South Sudanese Civil War

2774:. The SPLM-IO protested when the Parliament, where the Kiir's party holds a majority of seats, extended the President's term and that of other officials by three years. However, they eventually agreed to share power in what was called the "Revitalised transitional government of national unity (R-TGoNU)" with Machar to be one of five Vice Presidents and the 550 seat parliament to be divided with 332 going to Kiir's faction, 128 to Machar's group and the rest to other groups. An SSOA faction led by the NAS's Thomas Cirillo rejected the deal citing their small share in the power sharing agreement. As part of amnesty offered to groups following the peace deal, in August 2018, Brigadier General Chan Garang, claiming to lead a group of rebel soldiers from Malong's SS-UF, came back to the government along with 300 rebel soldiers in what was seen as a weakening of SS-UF. In September 2018, Kiir signed a peace deal with Machar formally ending the five-year civil war. Celebrations in Juba happened on 31 October 2018; however, there were criticisms that the peace deal failed to address the underlying issues of the conflict–the concentration of power in the hands of the president–and that the status quo will continue to produce violence. As part of the agreement, Machar was supposed to return to Juba in May to become a vice president again; citing security concerns, he asked for an extension of six months, which was accepted by Kiir. Six months later, both sides agreed to delay the formation of a transitional unity government by 100 days. The most contentious issue delaying the formation of the unity government was whether South Sudan should keep 32 or return to 10 1821: 2583:, where the bulk of the SPLM-IO forces went for shelter from the clashes in Juba. As Equatoria is the agricultural belt of the country, the number of people facing starvation soared to 6 million. In November 2016, SPLM-IO claimed to have taken of the towns Bazi, Morobo and Kaljak. While the rebels were mostly in retreat in the Upper Nile front, they had gained ground on the Equatorian front where the SPLA was mostly restricted to its garrisons. This was attributed to local self-defence militias becoming increasingly integrated and the depopulation of towns resulting in the army having fewer supplies while the rebels were adapted to the bush. However, after the fall of the main rebel headquarters of Pagak in the summer, their southern headquarters in Lasu fell on 18 December 2017. In late May, Kiir declared a unilateral ceasefire, which was taken with suspicion by others as it came after the late April government offensive that retook much territory and before the rainy season that would have reduced fighting. Three days after the government retook Lasu it signed another ceasefire with the rebels. 1902: 2190:. Hostilities were to end in 24 hours and humanitarian corridors were to be opened while a permanent ceasefire was worked on. Hours after the ceasefire was to come into effect, both sides accused each other of violating the ceasefire. On 11 June 2014, both parties agreed to begin talks on the formation of a transitional government within 60 days and to a third ceasefire. However, the talks collapsed as both sides boycotted them, and by 16 June, the ceasefire was reported to have been violated. In August 2014, Kiir and leaders of South Sudan's neighbouring states signed a roadmap for the creation of a transitional government. Machar refused to sign, accusing the leaders of IGAD, of tilting the process in favour of Kiir. In November 2014, renewed the ceasefire agreement with IGAD mediators giving them 15 days to make a power-sharing deal and threatening sanctions if they don't. This ceasefire down 24 hours later with fighting in the north. In January 2015, rival factions of the SPLM signed a reunification agreement in 3036:

the tens of thousands. The International Crisis Group reported on 9 January 2014 that up to 10,000 people were estimated to have died. In November 2014, the International Crisis Group estimated the death toll could be between 50,000 and 100,000. A senior SPLA officer stated in November 2014 that the number of government soldiers killed and wounded topped 20,000, with 10,659 soldiers killed from January to October 2014 and 9,921 seriously wounded, according to a report by Radio Tamazuj. By March 2016, after more than two years of fighting, some aid workers and officials who did not want to speak on the record said the true figure might be as high as 300,000. A study by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, published in April 2018 claimed that about 383,000 people are conservatively estimated to have died as a result of the war, while the actual number may be considerably higher, with 190,000 deaths directly attributed to violence and most of the deaths having been in Jonglei, Unity and Equatoria.

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were reported to have recruited militias and young men in Unity state to take back rebel-held areas. They were given guns and their pay was what they could loot and the women they could rape. Martell described the rampant sexual violence as not incidental to the war, but an integral and central part of the strategies of both sides, as "a tool for ethnic cleansing, as a means of humiliation and revenge". Nor were foreign aid workers safe, with gunmen belonging to Kiir's Tiger Force stormed an UN relief camp at the Terrain Hotel on 11 July 2016, killed the journalist John Gatluak for being a Nuer, and proceeded to gang-rape five foreign aid workers as a "punishment" for foreign criticism of Kiir. The UN peacekeepers from China who were supposed to be guarding the Terrain Hotel camp did nothing, despite being only a three-minute walk away from the hotel. The UN's Special Envoy for Sexual Violence,

1979:. On 23 December, Aguer said the army was on its way to Jonglei and Unity to retake territory. On 24 December, The Government of South Sudan claimed to have recaptured Bor despite fighting still taking place in parts of the town. Most of Gadet and most of his forces had withdrawn. On 27 December, Machar condemned Ugandan interference and claimed Ugandan air forces bombed their positions in Bor. There was also tension at the UN compound in the city as armed fighters had entered it and about 17,000 civilians seeking protection were at the location. The UN also reported that their base was being reinforced with additional protective barriers, including the area hosting the displaced civilians. On 29 December, a UN helicopter spotted a group of armed youths 50 kilometres (31 miles) from Bor but could not confirm their numbers. On 30 December, South Sudanese government troops clashed with 2353:

does not own cattle is not only poor, but also felt to lack manliness. This loss of cattle led Nuer men, to join rebel groups. Furthermore, many of the Dinka leaders, now flushed with cattle, began to push into the province of Equatoria to seize the rich farmland for their cattle herds, causing the local farmers to fight back. The British journalist Peter Martell wrote the war had started out as a conflict within the elite over control of the oil revenue, but had "evolved into anarchy, opportunism, and revenge" as the violence had acquired a momentum of its own with multiple clan leaders raising their own militias to battle over control of the cattle herds and land, struggles fought with little reference to either Kiir or Machar.

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don't care what deal they sign in Juba. The deals are with the government and where is the government? They mean nothing to us and make no difference here. They took our wives and killed our children. My family's gone, so what do I care if I live or die? They took our cows. You who come from outside don't know what that means. Our cows are everything, because without them how do we survive? They are trying to wipe us out, to remove us from the earth". By 2016, it was estimated that there were at least 20,000 child soldiers fighting in South Sudan, and many experts on the subject such as the retired Canadian General

2544:'s failure to protect civilians in the Juba clashes, Secretary-General Ban sacked the commander of the UN force Lieutenant General Johnson Mogoa Kimani Ondieki in November, the general's native Kenya declared that it would pull out of the key role it was playing in the peace process and withdrew its more than 1,000 peacekeepers from UNMISS before sending the troops back in with the start of the new UN secretary general's tenure. On 30 April 2017, the first batch of the Regional Protection Force arrived under Brigadier General Jean Mupenzi of Rwanda with the first phase of troops arriving in August. 2405: 283: 2095:

threatened to boycott the second round talks, demanding the release of four remaining political prisoners and the withdrawal of Ugandan forces. On February 18, the rebels attacked the strategic government-controlled town of Malakal and later captured it. The government claimed to have recaptured the town on the 20 March, with the rebels claiming that they had only withdrawn to the southern portion of the town. In April, rebels claimed once again to have seized Bentiu and by 19 April South Sudan's army admitted to have "lost communication" with commanders battling in Unity state. The

3179: 2488: 170: 2282: 211: 2116: 3315: 707: 693: 679: 343: 330: 1614:, the government in Khartoum, beginning in 1984, began a deliberate policy of "divide and rule" by arming young men with assault rifles and ammunition and encouraging them to engage in unlimited violence on cattle raids, hoping the resulting ethnic violence would cause so much disunity as to end the rebellion. This policy failed to end the rebellion, but it did cause the breakdown of accepted norms regarding violence on cattle raids and an increase in ethnic tensions between the peoples of southern Sudan. In 2010, 15076: 2840: 1409:, which were often violent. Kiir's Dinka ethnic group has been accused of attacking other ethnic groups and Machar's Nuer ethnic group has been accused of attacking the Dinka. More than 4 million people have been displaced, with about 1.8 million of those internally displaced, and about 2.5 million having fled to neighboring countries, especially Uganda and Sudan. Fighting in the agricultural heartland in the south of the country caused the number of people facing starvation to soar to 6 million, causing 1929:. The United States military announced a repositioning of its forces in Africa to prepare for possible further evacuations as the United Nations warned of the planned strikes. Many of these reports have come from the hundreds of foreign oil company employees gathered at the airport to leave. Five Ugandan and ten Kenyan citizens were also evacuated from Bor and Juba. The Kenyan government said that there were 30,000 of its nationals in the country and that 10,000 had applied for emergency documents. 1847:, had announced that the peacekeepers would not intervene in the fighting. Human Rights Watch described an incident during the Juba conflict in which 200–300 Nuer men were collected, place in a room and then shot at, killing most of the men. The next day, witnesses reported seeing around 200 bodies being moved from a clinic in the Jebel area of Juba. A semblance of calm returned to Juba by 18 December, though there were unconfirmed reports of several students being killed by security personnel at 2859:

Thousands of civilians fled to the bush. Doctors Without Borders lost contact with two thirds of its staff formerly located in Leer. It is believed that the town was attacked by government troops as it is the home of former Vice President Riek Machar. On 18 April, UN said that at least 58 people were killed and more than 100 others wounded in an attack against one of its bases in South Sudan sheltering thousands of civilians. On 17 April 2014, 58 people were killed in an attack on the UN base in

41: 3224: 395: 1944: 1660: 2079:, China, the EU, the USA, the UK and Norway, began. South Sudanese troops retook Bor on 18 January and Malakal on 20 January. Government troops were assisted by Ugandan troops, against the wishes of IGAD who feared a wider regional conflict. Uganda announced they had joined the conflict in support of Kiir in January after previously denying it, having said the troops were only there to evacuate Ugandan nationals. On 23 January 2014, representatives of the 2445:. A spokesman for Riek Machar announced that South Sudan was "back to war" and that opposition forces based in areas of Juba had been attacked by forces loyal to the President. Helicopters and tanks were reported in several parts of Juba on 10 July. Gun battles broke out near the airport and a UN base forced the airport to close for safety reasons. Kiir and Machar ordered a ceasefire after days of intense violence. Machar fled Juba after the clashes. 2678:

Cobra Faction and merged it with the NAS and claimed opposition groups were in consultation to unite their ranks. In July 2017, John Kenyi Loburon, the SPLA-IO's commander of Central Equatoria state defected to the NAS, claiming favoritism towards Nuers in the SPLA-IO and then, as an NAS general in the same month, fought with the SPLA-IO in Central Equatoria in the first clashes between the two groups. By November 2017, the NAS had captured areas in

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peace talks, as Taban was seen by many in the opposition as a traitor. As part of the "National Dialogue" initiated by Kiir in December 2016 where any former rebels who return to the capital would be given amnesty, about a dozen SPLM-IO officials defected to the government in January 2017. Gabriel Tang, who was one of the generals to have defected from Machar during the peace talks in 2015, now allied with

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ends. He also said the violence was started by the presidential guard, which was founded by Kiir and told to report directly to him instead of the military. He refused to deny or acknowledge support for Gadet but that "the rebels are acting in the right direction." On 22 December, Machar said he wanted to be the leader of the country and that "his" forces would maintain control of the country's oil fields.

3105: 1765: 1610:. Cattle raids between different ethnic groups were an accepted and honorable way to acquire more cattle. However, there were widely accepted limits on the amount of violence permissible in cattle raids, and tribal elders would intervene if cattle raid violence became excessive. Furthermore, the antiquated weapons used in cattle raids were not likely to inflict mass casualties. During the 2630: 1940:. He said he wanted free and fair elections and that it is best if Kiir leaves. His conditions for talks were that his "comrades", including Rebecca Garang and Pagan Amum, be released from detention to be evacuated to Addis Ababa. Information minister Makuei said those involved in the coup would not be released and dismissed claim that the rebels had taken the major oil fields. 2984:, reported that nowhere in the world had she had ever seen a place with worse sexual violence than South Sudan. The same study also reported that rape was not only common against women and children, but also against men, though the reluctance of men to admit that they had been raped made it difficult to place a precise number on the cases of male rape. 3087:

were women and children. Uganda, which took more refugees in 2016 than all of those who crossed the Mediterranean into Europe, has had a notably generous policy. Refugees are allowed to work and travel and families get a 30-metre by 30-metre plot of land to build a home with additional space for farming. In just six months since being built, the

1584:. He said that if the country is to be united, it cannot tolerate "one man's rule." In November 2013 Kiir disbanded all of the top-level organs of the SPLM party, including the Political Bureau, the National Convention and the National Liberation Council. He cited their failed performance and the expiration of their term limits. 2716:(SSPA) was formed in Northern Bahr el Ghazal, with the backing of powerful figures such as former presidential advisor Costello Garang Ring and allegedly Malong Awan. In May 2017, Kiir reduced the power of the chief of staff position and fired its powerful Dinka nationalist Malong Awan and replaced him with General 2590:'s SPLA-IO allied Agwelek forces. In a study of casualties up to April 2018, the deaths from violence peaked between 2016 and 2017. In October 2016, the rebels attempted to take Malakal and by January 2017, fighting there had led to civilians deserting the country's second-largest city. Whilst fighting in the 1740:

officer in charge of the weapons stores, opened them and rearmed only the Dinka soldiers. A Nuer soldier questioned this and a fistfight ensued which lead to more soldiers getting involved and raiding the stores and culminated in the Nuer soldiers taking control of the military headquarters. The next morning,

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government continued to import arms. In August 2019, three rebel groups who were not signed up to the peace agreement—that of Cirillo's, whose rebel group was now known as South Sudan National Democratic Alliance (SSNDA), the SS-UF of Paul Malong and the Real Sudan People's Liberation Movement (R- SPLM) of

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the deal have instead channeled weapons to community militias as a proxy war while others argued the power vacuum caused by the change in number of states is what led to the violence. While cattle raiding has been going on for years, some residents stated militias were targeting civilians more such as in

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After the second Juba clashes, fighting intensified in the Equatoria region. As this is the agricultural heart of the country, the number of people facing starvation in the already food insecure nation soared to 6 million. In February 2017, famine was declared in Unity state by the government and the

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Disarmament campaigns led by the government has led to resistance, with clashes killing more than 100 people in two days in north-central Tonj in August 2020. Localized inter-ethnic conflict reduced during the civil war but escalated in the last few years. It was argued that political elites bound by

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An additional dimension of the conflict developed with fighting between the opposition loyal to Machar and those supporting Taban Deng, largely within the Nuer-majority former state of Unity. Observers felt that Kiir had given up on negotiations by talking with Taban Deng instead of Machar during the

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had accused Egyptian institutions of supporting terrorist groups in Ethiopia. The SPLM-IO alleged that a "dirty deal" was struck between Kiir and Egypt against Ethiopia while Kiir denied any diplomatic row. The SPLM-IO accused the Egyptian Air Force of bombing their positions on 4 February 2017 while

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By this point, the Dinka militia leaders loyal to Kiir had grown rich by confiscating cattle (still the main currency unit in rural areas) from the Nuer, giving them a vested interest in keeping the Nuer down. In South Sudan, ownership of cattle is closely tied to a sense of masculinity and a man who

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occurred on 15 April in Bentiu when more than 400 civilians were killed mostly along ethnic lines after rebels took control of the town. Machar claimed his forces were not responsible. A mosque, hospital, and church were targeted where civilians had sought refuge from the fighting. After the fall of

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Adwok was placed on a list of wanted politicians, to which he said "this may be my last contribution, because, as I said, I'm waiting for the police in order to join my colleagues in detention." On Christmas Day, five days after his controversial publication, Adwok was arrested and held for two days.

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During the first two days of fighting after 15 December, reports indicated that 66 soldiers had been killed in clashes in Juba, and at least 800 injured. By 23 December, the number of dead had likely surpassed 1,000, while an aid worker in the country estimated that the death toll was most likely in

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It has been argued that with increased tension with the UN and outside powers over the government's actions there was a new shift in violence by the government against foreign peacekeepers, aid workers and diplomats. NGOs are viewed with suspicion, with the Minister of Cabinet Affairs claiming "most

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The NAS became the main antagonist of the government, clashing with the government in the Central and Western part of Equatorial province starting in January 2019, leading to about 8,000 people fleeing Yei State. The NAS and the FDP also alleged being attacked by the SPLM-IO in Upper Nile State. The

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militia while other militia members reportedly joined the SSPA. By the end of 2017, the SSPA had claimed to have captured territory around Aweil and was seen as one of the biggest threats to Juba. Awan was accused of plotting a rebellion and was detained but then released following pressure from the

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from Equatoria, got additional support as the SPLM-IO's Western Bahr al Ghazal commander, Faiz Ismail Futur, resigned to join the NAS while there are reports of six SPLM-IO shadow governors from Equatoria defecting to the NAS. In the same month, head of the Cobra Faction Khalid Boutros dissolved the

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After Machar's flight, Kiir sent his soldiers to rob the Central Bank of South Sudan, and put up $ 5 million US dollars stored in the central bank's vaults as a reward to anyone who could kill Machar. Kiir's spokesman admitted to what had been done, claiming it was justified under the circumstances.

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Notably, the war ceased to be an ethnic struggle, instead becoming a clan conflict with Dinka and Nuer clans professing loyalty to Kiir and Dinka and Nuer clans professing loyalty to Machar. One clan leader who raised a militia, James Koach, who was nominally loyal to Machar told Martell in 2016: "I

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to buy 50,000 AK-47s, 20 million bullets and 30 tanks. The demand for weapons had a disastrous impact on the elephant population as the rebels kill elephants to sell their tusks on the black market to earn money to buy arms. The number of known elephants in South Sudan declined from 2,300 in 2013 to

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states, where rebels controlled the capitals. On 4 January intense battles involving tanks and artillery were reported on the outskirts of Bor, which by this time had changed hands three times since fighting began. Rebels claimed that a South Sudanese army general has been killed in the fighting, as

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Machar spoke for the first time since the crisis began on 18 December in which he said he was not aware of any coup attempt, but instead blamed Kiir for fabricating the coup in order to settle political scores and target political opponents. He accused Kiir of inciting ethnic tensions to achieve his

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authorized such a force for Juba. The government initially opposed the move, claiming a violation of sovereignty. With a resolution threatening an arms embargo if it blocked the new deployment, the government accepted the move with conditions such as the troops not being from neighboring countries,

2226:. Documents found at the villa showed that Dadak had a contract with the rebels to sell them 40,000 AK-47 assault rifles, 30,000 PKM machine guns and 200,000 boxes of ammunition. In July 2014, the government's National Security Service signed a contract worth US$ 264 million with a Seychelles-based 3387:

The Cobra Faction openly opposed the government until 2014, and remained in relative opposition until 2015, when it divided into a pro-government and pro-SPLM-IO faction, the latter of which formed the Greater Pibor Forces. In early 2016, the Cobra Faction effectively disbanded, when the remaining

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formed during this time due to growing perceptions of mistreatment by the "Dinka" government and took over an SPLA outpost in Eastern Equatoria. In February 2016, Dinka SPLA soldiers attacked a UN camp targeting Nuer and Shilluk who accused the government of annexing parts of their ancestral land.

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President Salva Kiir spoke on national television on 16 December, having abandoned his signature suit and stetson for military fatigues, and said, while surrounded by government officials, that the coup had been foiled and that it was orchestrated by a group of soldiers allied with the former vice

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2.1 billion to the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region. Disputes between leading personalities in the SPLM over how to appropriate the oil revenue led to recurring tensions. A system emerged during the autonomous period where SPLM leaders used the wealth generated by the oil to buy the loyalty of not

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as well as massive flooding, a report by international food security experts reported that five counties are on the brink of starvation and one county, Western Pibor, is in likely famine, meaning that at least 20% of households are facing extreme food gaps and at least 30% of children are acutely

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More than 4 million people have been displaced, with about 1.8 million internally displaced and about 2.5 million having fled to neighboring countries, especially Kenya, Sudan, and Uganda. This was the world's third-largest refugee population after Syria and Afghanistan. About 86% of the refugees

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being called the epicenter of the problem. A UN survey found that 70% of women who were sheltering in camps had been raped since the beginning of the conflict, with the vast majority of rapists being police and soldiers, and that 80% had witnessed someone else getting sexually assaulted. The SPLA

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from 10 to 28 and then, five days later appointed new governors who were considered loyal to him. The new borders give Kiir's Dinkas a majority in strategic locations. Some observers felt that the government was holding on to the peace deal to maintain international aid while backing campaigns to

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Three days later both sides accused each other of breaking the ceasefire agreement. The rebels accused the government of attacking the town of Leer and other rebel held positions and that the attacks were an attempt to sabotage the second round of talks scheduled for later in February. The rebels

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Former Minister of Higher Education Peter Adwok said that on the evening 15 December after the meeting of the National Liberation Council had failed, Kiir told Major General Marial Ciennoung to disarm his soldiers of the "Tiger Battalion," which he did. Adwok then controversially claimed that the

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on South Sudan in July 2018 through the UN Security Council, following their failure to do so in 2016, with Russia and China abstaining from voting this time. Additionally, with neighboring Sudan facing economic troubles and relying on revenue from transporting oil from South Sudan, the Sudanese

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Pariang county in northern Unity is home to the Rueng Dinka—the only Dinka group in the state. Fighting broke out in Pariang on 20 December, when some SPLA troops defected to the rebels. On 24 December, an estimated 400 defectors moved southwards from Jaw, the SPLA's northernmost operating base,

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with a lieutenant from the army and dismissed six deputy chiefs of staff and 29 major generals in the army. In February 2013, Kiir retired an additional 117 army generals with the move being regarded as a power grab by some. Kiir suggested that his rivals were trying to revive the rifts that had

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and killed 126 out of 127 patients. Apparently an elderly man was blind and the rebels spared him. On 31 January 2014 in violation of the ceasefire agreement, government forces attacked Leer in Unity State, forcing 240 Staff and patients of Doctors Without Borders in Leer to flee into the bush.

