period 7570: 7256: 6815: 6782: 6691: 6633: 6439: 6420: 6378: 6359: 6282: 6255: 6236: 6217: 6034: 5979: 5953: 5901: 5795: 5783: 5735: 5636: 5624: 5612: 5600: 5573: 5546: 5529: 5502: 5487: 5475: 5463: 5439: 5427: 5341: 5287: 5275: 5236: 5212: 5200: 5099: 5087: 5075: 5063: 5051: 5039: 5012: 5000: 4930: 4900: 4885: 4831: 4802: 4790: 4778: 4747: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4699: 4672: 4657: 4640: 4595: 4554: 4530: 4499: 4487: 4475: 4451: 4410: 4185: 4002: 3848: 3824: 3800: 3776: 3764: 3710: 3695: 3671: 3647: 3623: 3611: 3587: 3512: 3495: 3459: 3420: 3408: 3396: 3295: 3249: 3234: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3027: 3025: 3009: 3007: 2989: 2987: 2970: 2956: 2954: 2941: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2852: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2629: 2627: 2611: 2609: 2591: 2589: 2571: 2569: 2551: 2549: 2531: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2397: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2258: 2256: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 1434:, encamping across the Yi River from 182:• Assumption of the name "Tang" 8352:10th-century establishments in China 7162:Ashkenazy, Gary (16 November 2016). 6984:Society for Song, Yuan, and Conquest 6927: 6902: 6877: 6844: 6615:Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies 6579: 6458: 6397: 6192: 6000: 5915: 5889: 5877: 5865: 5834: 5822: 5759: 5747: 5723: 5660: 5585: 5408: 5389: 5370: 4915: 4863: 4759: 4511: 3908: 3722: 3572: 3432: 3379: 3283: 3264: 1466:In March 951 the Later Zhou Emperor 1246: 1136:Initial Song emperors did not value 8342:Former countries in Chinese history 7181: 7090: 6977: 6340: 6283:Fu, Chonglan; Cao, Wenming (2019). 5921: 5851:sfn error: no target: CITEREFLing ( 5176: 4368: 4077: 4065: 4050: 4038: 4026: 4014: 3990: 3978: 3963: 3939: 13: 7692: 7002: 6549: 6444:. London and New York: Routledge. 6171: 6018: 6016: 5995: 5974: 5311: 5188: 5164: 3307: 1652:Southern Tang campaign against Chu 1024:, founder of Southern Tang dynasty 476:, cede all territory north of the 445:in 937, when he overthrew emperor 14: 8388: 7534:Old History of the Five Dynasties 7236: 6778:– via Cambridge University. 6326:. Trafford: Trafford Publishing. 6194: 6176: 6155: 6113: 6078: 6057: 5958: 1864: 1656:To secure his uncertain position 1282: 560:New History of the Five Dynasties 554:Old History of the Five Dynasties 513:Chess Meeting with Double Screens 441:The Southern Tang was founded by 16:State in Southern China (937–976) 7231:Suppression of the Southern Tang 7142:Ashkenazy, Gary (10 June 2015). 7119:(PhD thesis). Durham University. 5923: 5846: 1562:controlled the affluent port of 1342:to overthrow his brother-in-law 979: 952: 345: 320: 306: 292: 8337:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 6871:10.7817/jameroriesoci.134.4.601 6863:10.7817/jameroriesoci.134.4.601 6627:10.6503/THJCS.201806_48(2).0002 6554:The Four Seasons of Tang Poetry 6423:Debating War in Chinese History 6381:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 6134: 5910: 1968:historians to describe xiaoren 1688: 1668: 1518: 1395:, the second Later Jin Emperor 1275:Southern Tang administration. 1095:Its shape is round as the moon, 645:. Li Yu created a more modest " 521:with his brothers. Painting by 6598:10.1080/02549948.1974.11731093 6514:The Cambridge History of China 6488:The Cambridge History of China 6266:The Cambridge History of China 1636:Song conquest of Southern Tang 615:). He however used the title " 609:Ruler of the State of Jiangnan 500:, which was completed in 975. 390: 1: 8277:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms 7182:Kao, Garry (21 August 2015). 6953:Lamouroux, Christian (1995). 1534:Southern Tang conquest of Min 1461: 1338:secured an alliance with the 926:A landscape painting made by 761: 675: 643:Song conquest of Southern Han 498:conquest of the Southern Tang 474:Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou 406:. The capital was located at 7102:Krompart, Robert J. (1973). 7036:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 6818:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 6809:10.13173/jasiahist.50.1.0023 6801:10.13173/jasiahist.50.1.0023 6665:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 6636:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 6463:. Harvard University Press. 3217: 1402: 1329: 515:, depicting Li Jing playing 7: 7608:(and other northern states) 7219: 7186:(in Chinese (China)). 蝌蚪五线谱 7135: 6573: 6360:Kurz, Johannes L. (2011a). 6003:Xù Zīzhì Tōngjiàn Chángbiān 5452:Twitchett & Tietze 1994 5264:Twitchett & Tietze 1994 5141:Twitchett & Tietze 1994 2168: 2155: 2136: 2123: 2110: 2094: 2069: 2053: 1038:Four Treasures of the Study 1012:Four Treasures of the Study 100: 10: 8393: 7199:Kokotailo, Robert (2018). 7009:National Maritime Research 6845:Kurz, Johannes L. (2014). 1799: 1724:, where ships crossed the 1649: 1531: 1194: 917: 912: 845: 841: 801: 18: 8226: 8184: 8166: 8123: 8114: 8086: 8053: 8020: 7977: 7939: 7916: 7893: 7887:(other than Northern Han) 7884: 7852: 7815: 7797: 7788: 7761: 7738: 7706: 7683: 7642: 7614: 7605: 7525: 7484: 7428: 7402: 7337:Ten Kingdoms (Ten States) 7336: 7295: 7084: 7077:10.1017/S0041977X14000536 7029:– via Academia.edu. 6768:10.1017/S1053837213000229 6482:; Smith, Paul J. (eds.). 6461:Imperial China (900-1800) 6297:10.1007/978-981-13-8207-9 6260:; Smith, Paul J. (eds.). 6202:(in Chinese) – via 6193:Zheng, Wenbao 鄭文寶 (978). 