2508:, announced a new faction called the National Democratic Movement (NDM) to overthrow Kiir. Yohanis Okiech, who led the largely Shilluk Tiger Faction New Forces, which split from Uliny's Agwelek forces, joined the predominantly Shilluk NDM as deputy chief of general staff. In the same month, the 1703:

was then attacked, with occasional fighting continuing to the next day. Heavy gunfire and mortar fire were reported on 16 December, and UNMISS announced that hundreds of civilians sought refuge inside its facilities Military spokesman, Philip Aguer said that some military installations had been

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declared an 'interim government' of the state with state governor Joseph Nguen Monytuel fleeing Mayom county. The soldiers loyal to Kiir retreated to Abiemnom County and were reinforced by Western Bahr el Ghazal's 5th division and the Northern Bahr el Ghazal's 3rd division to take back Bentiu.

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reported that on 14 January heavy fighting broke out near the UN compound in Malakal with one civilian killed and dozens wounded during the battle. Civilians emptied out of the town, and at least 200 drowned when their overcrowded boat sank as they tried to flee across the Nile. On 15 January,

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was created and run by the SPLM with a promise that a referendum on independence would be held in 2011. During the six years period of autonomy, the desire for independence kept in-fighting within the SPLM in check. One consequence of the war's end was the oil fields in southern Sudan could be

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On 20 December commander of the SPLA 4th Division, James Koang, declared himself military governor of Unity State, his forces then clashed with those loyal to Kiir resulting in the forces loyal to Kiir retreating to the barraks in Bentiu. The next day, Koang announced allegiance to Machar and

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and former SPLM-IO logistics chief Gathoth Gatkuoth, announced that they and other powerful commanders had split from Riek Machar, and rejected the ongoing peace talks, announcing that they would now fight Riek Machar's forces in addition to government forces. Gatkuoth stated he wishes for a

2626:. The government took over Pagak in August 2017 while the SPLA-IO still held territory in traditional Nuer areas of Panyijar Country in Unity state and rural areas of Jonglei and Akobo state. SPLA-IO forces under Machar counterattacked Taban Deng Gai's force, in an attempt to retake Pagak. 1622:, issued a warning that "over the next five years,...a new mass killing or genocide is most likely to occur in southern Sudan." In 2011, there was fighting between the Murle and the Lou Nuer, mostly over cattle raids and abductions of children to be raised into the other tribe. The 2344:

increase Dinka control over land and resources traditionally held by other groups. As the predominantly Shilluk Agwelek forces joined, in July 2016, with the SPLM-IO, which entered the peace agreement with the government, some Shilluk felt dissatisfied. The predominantly Shilluk

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reported clashes breaking out on 15 December in the Munuki neighbourhood of Juba between members of the presidential guard. Kiir also claimed that the fighting began when unidentified, uniformed personnel started shooting at a meeting of the SPLM. The military headquarters near

1748:"Military doctrine dictates that once a contingent of mutinous troops have been dislodged, appeal is made for their surrender and then disarmed. Those who remained loyal (to the president) are also disarmed to prevent bad blood. The loyal troops of Tiger, hailing mainly from 1983:

militiamen and other rebel factions loyal to Machar near Bor. By 31 December, the rebels were close to reaching the center of Bor and by 2 January, Mayor of Bor, Nhial Majak Nhial said that the government had withdrawn from the city and Kiir declared a state of emergency in

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United Nations, the first declaration of famine anywhere in the world in six years. Days after the declaration of famine, the government raised the price of a business visa from $ 100 to $ 10,000, mostly aimed at aid workers, citing a need to increase government revenue.

1382:. A peace agreement known as the "Compromise Peace Agreement" was signed in August 2015. Machar returned to Juba in 2016 and was appointed vice president. Following a second breakout of fighting within Juba, the SPLM-IO fled to the surrounding and previously peaceful 2316:

and joined the SPLM. In January Gathoth Gatkuoth joined with the government but was dismissed by his Federal Democratic Party for doing so. In April 2016, as part of the peace deal, Machar returned to Juba with troops loyal to him and was sworn in as vice-president.

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fighting continued in the streets of Malakal with both sides claiming to control the town. On 18 February 2014, fighting between members of various ethnicities broke out within the UN Mission in the capital city of Upper Nile State, Malakal, resulting in ten deaths.

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in Uganda became the single largest refugee settlement on earth. However, the Ugandan government is seen as an ally of Kiir's crackdown on rebels, although with an increasing refugee population, Uganda has pressured Kiir to make peace. The largest contingent of the

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claimed that those that were a part of the coup were "disgruntled" soldiers and politicians led by Machar and that at least ten people were confirmed to have been detained, seven were confirmed as former ministers including former Finance Minister Kosti Manibe and

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was sworn in as first vice president for the creation of the unity government. The dissolution of parliament in order to bring a new parliament that shares power with the rebel groups, as called for by the 2018 peace deal, occurred in May 2021 after much delay.

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jets to the government for US$ 43 million. The aircraft were flown by Hungarian mercenaries with one of the mercenaries, Tibor Czingali, posting photographs on his Facebook account of bullet holes in his jet. In Spain, police arrested Franco-Polish arms dealer,

2037:, 90 kilometers from Bentiu, on 29 December. Peter Dak, the rebel commander in Mayom, announced that he fled the town on 7 January. Around 8 January 2014, the SPLA forces advanced on Bentiu, which had been mostly evacuated, securing the city on 10 January 2014. 2923:

were forced from their homes and Yasmin Sooka, chairwoman of the Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan, claimed that the government was engaging in "social engineering" after it transported 2,000 mostly Dinka people to the abandoned areas. The king of the

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government, with a mix of incentives and coercion, brought Kiir and the SPLA-IO to hold talks in Khartoum. In June 2018, they signed another ceasefire where they agreed to form a transitional government for the 36 months leading to national elections, to let

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and other mediators. The agreement would restore Riek Machar as vice-president. The agreement established the Joint Monitoring and Evaluation Commission (JMEC) responsible for monitoring and overseeing implementation of the agreement. On 20 October 2015,

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field the next day. Government soldiers then took control of the fields and said that production continued normally. The rebels had reportedly taken over at least some of the country's oil fields amidst fears of Sudan intervening in the country.

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Two Indian UN peacekeepers were killed on 18 December when their base was stormed by rebels, and three US military Osprey aircraft were fired upon leading to four American service personnel being wounded. On 21 January 2014 Ankunda said that 9

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were expelled from the country without a formal explanation. In the deadliest attack on aid workers, six aid workers were killed in an ambush on 25 March 2017 bringing the number of aid workers killed since the start of the war to at least 79.

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base in Bor on 22 December. Although the base was surrounded by 2,000 armed youths, a rebel commander had promised safe passage for the evacuation. In total 380 officials and private citizens as well as about 300 foreign citizens were flown to

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delivered a shipment of 95,000 assault rifles and 20 million rounds of ammunition to the government. The government asked Norinco if with was possible for them to set up a factory in South Sudan, with Norinco declining. American arms dealer,

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president. On 21 December, the government announced its unconditional readiness to hold peace talks with any rebel group, including Machar In a Christmas message, Kiir warned of the fighting becoming a tribal conflict. Chief Whip and MP from

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The UN announced that thousands of people had sought refuge within its compounds with 13,000 people taking refuge in its two compounds in Juba. Two Indian peacekeepers were killed on 19 December whilst helping to protect 36 civilians in

4929: 3199:(SSLM) – While the war was often viewed as a conflict between the Dinka-dominated government and other ethnicities, the Nuer-dominated SSLM allied with the government and helped take back Bentiu from the Nuer-dominated SPLM-IO in 2013. 2194:, Tanzania, but fighting continued. In February 2015, Kiir and Machar signed a document on "Areas of Agreement" to work towards the establishment of a transitional government. The talks later collapsed and fighting broke out in March. 1920:. South Sudan blamed the rebels for the incident. A second evacuation attempt by four UN and civilian helicopters succeeded in evacuating about 15 US nationals, Sudanese-Americans and those working in humanitarian operations, from the 11838: 11319: 2769:

and IGAD peacekeepers deploy in South Sudan and to have state boundaries be drawn by a commission chaired by a non-South Sudanese; this ceasefire was violated just a few hours after coming into effect, when pro-government forces

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and forbade him from leaving Juba or speaking to the media. The decrees elicited fears of political unrest, with Machar claiming that Kiir's move was a step towards dictatorship and announcing that he would challenge Kiir in the

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In September 2016, Machar called for armed struggle against Kiir and in November, he said SPLM-IO would not participate in a workshop organized by the JMEC, saying that the peace agreement needed to be revised. In September,

2237:, leader of a government-aligned malitia had his forces switched sides to oppose the government after Kiir announced plans to replace South Sudan's 10 states with 28 states, a move which Uliny viewed as taking land from the 2664:

In February 2017, Deputy head of logistics, Lieutenant General Thomas Cirillo Swaka resigned, accusing Kiir of ethnic bias. This led to a series of high ranking resignations, including minister of Labour Lieutenant General

7056: 2932:, claimed his people were at risk of physical and cultural extinction. In the Equatoria region, Dinka soldiers were accused of targeting civilians on ethnic lines against the dozens of ethnic groups among the Equatorians. 12124: 5035: 2452:

to replace Machar and the government accepted him as acting vice-president. Machar said any talks would be illegal because Machar had previously fired Gai. Machar, with assistance from the UN, went into exile, first to

7451: 7664: 2572:(JEM), retreated to South Sudan and became involved in mercenary and criminal activities. The SPLM-IO accused JEM as well as another rebel group in Sudan, the SPLM-North of joining the conflict on the side of Juba. 14787: 2008:, a state which supplied all of South Sudan's crude oil, after fighting shut down oil fields in other areas. By February 2014, the UN compound in Malakal housed around 20,000 people who had fled the conflict. The 6992: 6363: 5916: 2903:" was often accused of being behind hardline SPLM policies. While the army used to attract men from across tribes, during the war, the SPLA had largely been constituted of soldiers from the Dinka stronghold of 1539:, but was reintegrated into the army the same year. Former rebellious militias were recruited into the South Sudan Liberation Army, a policy which has been described as "bad culture" and an incentive to rebel. 7810: 6866: 1789:

was later reported to be held in house arrest. Other arrests included those of Kiir's critics. Information Minister Micheal Makuei Leuth claimed that Machar had left Juba with some soldiers and stolen cattle.

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was fired near a UN peacekeepers' vehicle with two Chinese peacekeepers dying after the government refused passage to a clinic sixteen kilometres (10 mi) away. In December 2016, two staff members of the

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formed in October 2015 and were led by General Yohanis Okiech. They rejected joining the SPLM-IO or the peace agreement and called for the restoration of the original 1956 borders of the Shilluk territories.

1394:, former army chief, also led to fighting. In August 2018, another power sharing agreement came into effect. On 22 February 2020, rivals Kiir and Machar struck a unity deal and formed a coalition government. 6666: 5784: 2273:

president who was neither Dinka nor Nuer and intended to register his group as a political group called the "Federal Democratic Party" and that their forces would be called the "South Sudan National Army".

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sent troops to South Sudan on the side of the government and in 2014 helped retake all the cities captured by the rebels. As part of the Compromise Peace Agreement in 2015, Uganda agreed to withdraw its

7696: 11089: 7632: 3239:. During the Second Sudanese Civil War, they joined the breakaway faction of the SPLM led by Riek Machar and during the South Sudanese Civil War, once again joined on the side of Riek Machar's SPLA-IO 2200:

sold weapons to both sides. A series of networks emerged to sell weapons with the principal sources of arms being Egypt, Uganda, Ukraine, Israel and China. In July 2014, the Chinese arms manufacturer

1704:

attacked but that "the army is in full control of Juba," that the situation was unlikely to deescalate, and that an investigation was under way. Several people were also injured during the fighting.

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occurred when Bentiu was recaptured by rebels April 2014 and 200 people were killed in a mosque. Rebels separated the people and picked out those from opposing ethnic groups who they then executed.

1820: 3920: 2000:, with Sudanese presidential spokesperson Ateny Wek Ateny claiming that the Upper Nile oil fields were far from Malakal and secure. On 27 December, the army said it had taken back full control of 9074: 6156: 2851:

The government was accused by the US and aid groups among others of using starvation as a tactic of collective punishment for populations that supported the rebels by intentionally blocking aid.

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and declared allegiance to Machar. One of their disagreements with the government was the alleged provoking of the Murle to fight against anti-government Nuer groups in Jonglei. In April 2016,

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group joined the government. In September 2016, however, the Cobra Faction was declared restored by some of its commanders and declared that it had resumed its struggle against the government.

6523: 6327: 11829: 3474: 2907:, and the army was often referred to within the country as "the Dinka army". Many of the worst atrocities committed were blamed on a group known as "Dot Ke Beny" (Rescue the President) or " 1531:, who led a militia allied to Khartoum during the Second Sudanese Civil War, clashed regularly with the SPLA until 2011 when his soldiers were reintegrated into the national army. In 2011, 11308: 2911:" (brown caterpillar), while the SPLA claim that it is just another battalion. Immediately after the alleged coup in 2013, Dinka troops, and particularly Mathiang Anyoor, were accused of 2253:, and the SPLM-IO backed away from claims that it was in charge of Uliny's group and stated that Uliny's interests simply coincides with theirs. The SPLM-IO said they understood that the 1909:

Following calls from the Government of South Sudan, Uganda deployed its troops to Juba to assist in securing the airport and evacuating Ugandan citizens. On 21 December a flight of three

4165: 1936:, said that having spoken to Kiir, the latter was committed to talks with Machar without preconditions. Machar said that the rebel side was ready for talks that could possibly occur in 7729: 1898:

towards positions held by SPLA forces loyal to Koang Chuol. By 26 December, the SPLA claimed to have destroyed 37 rebel vehicles in Pariang county, which remained under their control.

1870:. On 10 February 2014, one of the UN compounds in Juba was surrounded by armed government troops and policemen, who demanded that the UN surrender the Nuer civilians sheltering there. 14402: 2437:. Fighting spread throughout the city. Over 300 people were killed and over 40 people were injured, including civilians. In the following week, 26,000 fled to neighboring Uganda. The 7064: 6126: 2519:

On the international front, the African Union, after the Juba clashes, backed plans for the deployment of troops from regional nations with a strong mandate similar to that of the

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claimed the city was immediately retaken. A counteroffensive by the government starting in late April 2017 reversed most rebel gains, captured the capital of the Shilluk kingdom,

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was created to increase the minority populations within its borders and David Yau Yau was appointed chief administrator, equivalent to state governor. In February 2015, a largely

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The SPLM-IO accused JEM of supporting Kiir's government since 2013, though JEM has denied any involvement and claims to maintain neutrality in the South Sudanese Civil War. The

2653:, a move the SPLM-IO described as a warning to rival rebel factions. Two days later, Uliny's forces ambushed and killed Yohanis Okiech, destroying the Tiger Faction New Forces. 8380: 7842: 7674: 2393:, killing dozens and forcing more than 120,000 to flee their homes. As result, local Fertit tribal militias and groups allied with the SPLM-IO rose in rebellion, causing heavy 14129: 1132: 1025: 7202: 6216: 1397:

By April 2018, it was estimated that about 400,000 people, 10.6% of which were children, had been killed in the war. This death toll includes notable atrocities, such as the

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claiming they have interests at stake. They also accepted a hybrid court to investigate war crimes. The US pushed for an arms embargo and sanctions on Machar and army chief

8797: 8300: 7909: 6450: 6100: 4447: 2771: 9485: 7220: 2372:, whose leader Alfred Karaba Futiyo Onyang declared allegiance to SPLM-IO and claimed to have occupied parts of Western Equatoria. A new rebel faction calling itself the 1993:

his convoy approaching Bor was ambushed. The SPLA brought large numbers of reinforcements bringing the total SPLA troops 25 km (16 mi) from Bor close to 2,000.

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began to reorganize the senior leadership of his government, party, and military at an unprecedented scale. In January 2013, Kiir replaced the inspector general of the

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After a 48-hour ultimatum given by Kiir for Machar to return to Juba to progress with the peace agreement talks passed, the SPLA-IO in Juba appointed lead negotiator

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In January 2014, the first ceasefire agreement was reached. Fighting continued and was followed by several more ceasefire agreements. Negotiations were mediated by

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There were ethnic undertones to the conflict with the SPLM and SPLA, which has been accused of being dominated by the Dinka. A Dinka lobbying group known as the "

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announced that it would voluntarily withdraw its soldiers from South Sudan, in accordance to that peace agreement. In January 2016, David Yau Yau dissolved the

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from the SPLM-IO, before both groups were routed by the government. With broad support at its inception, by 2018, many had come to view the NAS as "the Bari".

5946: 4399: 3967: 7642: 5339: 1511:. His faction signed a cease-fire with the government in 2011 and his militia was reintegrated into the army but he defected again in 2012. After the army's 12198: 11966: 11134: 6194: 4561: 12274: 11561: 5894: 10949: 6178: 5542: 5105: 2993:

of the agencies are here to spy on the government." During the 2016 Juba clashes, 80 to 100 South Sudanese troops entered the Terrain hotel facility and

3711: 3419: 3402: 3216: 2492: 1667: 1332: 388: 61: 12318: 10293: 10051: 5667: 2622:, which had been the SPLA-IO headquarters since 2014. In July 2017, the SPLA along with forces loyal to Taban Deng Gai took over the rebel-held town of 2033:(SSLA) militia forces, led by the Bul Nuer commander Matthew Puljang, decided to support them. By 27 December, a combined force of SSLA and SPLA seized 14767: 14299: 8716: 8604: 8274: 6148: 3534: 1125: 1018: 565: 11001: 10659: 9281: 6568: 1975:

on 18 December. The rebels quickly seized much of the settlement. Ethnically targeted violence was also reported and the Dinka feared a repeat of the

14432: 14289: 13952: 13639: 13131: 10897: 3355: 2948:

accuse the SPLA of aiding in attacks by Dinka from Jonglei state against the Boma state, and soldiers from Jonglei captured Kotchar in Boma in 2017.

1238: 6519: 6338: 5641: 5453: 5297: 3945: 15056: 12664: 12659: 11389: 11067: 10103: 9811: 8783: 6743: 6497: 6011: 5890: 5370: 3093: 3052: 1475: 12362: 10794: 10527: 10397: 8766: 7529: 6475: 4336: 3482: 3378:

government, aid workers and other sources have however affirmed that JEM is taking part in conflict on the side of the South Sudanese government.

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malnourished. In 2021, a "famine likely" announcement was made as not enough information was available to give a definite declaration of famine.

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who campaigns against the use of child soldiers warned that having so many child soldiers would have a long-term negative impact on South Sudan.

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was declared interim leader. Later in the month, clashes between forces loyal to Machar and Dual led to both sides reporting dozens of deaths.

2249:. His Shilluk militia group now called itself the 'Agwelek forces'. The group said they want to run their affairs independently from others in 75: 8984: 4900: 3418:

in open opposition to the SPLM government until 2014, and in relatively peaceful autonomy until 2015, when much of his forces deserted to the

3256:

and became an umbrella group for groups aligned against the Dinka-dominated government. The SSDM-Cobra faction was a Murle-led faction led by

2299:

In late August 2015, Salva Kiir signed a peace agreement previously signed by Riek Machar called the "Compromise Peace Agreement" mediated by

1756:, have not been disarmed. In fact, they are the ones rampaging Juba, looting and shooting to kill any Nuer in the residential neighbourhoods." 14325: 13603: 13065: 10673: 9120: 7505:"Ethiopia warns of "regional conflict", calls for withdrawal of foreign troops from S. Sudan – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan" 4715: 4137: 1170: 1118: 1011: 8151: 6835: 4483: 15051: 14782: 14777: 14455: 13221: 12610: 11519: 10819: 8744: 7482: 6765: 6419: 6122: 4823: 1524: 11150: 9667: 7310: 6545: 14797: 14397: 13763: 13438: 13163: 12676: 10845: 9052: 8200: 7033: 2816: 1542:

During the 2011 referendum 98% of voters voted in favour of independence, with South Sudan becoming an independent state on 9 July 2011.