6184:(in Chinese) – via 6163:(in Chinese) – via 6142:(in Chinese) – via 6121:(in Chinese) – via 6086:(in Chinese) – via 6065:(in Chinese) – via 6044:(in Chinese) – via 6026:(in Chinese) – via 6008:(in Chinese) – via 5987:(in Chinese) – via 5982:Sìkù Quánshū Zǒngmù Tíyào 5966:(in Chinese) – via 5931:(in Chinese) – via 3103: 3101: 3047: 3045: 2968: 2939: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2794: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2716: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2451: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2163: 2150: 2131: 2118: 2105: 2089: 2064: 2048: 2005: 1775: 1512:Shouchun became encircled 991:Night Revels of Han Xizai 965:Night Revels of Han Xizai 381: 361: 271: 250: 246: 229: 216: 203: 190: 180: 167: 163: 153: 149: 137: 125: 113: 109: 99: 91: 81: 61: 49: 44: 35: 28: 21:Nan Tang (disambiguation) 7124:Woolley, Nathan (2010). 6884:Journal of Asian History 6789:Journal of Asian History 6783:Kurz, Johannes (2016a). 6725:Hartwell, David (1988). 6440:Lorge, Peter A. (2005). 6218:Brose, Benjamin (2015). 6211: 1916:by Zheng Wenbao and the 1848:to extinguish Jiangnan. 1634:At the beginning of the 1598: 1295:during the Song dynasty. 1156:created a collection of 1040:of the Southern Tang or 169:• Overthrow of the 7780:Emperor Shizong of Liao 7775:Emperor Taizong of Liao 7144:"Vault Protector Coins" 7113:Standen, Naomi (1994). 6978:Lee, De-nin D. (2004). 6971:10.3406/befeo.1995.2883 6928:Kurz, Johannes (1994). 6903:Kurz, Johannes (1998). 6878:Kurz, Johannes (2012). 6710:10.1163/156853283X00045 6692:Davis, Richard (1983). 6550:Wu, John C. H. (1972). 6322:Hartill, David (2005). 6237:Clark, Hugh R. (2016). 1391:Under the influence of 1133:(李氏墨 "Li Family Ink"). 591:was defeated in 958 by 503: 396:dynastic state of China 8357:970s disestablishments 7497:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 7164:"Chinese coins – 中國錢幣" 6580:Chan, Ming K. (1974). 1881: 1753: 1701: 1645: 1616: 1527: 1505:In spring 955 Emperor 1476: 1296: 1272: 1164:rewarded the polymath 1117: 1042:Nan Tang Wenfang Sibao 1033: 1025: 931: 861: 699:, along with parts of 631:) for the government. 526: 8377:976 disestablishments 7091:Kim, Hanshin (2012). 7048:10.1353/sys.2016.0004 6830:10.1353/sys.2016.0003 6677:10.1353/sys.2016.0002 6648:10.1353/sys.2017.0001 6558:. Charles E. Tuttle. 6035:Ling, Ma 馬令 (n.d.e). 2191:Southern Tang and Wu 1872: 1842:conquered by the Song 1749: 1696: 1614: 1472: 1365:In the summer of 938 1354:forces. He ceded the 1290: 1268: 1091: 1031: 1019: 925: 907:Chinese God of Wealth 895:vault protector coins 855: 848:Southern Tang coinage 511: 486:Emperor Taizu of Song 482:Northern Song dynasty 237:Northern Song dynasty 82:Common languages 7432:independent entities 6750:Horesh, Niv (2013). 6459:Mote, F. W. (1999). 6100:: CS1 maint: year ( 5945:: CS1 maint: year ( 1816:and established the 398:that existed during 7643:Concurrent warlords 6629:– via Airiti. 6039:Mǎ Shì Nán Táng Shū 6021:Lù Shì Nán Táng Shū 6017:Lu, You 陸游 (1184). 5922:Tao Gu 陶穀 (n.d.e). 5699:, pp. 249–250. 5663:, pp. 221–222. 5588:, pp. 219–220. 5520:, pp. 253–254. 5490:, pp. 110–113. 5466:, pp. 103–104. 5251:, pp. 102–103. 5078:, pp. 198–199. 5042:, pp. 107–108. 4805:, pp. 108–110. 4437:, pp. 259–260. 4116:, pp. 113–115. 3954:, pp. 103–104. 3887:, pp. 119–120. 3863:, pp. 375–376. 3803:, pp. 191–192. 3740:, pp. 163–165. 3515:, pp. 165–167. 3486:, pp. 558–560. 3474:, pp. 120–121. 3382:, pp. 602–603. 3349:, pp. 271–272. 3037:Cr. Prince Zhaoxiao 3019:Cr. 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The 496:, he ordered the 488:had defeated the 371: 370: 357: 356: 353: 352: 333: 332: 8384: 8121: 8120: 7891: 7890: 7795: 7794: 7690: 7689: 7612: 7611: 7591: 7584: 7577: 7568: 7567: 7507:Tibetan kingdoms 7467: 7449:Qingyuan Circuit 7277: 7270: 7263: 7254: 7253: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7131: 7120: 7109: 7098: 7080: 7059: 7030: 7003:Li, Man (2016). 6999: 6974: 6949: 6924: 6899: 6874: 6841: 6812: 6779: 6746: 6721: 6688: 6659: 6630: 6609: 6586:Monumenta Serica 6569: 6557: 6546: 6527: 6506:Twitchett, Denis 6501: 6480:Twitchett, Denis 6474: 6455: 6436: 6417: 6394: 6375: 6356: 6337: 6318: 6279: 6258:Twitchett, Denis 6252: 6233: 6207: 6201: 6197:Nán Táng Jìn Shì 6189: 6183: 6168: 6162: 6147: 6141: 6126: 6120: 6105: 6099: 6091: 6085: 6070: 6064: 6049: 6043: 6031: 6025: 6013: 6007: 5992: 5986: 5971: 5965: 5950: 5944: 5936: 5930: 5905: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5757: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5550: 5544: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5506: 5500: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5431: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5368: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5330: 5324: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5290:, p. 34-35. 5285: 5279: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5150: 5144: 5138: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4919: 4913: 4904: 4898: 4889: 4883: 4874: 4873: 4861: 4850: 4844: 4835: 4829: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4676: 4670: 4661: 4655: 4644: 4638: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4399: 4393: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3383: 3377: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3262: 3253: 3247: 3238: 3232: 3189: 3178:Li Yu 李煜 937–978 3177: 3041: 3034: 3023: 3016: 3005: 2991: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2966: 2963: 2952: 2949: 2937: 2933:Jing of Hongnong 2932: 2646: 2641: 2634: 2625: 2622: 2616: 2607: 2593: 2587: 2573: 2567: 2553: 2547: 2533: 2269: 2263: 2254: 2251: 2246: 2221: 2220: 2213: 2212: 2201: 2200: 2188: 2187: 2171: 2166: 2165: 2158: 2153: 2152: 2139: 2134: 2133: 2126: 2121: 2120: 2113: 2108: 2107: 2097: 2092: 2091: 2072: 2067: 2066: 2056: 2051: 2050: 2015: 1808:In February 960 1786:Korean Peninsula 1418:Based in modern 1162:Emperor Shenzong 1115: 1078:Emperor Zhenzong 983: 956: 903:Chinese pantheon 709:Emperor Zhaozong 647:Seal of Jiangnan 412:Jiangsu Province 392: 383: 349: 348: 337: 336: 324: 323: 310: 309: 296: 295: 289: 288: 273: 272: 54: 39: 38: 37: 26: 25: 8392: 8391: 8387: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8382: 8381: 8322: 8321: 8320: 8315: 8218: 8176: 8162: 8110: 8082: 8049: 8016: 7973: 7935: 7912: 7886: 7876: 7844: 7811: 7784: 7763: 7757: 7730: 7702: 7679: 7638: 7607: 7601: 7595: 7565: 7560: 7521: 7480: 7461: 7454:Jinghai Circuit 7444:Dingnan Circuit 7424: 7398: 7332: 7291: 7281: 7239: 7222: 7209: 7207: 7189: 7187: 7184:"收藏迷带你深度游钱币博物馆" 7172: 7170: 7152: 7150: 7138: 7087: 7027: 6940:(24): 217–235. 