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cargo helicopter was shot down, killing three Russian crew members, and wounding another. This occurred nine days after rebel commander

2509: 2309: 2160: 2140: 2128: 1630:

the entire Murle tribe on the face of the earth as the only solution to guarantee long-term security of Nuer's cattle". Notably, in the

1500: 504: 428: 14608: 14205: 13443: 13197: 12034: 9715: 5839: 4291: 1932:

On 22 December 2013, U.S. and Nigerian envoys were on their way to Juba to try to negotiate a solution. The U.S. envoy to the country,

1581: 11926: 11792: 8841: 14792: 13873: 13125: 11023: 9088: 8690: 7846: 4987: 2520: 1716:

indefinitely suspended flights to Juba after the airport closed. A dusk-to-dawn curfew was imposed until further notice. State-owned

1479:

developed far more extensively than was possible during the war. Between 2006 and 2009, sales of oil brought in an annual average of

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which fought against the government during the war, except for a time when a semi-autonomous Murle-led state was granted called the

14848: 14833: 14445: 14407: 13058: 12535: 12296: 9737: 8124: 6220: 2050: 1059: 11250: 10077: 1343:

were deployed to fight alongside the South Sudanese government. The United Nations has peacekeepers in the country as part of the

14042: 12451: 11648: 11166: 10631: 9511: 8952: 8304: 8054: 7562: 7543: 7379: 7153: 2176: 11718: 11045: 10553: 10207: 7920: 7332: 7272: 6394: 6092: 5206: 4531: 4501: 3887: 3595: 2997:

five international aid workers, with nearby peacekeepers from China refusing to help the victims. In July, soldiers ransacked a

14772: 13757: 13262: 12811: 11692: 11626: 11367: 9833: 8660: 8630: 8480: 8402: 7945: 7228: 7089: 6590: 5507: 4261: 4202: 4048: 4022: 3817: 3788: 3740: 3282: 2904: 2693: 2670: 2591: 2408: 2021: 1773: 461: 11748: 7765: 6970: 3629: 1401:. Although both men otherwise had supporters from across South Sudan's ethnic divides, there were strong tensions between the 14943: 13970: 12923: 12816: 12681: 12470: 10769: 9156: 6066: 4322: 3319: 1725: 1344: 1336: 1280: 334: 11581: 11441: 10739: 10129: 9471: 9252: 8252: 7302: 7258: 6703: 6442: 5868: 4236: 4074: 14873: 14638: 14353: 13987: 13691: 12584:

by Professor Mahmood Mamdani, Commissioner, Member, African Union Commission of Inquiry on South Sudan (AUCISS) (Oct. 2014)

12228: 9373: 9307: 8129: 2373: 1889:. This followed the deaths of 16 such workers, five workers at a field in Unity State on 18 December and another 11 at the 1390:, splitting the opposition, and rebel in-fighting became a major part of the conflict. A rivalry between the President and 1226: 455: 9944: 3147: 15110: 14898: 14348: 13993: 13822: 13509: 10713: 10371: 9863: 9589: 8917: 6805: 5976: 4661: 2778:. On 14 February 2020, Kiir announced South Sudan would return to 10 states in addition to three administrative areas of 12180: 9789: 9333: 3858: 15105: 14868: 14567: 14230: 13634: 13293: 12806: 12489: 11991: 11545: 10645: 8518: 6040: 4115: 1064: 11493: 10345: 4596: 3272:, which then formed its own militia called the "Agwelek forces" that fought the SPLA in the Greater Upper Nile region. 15100: 14812: 14551: 14092: 13964: 13657: 13628: 12867: 12723: 9915: 8336: 3261: 3183: 2783: 2152: 2120: 1741: 1619: 1275: 174: 12524: 10271: 4854: 2285:

In December 2015, Kiir increased the number of states from 10 to 28 and appointed governors considered loyal to him.

14055: 13827: 13318: 13313: 13168: 13153: 12857: 12779: 12603: 12154: 11278: 9427: 5950: 5615: 3975: 3231:– The Nuer White Army is a militant Nuer organization originally formed to defend Nuer cattle herds and for cattle 3123: 3044:

soldiers died in a rebel ambush at Gemeza a week before, and 12 others had been killed in total since 23 December.

1761:

He was later detained at the Juba airport when attempting to leave the country. His passport was also confiscated.

1340: 10319: 9893: 7606: 14959: 14762: 14541: 14363: 13834: 13806: 13108: 12896: 12505: 12206: 11567: 6787: 6242: 5721: 5590: 4565: 3249: 3196: 2804: 2754: 2750: 2552: 2513: 2505: 2442: 2313: 2144: 2060: 2030: 1841: 1492: 1470:

signed on 9 January 2005 between the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and the Government of Sudan ended

1461: 1457: 1079: 490: 414: 204: 10605: 1263: 1192: 1187: 1175: 1165: 14843: 14628: 14501: 14358: 14247: 14198: 13918: 13907: 13817: 13006: 12686: 5236: 3264:. The "Greater Pibor Forces" was formed in opposition to the deal with the government. Another faction was the 2888: 2016: 1593: 287: 271: 255: 132: 32: 11674: 10423: 5532: 5156: 2712:, who contributed the bulk of the government's fighting force in the war. Around this time, the largely Dinka 2385:

About a year after the peace agreement was signed, groups of Dinka youth and the SPLA targeted members of the

15115: 14516: 14320: 14135: 13556: 13269: 13256: 12908: 12821: 12733: 12728: 12718: 12671: 8173: 5754: 2967:

Since the conflict began, more than 17,000 children were used in the conflict, with 1,300 recruited in 2016.

2745:

By March 2018, nine opposition groups, including the NAS, the NDM of Lam Akol, the FDP of Gabriel Chang, the

2586:

The other major front of the conflict remained the Greater Upper Nile, where government forces mostly fought

2569: 1874: 1467: 228: 11830:"Women and children being raped and slaughtered as South Sudan conflict worsens famine threatening millions" 11204: 8278: 5461: 15036: 14964: 14655: 14536: 13668: 12646: 7792: 3764:"David Yau Yau surrenders Cobra-faction to a General linked to the SPLA-IO: Cobra-faction's splinter group" 3088: 2528: 1197: 993: 9970: 9401: 4465: 1268: 14878: 14838: 14496: 14368: 13867: 13662: 13280: 13085: 12981: 12948: 12938: 12913: 12872: 12784: 12769: 12596: 3350: 3001:

warehouse, stealing enough food to feed 220,000 people for a month, worth about $ 30 million. In July, a

2919:

in the Upper Nile region between the SPLA and the SPLA-IO allied Upper Nile faction of Uliny, Shilluk in

2808: 1536: 1496: 1243: 1211: 10975: 7584: 1916:

aircraft en route to evacuate US nationals from Bor took small arms fire from the ground, injuring four

1673:

On 15 December 2013, at the meeting of the National Liberation Council in the Nyakuron neighbourhood of

15041: 14603: 14577: 14546: 14114: 14097: 13946: 13902: 13855: 13773: 13751: 13450: 12801: 12789: 10740:"South Sudan Kiir agrees to re-establish the 10 states – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan" 10155: 8694: 5396: 3074: 2787: 2746: 2713: 2540:

through the Security Council, but it failed to pass in December 2016. After an independent report into

2339:

On Christmas Eve 2015, Salva Kiir announced he was going forward with a plan to increase the number of

1733: 1705: 1559: 1233: 12567: 2863:. Forty-eight of those killed were civilians, while 10 were among the attackers. UN Secretary-General 1634:, between 900 and 3,000 people were killed in Pibor. Although Machar and Kiir are both members of the 15125: 15010: 14979: 14802: 14526: 14422: 14343: 14191: 13934: 13850: 13778: 13376: 13286: 12996: 12991: 12774: 12651: 10660:"South Sudan Peace Deal Signed Today – Fails to Address Corruption at Root of Conflict – South Sudan" 9996: 9763: 5785:"Peter Adwok : 'President's order to disarm Nuer guards caused mutiny and chaos in South Sudan'" 5726: 3007: 2394: 2294: 2080: 1611: 1471: 1434: 1316: 1182: 215: 161: 52: 12442: 4400:"Pride and reverence reign as UNMISS celebrates International Day of UN Peacekeepers in South Sudan" 2159:

group, unhappy with the agreement with the government, split off from the Cobra Faction to form the

15120: 14858: 14481: 14037: 13402: 13371: 13114: 12933: 12918: 12877: 12796: 12764: 12706: 12641: 11770: 11342:"Attacks against the United Nations and civilians in South Sudan: Security Council Press Statement" 7815: 7734: 7701: 7669: 7637: 7126: 7028: 3294: 3002: 2822:

In August 2021, Machar was deposed as head of the SPLM-IO and its chief of staff, First Lieutenant

2734: 2345: 1430: 1155: 854: 552: 451: 12340: 9641: 9615: 9347: 9200: 3151: 1720:

went off-air for several hours. When it returned to broadcasting, it aired a message by President

15130: 14989: 14242: 14032: 13768: 13569: 13420: 13397: 13323: 13186: 13158: 12943: 12747: 12696: 6843: 3671: 3113: 3079: 3069: 2900: 2333: 1913: 1781: 1410: 1084: 1074: 479: 4001:"South Sudan General Gathoth Gatkuoth explains to Karin Zeitvogel why he broke with Riek Machar" 14969: 14491: 13745: 13563: 13352: 13030: 12958: 12882: 12847: 12835: 12628: 12519: 10871: 2611: 1417:

in October 2017, real income had halved since 2013 and inflation was more than 300% per annum.

1291: 1094: 765: 711: 2729:

Dinka Council of Elders, a Dinka lobbying group. SPLM-IO rebels who were loyal to Malong Awan

697: 14974: 14931: 14853: 14716: 14476: 14283: 13697: 13274: 12976: 12928: 12759: 12580: 12429: 11814: 2775: 2430: 2416: 2340: 2290: 2241:. On 16 May 2015, Uliny's militia and elements of the SPLM-IO captured Upper Nile's capital, 1069: 179: 126: 9486:"South Sudan's silent slaughter: Dinka massacre unchecked by regional, international groups" 3022:

threatened to shoot down UN aircraft, which he alleged were transporting government forces.

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Kiir's spokesman, claimed to a news conference, that rebel forces went into the hospital in

2551:

who also met with Kiir's ally Ugandan President Museveni. Egypt had previously rejected the

2531:

as UN troops within the country have struggled to protect civilians. In August 2016, the UN

1863:, when they were attacked by about 2,000 armed Nuer youths. The attack was condemned by the 14645: 14412: 14086: 14026: 13739: 13039: 13011: 13001: 12862: 5731: 5036:"A new report estimates that more than 380,000 people have died in South Sudan's civil war" 2998: 2956: 2894: 2649:. In January 2017 Tang was killed in clashes with the SPLM-IO allied Agwelek forces led by 2560: 2548: 2186:

On 9 May 2014, President Salva Kiir and Riek Machar signed a second ceasefire agreement in

2096: 2046: 1864: 1484:

only the troops, but the people at large, creating intense competition to control the oil.

1444: 1398: 1054: 14511: 8798:"Sankat Mochan: First aircraft with evacuated people from Juba to land in Kerala tomorrow" 2811:

mediated a peace declaration in Rome between the SSOMA and the South Sudanese government.

2281: 2123:(highlighted) created as part of a peace agreement between the government and the largely 8: 14984: 14593: 14277: 14050: 13426: 13226: 13148: 12986: 12852: 12572: 12125:"Four hurt as gunfire hits US military plane sent to evacuate Americans from South Sudan" 11314: 10580:"South Sudan opposition groups reject governance deal, citing poor ratios and referendum" 4374: 2872: 2733:

in January 2018. In April of that year, Awan announced the launch of a rebel group named

2424: 2404: 1258: 546: 70: 12547: 12035:

Helicopter that crashed in South Sudan was shot down after rebel commander issued threat

6622: 6268: 1512: 14486: 14294: 13432: 13215: 13192: 12971: 10456: 10428: 9378: 5537: 5400: 5334: 2912: 2823: 2717: 2576: 2487: 2214: 2034: 2005: 1959:

by 17 December, where three people had died and over 1,000 people sought refuge in the

1856: 1753: 1607: 579: 259: 15061: 14888: 14736: 14681: 14440: 14172: 14016: 13686: 13545: 13480: 12966: 12485: 12466: 12462: 12421: 10747: 10052:"South Sudan needs bold alternatives, not this dumpster fire of failed interventions" 7387: 7221:"South Sudan: amid fresh clashes in Malakal, UN mission ramps up civilian protection" 6337:. Human Security Baseline Assessment for Sudan and South Sudan (HSBA). Archived from 2951:

The SPLM-IO is predominantly Nuer and its head, Machar, had previously committed the

2929: 2844: 2603: 2524: 1795: 1216: 1204: 621: 13861: 13050: 11415: 11390:"Dinka council of elders welcomes Kiir's decision firing ministers allied to Machar" 11136:

South Sudan insecurity at Leer has devastating consequences for those hiding in bush

10923: 10579: 10215: 9841: 9689: 9563: 9537: 9226: 9026: 8966: 8668: 8638: 8488: 8410: 8000: 7953: 7504: 7280: 7099: 6725: 6600: 5214: 4647: 4539: 4509: 4269: 4052: 4026: 3891: 3825: 3792: 3603: 2564:

Egypt denied it. As a result of Sudan's effective counterinsurgency strategy in the

2358: 2115: 1328: 14893: 14691: 14225: 14214: 14120: 14020: 13812: 13515: 13119: 12252: 12239: 12102: 11967:"UN peacekeepers refused to help as aid workers were raped in South Sudan – report" 11604: 11229: 10632:"Thousands of citizens gathered in Juba to celebrate "dawn of peace" – South Sudan" 8823: 8403:"Changson dismisses Gathoth Gatkuoth as FDP group splits over advance team to Juba" 7770: 7437: 7357: 7175: 6918: 5864: 5810: 5696: 5012: 4762: 4740: 4582: 4425: 4023:"Changson dismisses Gathoth Gatkuoth as FDP group splits over advance team to Juba" 2975:

Reported incidents of sexual violence rose 60% in 2016, with Mundri in Equatoria's

2860: 2855: 2705: 2689: 2666: 2599: 2537: 2532: 2438: 2390: 2325: 2250: 2109: 1972: 1686: 1576: 1426: 1391: 866: 858: 846: 636: 593: 11771:"Number of children recruited into South Sudanese conflict passes 17,000 – UNICEF" 4648:"Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General" 4210: 2602:

killing up to 50 civilians in April 2017. In the same month, the SPLA-IO captured

14936: 14721: 14696: 14686: 14237: 14071: 13879: 13503: 13347: 12235: 12013: 11465: 11068:"Rival South Sudanese factions clash, two sides report dozens of soldiers killed" 10181: 9102: 9012: 8998: 8869: 8855: 8721: 8432: 8358: 8029: 7886: 7868: 7250: 5079: 4959: 4801: 3336: 3228: 2941: 2925: 2908: 2725: 2669:

who also pledged allegiance to Machar. Swaka formed a new rebel group called the

2619: 2595: 2478: 2276: 1980: 1948: 1933: 1848: 1700: 1623: 1615: 1089: 651: 399: 184: 15075: 12562: 10237: 9174: 8934: 4082: 2839: 2433:

after an attack outside of where President Kiir and Riek Machar were meeting in

1844: 1638:, they stem from different tribes with a history of conflict. Kiir is an ethnic 1413:

in some areas. The country's economy has also been devastated. According to the

15046: 15020: 14863: 14741: 14731: 14711: 14506: 13999: 13732: 13727: 13539: 13533: 13521: 13465: 11627:"South Sudan: UN warns of 'social engineering' amid looming threat of genocide" 11589: 11002:"New levels of militia violence in South Sudan, one year after Transition govt" 9871: 3314: 3265: 2981: 2730: 2701: 2700:

Cracks were appearing along clan lines among the ruling Dinka. Kiir's Dinka of

2646: 2633: 2482: 2449: 2376:(different from but related to the larger similarly named rebel faction led by 2254: 2238: 2168: 2105: 2076: 1921: 1825: 1749: 1631: 1599: 1516: 1507:

rebelled against the government, accusing them of being prejudiced against the

1387: 1375: 1367: 1359: 1099: 706: 692: 678: 662: 632: 607: 342: 329: 12450:

Craze, Joshua; Tubiana, Jérôme; Gramizzi, Claudio (2016). Emile LeBrun (ed.).

12080: 1563:

provoked infighting in the 1990s. In July 2013, Kiir dismissed Vice President

1499:. The same year, a faction of the South Sudan Democratic Movement, called the 15094: 14726: 14157: 13958: 13940: 13896: 13788: 13551: 13527: 12452:"A State of Disunity: Conflict Dynamics in Unity State, South Sudan, 2013–15" 11861:"South Sudan:women and girls raped as 'wages' for government-allied fighters" 8087: 7391: 7273:"Defected Unity state army commander forms new interim administration –" 7094: 6595: 5836:"Nine questions about the South Sudan crisis: A guide for confused observers" 5110: 4783: 3257: 2879:, three villages were destroyed with 3,000 homes burned in a single village. 2766: 2760:

The United States put additional pressure on Juba by successfully passing an

2565: 2472: 2381: 2258: 2227: 2148: 2072: 1968: 1828:

in 2014. Three other sons who also tried to escape the violence were killed.

1815: 1811: 1713: 1694: 1504: 1371: 1355: 1248: 1221: 1049: 817: 754: 683: 275: 12385:"Fighting, flooding, and donor fatigue: Unpacking South Sudan's food crisis" 8511:"Tiger faction of ethnic Shilluk kingdom dismisses integration into SPLM-IO" 4000: 2944:. Khalid Boutros of the Cobra faction as well as officials of the Murle-led 2386: 2364:

When Dinka cattle herders, allegedly backed by the SPLA, occupied farmland,

2329: 1873:

About 200 employees of petroleum operators, of which the three largest were

15080: 15015: 15005: 14916: 14817: 14706: 14572: 14272: 13093: 11283: 11255: 11251:"South Sudanese soldiers sent to protect UN base after more than 48 killed" 10950:"National Salvation Rebels Kill Six Presidential Bodyguards in South Sudan" 3253: 3236: 3056: 2952: 2875:

expressed "outrage" at the attack. In late 2016, in a government attack on

2761: 2462: 2458: 2265: 2219: 2164: 2156: 2136: 2124: 1976: 1910: 1744:(SPLA) reinforcements arrived and dislodged the mutineers. Adwok explained: 1528: 1508: 1488: 1402: 1160: 1003: 842: 40: 12482:

First Raise a Flag: How South Sudan Won the Longest War But Lost the Peace

11745:"S.Sudan rebels slaughter 'hundreds' in ethnic massacres: UN – Yahoo News" 10104:"Costello's army general, group of soldiers defect to government in Aweil" 9454:"South Sudan: at least 56 rebels and four SPLA soldiers killed in clashes" 9175:"South Sudan welcomes arrival of first batch of regional protection force" 4337:"Major role for Ugandan army in South Sudan 'until the country is stable'" 3596:"Ethiopian opposition leader denies supporting South Sudan against rebels" 2547:

Among regional powers, Kiir met, in January 2017, with Egyptian president

14676: 14521: 14167: 14162: 13712: 13486: 13241: 12619: 11152:

South Sudan: satellites show homes aflame at opposition leaders' hometown

9201:"South Sudan: Deployment of UN-mandated regional protection force begins" 8481:"New rebel group formed in South Sudan against the creation of 28 states" 8331: 8301:"Machar backs away from claim to loyalty of 'independent' Shilluk forces" 8082: 5106:"As South Sudan implodes, America reconsiders its support for the regime" 3917:"Government Questions SPLM/A-IO About The Position Of Gen. Johnson Olony" 3289: 3277: 3244: 3211: 3019: 2976: 2933: 2920: 2864: 2791: 2721: 2709: 2674: 2420: 2377: 2269: 2206: 2197: 2187: 2180: 2084: 1985: 1964: 1878: 1867: 1729: 1678: 1663: 1643: 1564: 1532: 1406: 1324: 1312: 837: 826: 785: 776: 771: 760: 749: 740: 726: 721: 627: 616: 602: 588: 574: 560: 541: 499: 485: 474: 441: 409: 383: 156: 102: 8605:"Horrific attacks prompt South Sudan's communities to form armed groups" 3697: 2067:

In January 2014, direct negotiations between both sides, as mediated by

2024:'s 4th Division rebelled under the leadership of James Koang (pictured). 1659: 14746: 13783: 12588: 11344:. Permanent Mission of Luxembourg to the United Nations. Archived from 10238:"South Sudan president says Awan has to return to prove his innoncence" 10023:"Cirillo's group captures two areas from Machar's faction in Kajo-Keji" 8455:"Violence erupts again in South Sudan as faith in peace deal flounders" 6149:"Indian peacekeepers prevented more casualties in S Sudan: UN official" 3888:"Johnson Olony's forces prefer independent command in Upper Nile state" 3535:"South Sudan deploys more troops to Upper Nile as fighting intensifies" 3445:"Ethnic militias and the shrinking state: South Sudan's dangerous path" 3269: 2945: 2800: 2650: 2587: 2369: 2257:

community wanted a level of independence and that was why they created

2234: 2101: 1956: 1943: 1917: 1786: 1721: 1682: 1568: 1555: 1520: 1474:, which had started in 1983. Under the terms of the peace agreement, a 1320: 831: 465: 12574:

Final Report of the African Union Commission of Inquiry on South Sudan

10506:"South Sudan ethnic clashes flare up latest threat to peace agreement" 9668:"Far too little to celebrate as South Sudan observes its independence" 3561: 3108:

January 2017 map with phase classifications from "minimal" to "famine"

2936:, the U.N.'s Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, warned of 14701: 14671: 14650: 12297:"South Sudan's forgotten refugees keep fleeing as violence continues" 11466:"South Sudan conflict: 'Soldiers will kill you for no reason in Yei'" 10264:"South Sudan rebels disown Juba attack after claiming responsibility" 8661:"Arrow Boys say they occupy several areas of Western Equatoria state" 7057:"S. Sudan's Kiir gets regional backing, army says wins back oil town" 6996: 3578: 3576: 3549: 2994: 2868: 2679: 2607: 2580: 2398: 2320: 2210: 1890: 1598:

For millennia, human society in the South Sudan region operated as a

1383: 1308: 1110: 7358:"BBC News – South Sudan's army advances on rebels in Bentiu and Bor" 4901:"Rebel group claims capture of two areas in Northern Bahr al Ghazal" 14183: 13609: 13330: 13082: 11309:"Deadly attack on South Sudan base may be considered a 'war crime'" 6993:"South Sudan says fighting rebels in oil state Upper Niles capital" 6623:"South Sudan army loses control of flashpoint town – RTÉ News" 4964: 3232: 3014:

Violence came from the rebel side as well. On 26 August 2014, a UN

2937: 2685: 2642: 2501: 2454: 2179:, stole 2,000 cattle and kidnapped more than 100 children from the 2172: 2088: 1937: 1882: 1627: 790: 371: 11090:"South Sudan's people are starving, and fighters are blocking aid" 10898:"South Sudan Violated UN Arms Embargo, Amnesty International Says" 10820:"South Sudan president dissolves parliament as part of peace deal" 9642:"Clashes near South Sudan rebel stronghold, aid workers evacuated" 9616:"Clashes near South Sudan rebel stronghold, aid workers evacuated" 8892:"How factions in South Sudan's war took shape on British campuses" 6766:"South Sudan fighting spreads to ten more neighbouring states: UN" 4622:"Study estimates 190,000 people killed in South Sudan's civil war" 3700:. United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS). 16 October 2015. 3573: 3512: 1439: 12636: 11927:"South Sudan's Attacks on U.N. Could Imperil Future Peacekeeping" 10846:"New Violence in South Sudan Sends Thousands Fleeing to DR Congo" 10208:"South Sudan army denies rebel capture of military base in Aweil" 9971:"South Sudan army captures rebel-held town, senior rebel defects" 9864:"South Sudan general resigns ministerial post, defects to rebels" 9790:"South Sudanese opposition figures defect to Kiir administration" 9374:"South Sudan Army Makes Push Against Rebels as Peace Talks Begin" 9157:"Kenya troops return to South Sudan after persuasion by UN chief" 8856:"South Sudan clashes: Salva Kiir and Riek Machar order ceasefire" 8201:"South Sudan Troops, Rebel Fighters Clash After Peace Talks Fail" 6243:"Oil workers at South Sudan UN base expected to be evacuated: UN" 5759: 5755:"Gunshots ring out in South Sudan capital after 'attempted coup'" 4532:"South Sudan army denies rebel capture of military base in Aweil" 4173: 2656: 2629: 2516:, now led by Khalid Boutros declared war against the government. 2242: 2201: 2001: 1997: 1989: 1926: 1860: 1717: 732: 12319:"Uganda's sprawling haven for 270,000 of South Sudan's refugees" 11719:"Boma deputy governor says gunmen from Jonglei captured Kotchar" 11117:"South Sudan accuses rebels of massacring 127 hospital patients" 9764:"Heavy fighting erupts in South Sudan near border with Ethiopia" 9690:"SPLM-IO Taban faction calls on refugees return to Maiwut State" 9564:"South Sudan army captures rebel headquarters in Raja: minister" 9402:"U.S., Britain, U.N. wary of South Sudan ceasefire announcement" 8433:"South Sudan rebel chief Riek Machar sworn in as vice-president" 5566:"United Nations Urges South Sudan to Help Avert Possible Attack" 4802:"South Sudan rebel chief Riek Machar sworn in as vice-president" 4138:"South Sudan: is the renewed violence the restart of civil war?" 3502: 3500: 1963:

base. The situation escalated when around 2,000 soldiers led by

74:(For a more detailed map of the current military situation, see 14417: 12417: 10078:"Can US Sanctions on South Sudan Rein in a Nation of Warlords?" 9716:"South Sudan army captures Ethiopia border town held by rebels" 8953:"Lam Akol forms rebel movement to fight South Sudan government" 7483:"Tragedy averted: On Uganda's involvement in S Sudan – Opinion" 6700:"SPLA claims victory in Bor; most of Gadet's troops leave town" 6322: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6312: 4370: 4075:"S. Sudan rebels accuse government of backing Ethiopian rebels" 3332: 3252:– The South Sudan Democratic Movement was originally formed by 3047: 3041: 2623: 2541: 2365: 2305: 2191: 2063:(flag above) joined the conflict on the side of the government. 2055: 2009: 1951:(flag above) joined the conflict on the side of the opposition. 1905:

Marines evacuate U.S. citizens from South Sudan, 3 January 2014

1886: 1840:

were absent from the streets in Juba and that president of the

1837: 1709: 1603: 1379: 958: 657: 646: 358: 306: 106: 12341:"Regional leaders pressure South Sudan leader to end conflict" 11693:"Gunmen attack on Boma villages displaced residents: Official" 11368:"South Sudanese Forces Blamed for Torching Thousands of Homes" 11024:"Floods, fighting, famine: Inside South Sudan's triple crisis" 9282:"Egyptian Air Force bombs South Sudanese rebels in Upper Nile" 9027:"S. Sudan's Otuho rebels unveil objectives for armed struggle" 7665:"Government retakes Machar's hometown, say South Sudan rebels" 7585:"South Sudan, rebels reach cease-fire after weeks of fighting" 7452:"South Sudan army reclaims control of key oil town of Malakal" 6667:"South Sudan president says government troops retake key town" 4778: 4776: 4502:"Thousands of Machar-led fighters "defect" to new rebel group" 3968:"S. Sudan's Otuho rebels unveil objectives for armed struggle" 2753:

but notably not including the SPLM-IO, had joined to form the

2277:

Compromise Peace Agreement and second Juba clashes (2015–2016)

2151:. As part of the agreement, a semi-autonomous area called the 2135:

In May 2014, the government signed a peace agreement with the

14633: 14598: 14531: 9103:"UN sacks South Sudan peacekeeping chief over damning report" 8999:"South Sudan conflict: African Union approves regional force" 8985:"SPLA-IO gunned down NDM's Gen. Yohanis Okiech in Upper Nile" 8870:"South Sudan conflict: Sacked VP Riek Machar goes into exole" 7251:"South Sudan: General Declares Himself Governor of Oil State" 6788:"South Sudan says battling 'White Army' near flashpoint town" 5917:"Thousands killed as South Sudan slides toward civil war: UN" 5616:"Why hundreds of people are dying over cattle in East Africa" 4665: 4466:"South Sudan army advances on rebel towns before peace talks" 4292:"Another S Sudanese rebel commander killed near Sudan border" 3497: 3375: 3104: 2867:

emphasised that any attack on UN peacekeepers constituted "a

2779: 2615: 2246: 2223: 1639: 1363: 1143: 992:

1.5 million+ civilians had fled South Sudan and 2.1 million+

524: 318: 11793:"Rape reaches 'epic proportions' in South Sudan's civil war" 11416:"Jieng Council of Elders caused "coup" in SPLM-IO: official" 10924:"South Sudanese opposition movements unite to end civil war" 10872:"Rebel Group Claims South Sudan Ceasefire Has Been Violated" 10714:"South Sudan Rival Leaders Delay New Government by 100 Days" 10480:"South Sudan parliament extends president's term until 2021" 9997:"Fighting between South Sudan rival rebel groups wounds two" 9945:"SSDM-Cobra Faction dissolved, merged with Cirillo's rebels" 9512:"South Sudan Rebels Allied With Machar Take Control of Raja" 9253:"South Sudan presidency denies diplomatic row with Ethiopia" 9067:"US seeks sanctions on South Sudan rebel leader, army chief" 8824:"South Sudan 'back to war', says VP Riek Machar's spokesman" 8174:"South Sudan peace talks break up, mediator berates leaders" 6309: 6067:"South Sudan: Soldiers Target Ethnic Group in Juba Fighting" 5811:"BBC News – South Sudan: Nyaba tells of Juba 'house arrest'" 4763:"Yoweri Museveni: Uganda troops fighting South Sudan rebels" 4689:"South Sudan's Newest War: When Two Old Men Divide a Nation" 3401:

since 2013 until he deserted with much of his troops to the

2660:

General Thomas Cirillo of the National Salvation Front (NAS)

1764: 1331:. Machar denied trying to start a coup and fled to lead the 14807: 14312: 12363:"New report says part of South Sudan is in 'likely famine'" 11888: 11649:"South Sudan experiencing ethnic cleansing, UN report says" 10294:"South Sudan ex-army chief Malong forms new rebel movement" 9834:"Another rebel commander shot dead in war-torn South Sudan" 9812:"SPLA-IO destroys command of government-linked rebel group" 9738:"South Sudan Army Capture Rebel Headquarters Near Ethiopia" 9472:"UNMISS: Situation remains tense in Malakal after fighting" 9308:"UN: Two Darfur rebel groups retreat to Libya, South Sudan" 8030:"South Sudan ceasefire violated, rebels and government say" 7303:"'Interim government' in Bentiu declares loyalty to Machar" 6963:"UN warns South Sudan over alleged crimes against humanity" 4930:"South Sudan's warring leaders agree to share power, again" 4773: 3268:-led faction of SSDM called SSDM-Upper Nile faction led by 3015: 2556: 2434: 2412: 2300: 2068: 1769: 1674: 1635: 1572: 1551: 1480: 1351: 12253:"South Sudan evacuation aircraft fired on, US troops hurt" 11878: 11876: 11874: 11183:"At least 58 killed in attack on U.N. base in South Sudan" 10528:"South Sudan president signs peace deal with rebel leader" 10398:"Why is Omar al-Bashir mediating South Sudan peace talks?" 8967:"S.Sudan rebel commander says rivalry undermines struggle" 8563: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8083:"AUPSC condemns violation of South Sudan's ceasefire deal" 7203:"South Sudan battles rage as conflict enters second month" 5865:"South Sudan clashes: 'Dozens of soldiers killed' in Juba" 5506:

Abramowitz, Michael; Lawrence Woocher (26 February 2010).

5505: 5178:"Militant Faction Vows Again to Fight S. Sudan Government" 4049:"S. Sudan army in control of Wau town after heavy gunfire" 3712:"South Sudan oil town changes hands for fourth time. Why?" 3422:. In 2016, he and his remaining loyalists joined the SPLM. 2987: 2916: 2696:

army chief, rebelled against the government in April 2018

2473:

Rebel infighting and splits among ruling Dinka (2016–2017)

2040: 1386:

region. Kiir replaced Machar as First Vice President with

12543: 12155:"UN hopes for South Sudan reinforcements within 48 hours" 12051:"At least 66 troops dead in South Sudan fighting: Doctor" 12014:"South Sudan ambush leaves six aid workers dead, UN says" 10182:"South Sudan: Why Kiir Had to Fire His Army Chief Malong" 9538:"South Sudan governor says repulsed rebel attack on Raja" 8935:"SPLA-IO rebels claim capture of three areas in S. Sudan" 8767:"S Sudan: More than 100 dead on independence anniversary" 7380:"South Sudan factions arrive for peace talks in Ethiopia" 6726:"Machar says Ugandan jet bombed S. Sudan rebel positions" 6441:

Gordon, Michael R; Kushkush, Isma’il (22 December 2013).

6395:"Military rapid reaction forces at work in Africa crises" 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 4741:"South Sudan opposition head Riek Machar denies coup bid" 4426:"South Sudan's army advances on rebels in Bentiu and Bor" 2876: 2380:, Gabriel Chang and Gathoth Gatkuoth), made up mostly of 1824:

A South Sudanese mother and her son at a refugee camp in

1414: 93:(6 years, 2 months, 1 week and 1 day) 11992:"2nd Norwegian refugee worker expelled from South Sudan" 11230:"South Sudan conflict: Attack on UN base 'kills dozens'" 10554:"Will South Sudan's New Peace Agreement Hold This Time?" 7910:"Real but Fragile:The Greater Pibor Administrative Area" 7793:"South Sudan conflict: Pro-Machar forces 'seize' Bentiu" 6364:"Ugandan troops deployed in South Sudan capital: report" 5454:"S. Sudan's SPLM confirms dissolution of all structures" 4824:"South Sudan's Riek Machar in Khartoum for medical care" 4203:"South Sudan rebel leader sets out conditions for talks" 3851:"Top Cobra Faction general defects from Kiir government" 3051:

South Sudanese made up the largest contingent among the

11900: 11871: 11168:

South Sudan unrest: attacks on Riek Machar, unity state

10795:"South Sudan's rival leaders form coalition government" 9139:"Kenya withdraws troops from UN mission in South Sudan" 9121:"Fears after Kenya deports South Sudan rebel spokesman" 9013:"UN okays Juba troop deployment as South Sudan objects" 8784:"South Sudan opposition replaces missing leader Machar" 8585: 8573: 8554: 8533: 8211: 6093:"Open letter: University of Juba Nuer students at risk" 5697:"South Sudan quashes coup attempt, says President Kiir" 4716:"New Estimate Sharply Raises Death Toll in South Sudan" 4448:"South Sudan rebels claim 700 government troops defect" 4108:"It wasn't a coup: Salva Kiir shot himself in the foot" 4102: 4100: 3672:"United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan" 1960: 11675:"Hatred spills beyond South Sudan along with refugees" 11046:"South Sudan's Vice President Machar deposed by party" 8745:"South Sudan: Dozens killed as violence flares in Wau" 8717:"UN bases in South Sudan are 'a blessing and a curse'" 8144: 7946:"Murle faction announces defection to S. Sudan rebels" 7766:"South Sudan Government Forces Say Malakal Recaptured" 7176:"South Sudan Nile ferry sinks with more than 200 dead" 5591:"Incidents of intercommunal violence in Jonglei state" 5476: 5237:"South Sudan president retires over 100 army generals" 5184: 5118: 3818:"South Sudan's Boma state violence displaces hundreds" 3789:"Murle faction announces defection to S. Sudan rebels" 3307:

International reaction to the South Sudanese Civil War

2757:(SSOA) to collectively negotiate with the government. 2575:

Since the July clashes, the fighting hspread from the

1798:, Tulio Odongi Ayahu, announced his support for Kiir. 13080: 12103:"South Sudan clashes 'kill 400–500' after coup claim" 11944:"South Sudan hikes visa cost to $ 10,000 amid famine" 11279:"South Sudan attack on UN base leaves dozens injured" 9334:"Who can stop the threat of genocide in South Sudan?" 8166: 8120:"Is South Sudan's latest peace accord the real deal?" 8001:"South Sudan rivals Kiir and Machar agree peace deal" 7976:"Ethiopia attack: 'I took my wife and child and ran'" 7869:"South Sudan rebels deny Bentiu slaughter accusation" 7154:"South Sudan: 200 Die Fleeing Fighting as Boat Sinks" 5137: 5030: 5028: 5026: 4924: 4922: 4851:"Top rebel commander killed in clashes in Upper Nile" 4234: 1805: 1523:

of the Shilluk people began a rebellion, leading the

12449: 12275:"Atrocities prompt mass exodus in Central Equatoria" 11488: 11486: 10346:"United Nations imposes arms embargo on South Sudan" 10130:"South Sudan President Restructures SPLA leadership" 8918:"South Sudan's Riek Machar Calls for Armed Struggle" 8842:"South Sudan fighting: Gunfire erupts again in Juba" 7563:"Uganda Denies Troops Supporting South Sudan Leader" 7544:"Uganda Denies Troops Supporting South Sudan Leader" 7438:"Key South Sudan town of Bor recaptured from rebels" 6041:"South Sudan: Ethnic Targeting, Widespread Killings" 4988:"Estimates of crisis-attributable mortality | LSHTM" 4394: 4392: 4097: 3741:"South Sudan: 'White Army' militia marches to fight" 3582: 2261:

and appointed Tijwog Aguet, a Shilluk, as governor.

1571:, along with his entire cabinet. Kiir suspended the 11245: 11243: 10770:"Kiir agrees to relinquish controversial 32 states" 8631:"SPLA-IO welcomes Arrow Boys to its fighting force" 8381:"Yau Yau Dissolves Party And Officially Joins SPLM" 8055:

South Sudan Peace Talks Reach Apparent Breakthrough

7887:"South Sudan President Salva Kiir sacks army chief" 6945:"South Sudan battles rage on, peace talks flounder" 6867:"Ethiopia mediates S. Sudan conflict amid fighting" 2819:that killed 287 people in Uror County in May 2020. 2740: 1319:and opposition forces. In December 2013, President 46:Military situation in South Sudan on 22 March 2020 14300:International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission 11921: 11919: 11917: 11915: 11828: 11582:"South Sudan, the state that fell apart in a week" 11547:South Sudan: ethnic targeting, widespread killings 11307: 9590:"New South Sudan fighting displaces 25,000 people" 9089:"Outrage after UN blocks South Sudan arms embargo" 8247: 8245: 8243: 7811:"South Sudan army battles rebels in worsening war" 5947:"Parliament chief whip announces support for Kiir" 5023: 4919: 4237:"South Sudan: the state that fell apart in a week" 3096:came from South Sudan, including its flag bearer. 1996:On 24 December, fighting fighting was reported in 982:193,000 non-violent war-related deaths (Apr. 2018) 12409: 12181:"50,000 and not counting: South Sudan's war dead" 11483: 11205:"UN Says 58 Killed in Attack on UN Base in Sudan" 10674:"Analysis: South Sudan's Power-Sharing Agreement" 9939: 9937: 8929: 8927: 7200: 7122:"Dozens wounded in S. Sudan battles near UN camp" 6942: 5949:. Radio Tamazuj. 20 December 2013. Archived from 4583:"South Sudan President Salva Kiir hits out at UN" 4389: 3845: 3843: 3655:"Egypt supports South Sudan to secure Nile share" 3630:"Uganda Begins Troop Withdrawal from South Sudan" 3567: 3555: 3518: 3506: 2940:after visiting areas where there was fighting in 2441:evacuated Indian citizens from the country under 1239:Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 15092: 15057:United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic 11574: 11494:"Who's behind South Sudan's return to fighting?" 11240: 10520: 9227:"South Sudan denies striking anti-Ethiopia deal" 9053:"South Sudan accepts 4,000 more UN peacekeepers" 8691:"South Sudan's South:Conflict in the Equatorias" 8359:"Will South Sudan peace deal be worth the wait?" 8327:"South Sudan rebels split, reject peace efforts" 8152:"South Sudan peace talks suspended indefinitely" 7803: 7689: 7657: 7444: 5508:"How Genocide Became a National Security Threat" 5262: 5260: 5258: 4597:"South Sudan rebels split, reject peace efforts" 4355: 4310: 4160: 4158: 4051:. sudantribune.com. 12 July 2016. Archived from 4025:. sudantribune.com. 12 July 2016. Archived from 3094:Refugee Olympic Team at the 2016 Summer Olympics 2955:of mostly Dinka civilians in 1991. In 2014, the 2555:that Egypt said would diminish its share of the 1668:Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition 1333:Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition 62:Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition 11938: 11936: 11912: 11459: 11457: 11455: 10646:"Machar Returns to Juba for Peace Celebrations" 10424:"The Trouble With South Sudan's New Peace Deal" 8303:. radiotamazuj.org. 18 May 2015. Archived from 8277:. radiotamazuj.org. 17 May 2015. Archived from 8240: 8198: 8072:Al Jazeera. 17 June 2014. Accessed 19 June 2014 7764:Doki, Charlton; Poni, Lucy (21 February 2014). 7084: 7082: 7022:Odera, Carl; Maasho, Aaron (29 December 2013). 6828: 6744:"S Sudan says army has retaken rebel-held city" 6520:"US envoy says S Sudan president open to talks" 5639: 5063:"Starvation threat numbers soar in South Sudan" 5013:"South Sudan 'coup leaders' face treason trial" 4662:"4 Kenyans dead as South Sudan evacuation ends" 4440: 3890:. sudantribune.com. 17 May 2015. Archived from 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3704: 2737:(SS-UF), which claimed to push for federalism. 2673:(NAS) in March 2017. In March 2017, Cirillo, a 1626:released a statement stating its intention to " 1545: 12199:"South Sudan's military casualties top 20,000" 12173: 12081:"South Sudan: At least 500 killed in fighting" 12040:. 9 September 2014. Accessed 12 September 2014 11520:"Mass Graves, Rape Cannibalism in South Sudan" 10452:"South Sudan Cease-fire Violated Within Hours" 9934: 9916:"New South Sudan Rebel Group Gains Supporters" 9894:"Gen. Thomas Cirillo declares new rebel group" 9428:"South Sudan to Implement Cease-fire Saturday" 8924: 8275:"S Sudan rebels: Johnson Olony is on our side" 7697:"South Sudan peace talks postponed: officials" 7333:"Mayom: 'Ghost town, burnt down, many bodies'" 7090:"Civilian shot dead at UNMISS base in Malakal" 6806:"South Sudan rebels recapture key town of Bor" 6718: 6591:"Three killed in Bor as Juba fighting spreads" 6476:"S Sudan army says strikes on rebels imminent" 6470: 6468: 6440: 6266: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5668:"Witnesses describe atrocities in South Sudan" 5371:"S Sudan president says coup attempt 'foiled'" 5323: 5321: 5319: 5266: 5207:"Kiir appoints new head of South Sudan police" 5074: 5072: 4960:"South Sudan rivals strike power-sharing deal" 4895: 4893: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4562:"South Sudan's military casualties top 20,000" 4476: 3840: 3122:In late 2020, with continued fighting and the 2834: 1550:After rumors about a planned coup surfaced in 14199: 13066: 12604: 11563:Sudan troops go 'door to door' in seized town 11442:"South Sudan must not be allowed to collapse" 10976:"More than 100 killed in South Sudan clashes" 7995: 7993: 7560: 7054: 6865:Maasho, Aaron; Odera, Carl (2 January 2014). 5446: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5269:"Analysis: Struggle for power in South Sudan" 5255: 4952: 4155: 3623: 3621: 3442: 3356:Central African Republic conflict (2012–2014) 1126: 1019: 15052:Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Weeks 12411:"Timeline of Recent Intra-Southern Conflict" 12229:South Sudan is dying, and nobody is counting 11933: 11452: 10286: 10046: 10044: 9276: 9274: 7079: 6897:"gunfire-juba-as-direct-s-sudan-talks-begin" 6195:"Peacekeepers killed at South Sudan UN base" 6012:"S Sudan loses control of key oil-rich city" 5229: 5201: 5199: 5080:"South Sudan declares famine in Unity State" 4686: 4577: 4575: 4230: 4228: 4209:. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from 3873: 3405:in 2015, forming the "Greater Pibor Forces". 2803:, resolved to unite their activities under " 2368:youth rose up into militias mostly with the 1339:(SPLM) and SPLM-IO, igniting the civil war. 1033: 11596: 10156:"South Sudan president replaces army chief" 8070:S Sudan's warring sides boycott peace talks 7021: 6999:. Reuters. 25 December 2013. Archived from 6864: 6625:. Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 19 February 2013 6498:"Kenyan citizens flee South Sudan fighting" 6465: 6291:"U.S. military aircraft hit in South Sudan" 5999: 5977:"South Sudan's Machar speaks to Al Jazeera" 5859: 5857: 5642:"Central Africa crisis: Cherchez La France" 5316: 5298:"South Sudan violence spreads from capital" 5069: 4890: 4607: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3529: 3527: 3469: 3467: 3465: 14609:Yemen Relief and Reconstruction Foundation 14206: 14192: 13073: 13059: 12611: 12597: 12073: 10320:"South Sudan Rebel Leaders Form Coalition" 8790: 8253:"South Sudan's next civil war is starting" 7990: 7843:"SOUTH SUDAN SAYS MASSACRE TOLL UP TO 400" 7730:"Fresh fighting breaks out in South Sudan" 7530:"Uganda admits combat role in South Sudan" 6836:"South Sudan rebels seize key town of Bor" 6269:"'Oil workers killed' in S Sudan fighting" 5752: 5665: 5283: 5098: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4640: 4589: 4235:Daniel Howden in Juba (23 December 2013). 4166:"South Sudan's president sacks army chief" 3948:. www.smallarmssurveysudan.org. 8 May 2016 3911: 3909: 3618: 3537:. South Sudan News Agency. 9 February 2017 2805:United South Sudanese Opposition Movements 2504:, leader of the largest opposition party, 1724:. The dissident group was said to include 1335:(SPLM-IO). Fighting broke out between the 1133: 1119: 1026: 1012: 11605:"South Sudan sees 'mass ethnic killings'" 10041: 9271: 7727: 7633:"South Sudan fighting despite cease-fire" 7577: 7480: 6645:"South Sudan rebels take flashpoint town" 6538: 6434: 6420:"US military aircraft hit in South Sudan" 5830: 5828: 5432:"Heavy gunfire rocks South Sudan capital" 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5196: 5057: 5055: 5053: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4572: 4225: 4197: 4195: 3666: 3664: 2521:United Nations Force Intervention Brigade 1708:was closed indefinitely; Kenyan airlines 1649: 13222:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) 12618: 12117: 11538: 11463: 11198: 11196: 10606:"Rebel Faction Rejoins South Sudan Army" 8125:Integrated Regional Information Networks 8114: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8106: 7763: 7146: 7024:"South Sudan forces battle "White Army"" 6659: 6566: 6180:UNMISS mourns fallen Indian peacekeepers 6035: 6033: 5854: 5661: 5659: 5243:. Agence France-Presse. 18 February 2013 5005: 4418: 3812: 3810: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3751: 3524: 3462: 3103: 3080:displacement of South Sudanese civilians 3073: 3046: 2838: 2684: 2655: 2628: 2579:to include the previously safe haven of 2486: 2403: 2319: 2280: 2167:fighters in South Sudan crossed over to 2114: 2054: 2051:2014 retreat from Western Bahr el Ghazal 2015: 1942: 1900: 1819: 1763: 1658: 1527:of the South Sudan Democratic Movement. 1515:which saw widespread abuses against the 1438: 13764:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) 13439:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis 12536:"Response to the crisis in South Sudan" 12479: 12221: 11906: 11894: 11882: 11602: 11202: 11026:. The New Humanitarian. 8 February 2021 10372:"South Sudan's peace process is broken" 8778: 8776: 8591: 8579: 8567: 8548: 8234: 7907: 6546:"UN approves more S Sudan peacekeepers" 5974: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5493: 5397:"South Sudan gripped by power struggle" 5327: 5190: 5172: 5170: 5143: 5131: 4838: 4458: 4321:sfn error: no target: CITEREFIISS2015 ( 4041: 3995: 3993: 3940: 3938: 3919:. gurtong. 2 April 2016. Archived from 3906: 3627: 2988:Violence against UN and foreign workers 2245:, as well as Anakdiar and areas around 2041:Peace talks and rebel split (2014–2015) 1554:in late 2012, South Sudanese President 15093: 12387:. The New Humanitarian. 23 August 2021 11305: 10666: 8920:. Voice of America. 26 September 2016. 8024: 8022: 7759: 7757: 7413:"Direct South Sudan peace talks begin" 7261:from the original on 25 December 2013. 6919:"South Sudan general killed in ambush" 6694: 6692: 6673:. LB. 24 December 2013. Archived from 6569:"South Sudan: Sliding into civil war?" 6443:"Americans Evacuated From South Sudan" 6392: 5987:from the original on 10 September 2021 5970: 5968: 5897:from the original on 23 September 2021 5825: 5716: 5714: 5563: 5415: 5354: 5180:. Voice of America. 27 September 2016. 5050: 4869: 4713: 4707: 4484:"South Sudan forces battle White Army" 4192: 3661: 3475:"Kiir's Dinka Forces Join SSLA Rebels" 2645:'s largely Shilluk NDM and became its 1451: 1140: 14187: 13953:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict 13874:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes 13054: 12592: 11964: 11550:, Human Rights Watch, 16 January 2014 11193: 11114: 8103: 8060:. 11 June 2014. Accessed 13 June 2014 7430: 7201:Waakhe Simon Wudu (15 January 2014). 6816:from the original on 16 February 2024 6758: 6526:from the original on 25 December 2013 6453:from the original on 23 December 2013 6267:O'Cinneide, Eoin (13 December 2013). 6159:from the original on 24 December 2013 6129:from the original on 21 December 2013 6123:"UN says base in South Sudan stormed" 6103:from the original on 16 February 2024 6073:from the original on 13 February 2024 6047:from the original on 13 February 2024 6030: 6018:from the original on 10 February 2021 5909: 5779: 5777: 5656: 4816: 4135: 3960: 3807: 3774: 3735: 3733: 3082:due to the civil war as of March 2017 1885:, sought refuge at an UN compound in 1345:United Nations Mission in South Sudan 1114: 1007: 14639:The State of the Humanitarian System 14213: 12365:. Associated Press. 11 December 2020 11322:from the original on 12 January 2022 10688:"There's Still Hope for South Sudan" 8773: 8683: 8351: 8255:. foreignpolicy.com. 22 January 2016 7728:Garidneff, Ilya (18 February 2014). 7386:. Associated Press. 2 January 2014. 6943:Waakhe Simon Wudu (8 January 2014). 6637: 6283: 5975:McNeish, Hannah (19 December 2013). 5891:"S Sudan leader says talks possible" 5746: 5682: 5389: 5377:from the original on 1 December 2020 5342:from the original on 17 January 2021 5328:McNeish, Hannah (17 December 2013). 5167: 5038:. Washington Post. 26 September 2018 4687:Koos, Carlo; Gutschke, Thea (2014). 4316: 3990: 3935: 3583:Craze, Tubiana & Gramizzi (2016) 3170: 3134: 2559:river and Ethiopian Prime Minister, 2461:, where he was allegedly kept under 2397:in the formerly relatively peaceful 2374:South Sudan Federal Democratic Party 1487:In 2010, after a disputed election, 1065:748 Air Services HS 748 crash (2014) 14043:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict 13994:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 13510:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 12484:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 11817:. United Nations. 14 December 2016. 11603:Copnall, James (24 December 2013). 11464:Leithead, Alastair (9 March 2017). 11171:, Voice of America, 3 February 2014 9792:. Voice of America. 18 January 2017 8955:. Radio Tamazuj. 27 September 2016. 8019: 7754: 7607:"South Sudan ceasefire deal signed" 7156:. Voice of America. 14 January 2014 6689: 5965: 5711: 5633: 5267:Musaazi Namiti (17 December 2013). 4714:Kulish, Nicholas (9 January 2014). 4650:. United Nations. 10 February 2017. 3857:. 27 September 2016. Archived from 3408: 3391: 3381: 3063: 2882: 1654: 91:15 December 2013 – 22 February 2020 13: 14944:The State of the World's Cash 2020 14869:Central African Republic Civil War 13758:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict 13294:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria 12205:. 23 November 2014. Archived from 12057:. 17 December 2013. Archived from 11203:Lederer, Edith M (18 April 2014). 9870:. 17 February 2017. Archived from 9073:. 19 November 2016. Archived from 8667:. 15 December 2015. Archived from 8637:. 15 November 2015. Archived from 7952:. 14 February 2015. Archived from 7705:. 10 February 2014. Archived from 7561:Peter Clottey (23 December 2013). 7309:. 21 December 2013. Archived from 7227:. 18 February 2014. Archived from 7055:Richard Lough (28 December 2013). 6599:. 17 December 2013. Archived from 6219:. 10 February 2014. Archived from 5774: 5564:Ferrie, Jared (27 December 2011). 5545:from the original on 17 March 2011 5460:. 23 November 2013. Archived from 5330:"South Sudan teeters on the brink" 5304:from the original on 11 April 2021 3730: 3628:Clottey, Peter (22 October 2015). 3397:Zangil served as commander of the 3368: 3300: 2970: 2724:. Awan left Juba with most of his 2332:have sought protection during the 1806:Beginning of rebellion (2013–2014) 1726:Sudan People's Liberation Movement 1337:Sudan People's Liberation Movement 980:190,000 violent deaths (Apr. 2018) 16:2013–2020 civil war in South Sudan 14: 15142: 14813:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 14552:Koyamada International Foundation 13988:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 13692:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 12656:Southern Sudan Autonomous Region 12499: 11929:. foreignpolicy. 10 October 2016. 11370:. Voice of America. 31 March 2017 11155:, Enough project, 4 February 2014 9474:. radio tamazuj. 30 January 2017. 9336:. irinnews.org. 14 November 2016. 8487:. 30 October 2015. Archived from 7673:. 2 February 2014. Archived from 7641:. 26 January 2014. Archived from 7458:. 20 January 2014. Archived from 7130:. 14 January 2014. Archived from 7098:. 15 January 2014. Archived from 5871:from the original on 1 April 2019 5213:. 22 January 2013. Archived from 3974:. 4 December 2015. Archived from 3262:Greater Pibor Administrative Area 2962: 2847:is carried to a makeshift grave. 2704:were in a feud with the Dinka of 2568:, the biggest rebel faction, the 2153:Greater Pibor Administrative Area 2121:Greater Pibor Administrative Area 2087:reached a ceasefire agreement in 1620:Director of National Intelligence 1587: 1281:Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 1080:Operation Sankat Mochan (2016–17) 146: 15074: 13818:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 12377: 12355: 12333: 12311: 12289: 12267: 12245: 12191: 12147: 12095: 12043: 12028: 12006: 11984: 11958: 11853: 11841:from the original on 24 May 2022 11821: 11807: 11785: 11763: 11747:. News.yahoo.com. Archived from 11737: 11711: 11685: 11667: 11641: 11619: 11554: 11512: 11434: 11408: 11382: 11360: 11334: 11299: 11271: 11222: 11175: 11159: 11143: 11127: 11108: 11082: 11060: 11038: 11016: 10994: 10968: 10942: 10916: 10890: 10864: 10838: 10812: 10787: 10762: 10732: 10706: 10680: 10652: 10638: 10624: 10598: 10572: 10546: 10498: 10472: 10460:. Associated Press. 30 June 2018 10444: 10416: 10390: 10364: 10338: 10312: 10270:. 7 January 2018. Archived from 10256: 10230: 10200: 10174: 10148: 10122: 10096: 10070: 10015: 9989: 9963: 9908: 9886: 9856: 9840:. 7 January 2017. Archived from 9826: 9804: 9782: 9756: 9730: 9708: 9682: 9660: 9634: 9608: 9582: 9556: 9530: 9504: 9478: 9464: 9446: 9420: 9394: 9366: 9340: 9326: 9300: 9245: 9219: 9193: 9167: 9149: 9131: 9113: 9095: 9081: 9059: 9045: 9019: 9005: 8991: 8977: 8959: 8945: 8910: 8884: 8862: 8848: 8834: 8816: 8759: 8737: 8709: 8653: 8623: 8597: 8503: 8473: 8447: 8425: 8395: 8373: 8335:. 11 August 2015. Archived from 8319: 8293: 8267: 8199:Nicholas Bariyo (7 March 2015). 8192: 8128:. 26 August 2015. Archived from 8075: 8063: 8048: 7968: 7938: 7901: 7879: 7861: 7835: 7785: 7721: 7625: 7599: 7554: 7536: 7522: 7497: 7474: 7405: 7372: 7350: 7325: 7295: 7265: 7243: 7213: 7194: 7168: 7114: 7048: 7015: 6985: 6955: 6936: 6911: 6889: 6858: 6842:. 2 January 2014. Archived from 6798: 6780: 6736: 6615: 6583: 6560: 6512: 6490: 6412: 6393:Locker, Ray (27 December 2013). 6386: 6356: 6260: 6235: 6209: 6187: 6171: 6141: 6115: 6085: 6059: 6014:. Al Jazeera. 23 December 2013. 5939: 5923:. 1 January 1970. Archived from 5893:. Al Jazeera. 21 December 2013. 5883: 5373:. Al Jazeera. 16 December 2013. 5300:. Al Jazeera. 19 December 2013. 5157:"Who's to blame in South Sudan?" 4886:. foreignpolicy. 2 January 2017. 4693:GIGA Focus International Edition 3443:James Copnall (21 August 2014). 3325: 3313: 3288: 3276: 3243: 3222: 3210: 3190: 3177: 3138: 2807:" (SSOMA). In January 2020, the 2741:2018 peace agreement (2018–2020) 1497:rebellion against the government 1476:Southern Sudan Autonomous Region 957: 836: 825: 811: 795: 784: 770: 759: 748: 739: 720: 705: 691: 677: 667: 656: 645: 626: 615: 601: 587: 573: 559: 540: 517: 498: 484: 473: 440: 422: 408: 393: 382: 364: 351: 341: 328: 311: 299: 281: 265: 249: 234: 222: 209: 198: 168: 155: 39: 14960:Attacks on humanitarian workers 14364:Inter-Agency Standing Committee 13835:Piracy off the coast of Somalia 12403: 12343:. Financial Times. 13 June 2017 12321:. The Guardian. 24 January 2017 12083:. Ethio media. 18 December 2013 11965:Burke, Jason (6 October 2016). 11815:"South Sudan emergency session" 11306:Wilson, Steve (19 April 2014). 11115:Odera, Carl (22 January 2014). 10508:. The East Africa. 9 March 2020 8517:. 11 March 2016. Archived from 7908:Todisco, Claudio (March 2015). 7845:. 23 April 2014. Archived from 7819:. 19 April 2014. Archived from 6702:. Radio Tamazuj. Archived from 6217:"SPLA Surround UN Base In Juba" 6183:, UN missions, 21 December 2013 5838:. Radio Tamazuj. Archived from 5803: 5787:. Radio Tamazuj. Archived from 5753:Carl Odera (16 December 2013). 5722:"Attempted coup in South Sudan" 5608: 5583: 5557: 5525: 5499: 5149: 4980: 4853:. Radio Tamazuj. Archived from 4794: 4755: 4743:. bbcnews.com. 18 December 2013 4733: 4680: 4654: 4554: 4524: 4494: 4329: 4284: 4254: 4176:. 23 April 2014. Archived from 4129: 4081:. 18 March 2015. Archived from 4067: 4015: 3824:. 31 March 2016. Archived from 3690: 3657:. Al Monitor. 24 February 2015. 