6576: 6566: 6543: 6524: 6498: 6471: 6452: 6433: 6414: 6391: 6372: 6353: 6334: 6307: 6276: 6249: 6230: 6214: 6116:Shíguó chūnqiūn 6093: 6092: 5938: 5937: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5900: 5896: 5888: 5884: 5876: 5872: 5864: 5860: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5833: 5829: 5821: 5814: 5806: 5802: 5794: 5790: 5782: 5778: 5770: 5766: 5758: 5754: 5746: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5722: 5715: 5707: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5659: 5655: 5651:, pp. 245. 5647: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5611: 5607: 5599: 5592: 5584: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5560: 5553: 5545: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5516: 5509: 5501: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5450: 5446: 5438: 5434: 5426: 5422: 5412: 5407: 5403: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5374: 5369: 5360: 5352: 5348: 5340: 5333: 5325: 5318: 5310: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5286: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5262: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5235: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5139: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5110: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5050: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5026: 5019: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4990: 4982: 4978: 4970: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4929: 4922: 4914: 4907: 4899: 4892: 4884: 4877: 4867: 4862: 4853: 4845: 4838: 4830: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4746: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4686: 4679: 4671: 4664: 4656: 4647: 4639: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4594: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4498: 4494: 4486: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4462: 4458: 4450: 4441: 4433: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4409: 4402: 4394: 4387: 4381:Pak-sheung 2016 4379: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4357:Pak-sheung 2016 4355: 4351: 4345:Pak-sheung 2016 4343: 4339: 4333:Pak-sheung 2016 4331: 4327: 4321:Pak-sheung 2016 4319: 4315: 4309:Pak-sheung 2016 4307: 4303: 4297:Pak-sheung 2016 4295: 4291: 4285:Pak-sheung 2016 4283: 4279: 4273:Pak-sheung 2016 4271: 4267: 4261:Pak-sheung 2016 4259: 4255: 4249:Pak-sheung 2016 4247: 4243: 4237:Pak-sheung 2016 4235: 4231: 4225:Pak-sheung 2016 4223: 4219: 4213:Pak-sheung 2016 4211: 4207: 4201:Pak-sheung 2016 4199: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4174:Pak-sheung 2016 4172: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4150:Pak-sheung 2016 4148: 4144: 4138:Pak-sheung 2016 4136: 4132: 4126:Pak-sheung 2016 4124: 4120: 4114:Pak-sheung 2016 4112: 4108: 4102:Pak-sheung 2016 4100: 4096: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3981:, pp. 4–6. 3977: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3952:Pak-sheung 2016 3950: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3670: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3458: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3395: 3386: 3378: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3321: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3263: 3256: 3248: 3241: 3233: 3224: 3220: 3187: 3180: 3176: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2935: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2644: 2642:Kang of Donghai 2640: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2605: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2585: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2565: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2545: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2267: 2264: 2259: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2210: 2198: 2186: 2128: 2115: 2023:Personal Names 2008: 1965: 1906:Emperor Taizong 1867: 1802: 1778: 1691: 1671: 1654: 1648: 1601: 1536: 1530: 1521: 1464: 1405: 1332: 1285: 1249: 1197: 1174:Emperor Huizong 1142:Emperor Renzong 1116: 1113: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1014: 996: 995: 994: 989: 984: 975: 974: 973: 962: 957: 920: 915: 880:Kaiyuan Tongbao 850: 844: 804: 764: 678: 506: 410:in present-day 346: 321: 307: 293: 267: 239: 222: 209: 196: 183: 173: 171:Yang Wu dynasty 140: 139:• 961–976 128: 127:• 943–961 116: 115:• 937–943 72: 57: 40: 33: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8390: 8380: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8317: 8316: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8190: 8188: 8182: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8172: 8170: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8124: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8092: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8059: 8057: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8026: 8024: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7983: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7945: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7933: 7928: 7922: 7920: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7910: 7905: 7899: 7897: 7888: 7882: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7858: 7856: 7850: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7821: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7809: 7804: 7798: 7792: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7782: 7777: 7771: 7769: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7744: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7698: 7696: 7687: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7677: 7667: 7657: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7620: 7618: 7609: 7606:Five Dynasties 7603: 7602: 7594: 7593: 7586: 7579: 7571: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7558: 7551: 7544: 7537: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7488: 7486: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7478: 7476:Lulong Circuit 7473: 7468: 7459:Wuping Circuit 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7435: 7433: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7406: 7404: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7340: 7338: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7305: 7299: 7297: 7296:Five Dynasties 7293: 7292: 7280: 7279: 7272: 7265: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7245: 7238: 7237:External links 7235: 7234: 7233: 7228: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7216: 7196: 7179: 7159: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7132: 7121: 7110: 7099: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7081: 7071:(3): 547–567. 7060: 7031: 7025: 7000: 6975: 6950: 6925: 6900: 6875: 6857:(4): 601–620. 6842: 6813: 6780: 6762:(3): 373–395. 6747: 6722: 6704:(1/3): 33–72. 6689: 6660: 6631: 6621:(2): 243–285. 6610: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6565:978-0804801973 6564: 6547: 6541: 6528: 6522: 6502: 6496: 6475: 6469: 6456: 6450: 6437: 6431: 6418: 6412: 6395: 6390:978-9629964184 6389: 6376: 6370: 6357: 6352:978-1588861153 6351: 6338: 6333:978-1412054669 6332: 6319: 6305: 6280: 6274: 6253: 6247: 6234: 6228: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6190: 6169: 6158:Yù Hú Qīng Huà 6148: 6127: 6106: 6071: 6050: 6032: 6014: 5993: 5972: 5961:Zīzhì Tōngjiàn 5951: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5894: 5882: 5870: 5858: 5839: 5827: 5812: 5800: 5788: 5776: 5764: 5752: 5740: 5728: 5726:, p. 224. 5713: 5711:, p. 553. 5701: 5689: 5677: 5675:, p. 549. 5665: 5653: 5641: 5629: 5617: 5605: 5590: 5578: 5566: 5564:, p. 116. 5551: 5534: 5522: 5507: 5492: 5480: 5478:, p. 106. 5468: 5456: 5444: 5432: 5430:, p. 204. 5420: 5401: 5382: 5358: 5356:, p. 307. 5346: 5331: 5316: 5304: 5292: 5280: 5268: 5253: 5241: 5229: 5227:, p. 106. 5217: 5205: 5193: 5181: 5169: 5157: 5155:, p. 306. 5145: 5128: 5116: 5114:, p. 238. 5104: 5092: 5080: 5068: 5056: 5044: 5032: 5017: 5005: 4988: 4976: 4959: 4947: 4935: 4920: 4905: 4890: 4875: 4851: 4849:, p. 304. 4836: 4819: 4807: 4795: 4783: 4771: 4752: 4750:, p. 201. 4740: 4728: 4716: 4714:, p. 112. 4704: 4692: 4677: 4662: 4645: 4624: 4612: 4600: 4583: 4581:, p. 887. 4571: 4559: 4547: 4535: 4523: 4504: 4492: 4480: 4468: 4466:, p. 261. 4456: 4439: 4427: 4425:, p. 258. 4415: 4400: 4398:, p. 303. 4385: 4373: 4361: 4359:, p. 104. 4349: 4337: 4335:, p. 100. 4325: 4323:, p. 109. 4313: 4301: 4289: 4277: 4265: 4253: 4241: 4229: 4217: 4205: 4190: 4178: 4166: 4154: 4142: 4130: 4118: 4106: 4094: 4092:, p. 274. 4082: 4070: 4055: 4053:, p. 298. 4043: 4031: 4019: 4017:, p. 306. 4007: 3995: 3983: 3968: 3966:, p. 302. 3956: 3944: 3932: 3928:Ashkenazy 2015 3920: 3901: 3897:Kokotailo 2018 3889: 3877: 3873:Ashkenazy 2016 3865: 3853: 3851:, p. 187. 3841: 3839:, p. 113. 3829: 3827:, p. 205. 3817: 3805: 3793: 3781: 3769: 3754: 3742: 3738:Lamouroux 1995 3727: 3715: 3713:, p. 186. 3700: 3698:, p. 174. 3688: 3686:, p. 271. 3676: 3664: 3652: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3592: 3577: 3575:, p. 619. 3565: 3553: 3551:, p. 236. 3541: 3539:, p. 174. 3529: 3527:, p. 228. 3517: 3500: 3488: 3476: 3464: 3449: 3437: 3425: 3423:, p. 121. 3413: 3401: 3384: 3363: 3361:, p. 282. 3351: 3339: 3327: 3312: 3300: 3288: 3276: 3254: 3239: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3026: 3024: 3008: 3006: 2988: 2986: 2969: 2967: 2955: 2953: 2940: 2938: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2628: 2626: 2610: 2608: 2590: 2588: 2570: 2568: 2550: 2548: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2257: 2255: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2193: 2192: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2160: 2142: 2141: 2101: 2098: 2086: 2075: 2074: 2060: 2057: 2045: 2034: 2033: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2007: 2004: 1999:Jiangnan Yeshi 1964: 1961: 1937:Zizhi Tongjian 1918:Jiangnan Bielu 1866: 1865:Historiography 1863: 1838:crushed in 965 1801: 1798: 1777: 1774: 1690: 1687: 1670: 1667: 1650:Main article: 1647: 1644: 1600: 1597: 1554:Kingdom of Yin 1529: 1526: 1520: 1517: 1484:Murong Yanchao 1463: 1460: 1404: 1401: 1331: 1328: 1303:possessed the 1284: 1283:Five Dynasties 1281: 1248: 1245: 1196: 1193: 1122:Huangshan pine 1111: 1092: 1013: 1010: 993:, second half. 986: 985: 978: 977: 976: 959: 958: 951: 950: 949: 919: 916: 914: 911: 858:regular script 846:Main article: 843: 840: 832:Mulberry trees 803: 800: 763: 760: 677: 674: 548:Zizhi Tongjian 505: 502: 369: 368: 363: 359: 358: 355: 354: 351: 350: 343: 334: 331: 330: 325: 317: 316: 311: 303: 302: 297: 285: 284: 279: 269: 268: 266: 265: 260: 254: 252: 248: 247: 244: 243: 240: 230: 227: 226: 223: 217: 214: 213: 210: 204: 201: 200: 197: 191: 188: 187: 184: 181: 178: 177: 174: 168: 165: 164: 161: 160: 155: 154:Historical era 151: 150: 147: 146: 141: 138: 135: 134: 129: 126: 123: 122: 117: 114: 111: 110: 107: 106: 103: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 86:Middle Chinese 83: 79: 78: 63: 59: 58: 55: 47: 46: 42: 41: 32: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8389: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8332:Southern Tang 