3647: 3588: 3203: 3197:South Sudan Liberation Movement 3130: 3124:impact of the COVID-19 pandemic 2755:South Sudan Opposition Alliance 2594:region, pro-government militia 2553:Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam 2514:South Sudan Democratic Movement 2314:South Sudan Democratic Movement 2145:South Sudan Democratic Movement 2061:South Sudan Liberation Movement 2031:South Sudan Liberation Movement 2020:In December 2013, parts of the 2004:, the administrative center of 1493:South Sudan Democratic Movement 1462:South Sudan Liberation Movement 1458:South Sudan Democratic Movement 1443:A South Sudanese man holding a 14975:Health Care In Danger Campaign 14874:Western African Ebola outbreak 14502:International Rescue Committee 14359:Humanitarian-Development Nexus 14248:International humanitarian law 12568:Saving South Sudan Documentary 12277:. Al Jazeera. 15 February 2017 10214:. 16 June 2017. Archived from 9091:. Aljazeera. 24 December 2016. 9055:. aljazeera. 5 September 2016. 8987:. Nyamilepdia. 7 January 2017. 8383:. gurtong.net. 12 January 2016 7532:. Al Jazeera. 16 January 2014. 6647:. Al Jazeera. 19 December 2013 6125:. Al Jazeera. 4 October 2011. 5434:. Al Jazeera. 16 December 2013 5065:. aljazzera. 25 November 2016. 4936:. 25 July 2018. Archived from 4538:. 17 June 2017. Archived from 4508:. 29 July 2017. Archived from 4373:. 23 June 2015. Archived from 3791:. 24 June 2015. Archived from 3602:. 6 April 2015. Archived from 3436: 3184:Sudan People's Liberation Army 2889:Ethnic violence in South Sudan 2401:, which continued for months. 1774:Sudan People's Liberation Army 1742:Sudan People's Liberation Army 1689:voted to boycott the meeting. 1677:, when opposition leaders Dr. 1594:Ethnic violence in South Sudan 1327:and 10 others of attempting a 994:civilians internally displaced 133:Ethnic violence in South Sudan 33:Ethnic violence in South Sudan 1: 14922:Sexual exploitation and abuse 14321:History of the United Nations 14136:2014 Lesotho political crisis 14093:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) 13257:Communal conflicts in Nigeria 12672:Comprehensive Peace Agreement 10746:. 12 May 2011. Archived from 9896:. Radio Tamazuj. 6 March 2017 8872:. bbcnews.com. 18 August 2016 8361:. bbcnews.com. 26 August 2015 6328:"The Conflict in Unity State" 4784:"South Sudan country profile" 4136:Burke, Jason (12 July 2016). 4003:. voanews.com. 12 August 2015 3716:The Christian Science Monitor 3429: 3099: 3025: 2829: 2570:Justice and Equality Movement 2431:Violence erupted in July 2016 1875:China National Petroleum Corp 1468:Comprehensive Peace Agreement 1420: 1276:Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) 1060:Bahr el Ghazal retreat (2014) 998:Four Kenyan civilians killed. 951:10,659 killed, 9,921 wounded 15037:2015 European migrant crisis 14965:Aid Worker Security Database 14839:Great Indian Famine of 1870s 14656:Global Humanitarian Overview 14130:SADC intervention in Lesotho 13733:OLA insurgency, 2018–present 13687:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) 13444:ECOWAS military intervention 13164:2011–2014 factional violence 12677:2011 independence referendum 12647:Addis Ababa Agreement (1972) 12525:Resources in other libraries 12299:. Newsweek. 14 February 2017 11994:. Fox News. 14 December 2016 8435:. bbcnews.com. 26 April 2016 7360:. Bbc.co.uk. 10 January 2014 6768:. NDTV.com. 24 December 2013 6500:. Al Jazeera. 4 October 2011 6478:. Al Jazeera. 4 October 2011 6197:. Al Jazeera. 4 October 2011 5813:. Bbc.co.uk. 10 January 2014 4804:. bbcnews.com. 26 April 2016 4262:"Pibor's Yau Yau joins SPLM" 3946:"The Conflict in Upper Nile" 3089:Bidi Bidi Refugee Settlement 3030: 2772:attacked rebels in Wau State 2529:Democratic Republic of Congo 1642:, while Machar is an ethnic 1546:President consolidates power 127:Special Administrative Areas 7: 14497:International Medical Corps 14369:Humanitarian Cluster System 13807:Puntland–Somaliland dispute 13663:Insurgency in Northern Chad 12949:Water supply and sanitation 11070:. Al Jazeera. 7 August 2021 11048:. Al Jazeera. 4 August 2021 9670:. Africa Times. 9 July 2017 5533:"Sudan: Transcending tribe" 4884:"The revenge of Salva Kiir" 4826:. aljazeera. 23 August 2016 3351:Baratuku refugee settlement 3344: 2843:A civilian casualty of the 2835:Attacks on civilian centers 2213:attack helicopters and two 2177:killed more than 200 people 1776:(SPLA) during the civil war 1537:South Sudan Liberation Army 1212:Disarmament of the Lou Nuer 528:(South Sudanese gov. claim) 69: Under control of the 60: Under control of the 51: Under control of the 10: 15147: 15111:Ethnicity-based civil wars 15042:Detention Centres in Libya 14927:Core Humanitarian Standard 14604:Network for Refugee Voices 14578:Global Refugee-Led Network 14098:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado 13919:Abyei conflict (2022–2023) 13774:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict 13640:Djotodia period, 2013–2014 13451:Western Togoland Rebellion 9718:. Africanews. 29 July 2017 9015:. bbcnews. 12 August 2016. 8844:. Aljazeera. 10 July 2016. 8786:. aljazeera. 23 July 2016. 8695:International Crisis Group 8154:. Al Jazeera. 6 March 2015 7978:. aljazeera. 22 April 2016 7225:United Nations News Centre 3304: 3111: 3067: 2892: 2886: 2714:South Sudan Patriotic Army 2523:that swiftly defeated the 2476: 2457:then to Sudan and then to 2288: 2209:, sold three Russian-made 2044: 1809: 1706:Juba International Airport 1591: 1582:2015 presidential election 1455: 1424: 1323:accused his former deputy 1234:Sudanese nomadic conflicts 347:Regional Protection Force 15106:Civil wars in South Sudan 15070: 15029: 15011:International development 14998: 14980:Kunduz hospital airstrike 14952: 14907: 14826: 14755: 14664: 14621: 14586: 14560: 14527:Norwegian Refugee Council 14469: 14431: 14390: 14381: 14344:World Humanitarian Summit 14334: 14310: 14263: 14256: 14221: 14150: 14107: 14079: 14070: 14009: 13980: 13935:Second Sudanese Civil War 13927: 13889: 13843: 13799: 13720: 13711: 13679: 13650: 13619: 13579: 13496: 13473: 13464: 13413: 13387: 13361: 13340: 13303: 13249: 13240: 13208: 13179: 13141: 13101: 13092: 13024: 12957: 12904: 12895: 12843: 12834: 12755: 12746: 12714: 12705: 12652:Second Sudanese Civil War 12627: 12563:Vice – Saving South Sudan 12520:Resources in your library 11795:. Fox News. 25 March 2017 11629:. ABC news. 14 March 2017 11139:, Doctors without borders 9814:. South Sudan News Agency 5867:. BBC. 17 December 2013. 5727:The Sydney Morning Herald 3235:particularly against the 3055:, who competed under the 3008:Norwegian Refugee Council 2917:fighting in 2016 and 2017 2749:of Costello Ring and the 2328:'s cathedral, where many 2222:, at his luxury villa in 2081:Government of South Sudan 1612:Second Sudanese Civil War 1567:, one-time leader of the 1535:led a rebellion with the 1513:2010 disarmament campaign 1472:Second Sudanese Civil War 1435:Second Sudanese Civil War 1289: 1183:Second Sudanese Civil War 1151: 1045: 991: 979: 945: 917:At least 10,000 defectors 875: 533: 459:South Sudan National Army 145: 83: 53:Government of South Sudan 38: 30: 25: 15101:South Sudanese Civil War 14884:South Sudanese Civil War 14859:2011 East Africa drought 14517:Médecins Sans Frontières 14482:Catholic Relief Services 14038:2008 invasion of Anjouan 13635:Civil War (2012–present) 13604:Pool Department conflict 12760:Administrative divisions 12692:South Sudanese Civil War 12642:First Sudanese Civil War 12511:South Sudanese Civil War 11259:. Reuters. 18 April 2014 9001:. bbcnews. 19 July 2016. 8747:. aljazeera. 3 July 2016 7816:The Daily Star (Lebanon) 7735:The Daily Star (Lebanon) 7702:The Daily Star (Lebanon) 7670:The Daily Star (Lebanon) 7638:The Daily Star (Lebanon) 7127:The Daily Star (Lebanon) 7029:The Daily Star (Lebanon) 4603:. Yahoo. 11 August 2015. 3676:UNMISS Facts and Figures 3568:Small Arms Survey (2014) 3556:Small Arms Survey (2014) 3519:Small Arms Survey (2014) 3507:Small Arms Survey (2014) 3361: 3295:South Sudan United Front 3283:National Salvation Front 3003:rocket-propelled grenade 2809:Community of Sant'Egidio 2735:South Sudan United Front 2671:National Salvation Front 2346:Tiger Faction New Forces 1431:First Sudanese Civil War 1305:South Sudanese Civil War 1254:South Sudanese Civil War 1244:George Athor's rebellion 1156:First Sudanese Civil War 1095:Cairo Declaration (2017) 1037:South Sudanese Civil War 987:total deaths (Apr. 2018) 553:President of South Sudan 26:South Sudanese Civil War 14990:Dolo hospital airstrike 14834:Chinese Famine of 1870s 14326:1951 Refugee Convention 14243:Humanitarian principles 14033:Hanish Islands conflict 13570:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion 13421:Guinea-Bissau Civil War 13263:Herder–farmer conflicts 13187:Western Sahara conflict 12480:Martell, Peter (2019). 12255:. BBC. 21 December 2013 12105:. BBC. 18 December 2013 11946:. Alaraby. 5 March 2017 11566:, Yahoo, archived from 9286:South Sudan News Agency 7440:. BBC. 18 January 2014. 5699:. BBC. 16 December 2013 4585:. BBC. 21 January 2014. 4490:. LB. 29 December 2013. 3768:South Sudan News Agency 3114:2017 South Sudan famine 3070:Refugees of South Sudan 2901:Jieng Council of Elders 2610:, while state governor 2443:Operation Sankat Mochan 2083:and representatives of 1955:Fighting had spread to 1782:Barnaba Marial Benjamin 1560:national police service 122:Unity government formed 14970:World Humanitarian Day 14844:Ethiopian famine 1980s 14622:Analysis and reporting 14492:Danish Refugee Council 14470:International agencies 13856:Somali–Kenyan conflict 13752:Eritrean–Ethiopian War 13746:Second Afar insurgency 13353:Sierra Leone Civil War 12682:United Nations Mission 12437:Cite journal requires 12234:10 August 2017 at the 9348:"The war in Equatoria" 7587:. CNN. 24 January 2014 6297:. LB. 21 December 2013 3570:, pp. 10, 11, 20. 3416:SSDM/A – Cobra Faction 3399:SSDM/A – Cobra Faction 3109: 3083: 3060: 2848: 2697: 2661: 2637: 2496: 2491:Rebel soldiers of the 2427: 2336: 2286: 2132: 2064: 2025: 1952: 1906: 1829: 1777: 1758: 1670: 1650:Course of the conflict 1448: 1315:between forces of the 1292:Sudanese peace process 1090:Pagak offensive (2017) 1055:Bentiu massacre (2014) 969:5 peacekeepers killed 766:Gabriel Changson Chang 712:Hilde Frafjord Johnson 534:Commanders and leaders 494:(until September 2018) 14932:Sphere (organization) 14854:2010 Haiti earthquake 14717:Rachel Kiddell-Monroe 14477:Action Against Hunger 14451:The Federation (IFRC) 14284:A Memory of Solferino 14115:Bophuthatswana crisis 13779:Oromia–Somali clashes 13698:Boko Haram insurgency 13658:Civil War (2005–2010) 13275:Boko Haram insurgency 13198:Clashes, 2020–present 5640:Abdi Ismail Samatar. 4428:. BBC. 9 January 2014 3558:, pp. 7, 11, 14. 3107: 3077: 3050: 2842: 2790:, and on 22 February 2688: 2659: 2632: 2490: 2419:between followers of 2407: 2323: 2295:2016–2019 Wau clashes 2291:Battle of Juba (2016) 2284: 2118: 2058: 2045:Further information: 2019: 1946: 1904: 1823: 1810:Further information: 1767: 1746: 1662: 1618:, the United States' 1442: 1425:Further information: 1227:Omdurman and Khartoum 1075:Wau clashes (2016–19) 1070:Battle of Juba (2016) 946:Casualties and losses 433:Greater Pibor Forces 105:with spillovers into 15116:2010s in South Sudan 14646:The New Humanitarian 14087:Mozambican Civil War 14047:Burundian conflicts 14027:Djiboutian Civil War 13740:Insurgency in Ogaden 13368:Liberian Civil Wars 13281:Niger Delta conflict 12185:Agence France Presse 12016:. BBC. 26 March 2017 11867:. 28 September 2016. 11287:. AFP. 17 April 2014 10744:www.sudantribune.com 10662:. 12 September 2018. 10218:on 21 September 2021 9077:on 20 November 2016. 8858:. BBC. 11 July 2016. 7926:on 22 September 2015 7889:. BBC. 24 April 2014 7485:. Al Jazeera English 7257:. 21 December 2013. 6812:. 31 December 2013. 6603:on 21 September 2015 6335:smallarmssurveysudan 6271:. Upstreamonline.com 6155:. 22 December 2013. 6069:. 19 December 2013. 5732:Agence France-Presse 4542:on 21 September 2021 4512:on 26 September 2021 4085:on 26 September 2021 3606:on 21 September 2021 3152:adding missing items 3053:Refugee Olympic Team 2999:World Food Programme 2913:carrying out pogroms 2895:2014 Bentiu massacre 2561:Hailemariam Desalegn 2549:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi 2415:, shortly after the 2161:Greater Pibor Forces 2104:replaced army chief 2097:2014 Bentiu massacre 2047:2014 Bentiu massacre 1865:UN Secretary-General 1399:2014 Bentiu massacre 1050:Battle of Bor (2013) 480:Wau State insurgents 14985:Airstrikes on Yemen 14278:Battle of Solferino 14126:Lesothan conflicts 14051:1993–2005 Civil War 13769:Afar–Somali clashes 13557:2022–2024 offensive 13552:2012–2013 rebellion 13394:Ivorian Civil Wars 13227:Tunisian revolution 13169:2014–2020 civil war 13149:2008 Kufra conflict 13086:conflicts in Africa 12187:. 16 November 2014. 12135:on 24 December 2013 12061:on 24 December 2013 11773:. UN. 25 March 2017 11681:. 15 December 2016. 11315:The Daily Telegraph 10534:. 13 September 2018 10432:. 24 September 2018 8941:. 17 November 2016. 8671:on 20 December 2016 8641:on 20 December 2016 8521:on 20 December 2016 8491:on 20 December 2016 8339:on 8 September 2015 8132:on 4 September 2015 8058:Wall Street Journal 7742:on 20 February 2014 7709:on 11 February 2014 7550:. 22 December 2013. 7313:on 25 December 2013 7067:on 29 December 2013 7036:on 29 December 2013 7003:on 27 December 2013 6973:on 25 December 2013 6794:. 30 December 2013. 6732:. 27 December 2013. 6706:on 25 December 2013 6677:on 24 December 2013 6374:on 20 December 2013 6223:on 27 February 2014 6099:. 3 February 2014. 6043:. 16 January 2014. 5953:on 20 December 2013 5927:on 25 December 2013 5842:on 20 December 2013 5791:on 20 December 2013 5464:on 6 September 2020 4628:. 26 September 2018 4568:on 4 February 2016. 4213:on 15 February 2020 3828:on 30 December 2016 3747:. 28 December 2013. 2873:UN Security Council 2425:Salva Kiir Mayardit 2417:clashes in the city 2334:2016–19 Wau clashes 2264:On 11 August 2015, 1842:UN Security Council 1452:Previous rebellions 1259:Sudanese Revolution 698:Ellen Margrethe Løj 547:Salva Kiir Mayardit 189:Maban Defence Force 71:Government of Sudan 14756:Donors and funding 14461:Protective Emblems 14456:National Societies 14433:Red Cross Movement 14295:Geneva Conventions 14290:Red Cross Movement 14264:1850s, Creation of 14173:Colour revolutions 13971:Sudanese civil war 13823:2009–present phase 13564:Batwa–Luba clashes 13433:Casamance conflict 13310:Tuareg rebellions 13270:Religious violence 13216:Algerian Civil War 13132:Terrorism in Egypt 12868:Telecommunications 12582:A Separate Opinion 12459:HSBA Working Paper 12209:on 4 February 2016 12161:. 26 December 2013 12055:The Times of India 11897:, p. 252-253. 11592:, 23 December 2013 11570:on 26 January 2014 11448:. 20 January 2017. 11446:The New York Times 10930:. 1 September 2019 10852:. 12 February 2019 10750:on 1 November 2020 10648:. 31 October 2018. 10634:. 31 October 2018. 10457:The New York Times 10429:The New York Times 10274:on 11 January 2018 10058:. 15 November 2017 9844:on 12 October 2017 9460:. 17 October 2016. 9434:. 21 December 2017 9382:. 19 December 2017 9379:The New York Times 9163:. 30 January 2017. 9145:. 2 November 2016. 9127:. 4 November 2016. 9109:. 1 November 2016. 9033:. 7 September 2016 8973:. 10 January 2017. 8802:The Indian Express 8413:on 12 October 2017 7956:on 12 October 2017 7677:on 3 February 2014 7645:on 27 January 2014 7462:on 20 January 2014 7231:on 24 October 2015 7134:on 17 January 2014 7102:on 20 January 2014 6447:The New York Times 6344:on 15 January 2014 5921:The Times of India 5734:. 17 December 2013 5538:Al Jazeera English 5335:Al Jazeera English 5114:. 12 October 2017. 5086:. 20 February 2017 5019:. 29 January 2014. 4968:. 22 February 2020 4769:. 16 January 2014. 4720:The New York Times 4454:. 6 February 2014. 4367:The United Nations 4118:on 12 October 2017 4112:South Sudan nation 4055:on 12 October 2017 4029:on 12 October 2017 3978:on 12 October 2017 3795:on 12 October 2017 3770:. 12 January 2016. 3521:, pp. 14, 17. 3485:on 16 January 2014 3150:; you can help by 3110: 3084: 3061: 2849: 2824:Simon Gatwech Dual 2718:James Ajongo Mawut 2698: 2662: 2638: 2620:closed in on Pagak 2577:Greater Upper Nile 2497: 2428: 2337: 2287: 2133: 2065: 2026: 1953: 1907: 1830: 1778: 1671: 1608:medium of exchange 1606:being the primary 1575:Secretary-General 1525:Upper Nile faction 1449: 1307:was a multi-sided 953:(Jan. – Oct. 2014) 940:(SSPA claim, 2017) 580:James Ajongo Mawut 15088: 15087: 15062:Aid effectiveness 14953:Aid worker safety 14889:Rohingya genocide 14827:Major emergencies 14737:Michael Bloomberg 14682:Christos Christou 14617: 14616: 14542:Save the Children 14512:Médecins du Monde 14441:Seville Agreement 14377: 14376: 14231:in conflict zones 14181: 14180: 14146: 14145: 14066: 14065: 14017:Rwandan Civil War 13965:Blue Nile clashes 13947:Nomadic conflicts 13903:Nomadic conflicts 13707: 13706: 13546:March 23 Movement 13481:Angolan Civil War 13460: 13459: 13236: 13235: 13048: 13047: 13020: 13019: 12891: 12890: 12830: 12829: 12780:Foreign relations 12742: 12741: 12506:Library resources 12472:978-2-940548-32-3 12463:Small Arms Survey 12422:Small Arms Survey 11837:. 14 March 2017. 11526:. 28 October 2015 11498:African arguments 11348:on 31 August 2019 10878:. 21 October 2018 10799:www.aljazeera.com 10720:. 7 November 2019 10676:. 20 August 2018. 10560:. 8 November 2018 10110:. 27 October 2017 10029:. 19 October 2017 9314:. 18 January 2017 9288:. 4 February 2017 9259:. 27 January 2017 9233:. 18 January 2017 8611:. 7 December 2015 7917:small arms survey 7613:. 23 January 2014 7417:www.aljazeera.com 7182:. 14 January 2014 6877:on 2 January 2014 6846:on 2 January 2014 5620:Los Angeles Times 4857:on 9 January 2017 4472:. 2 January 2014. 4343:. 31 January 2014 3894:on 10 August 2018 3861:on 1 October 2016 3449:African Arguments 3171:Government allied 3168: 3167: 2930:Kwongo Dak Padiet 2845:2016 Juba clashes 2618:, from Uliny and 2606:, the capital of 2506:Democratic Change 2127:rebel group, the 1796:Eastern Equatoria 1780:Foreign Minister 1666:, founder of the 1298: 1297: 1217:Battle of Malakal 1205:War of the Peters 1108: 1107: 1002: 1001: 972: 966: 954: 932:(NAS claim, 2017) 871: 822: 808: 781: 736: 716: 702: 688: 622:Kuol Manyang Juuk 612: 598: 584: 570: 556: 529: 509: 508:(until Jan. 2020) 495: 470: 469:(since Nov. 2015) 436: 323: 292: 245: 141: 140: 15138: 15126:Ethnic cleansing 15081:World portal 15079: 15078: 15030:Related articles 14899:Yemeni Civil War 14894:Syrian civil war 14692:Martin Griffiths 14388: 14387: 14261: 14260: 14226:Humanitarian aid 14215:Humanitarian aid 14208: 14201: 14194: 14185: 14184: 14121:Caprivi conflict 14077: 14076: 14056:2015–2018 unrest 13862:Likoni massacres 13851:Ethnic conflicts 13813:Somali Civil War 13718: 13717: 13516:Second Congo War 13471: 13470: 13247: 13246: 13126:Post-coup unrest 13120:Sinai insurgency 13099: 13098: 13075: 13068: 13061: 13052: 13051: 13033: 12902: 12901: 12841: 12840: 12753: 12752: 12712: 12711: 12613: 12606: 12599: 12590: 12589: 12558: 12557: 12555: 12546:, archived from 12495: 12476: 12456: 12446: 12440: 12435: 12433: 12425: 12415: 12397: 12396: 12394: 12392: 12381: 12375: 12374: 12372: 12370: 12359: 12353: 12352: 12350: 12348: 12337: 12331: 12330: 12328: 12326: 12315: 12309: 12308: 12306: 12304: 12293: 12287: 12286: 12284: 12282: 12271: 12265: 12264: 12262: 12260: 12249: 12243: 12242:. 11 March 2016. 12225: 12219: 12218: 12216: 12214: 12195: 12189: 12188: 12177: 12171: 12170: 12168: 12166: 12151: 12145: 12144: 12142: 12140: 12131:. Archived from 12121: 12115: 12114: 12112: 12110: 12099: 12093: 12092: 12090: 12088: 12077: 12071: 12070: 12068: 12066: 12047: 12041: 12038:Associated Press 12032: 12026: 12025: 12023: 12021: 12010: 12004: 12003: 12001: 11999: 11988: 11982: 11981: 11979: 11977: 11962: 11956: 11955: 11953: 11951: 11940: 11931: 11930: 11923: 11910: 11904: 11898: 11892: 11886: 11880: 11869: 11868: 11857: 11851: 11850: 11848: 11846: 11832: 11825: 11819: 11818: 11811: 11805: 11804: 11802: 11800: 11789: 11783: 11782: 11780: 11778: 11767: 11761: 11760: 11758: 11756: 11751:on 21 April 2014 11741: 11735: 11734: 11732: 11730: 11715: 11709: 11708: 11706: 11704: 11689: 11683: 11682: 11671: 11665: 11664: 11662: 11660: 11645: 11639: 11638: 11636: 11634: 11623: 11617: 11616: 11614: 11612: 11600: 11594: 11593: 11578: 11572: 11571: 11558: 11552: 11551: 11542: 11536: 11535: 11533: 11531: 11516: 11510: 11509: 11507: 11505: 11490: 11481: 11480: 11478: 11476: 11461: 11450: 11449: 11438: 11432: 11431: 11429: 11427: 11412: 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10784: 10782: 10780: 10766: 10760: 10759: 10757: 10755: 10736: 10730: 10729: 10727: 10725: 10718:Voice of America 10710: 10704: 10703: 10701: 10699: 10684: 10678: 10677: 10670: 10664: 10663: 10656: 10650: 10649: 10642: 10636: 10635: 10628: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10612:. 