8330: 8329: 8327: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8225: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8209:Qian Hongzong 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8199:Qian Yuanguan 8197: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8183: 8175: 8174:Wang Yanzheng 8171: 8169: 8165: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8125: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8088:Southern Tang 8085: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8023: 8019: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7980: 7976: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7926:Meng Zhixiang 7924: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7915: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7892: 7889: 7883: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7851: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7787: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7760: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7737: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7695: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7682: 7675: 7671: 7668: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7651: 7650:Liu Shouguang 7648: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7610: 7604: 7599: 7592: 7587: 7585: 7580: 7578: 7573: 7572: 7569: 7557: 7556: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7545: 7543: 7542: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7483: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7471:Guiyi Circuit 7469: 7465: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7427: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7389:Southern Tang 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7289: 7285: 7278: 7273: 7271: 7266: 7264: 7259: 7258: 7255: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7206: 7202: 7197: 7185: 7180: 7169: 7165: 7160: 7149: 7145: 7140: 7139: 7129: 7128: 7122: 7118: 7117: 7111: 7107: 7106: 7100: 7096: 7095: 7089: 7088: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7032: 7028: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6961:(in French). 6960: 6956: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6737:(20): 18–89. 6736: 6732: 6728: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6578: 6577: 6567: 6561: 6556: 6555: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6534: 6529: 6525: 6523:0-521-24331-9 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6462: 6457: 6453: 6451:0-415-31690-1 6447: 6443: 6438: 6434: 6428: 6424: 6419: 6415: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6382: 6377: 6373: 6371:9780415454964 6367: 6364:. Routledge. 6363: 6358: 6354: 6348: 6344: 6339: 6335: 6329: 6325: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6281: 6277: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6215: 6205: 6200: 6198: 6191: 6187: 6182: 6180: 6179:Jiù Wǔdài Shǐ 6174: 6170: 6166: 6161: 6159: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6140: 6138: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6119: 6117: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6097: 6089: 6084: 6082: 6081:Ōuyáng xiū jí 6076: 6072: 6068: 6063: 6061: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6042: 6040: 6033: 6029: 6024: 6022: 6015: 6011: 6006: 6004: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5983: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5964: 5962: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5934: 5929: 5927: 5920: 5919: 5903: 5898: 5892:, p. 25. 5891: 5886: 5880:, p. 18. 5879: 5874: 5868:, p. 16. 5867: 5862: 5854: 5848: 5843: 5836: 5831: 5824: 5819: 5817: 5810:, p. 24. 5809: 5808:Hartwell 1988 5804: 5798:, p. 62. 5797: 5792: 5785: 5780: 5773: 5768: 5762:, p. 33. 5761: 5756: 5749: 5744: 5737: 5732: 5725: 5720: 5718: 5710: 5705: 5698: 5697:Cho-ying 2018 5693: 5687:, p. 63. 5686: 5681: 5674: 5669: 5662: 5657: 5650: 5649:Cho-ying 2018 5645: 5639:, p. 45. 5638: 5633: 5627:, p. 42. 5626: 5621: 5615:, p. 46. 5614: 5609: 5603:, p. 53. 5602: 5597: 5595: 5587: 5582: 5576:, p. 41. 5575: 5570: 5563: 5558: 5556: 5549:, p. 31. 5548: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5532:, p. 23. 5531: 5526: 5519: 5518:Cho-ying 2018 5514: 5512: 5505:, p. 67. 5504: 5499: 5497: 5489: 5484: 5477: 5472: 5465: 5460: 5454:, p. 85. 5453: 5448: 5442:, p. 40. 5441: 5436: 5429: 5424: 5416: 5411:, p. 95. 5410: 5405: 5397: 5392:, p. 93. 5391: 5386: 5378: 5372: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5355: 5354:Krompart 1973 5350: 5344:, p. 35. 5343: 5338: 5336: 5329:, p. 49. 5328: 5323: 5321: 5314:, p. 37. 5313: 5308: 5302:, p. 44. 5301: 5296: 5289: 5284: 5278:, p. 60. 5277: 5272: 5265: 5260: 5258: 5250: 5245: 5239:, p. 34. 5238: 5233: 5226: 5221: 5215:, p. 39. 5214: 5209: 5203:, p. 32. 5202: 5197: 5191:, p. 45. 5190: 5185: 5179:, p. 28. 5178: 5173: 5167:, p. 36. 5166: 5161: 5154: 5153:Krompart 1973 5149: 5143:, p. 72. 5142: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5126:, p. 37. 5125: 5120: 5113: 5112:Krompart 1973 5108: 5101: 5096: 5089: 5084: 5077: 5072: 5065: 5060: 5053: 5048: 5041: 5036: 5030:, p. 31. 5029: 5024: 5022: 5014: 5009: 5003:, p. 36. 5002: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4986:, p. 25. 4985: 4980: 4973: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4957:, p. 29. 4956: 4951: 4945:, p. 28. 4944: 4939: 4932: 4927: 4925: 4918:, p. 32. 4917: 4912: 4910: 4902: 4897: 4895: 4887: 4882: 4880: 4871: 4865: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4848: 4847:Krompart 1973 4843: 4841: 4834:, p. 34. 4833: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4817:, p. 18. 4816: 4811: 4804: 4799: 4793:, p. 39. 4792: 4787: 4781:, p. 32. 4780: 4775: 4767: 4761: 4756: 4749: 4744: 4737: 4732: 4725: 4720: 4713: 4708: 4701: 4696: 4690:, p. 46. 4689: 4684: 4682: 4675:, p. 69. 