22 August 2018 10610:Voice of America 10602: 10596: 10595: 10593: 10591: 10576: 10570: 10569: 10567: 10565: 10550: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10539: 10524: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10513: 10502: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10491: 10476: 10470: 10469: 10467: 10465: 10448: 10442: 10441: 10439: 10437: 10420: 10414: 10413: 10411: 10409: 10394: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10383: 10368: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10357: 10342: 10336: 10335: 10333: 10331: 10324:Voice of America 10316: 10310: 10309: 10307: 10305: 10290: 10284: 10283: 10281: 10279: 10260: 10254: 10253: 10251: 10249: 10244:. 8 January 2018 10234: 10228: 10227: 10225: 10223: 10204: 10198: 10197: 10195: 10193: 10186:The East African 10178: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10167: 10152: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10141: 10134:Voice of America 10126: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10115: 10100: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10089: 10074: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10048: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10019: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10008: 9993: 9987: 9986: 9984: 9982: 9967: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9956: 9941: 9932: 9931: 9929: 9927: 9920:Voice of America 9912: 9906: 9905: 9903: 9901: 9890: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9879: 9874:on 12 March 2017 9860: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9849: 9830: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9808: 9802: 9801: 9799: 9797: 9786: 9780: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9770:. 11 August 2017 9760: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9749: 9742:Voice of America 9734: 9728: 9727: 9725: 9723: 9712: 9706: 9705: 9703: 9701: 9686: 9680: 9679: 9677: 9675: 9664: 9658: 9657: 9655: 9653: 9638: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9627: 9612: 9606: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9586: 9580: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9560: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9549: 9534: 9528: 9527: 9525: 9523: 9516:Voice of America 9508: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9497: 9482: 9476: 9475: 9468: 9462: 9461: 9450: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9439: 9432:Voice of America 9424: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9398: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9370: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9344: 9338: 9337: 9330: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9319: 9304: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9293: 9278: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9264: 9249: 9243: 9242: 9240: 9238: 9223: 9217: 9216: 9214: 9212: 9197: 9191: 9190: 9188: 9186: 9171: 9165: 9164: 9153: 9147: 9146: 9135: 9129: 9128: 9117: 9111: 9110: 9099: 9093: 9092: 9085: 9079: 9078: 9063: 9057: 9056: 9049: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9038: 9023: 9017: 9016: 9009: 9003: 9002: 8995: 8989: 8988: 8981: 8975: 8974: 8963: 8957: 8956: 8949: 8943: 8942: 8931: 8922: 8921: 8914: 8908: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8888: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8866: 8860: 8859: 8852: 8846: 8845: 8838: 8832: 8831: 8820: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8794: 8788: 8787: 8780: 8771: 8770: 8763: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8741: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8713: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8702: 8687: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8676: 8657: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8627: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8616: 8601: 8595: 8589: 8583: 8577: 8571: 8565: 8552: 8546: 8531: 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Archived from 6959: 6953: 6952: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6873:. Archived from 6862: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6802: 6796: 6795: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6696: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6542: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6472: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6370:. Archived from 6360: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6343: 6332: 6324: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6037: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6008: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5972: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5861: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5832: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5781: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5718: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5693: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5666:Hannah McNeish. 5663: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5595: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5428: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5367: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5325: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5294: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5264: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5217:on 11 April 2021 5203: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5174: 5165: 5164: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5116: 5115: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5076: 5067: 5066: 5059: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5032: 5021: 5020: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4926: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4897: 4888: 4887: 4880: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4847: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4790:. 6 August 2018. 4780: 4771: 4770: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4618: 4605: 4604: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4579: 4570: 4569: 4564:. Archived from 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4396: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4377:on 25 April 2015 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4298:. 7 January 2017 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4272:on 6 August 2016 4268:. Archived from 4258: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4232: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4199: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4162: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4114:, archived from 4104: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3997: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3913: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3884: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3847: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3814: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3785: 3772: 3771: 3760: 3749: 3748: 3737: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3668: 3659: 3658: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3625: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3531: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3481:. Archived from 3471: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3440: 3423: 3414:Yau Yau led the 3412: 3406: 3395: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3372: 3335:under President 3331: 3329: 3328: 3318: 3317: 3293: 3292: 3281: 3280: 3248: 3247: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3215: 3214: 3195: 3194: 3193: 3182: 3181: 3180: 3163: 3160: 3142: 3141: 3135: 3078:Map showing the 3064:Displaced people 2883:Ethnic cleansing 2706:Paul Malong Awan 2690:Paul Malong Awan 2667:Gabriel Duop Lam 2538:Paul Malong Awan 2533:Security Council 2439:Indian Air Force 2324:Refugee camp at 2251:Upper Nile State 2110:Paul Malong Awan 1687:Rebecca Nyandeng 1655:Initial incident 1577:Pagan Amum Okech 1427:History of Sudan 1392:Paul Malong Awan 1146: 1135: 1128: 1121: 1112: 1111: 1100:Juba raid (2018) 1040: 1038: 1028: 1021: 1014: 1005: 1004: 970: 964: 962: 961: 952: 941: 933: 925: 920:Nuer White Army: 911: 906: 903:15,000 soldiers 901: 895: 887: 869: 867:Paul Malong Awan 863: 851: 841: 840: 830: 829: 820: 816: 815: 814: 802: 800: 799: 798: 789: 788: 779: 775: 774: 764: 763: 753: 752: 744: 743: 730: 725: 724: 714: 710: 709: 700: 696: 695: 686: 682: 681: 672: 671: 670: 661: 660: 650: 649: 641: 631: 630: 620: 619: 610: 606: 605: 596: 594:Paul Malong Awan 592: 591: 582: 578: 577: 568: 566:Gabriel Jok Riak 564: 563: 550: 545: 544: 527: 523: 521: 520: 507: 503: 502: 493: 489: 488: 478: 477: 468: 445: 444: 434: 427: 426: 425: 413: 412: 398: 397: 396: 387: 386: 370: 368: 367: 357: 355: 354: 346: 345: 333: 332: 321: 317: 315: 314: 305: 303: 302: 290: 286: 285: 284: 270: 269: 268: 254: 253: 252: 243: 239: 238: 237: 227: 226: 225: 214: 213: 212: 203: 202: 201: 194:Allied militias: 173: 172: 171: 160: 159: 85: 84: 68: 59: 50: 43: 23: 22: 15146: 15145: 15141: 15140: 15139: 15137: 15136: 15135: 15121:2010s conflicts 15091: 15090: 15089: 15084: 15073: 15066: 15025: 14994: 14948: 14937:Sphere Handbook 14909: 14903: 14822: 14751: 14722:MacKenzie Scott 14697:Jemilah Mahmood 14687:Winnie Byanyima 14660: 14613: 14582: 14556: 14465: 14427: 14383: 14373: 14337:reform attempts 14336: 14330: 14306: 14265: 14252: 14238:Humanitarianism 14217: 14212: 14182: 14177: 14142: 14103: 14072:Southern Africa 14062: 14005: 13976: 13923: 13908:Ethnic violence 13885: 13880:Baragoi clashes 13839: 13795: 13703: 13675: 13665:(2016–present) 13646: 13621: 13620:Central African 13615: 13581: 13575: 13504:First Congo War 13492: 13456: 13409: 13383: 13357: 13348:Ndogboyosoi War 13336: 13299: 13283:(2003–present) 13259:(1998–present) 13232: 13204: 13189:(1970–present) 13175: 13137: 13115:2011 revolution 13109:Egyptian Crisis 13088: 13079: 13049: 13044: 13036: 13029: 13016: 13007:Public holidays 12953: 12887: 12826: 12802:Law enforcement 12738: 12701: 12687:Ethnic violence 12623: 12617: 12553: 12551: 12534: 12531: 12530: 12529: 12514: 12513: 12509: 12502: 12492: 12473: 12454: 12438: 12436: 12427: 12426: 12424:. 27 June 2014. 12413: 12406: 12401: 12400: 12390: 12388: 12383: 12382: 12378: 12368: 12366: 12361: 12360: 12356: 12346: 12344: 12339: 12338: 12334: 12324: 12322: 12317: 12316: 12312: 12302: 12300: 12295: 12294: 12290: 12280: 12278: 12273: 12272: 12268: 12258: 12256: 12251: 12250: 12246: 12236:Wayback Machine 12226: 12222: 12212: 12210: 12197: 12196: 12192: 12179: 12178: 12174: 12164: 12162: 12153: 12152: 12148: 12138: 12136: 12123: 12122: 12118: 12108: 12106: 12101: 12100: 12096: 12086: 12084: 12079: 12078: 12074: 12064: 12062: 12049: 12048: 12044: 12033: 12029: 12019: 12017: 12012: 12011: 12007: 11997: 11995: 11990: 11989: 11985: 11975: 11973: 11963: 11959: 11949: 11947: 11942: 11941: 11934: 11925: 11924: 11913: 11905: 11901: 11893: 11889: 11881: 11872: 11859: 11858: 11854: 11844: 11842: 11835:The Independent 11827: 11826: 11822: 11813: 11812: 11808: 11798: 11796: 11791: 11790: 11786: 11776: 11774: 11769: 11768: 11764: 11754: 11752: 11743: 11742: 11738: 11728: 11726: 11717: 11716: 11712: 11702: 11700: 11691: 11690: 11686: 11673: 11672: 11668: 11658: 11656: 11647: 11646: 11642: 11632: 11630: 11625: 11624: 11620: 11610: 11608: 11601: 11597: 11580: 11579: 11575: 11560: 11559: 11555: 11544: 11543: 11539: 11529: 11527: 11518: 11517: 11513: 11503: 11501: 11492: 11491: 11484: 11474: 11472: 11462: 11453: 11440: 11439: 11435: 11425: 11423: 11414: 11413: 11409: 11399: 11397: 11396:. 4 August 2016 11388: 11387: 11383: 11373: 11371: 11366: 11365: 11361: 11351: 11349: 11340: 11339: 11335: 11325: 11323: 11304: 11300: 11290: 11288: 11277: 11276: 11272: 11262: 11260: 11249: 11248: 11241: 11228: 11227: 11223: 11213: 11211: 11201: 11194: 11181: 11180: 11176: 11165: 11164: 11160: 11149: 11148: 11144: 11133: 11132: 11128: 11113: 11109: 11099: 11097: 11096:. 31 March 2017 11094:Washington Post 11088: 11087: 11083: 11073: 11071: 11066: 11065: 11061: 11051: 11049: 11044: 11043: 11039: 11029: 11027: 11022: 11021: 11017: 11007: 11005: 11000: 10999: 10995: 10985: 10983: 10974: 10973: 10969: 10959: 10957: 10948: 10947: 10943: 10933: 10931: 10922: 10921: 10917: 10907: 10905: 10904:. 30 April 2020 10896: 10895: 10891: 10881: 10879: 10870: 10869: 10865: 10855: 10853: 10844: 10843: 10839: 10829: 10827: 10818: 10817: 10813: 10803: 10801: 10793: 10792: 10788: 10778: 10776: 10768: 10767: 10763: 10753: 10751: 10738: 10737: 10733: 10723: 10721: 10712: 10711: 10707: 10697: 10695: 10686: 10685: 10681: 10672: 10671: 10667: 10658: 10657: 10653: 10644: 10643: 10639: 10630: 10629: 10625: 10615: 10613: 10604: 10603: 10599: 10589: 10587: 10578: 10577: 10573: 10563: 10561: 10552: 10551: 10547: 10537: 10535: 10526: 10525: 10521: 10511: 10509: 10504: 10503: 10499: 10489: 10487: 10478: 10477: 10473: 10463: 10461: 10450: 10449: 10445: 10435: 10433: 10422: 10421: 10417: 10407: 10405: 10396: 10395: 10391: 10381: 10379: 10370: 10369: 10365: 10355: 10353: 10344: 10343: 10339: 10329: 10327: 10318: 10317: 10313: 10303: 10301: 10292: 10291: 10287: 10277: 10275: 10262: 10261: 10257: 10247: 10245: 10236: 10235: 10231: 10221: 10219: 10206: 10205: 10201: 10191: 10189: 10180: 10179: 10175: 10165: 10163: 10154: 10153: 10149: 10139: 10137: 10128: 10127: 10123: 10113: 10111: 10102: 10101: 10097: 10087: 10085: 10076: 10075: 10071: 10061: 10059: 10050: 10049: 10042: 10032: 10030: 10021: 10020: 10016: 10006: 10004: 9995: 9994: 9990: 9980: 9978: 9969: 9968: 9964: 9954: 9952: 9943: 9942: 9935: 9925: 9923: 9922:. 17 March 2017 9914: 9913: 9909: 9899: 9897: 9892: 9891: 9887: 9877: 9875: 9862: 9861: 9857: 9847: 9845: 9832: 9831: 9827: 9817: 9815: 9810: 9809: 9805: 9795: 9793: 9788: 9787: 9783: 9773: 9771: 9762: 9761: 9757: 9747: 9745: 9744:. 7 August 2017 9736: 9735: 9731: 9721: 9719: 9714: 9713: 9709: 9699: 9697: 9688: 9687: 9683: 9673: 9671: 9666: 9665: 9661: 9651: 9649: 9640: 9639: 9635: 9625: 9623: 9614: 9613: 9609: 9599: 9597: 9596:. 26 April 2017 9588: 9587: 9583: 9573: 9571: 9562: 9561: 9557: 9547: 9545: 9544:. 15 April 2017 9536: 9535: 9531: 9521: 9519: 9518:. 14 April 2017 9510: 9509: 9505: 9495: 9493: 9492:. 13 April 2017 9484: 9483: 9479: 9470: 9469: 9465: 9452: 9451: 9447: 9437: 9435: 9426: 9425: 9421: 9411: 9409: 9400: 9399: 9395: 9385: 9383: 9372: 9371: 9367: 9357: 9355: 9346: 9345: 9341: 9332: 9331: 9327: 9317: 9315: 9306: 9305: 9301: 9291: 9289: 9280: 9279: 9272: 9262: 9260: 9251: 9250: 9246: 9236: 9234: 9225: 9224: 9220: 9210: 9208: 9207:. 8 August 2017 9199: 9198: 9194: 9184: 9182: 9173: 9172: 9168: 9155: 9154: 9150: 9137: 9136: 9132: 9119: 9118: 9114: 9101: 9100: 9096: 9087: 9086: 9082: 9071:washington post 9065: 9064: 9060: 9051: 9050: 9046: 9036: 9034: 9025: 9024: 9020: 9011: 9010: 9006: 8997: 8996: 8992: 8983: 8982: 8978: 8965: 8964: 8960: 8951: 8950: 8946: 8933: 8932: 8925: 8916: 8915: 8911: 8901: 8899: 8898:. 16 April 2017 8890: 8889: 8885: 8875: 8873: 8868: 8867: 8863: 8854: 8853: 8849: 8840: 8839: 8835: 8822: 8821: 8817: 8807: 8805: 8796: 8795: 8791: 8782: 8781: 8774: 8765: 8764: 8760: 8750: 8748: 8743: 8742: 8738: 8728: 8726: 8725:. 26 April 2016 8722:TheGuardian.com 8715: 8714: 8710: 8700: 8698: 8689: 8688: 8684: 8674: 8672: 8659: 8658: 8654: 8644: 8642: 8629: 8628: 8624: 8614: 8612: 8603: 8602: 8598: 8590: 8586: 8578: 8574: 8566: 8555: 8547: 8534: 8524: 8522: 8509: 8508: 8504: 8494: 8492: 8479: 8478: 8474: 8464: 8462: 8453: 8452: 8448: 8438: 8436: 8431: 8430: 8426: 8416: 8414: 8401: 8400: 8396: 8386: 8384: 8379: 8378: 8374: 8364: 8362: 8357: 8356: 8352: 8342: 8340: 8325: 8324: 8320: 8310: 8308: 8307:on 23 June 2015 8299: 8298: 8294: 8284: 8282: 8281:on 23 June 2015 8273: 8272: 8268: 8258: 8256: 8251: 8250: 8241: 8233: 8212: 8197: 8193: 8183: 8181: 8172: 8171: 8167: 8157: 8155: 8150: 8149: 8145: 8135: 8133: 8118: 8117: 8104: 8094: 8092: 8081: 8080: 8076: 8068: 8064: 8053: 8049: 8039: 8037: 8028: 8027: 8020: 8010: 8008: 7999: 7998: 7991: 7981: 7979: 7974: 7973: 7969: 7959: 7957: 7944: 7943: 7939: 7929: 7927: 7923: 7912: 7906: 7902: 7892: 7890: 7885: 7884: 7880: 7867: 7866: 7862: 7852: 7850: 7841: 7840: 7836: 7826: 7824: 7809: 7808: 7804: 7791: 7790: 7786: 7776: 7774: 7762: 7755: 7745: 7743: 7726: 7722: 7712: 7710: 7695: 7694: 7690: 7680: 7678: 7663: 7662: 7658: 7648: 7646: 7631: 7630: 7626: 7616: 7614: 7605: 7604: 7600: 7590: 7588: 7583: 7582: 7578: 7568: 7566: 7559: 7555: 7542: 7541: 7537: 7528: 7527: 7523: 7513: 7511: 7503: 7502: 7498: 7488: 7486: 7481:Panther Alier. 7479: 7475: 7465: 7463: 7450: 7449: 7445: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7421: 7419: 7411: 7410: 7406: 7396: 7394: 7378: 7377: 7373: 7363: 7361: 7356: 7355: 7351: 7341: 7339: 7331: 7330: 7326: 7316: 7314: 7301: 7300: 7296: 7286: 7284: 7271: 7270: 7266: 7249: 7248: 7244: 7234: 7232: 7219: 7218: 7214: 7199: 7195: 7185: 7183: 7174: 7173: 7169: 7159: 7157: 7152: 7151: 7147: 7137: 7135: 7120: 7119: 7115: 7105: 7103: 7088: 7087: 7080: 7070: 7068: 7053: 7049: 7039: 7037: 7020: 7016: 7006: 7004: 6991: 6990: 6986: 6976: 6974: 6961: 6960: 6956: 6941: 6937: 6927: 6925: 6917: 6916: 6912: 6902: 6900: 6895: 6894: 6890: 6880: 6878: 6863: 6859: 6849: 6847: 6834: 6833: 6829: 6819: 6817: 6804: 6803: 6799: 6786: 6785: 6781: 6771: 6769: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6749: 6747: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6724: 6723: 6719: 6709: 6707: 6698: 6697: 6690: 6680: 6678: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6650: 6648: 6643: 6642: 6638: 6628: 6626: 6621: 6620: 6616: 6606: 6604: 6589: 6588: 6584: 6574: 6572: 6565: 6561: 6551: 6549: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6529: 6527: 6518: 6517: 6513: 6503: 6501: 6496: 6495: 6491: 6481: 6479: 6474: 6473: 6466: 6456: 6454: 6439: 6435: 6425: 6423: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6403: 6401: 6391: 6387: 6377: 6375: 6362: 6361: 6357: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6310: 6300: 6298: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6274: 6272: 6265: 6261: 6251: 6249: 6241: 6240: 6236: 6226: 6224: 6215: 6214: 6210: 6200: 6198: 6193: 6192: 6188: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6160: 6147: 6146: 6142: 6132: 6130: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6106: 6104: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6076: 6074: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6050: 6048: 6039: 6038: 6031: 6021: 6019: 6010: 6009: 6000: 5990: 5988: 5973: 5966: 5956: 5954: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5930: 5928: 5915: 5914: 5910: 5900: 5898: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5874: 5872: 5863: 5862: 5855: 5845: 5843: 5834: 5833: 5826: 5816: 5814: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5794: 5792: 5783: 5782: 5775: 5765: 5763: 5751: 5747: 5737: 5735: 5720: 5719: 5712: 5702: 5700: 5695: 5694: 5683: 5673: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5647: 5645: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5622: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5584: 5574: 5572: 5562: 5558: 5548: 5546: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5504: 5500: 5492: 5477: 5467: 5465: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5435: 5430: 5429: 5416: 5406: 5404: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5378: 5369: 5368: 5355: 5345: 5343: 5326: 5317: 5307: 5305: 5296: 5295: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5265: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5235: 5234: 5230: 5220: 5218: 5205: 5204: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5176: 5175: 5168: 5163:. 28 June 2016. 