4674: 4669: 4667: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4621: 4616: 4610:, p. 93. 4609: 4604: 4597: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4580: 4575: 4568: 4563: 4556: 4551: 4545:, p. 18. 4544: 4539: 4532: 4527: 4519: 4514:, pp. 9. 4513: 4508: 4501: 4496: 4489: 4484: 4478:, p. 31. 4477: 4472: 4465: 4464:Cho-ying 2018 4460: 4453: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4436: 4435:Cho-ying 2018 4431: 4424: 4423:Cho-ying 2018 4419: 4413:, p. 29. 4412: 4407: 4405: 4397: 4396:Krompart 1973 4392: 4390: 4383:, p. 65. 4382: 4377: 4370: 4365: 4358: 4353: 4347:, p. 98. 4346: 4341: 4334: 4329: 4322: 4317: 4310: 4305: 4299:, p. 95. 4298: 4293: 4287:, p. 87. 4286: 4281: 4274: 4269: 4262: 4257: 4250: 4245: 4239:, p. 80. 4238: 4233: 4227:, p. 79. 4226: 4221: 4215:, p. 81. 4214: 4209: 4203:, p. 77. 4202: 4197: 4195: 4187: 4182: 4176:, p. 72. 4175: 4170: 4163: 4158: 4152:, p. 71. 4151: 4146: 4139: 4134: 4128:, p. 67. 4127: 4122: 4115: 4110: 4104:, p. 58. 4103: 4098: 4091: 4086: 4080:, p. 37. 4079: 4074: 4068:, p. 26. 4067: 4062: 4060: 4052: 4047: 4041:, p. 38. 4040: 4035: 4028: 4023: 4016: 4011: 4004: 3999: 3993:, p. 18. 3992: 3987: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3965: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3929: 3924: 3916: 3910: 3905: 3898: 3893: 3886: 3881: 3874: 3869: 3862: 3857: 3850: 3845: 3838: 3833: 3826: 3821: 3815:, p. 26. 3814: 3813:Krompart 1973 3809: 3802: 3797: 3791:, p. 17. 3790: 3785: 3778: 3773: 3767:, p. 26. 3766: 3761: 3759: 3752:, p. 26. 3751: 3746: 3739: 3734: 3732: 3725:, p. 21. 3724: 3719: 3712: 3707: 3705: 3697: 3692: 3685: 3684:Krompart 1973 3680: 3674:, p. 15. 3673: 3668: 3662:, p. 26. 3661: 3656: 3650:, p. 38. 3649: 3644: 3638:, p. 25. 3637: 3632: 3625: 3620: 3614:, p. 11. 3613: 3608: 3602:, p. 10. 3601: 3596: 3590:, p. 33. 3589: 3584: 3582: 3574: 3569: 3563:, p. 27. 3562: 3561:Krompart 1973 3557: 3550: 3549:Krompart 1973 3545: 3538: 3537:Krompart 1973 3533: 3526: 3525:Krompart 1973 3521: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3497: 3492: 3485: 3480: 3473: 3468: 3462:, p. 36. 3461: 3456: 3454: 3446: 3445:Renchen n.d.e 3441: 3435:, p. 42. 3434: 3429: 3422: 3417: 3410: 3405: 3399:, p. 26. 3398: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3381: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3360: 3359:Krompart 1973 3355: 3348: 3347:Krompart 1973 3343: 3336: 3335:Renchen n.d.e 3331: 3324: 3319: 3317: 3309: 3304: 3297: 3292: 3286:, p. 14. 3285: 3280: 3272: 3267:, p. 89. 3266: 3261: 3259: 3252:, p. 27. 3251: 3246: 3244: 3237:, p. 37. 3236: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3222: 3208: 3186: 3184: 3126: 3124: 3050: 3044: 3031: 3013: 3002: 3000: 2974: 2928: 2907: 2904: 2896: 2894: 2886: 2884: 2876: 2874: 2866: 2864: 2856: 2855: 2848: 2816: 2814: 2806: 2775: 2772: 2764: 2762: 2754: 2753: 2714: 2706: 2704: 2696: 2675: 2673: 2637: 2619: 2604: 2602: 2584: 2582: 2564: 2562: 2546:(905–)907–908 2544: 2542: 2530: 2527: 2519: 2517: 2507: 2501: 2493: 2491: 2483: 2481: 2480: 2449: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2314: 2312: 2262: 2243: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2216:Southern Tang 2207: 2206: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2189: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2161: 2157: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2125: 2112: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2030:Reign periods 2028: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1976: 1971: 1963:"Five Demons" 1960: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1914:Jiangbiao Zhi 1909: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1890:Jiu Wudai Shi 1886: 1879: 1876:depiction of 1875: 1871: 1862: 1859: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1810:Zhao Kuangyin 1806: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1773: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1741: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1711: 1706: 1699: 1695: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1550:Wang Yanzheng 1546: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1525: 1516: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1469: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1393:Jing Yanguang 1389: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1294: 1289: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1253: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1205:Yunying chao 1202: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1170:Li Tinggui mo 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1150:Li Tinggui mo 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1127:Li Tinggui mo 1123: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1090: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1030: 1023: 1018: 1009: 1006: 1002: 992: 988: 982: 971: 967: 966: 961: 955: 948: 946: 941: 937: 929: 924: 910: 908: 904: 900: 896: 891: 889: 885: 881: 876: 870: 867: 859: 854: 849: 839: 835: 833: 829: 825: 820: 818: 814: 808: 799: 797: 792: 790: 784: 782: 776: 773: 769: 759: 755: 753: 747: 745: 741: 736: 734: 729: 725: 721: 720:Zhu Quanzhong 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 673: 671: 667: 663: 659: 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 639:Emperor Taizu 636: 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 617:Ruler of Tang 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 584: 580: 576: 570: 568: 567: 562: 561: 556: 555: 550: 549: 544: 540: 536: 532: 525:(fl. 942–961) 524: 520: 519: 514: 510: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 478:Yangtze River 475: 471: 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 439: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 387: 379: 375: 374:Southern Tang 367: 364: 362:Today part of 360: 344: 342: 341:Northern Song 339: 338: 335: 329: 326: 319: 318: 315: 312: 305: 304: 301: 298: 291: 290: 287: 286: 283: 280: 278: 275: 274: 270: 264: 261: 259: 256: 255: 253: 249: 245: 241: 238: 234: 228: 224: 221: 215: 211: 208: 202: 198: 195: 189: 185: 179: 175: 172: 166: 162: 159: 156: 152: 148: 145: 142: 136: 133: 130: 124: 121: 118: 112: 108: 104: 102: 98: 94: 90: 87: 84: 80: 76: 71: 67: 64: 60: 53: 48: 43: 27: 22: 8265:N. Dynasties 8261:S. Dynasties 8204:Qian Hongzuo 8133:Wang Shenzhi 8087: 8073:Yang Longyan 8022:Southern Han 7908:Wang Zongyan 7885:Ten Kingdoms 7830:Liu Chengjun 7817:Northern Han 7807:Liu Chengyou 7753:Shi Chonggui 7748:Shi Jingtang 7555:Wudai Huiyao 7553: 7546: 7539: 7532: 7502:Liao dynasty 7439:Yiwu Circuit 7429: 7403:Other states 7394:Northern Han 7388: 7374:Southern Han 7248:China.org.cn 7210:16 September 7208:. Retrieved 7204: 7188:. Retrieved 7173:16 September 7171:. Retrieved 7167: 7151:. Retrieved 7147: 7126: 7115: 7104: 7093: 7068: 7064: 7039: 7035: 7012: 7008: 6990:(34): 1–39. 6987: 6983: 6962: 6958: 6937: 6933: 6915:(28): 1–35. 6912: 6908: 6890:(1): 13–35. 6887: 6883: 6854: 6850: 6821: 6817: 6795:(1): 23–45. 6792: 6788: 6759: 6755: 6734: 6730: 6701: 6697: 6668: 6664: 6639: 6635: 6618: 6614: 6589: 6585: 6553: 6532: 6509: 6483: 6460: 6441: 6422: 6404:Harrassowitz 6399: 6380: 6361: 6342: 6323: 6284: 6261: 6238: 6219: 6196: 6178: 6173:Xue, Juzheng 6157: 6136: 6115: 6080: 6059: 6038: 6020: 6002: 5981: 5960: 5925: 5911:Bibliography 5897: 5885: 5873: 5861: 5842: 5830: 5825:, p. 5. 5803: 5791: 5779: 5774:, p. 2. 5767: 5755: 5743: 5731: 5709:Woolley 2014 5704: 5692: 5685:Woolley 2010 5680: 5673:Woolley 2014 5668: 5656: 5644: 5632: 5620: 5608: 5581: 5569: 5562:Woolley 2010 5525: 5483: 5471: 5459: 5447: 5435: 5423: 5404: 5385: 5349: 5327:Standen 1994 5307: 5300:Standen 1994 5295: 5283: 5271: 5249:Standen 2009 5244: 5232: 5225:Standen 2009 5220: 5208: 5196: 5184: 5172: 5160: 5148: 5119: 5107: 5095: 5083: 5071: 5059: 5047: 5035: 5008: 4979: 4950: 4943:Woolley 2010 4938: 4810: 4798: 4786: 4774: 4755: 4743: 4731: 4719: 4707: 4695: 4688:Standen 1994 4620:Standen 2009 4615: 4608:Standen 2009 4603: 4579:Standen 2009 4574: 4562: 4550: 4538: 4526: 4507: 4495: 4483: 4471: 4459: 4430: 4418: 4376: 4364: 4352: 4340: 4328: 4316: 4304: 4292: 4280: 4268: 4256: 4244: 4232: 4220: 4208: 4181: 4169: 4162:Ouyang n.d.e 4157: 4145: 4133: 4121: 4109: 4097: 4090:Standen 1994 4085: 4073: 4046: 4034: 4029:, p. 8. 4022: 4010: 3998: 3986: 3959: 3947: 3935: 3923: 3904: 3892: 3885:Hartill 2005 3880: 3868: 3856: 3844: 3837:Hartill 2005 3832: 3820: 3808: 3796: 3784: 3772: 3750:Woolley 2010 3745: 3718: 3691: 3679: 3667: 3655: 3643: 3631: 3619: 3607: 3595: 3568: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3491: 3484:Woolley 2014 3479: 3472:Woolley 2010 3467: 3440: 3428: 3416: 3404: 3354: 3342: 3330: 3303: 3291: 3279: 3181: 2997: 2599: 2579: 2559: 2554:Yang Longyan 2539: 2215: 2203: 2196: 2082: 2041: 2019:Temple Names 2011: 1980: 1966: 1956:Yang Weizhen 1953: 1949: 1934: 1926: 1910: 1903: 1887: 1883: 1874:Ming dynasty 1854: 1850: 1831: 1827: 1818:Song dynasty 1807: 1803: 1779: 1766: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1742: 1737:Liao dynasty 1734: 1715: 1707: 1703: 1689:Liao dynasty 1676: 1672: 1669:Southern Han 1655: 1629: 1618: 1606: 1602: 1589:Liu Congxiao 1577: 1568:Qian Hongzuo 1558: 1547: 1537: 1522: 1519:Ten Kingdoms 1504: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1465: 1447:Liu Chengyou 1444: 1417: 1406: 1397:Shi Chonggui 1390: 1383: 1372: 1364: 1340:Yelü Deguang 1336:Shi Jingtang 1333: 1313: 1309: 1298: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1254: 1250: 1204: 1201:yunying chao 1200: 1198: 1182: 1178: 1169: 1157: 1149: 1145: 1137: 1135: 1130: 1126: 1118: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1076: 1071: 1065: 1046: 1041: 1035: 997: 990: 970:Gu Hongzhong 963: 945:Qixia Temple 933: 892: 888:seal scripts 871: 866:bronze coins 863: 836: 821: 809: 805: 793: 785: 777: 765: 756: 748: 737: 728:Yang Longyan 717: 689:Tang dynasty 679: 669: 665: 661: 657: 655: 650: 646: 633: 628: 625:Seal of Tang 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 587: 582: 578: 571: 564: 558: 552: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 528: 516: 512: 494:Southern Han 484:. After the 467: 440: 404:Tang dynasty 389: 373: 372: 282:Succeeded by 281: 276: 263:Chinese cash 258:Chinese coin 101:Emperor/King 8257:16 Kingdoms 8148:Wang Jipeng 8143:Wang Yanjun 8138:Wang Yanhan 8063:Yang Xingmi 7969:Gao Jichong 7959:Gao Baorong 7954:Gao Conghui 7872:Guo Zongxun 7802:Liu Zhiyuan 7768:occupation) 7762:Interregnum 7634:Zhu Youzhen 7616:Later Liang 7462: [ 7303:Later Liang 6965:: 145–184. 6110:Renchen, Wu 6075:Ouyang, Xiu 6060:Wǔdài Shǐjì 6054:Ouyang, Xiu 5955:Guang, Sima 5904:, vol. 282. 5772:Clark 2016b 5124:Worthy 1983 5090:, vol. 291. 5054:, vol. 289. 5028:Worthy 1983 4984:Worthy 1983 4972:Worthy 1983 4955:Worthy 1983 4903:, vol. 286. 4815:Worthy 1983 4567:Worthy 1983 4543:Clark 2016b 4490:, vol. 292. 4164:, vol. 130. 3861:Horesh 2013 3789:Clark 2016b 3779:, vol. 274. 3660:Clark 2016b 3636:Clark 2016b 3600:Clark 2016b 3498:, vol. 260. 3411:, vol. 294. 3323:Ouyang 1073 3310:, vol. 134. 3298:, vol. 281. 2982:Ding of Chu 2973:Xu Jingqian 2242:Yang Xingmi 2129:Zhongxing ( 2062:Shengyuan ( 1825:took over. 1814:Guo Zongxun 1784:united the 1428:Li Shouzhen 1409:Liu Zhiyuan 1324:Xiang River 1316:Grand Canal 1072:jinxing yan 1053:Mei Yaochen 681:Yang Xingmi 438:provinces. 277:Preceded by 8326:Categories 8249:3 Kingdoms 8158:Zhu Wenjin 8153:Wang Yanxi 8012:Ma Xichong 8002:Ma Xiguang 7992:Ma Xisheng 7949:Gao Jixing 7931:Meng Chang 7895:Former Shu 7854:Later Zhou 7840:Liu Jiyuan 7721:Li Conghou 7685:Later Tang 7670:Li Maozhen 7629:Zhu Yougui 7349:Former Shu 7328:Later Zhou 7313:Later Tang 7190:14 January 7153:12 January 7042:: 57–117. 6698:T'oung Pao 6542:0520043839 6470:0674012127 6413:3447039426 6204:Wikisource 6186:Wikisource 6165:Wikisource 6144:Wikisource 6123:Wikisource 6088:Wikisource 6067:Wikisource 6046:Wikisource 6028:Wikisource 6010:Wikisource 5989:Wikisource 5968:Wikisource 5933:Wikisource 5902:Guang 1084 5849:, vol. 20. 5796:Davis 1983 5784:Davis 1983 5736:Kurz 2016a 5637:Kurz 2016b 5625:Kurz 2016b 5613:Kurz 2016b 5601:Kurz 2016b 5574:Kurz 2016a 5547:Kurz 2016b 5530:Kurz 2016a 5503:Davis 1983 5488:Kurz 2011a 5476:Kurz 2011a 5464:Kurz 2011a 5440:Lorge 2005 5428:Clark 2009 5342:Kurz 2011a 5288:Kurz 2016a 5276:Kurz 2011a 5237:Kurz 2016a 5213:Kurz 2016a 5201:Kurz 2016a 5100:Kurz 2011a 5088:Guang 1084 5076:Clark 2009 5064:Kurz 2011a 5052:Guang 1084 5040:Kurz 2011a 5013:Kurz 2011a 5001:Kurz 2011a 4931:Kurz 2011a 4901:Guang 1084 4886:Kurz 2011a 4832:Kurz 2011a 4803:Lorge 2013 4791:Lorge 2005 4779:Lorge 2005 4748:Clark 2009 4736:Lorge 2005 4724:Kurz 2011a 4712:Lorge 2013 4700:Kurz 2016a 4673:Kurz 2011a 4658:Kurz 2011a 4641:Kurz 2011a 4596:Kurz 2011a 4555:Clark 2009 4531:Lorge 2005 4500:Kurz 2016a 4488:Guang 1084 4476:Kurz 2016a 4452:Kurz 2011a 4411:Kurz 2016a 4371:, vol. 13. 4188:, vol. 23. 4186:Ling n.d.e 4003:Clark 2017 3849:Clark 2009 3825:Clark 2009 3777:Guang 1084 3765:Kurz 2016a 3696:Clark 2009 3672:Clark 2017 3648:Kurz 2011a 3624:Ling n.d.e 3612:Clark 2017 3588:Kurz 2011a 3513:Clark 2009 3496:Guang 1084 3460:Kurz 2016b 3447:, vol. 17. 3421:Lorge 2013 3409:Guang 1084 3397:Kurz 2011a 3337:, vol. 15. 3325:, vol. 62. 3296:Guang 1084 3250:Kurz 2011a 3235:Kurz 2016a 3012:Li Jingsui 2994:李璟 916–961 2639:徐知詢 d. 934 2596:李昪 888–943 2576:杨溥 900–938 2536:杨渥 886–908 2265:徐溫 862–927 2218:emperors 2208:emperors; 2137:Zhōng Xīng 2114:) 943–958 2073:) 937–943 2070:Shēng Yuán 2032:and dates 1995:Feng Yanlu 1991:Feng Yanji 1983:Song Qiqiu 1975:Song Qiqiu 1941:Sima Guang 1922:Wang Anshi 1858:Zhou Wenju 1726:Yellow Sea 1543:Zhu Wenjin 1539:Wang Yanxi 1532:See also: 1462:Later Zhou 1379:Li Jinquan 1367:Song Qiqiu 1348:Later Tang 1189:Li Gonglin 1057:Ouyang Xiu 828:Sima Guang 824:Song Qiqiu 762:Foundation 733:Later Tang 676:Background 641:after the 593:Later Zhou 579:Great Tang 575:Later Tang 563:, and the 523:Zhou Wenju 220:Later Zhou 92:Government 8128:Wang Chao 8045:Liu Chang 8040:Liu Sheng 7964:Gao Baoxu 7918:Later Shu 7903:Wang Jian 7867:Chai Rong 7835:Liu Ji'en 7825:Liu Chong 7790:Later Han 7740:Later Jin 7726:Li Congke 7716:Li Siyuan 7700:Li Keyong 7660:Wang Rong 7526:Histories 7384:Later Shu 7323:Later Han 7318:Later Jin 7056:165887772 7019:: 31–46. 6838:165211485 6824:: 29–55. 6776:155064802 6685:165844099 6656:165226638 6315:199886993 6112:(n.d.e). 6077:(n.d.e). 5926:Qīngyì lù 5890:Kurz 1998 5878:Kurz 1998 5866:Kurz 1998 5835:Kurz 1998 5823:Kurz 1998 5760:Kurz 1998 5748:Chan 1974 5724:Kurz 1994 5661:Kurz 1994 5586:Kurz 1994 5409:Kurz 2011 5390:Kurz 2011 5371:Kurz 2011 4916:Kurz 1997 4864:Kote 1999 4760:Kurz 2011 4512:Kote 1999 3909:Kurz 2011 3723:Mote 1999 3626:, vol. 1. 3573:Kurz 2014 3433:Kurz 1997 3380:Kurz 2014 3284:Mote 1999 3265:Kurz 2011 3218:Citations 3030:Li Jingda 2945:Yongxing 2930:杨琏 d. 940 2927:Yang Lian 2635:(younger) 2632:Xú Zhīxùn 2614:Xú Zhīxùn 2250:Taizu 太祖 2116:Jiaotai ( 2083:Yuán Zōng 1834:Later Shu 1710:Yelü Lihu 1679:Liu Sheng 1622:Changzhou 1585:Zhangzhou 1507:Chai Rong 1500:Han Xizai 1456:Mengcheng 1403:Later Han 1360:Later Jin 1344:Li Congke 1330:Later Jin 1320:Gan River 1225:arrowhead 1154:Cai Xiang 1005:Zhou Fang 972:(937–975) 940:Dong Yuan 928:Dong Yuan 789:Han Xizai 772:Guangling 707:. In 902 666:Jiangbiao 597:Chai Rong 490:Later Shu 73:(briefly 70:Guangling 8214:Qian Chu 8194:Qian Liu 7997:Ma Xifan 7711:Li Cunxu 7517:Đại Việt 7430:De facto 7288:Timeline 7220:See also 7136:Websites 7017:Shanghai 6996:23496260 6946:23496127 6921:23496061 6896:41933604 6743:23497391 6671:: 1–28. 6642:: 1–31. 6606:40726165 6592:: 1–38. 6574:Articles 6154:(1078). 6137:Sòng Shǐ 6133:(1343). 6096:citation 6056:(1073). 5999:(1193). 5978:(1798). 5957:(1084). 5941:citation 5177:Lee 2004 4369:Gu n.d.e 4078:Lee 2004 4066:Lee 2004 4051:Hay 2012 4039:Lee 2004 4027:Lee 2004 4015:Hay 2012 3991:Lee 2004 3979:Lee 2004 3964:Hay 2012 3940:Kao 2015 3017:920–958 2999:Yuanzong 2992:Li Jing 2960:Shangrao 2958:Princess 2943:Princess 2594:Li Bian 2574:Yang Pu 2174:961–975 2124:Jiāo Tài 2100:943–961 2079:Yuanzong 2059:937–943 1987:Chen Jue 1954:In 1355 1812:deposed 1745:Chang'an 1718:Chunzhou 1662:Bian Hao 1632:Qian Chu 1625:Xuanzhou 1581:Quanzhou 1560:Li Renda 1432:Shandong 1420:Yuncheng 1229:fox nuts 1158:Lishi mo 1146:Lishi mo 1138:Lishi mo 1131:Lishi mo 1112:— 1049:Xuanzhou 1001:Wu Daozi 936:Jiangnan 884:clerical 781:Xuanzong 768:Jingling 685:Jiedushi 683:was the 658:Jiangzuo 605:Jiangnan 595:Emperor 539:Great Qi 492:and the 394:) was a 391:Nán Táng 251:Currency 95:Monarchy 75:Nanchang 8101:Li Jing 8096:Li Bian 8078:Yang Pu 8068:Yang Wo 8035:Liu Bin 8030:Liu Yan 8007:Ma Xi'e 7941:Jingnan 7862:Guo Wei 7624:Zhu Wen 7379:Jingnan 6718:4528281 6175:(974). 6152:Wenying 6131:Toqto'a 5997:Li, Tao 5976:Ji, Yun 5312:Li 2016 5189:Li 2016 5165:Li 2016 3308:Xue 974 3188:961–975 3035:924–971 3004:943–961 2978:919–937 2950:917–940 2617:(elder) 2606:937–943 2586:920–937 2566:908–920 2556:897–920 2534:Yang Wo 2268:Yizu 義祖 2252:902–905 2247:874–905 2211: 2199: 2156:Hòu Zhǔ 2103:Baoda ( 2095:Lǐ Jǐng 2054:Lǐ Biàn 1878:Nanjing 1846:Cao Bin 1800:Decline 1780:In 936 1760:raided 1683:Lingnan 1658:Ma Xi'e 1640:Runzhou 1488:Lingnan 1468:Guo Wei 1440:Haizhou 1407:By 947 1346:of the 1334:In 936 1257:Jingnan 1195:Cuisine 1166:Su Song 1074:(金星硯). 1061:Huizhou 1022:Li Bian 918:Artwork 913:Culture 842:Coinage 815:(麻) or 802:Economy 796:Li Jing 740:Yang Wo 713:Yang Wo 701:Jiangxi 693:Jiangsu 623:) and " 601:Yangtze 589:Li Jing 545:). 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