5155: 5154: 5150: 5142: 5138: 5130: 5119: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5087: 5078: 5077: 5070: 5061: 5060: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5034: 5033: 5024: 5011: 5010: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4992:www.lshtm.ac.uk 4986: 4985: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4940:on 25 July 2018 4934:Washington Post 4928: 4927: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4899: 4898: 4891: 4882: 4881: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4849: 4848: 4839: 4829: 4827: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4807: 4805: 4800: 4799: 4795: 4782: 4781: 4774: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4746: 4744: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4712: 4708: 4698: 4696: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4620: 4619: 4608: 4595: 4594: 4590: 4581: 4580: 4573: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4424: 4423: 4419: 4409: 4407: 4398: 4397: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4344: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4301: 4299: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4233: 4226: 4216: 4214: 4201: 4200: 4193: 4183: 4181: 4180:on 17 July 2014 4164: 4163: 4156: 4146: 4144: 4134: 4130: 4121: 4119: 4106: 4105: 4098: 4088: 4086: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4032: 4030: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4006: 4004: 3999: 3998: 3991: 3981: 3979: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3944: 3943: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3915: 3914: 3907: 3897: 3895: 3886: 3885: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3849: 3848: 3841: 3831: 3829: 3816: 3815: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3787: 3786: 3775: 3762: 3761: 3752: 3739: 3738: 3731: 3721: 3719: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3670: 3669: 3662: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3626: 3619: 3609: 3607: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3533: 3532: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3473: 3472: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3426: 3413: 3409: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3382: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3347: 3337:Yoweri Museveni 3326: 3324: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3301:External powers 3287: 3275: 3242: 3229:Nuer White Army 3223: 3221: 3209: 3206: 3191: 3189: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3139: 3133: 3116: 3102: 3072: 3066: 3033: 3028: 2990: 2973: 2971:Sexual violence 2965: 2957:Bentiu massacre 2926:Shilluk Kingdom 2909:Mathiang Anyoor 2897: 2891: 2885: 2837: 2832: 2743: 2726:Mathiang Anyoor 2596:Mathiang Anyoor 2485: 2479:Pagak offensive 2475: 2297: 2279: 2053: 2043: 1981:Nuer White Army 1949:Nuer White Army 1849:Juba University 1818: 1808: 1728:(SPLM) founder 1701:Juba University 1657: 1652: 1624:Nuer White Army 1596: 1590: 1548: 1464: 1454: 1437: 1423: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1285: 1171:1964 Revolution 1147: 1141: 1139: 1109: 1104: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1032: 997: 983: 981: 956: 955: 939: 934: 931: 926: 923: 918: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 893: 888: 885: 865: 859: 853: 847: 835: 834: 824: 823: 812: 810: 809: 801:Khalid Botrous 796: 794: 793: 783: 782: 769: 768: 758: 757: 747: 746: 738: 737: 731:(Leader of the 729: 719: 704: 703: 690: 689: 676: 673:Matthew Puljang 668: 666: 665: 655: 654: 652:Yoweri Museveni 644: 643: 637: 625: 624: 614: 613: 600: 599: 586: 585: 572: 571: 558: 557: 549: 539: 518: 516: 514: 510: 497: 496: 483: 482: 472: 471: 464: 460: 458: 454: 449: 446:Agwelek forces 439: 423: 421: 418: 417: 407: 402: 400:Nuer White Army 394: 392: 391: 381: 365: 363: 352: 350: 340: 327: 312: 310: 309: 300: 298: 297: 293: 282: 280: 266: 264: 250: 248: 235: 233: 223: 221: 210: 208: 207: 199: 197: 196: 185:Mathiang Anyoor 169: 167: 154: 109: 92: 79: 73: 66: 64: 57: 55: 48: 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15144: 15134: 15133: 15131:Genocidal rape 15128: 15123: 15118: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15086: 15085: 15071: 15068: 15067: 15065: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15047:Crisis mapping 15044: 15039: 15033: 15031: 15027: 15026: 15024: 15023: 15021:Neocolonialism 15018: 15013: 15008: 15002: 15000: 14999:Related fields 14996: 14995: 14993: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14956: 14954: 14950: 14949: 14947: 14946: 14941: 14940: 14939: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14913: 14911: 14905: 14904: 14902: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14864:Typhoon Haiyan 14861: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14830: 14828: 14824: 14823: 14821: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14759: 14757: 14753: 14752: 14750: 14749: 14744: 14742:Warren Buffett 14739: 14734: 14732:Jamshedji Tata 14729: 14724: 14719: 14714: 14712:James Orbinski 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14668: 14666: 14665:Notable people 14662: 14661: 14659: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14642: 14641: 14631: 14625: 14623: 14619: 14618: 14615: 14614: 14612: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14590: 14588: 14587:Local agencies 14584: 14583: 14581: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14564: 14562: 14558: 14557: 14555: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14537:Guardian Girls 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14507:Islamic Relief 14504: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14473: 14471: 14467: 14466: 14464: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14437: 14435: 14429: 14428: 14426: 14425: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14394: 14392: 14385: 14379: 14378: 14375: 14374: 14372: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14340: 14338: 14332: 14331: 14329: 14328: 14323: 14317: 14315: 14308: 14307: 14305: 14304: 14303: 14302: 14292: 14287: 14280: 14275: 14269: 14267: 14258: 14254: 14253: 14251: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14234: 14233: 14222: 14219: 14218: 14211: 14210: 14203: 14196: 14188: 14179: 14178: 14176: 14175: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14154: 14152: 14151:Related topics 14148: 14147: 14144: 14143: 14141: 14140: 14139: 14138: 14133: 14124: 14118: 14111: 14109: 14105: 14104: 14102: 14101: 14100:(2017–present) 14095: 14090: 14083: 14081: 14074: 14068: 14067: 14064: 14063: 14061: 14060: 14059: 14058: 14053: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14024: 14013: 14011: 14007: 14006: 14004: 14003: 14000:Kasese clashes 13997: 13996:(1996–present) 13991: 13990:(1987–present) 13984: 13982: 13978: 13977: 13975: 13974: 13973:(2023–present) 13968: 13962: 13956: 13950: 13949:(2009–present) 13944: 13938: 13931: 13929: 13925: 13924: 13922: 13921: 13916: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13893: 13891: 13887: 13886: 13884: 13883: 13877: 13871: 13865: 13859: 13858:(1963–present) 13853: 13847: 13845: 13841: 13840: 13838: 13837: 13832: 13831: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13810: 13809:(1998–present) 13803: 13801: 13797: 13796: 13794: 13793: 13792: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13761: 13755: 13749: 13743: 13737: 13736: 13735: 13728:Oromo conflict 13724: 13722: 13715: 13709: 13708: 13705: 13704: 13702: 13701: 13700:(2009–present) 13695: 13694:(1987–present) 13689: 13683: 13681: 13677: 13676: 13674: 13673: 13672: 13671: 13669:2021 offensive 13660: 13654: 13652: 13648: 13647: 13645: 13644: 13643: 13642: 13632: 13625: 13623: 13617: 13616: 13614: 13613: 13607: 13601: 13600: 13599: 13594: 13585: 13583: 13577: 13576: 13574: 13573: 13567: 13561: 13560: 13559: 13554: 13543: 13542:(2009–present) 13540:Ituri conflict 13537: 13534:Dongo conflict 13531: 13530:(2004–present) 13525: 13522:Ituri conflict 13519: 13513: 13512:(1996–present) 13507: 13500: 13498: 13494: 13493: 13491: 13490: 13489:(1975–present) 13484: 13477: 13475: 13468: 13466:Central Africa 13462: 13461: 13458: 13457: 13455: 13454: 13453:(2020–present) 13448: 13447: 13446: 13436: 13435:(1982–present) 13430: 13427:Guinea clashes 13424: 13417: 13415: 13411: 13410: 13408: 13407: 13406: 13405: 13400: 13391: 13389: 13385: 13384: 13382: 13381: 13380: 13379: 13374: 13365: 13363: 13359: 13358: 13356: 13355: 13350: 13344: 13342: 13338: 13337: 13335: 13334: 13333:(2012–present) 13328: 13327: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13307: 13305: 13301: 13300: 13298: 13297: 13296:(2021–present) 13291: 13290: 13289: 13278: 13277:(2009–present) 13272: 13267: 13266: 13265: 13253: 13251: 13244: 13238: 13237: 13234: 13233: 13231: 13230: 13224: 13219: 13212: 13210: 13206: 13205: 13203: 13202: 13201: 13200: 13195: 13193:War, 1975–1991 13183: 13181: 13180:Western Sahara 13177: 13176: 13174: 13173: 13172: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13159:2011 civil war 13151: 13145: 13143: 13139: 13138: 13136: 13135: 13134:(2013–present) 13129: 13123: 13122:(2011–present) 13117: 13112: 13105: 13103: 13096: 13090: 13089: 13078: 13077: 13070: 13063: 13055: 13046: 13045: 13043: 13042: 13035: 13034: 13026: 13025: 13022: 13021: 13018: 13017: 13015: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12963: 12961: 12955: 12954: 12952: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12909:Child marriage 12905: 12899: 12893: 12892: 12889: 12888: 12886: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12844: 12838: 12832: 12831: 12828: 12827: 12825: 12824: 12822:Vice President 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12793: 12792: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12756: 12750: 12744: 12743: 12740: 12739: 12737: 12736: 12734:Climate change 12731: 12726: 12721: 12715: 12709: 12703: 12702: 12700: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12668: 12667: 12662: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12633: 12631: 12625: 12624: 12622: articles 12616: 12615: 12608: 12601: 12593: 12587: 12586: 12578: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12550:on 2 July 2016 12528: 12527: 12522: 12516: 12515: 12504: 12503: 12501: 12500:External links 12498: 12497: 12496: 12491:978-0190052706 12490: 12477: 12471: 12461:(42). Geneva: 12447: 12439:|journal= 12405: 12402: 12399: 12398: 12376: 12354: 12332: 12310: 12288: 12266: 12244: 12220: 12190: 12172: 12146: 12116: 12094: 12072: 12042: 12027: 12005: 11983: 11957: 11932: 11911: 11909:, p. 252. 11899: 11887: 11885:, p. 236. 11870: 11852: 11820: 11806: 11784: 11762: 11736: 11725:. 8 March 2017 11710: 11699:. 8 March 2017 11684: 11666: 11655:. 7 March 2017 11640: 11618: 11595: 11573: 11553: 11537: 11511: 11500:. 11 July 2016 11482: 11451: 11433: 11422:. 24 July 2015 11407: 11381: 11359: 11333: 11298: 11270: 11239: 11221: 11192: 11187:The Daily Star 11174: 11158: 11142: 11126: 11121:The Daily Star 11107: 11081: 11059: 11037: 11015: 10993: 10967: 10941: 10915: 10889: 10863: 10837: 10811: 10786: 10761: 10731: 10705: 10679: 10665: 10651: 10637: 10623: 10597: 10586:. 25 July 2018 10571: 10545: 10519: 10497: 10486:. 12 July 2018 10471: 10443: 10415: 10389: 10363: 10352:. 13 July 2018 10337: 10326:. 1 March 2018 10311: 10300:. 9 April 2018 10285: 10255: 10229: 10199: 10173: 10147: 10121: 10095: 10084:. 9 April 2018 10069: 10040: 10014: 10003:. 30 July 2017 9988: 9977:. 28 July 2017 9962: 9951:. 9 March 2017 9933: 9907: 9885: 9855: 9825: 9803: 9781: 9755: 9729: 9707: 9696:. 28 July 2017 9681: 9659: 9633: 9607: 9581: 9555: 9529: 9503: 9477: 9463: 9445: 9419: 9393: 9365: 9354:. 12 July 2017 9339: 9325: 9299: 9270: 9244: 9218: 9205:United Nations 9192: 9166: 9148: 9130: 9112: 9094: 9080: 9058: 9044: 9018: 9004: 8990: 8976: 8958: 8944: 8923: 8909: 8883: 8861: 8847: 8833: 8815: 8804:. 14 July 2016 8789: 8772: 8758: 8736: 8708: 8682: 8652: 8622: 8596: 8594:, p. 238. 8584: 8582:, p. 256. 8572: 8570:, p. 255. 8553: 8551:, p. 254. 8532: 8502: 8472: 8446: 8424: 8394: 8372: 8350: 8318: 8292: 8266: 8239: 8237:, p. 235. 8210: 8191: 8180:. 6 March 2015 8165: 8143: 8102: 8091:. 16 June 2014 8074: 8062: 8047: 8018: 7989: 7967: 7937: 7900: 7878: 7860: 7834: 7802: 7784: 7753: 7720: 7688: 7656: 7624: 7598: 7576: 7553: 7535: 7521: 7496: 7473: 7456:The Daily Star 7443: 7429: 7404: 7371: 7349: 7324: 7294: 7283:on 3 June 2021 7264: 7242: 7212: 7207:The Daily Star 7193: 7167: 7145: 7113: 7078: 7061:The Daily Star 7047: 7014: 6984: 6954: 6949:The Daily Star 6935: 6910: 6888: 6871:The Daily Star 6857: 6840:World Bulletin 6827: 6797: 6779: 6757: 6735: 6717: 6688: 6671:The Daily Star 6658: 6636: 6614: 6582: 6567:Inside Story. 6559: 6537: 6522:. Al Jazeera. 6511: 6489: 6464: 6433: 6411: 6385: 6368:The Daily Star 6355: 6308: 6295:The Daily Star 6282: 6259: 6234: 6208: 6186: 6170: 6140: 6114: 6084: 6058: 6029: 5998: 5964: 5938: 5908: 5882: 5853: 5824: 5802: 5773: 5745: 5710: 5681: 5655: 5632: 5607: 5582: 5556: 5524: 5512:Foreign Policy 5498: 5496:, p. 125. 5475: 5445: 5414: 5403:. 28 July 2013 5388: 5353: 5315: 5282: 5254: 5228: 5195: 5193:, p. 206. 5183: 5166: 5148: 5136: 5134:, p. 176. 5117: 5097: 5068: 5049: 5022: 5004: 4979: 4951: 4918: 4907:. 15 June 2017 4889: 4868: 4837: 4815: 4793: 4772: 4754: 4732: 4706: 4679: 4653: 4639: 4606: 4588: 4571: 4553: 4523: 4493: 4488:The Daily Star 4475: 4457: 4452:The Daily Star 4439: 4417: 4388: 4354: 4328: 4309: 4283: 4253: 4224: 4191: 4170:The Daily Star 4154: 4128: 4096: 4066: 4040: 4014: 3989: 3959: 3934: 3923:on 7 June 2017 3905: 3872: 3839: 3806: 3773: 3750: 3729: 3703: 3689: 3660: 3646: 3617: 3587: 3585:, p. 160. 3572: 3560: 3548: 3523: 3511: 3496: 3461: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3407: 3390: 3380: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3322: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3240: 3219: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3200: 3187: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3145: 3143: 3132: 3129: 3112:Main article: 3101: 3098: 3068:Main article: 3065: 3062: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 2989: 2986: 2982:Zainab Bangura 2972: 2969: 2964: 2963:Child soldiers 2961: 2905:Bahr el Ghazal 2887:Main article: 2884: 2881: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2742: 2739: 2647:chief of staff 2634:Taban Deng Gai 2592:Bahr el Ghazal 2483:2018 Juba raid 2474: 2471: 2450:Taban Deng Gai 2411:soldiers near 2359:Roméo Dallaire 2278: 2275: 2106:James Hoth Mai 2077:United Nations 2042: 2039: 1922:United Nations 1807: 1804: 1734:Rebecca Garang 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1632:Pibor massacre 1600:barter economy 1589: 1588:Ethnic tension 1586: 1547: 1544: 1517:Shilluk people 1453: 1450: 1422: 1419: 1411:famine in 2017 1388:Taban Deng Gai 1376:United Kingdom 1368:European Union 1360:United Nations 1341:Ugandan troops 1296: 1295: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1195: 1190: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1138: 1137: 1130: 1123: 1115: 1106: 1105: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1031: 1030: 1023: 1016: 1008: 1000: 999: 989: 988: 977: 976: 973: 971:(by Aug. 2015) 967: 965:(by Jan. 2014) 948: 947: 943: 942: 912: 896: 878: 877: 873: 872: 745:Paulino Zangil 717: 674: 663:Katumba Wamala 633:Peter Par Jiek 608:James Hoth Mai 536: 535: 531: 530: 448: 447: 437: 431: 406: 405: 404: 378: 377: 376: 375: 374: 361: 324: 279: 278: 262: 246: 231: 191: 190: 187: 182: 177: 150: 149: 143: 142: 139: 138: 137: 136: 130: 123: 115: 111: 110: 101: 99: 95: 94: 89: 81: 80: 65: 56: 47: 45: 36: 35: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15143: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15122: 15119: 15117: 15114: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15098: 15096: 15083: 15082: 15077: 15069: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15034: 15032: 15028: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15003: 15001: 14997: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14957: 14955: 14951: 14945: 14942: 14938: 14935: 14934: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14914: 14912: 14906: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14831: 14829: 14825: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14760: 14758: 14754: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14727:Melinda Gates 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14669: 14667: 14663: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14640: 14637: 14636: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14626: 14624: 14620: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14591: 14589: 14585: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14565: 14563: 14559: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14474: 14472: 14468: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14438: 14436: 14434: 14430: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14395: 14393: 14389: 14386: 14384:organizations 14380: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14349:Grand Bargain 14347: 14345: 14342: 14341: 14339: 14333: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14318: 14316: 14314: 14309: 14301: 14298: 14297: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14285: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14270: 14268: 14266:the Red Cross 14262: 14259: 14255: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14232: 14229: 14228: 14227: 14224: 14223: 14220: 14216: 14209: 14204: 14202: 14197: 14195: 14190: 14189: 14186: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14158:War on terror 14156: 14155: 14153: 14149: 14137: 14134: 14131: 14128: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14119: 14116: 14113: 14112: 14110: 14106: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14088: 14085: 14084: 14082: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14069: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14048: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14028: 14025: 14022: 14018: 14015: 14014: 14012: 14008: 14001: 13998: 13995: 13992: 13989: 13986: 13985: 13983: 13979: 13972: 13969: 13966: 13963: 13960: 13959:Heglig Crisis 13957: 13954: 13951: 13948: 13945: 13942: 13941:War in Darfur 13939: 13936: 13933: 13932: 13930: 13926: 13920: 13917: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13898: 13897:Heglig Crisis 13895: 13894: 13892: 13888: 13881: 13878: 13875: 13872: 13869: 13868:Kenyan crisis 13866: 13863: 13860: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13848: 13846: 13842: 13836: 13833: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13815: 13814: 13811: 13808: 13805: 13804: 13802: 13798: 13790: 13789:War in Amhara 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13766: 13765: 13762: 13759: 13756: 13753: 13750: 13747: 13744: 13741: 13738: 13734: 13731: 13730: 13729: 13726: 13725: 13723: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13710: 13699: 13696: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13684: 13682: 13678: 13670: 13667: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13655: 13653: 13649: 13641: 13638: 13637: 13636: 13633: 13630: 13627: 13626: 13624: 13618: 13611: 13608: 13605: 13602: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13589: 13587: 13586: 13584: 13578: 13571: 13568: 13565: 13562: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13541: 13538: 13535: 13532: 13529: 13528:Kivu conflict 13526: 13523: 13520: 13517: 13514: 13511: 13508: 13505: 13502: 13501: 13499: 13495: 13488: 13485: 13482: 13479: 13478: 13476: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13463: 13452: 13449: 13445: 13442: 13441: 13440: 13437: 13434: 13431: 13428: 13425: 13422: 13419: 13418: 13416: 13412: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13395: 13393: 13392: 13390: 13388:Côte d'Ivoire 13386: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13369: 13367: 13366: 13364: 13360: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13345: 13343: 13339: 13332: 13329: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13311: 13309: 13308: 13306: 13302: 13295: 13292: 13288: 13287:2016 conflict 13285: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13264: 13261: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13254: 13252: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13239: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13217: 13214: 13213: 13211: 13207: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13184: 13182: 13178: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13156: 13155: 13154:Libyan Crisis 13152: 13150: 13147: 13146: 13144: 13140: 13133: 13130: 13127: 13124: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13110: 13107: 13106: 13104: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13091: 13087: 13084: 13076: 13071: 13069: 13064: 13062: 13057: 13056: 13053: 13041: 13038: 13037: 13032: 13028: 13027: 13023: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12964: 12962: 12960: 12956: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12924:Ethnic groups 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12906: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12894: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12845: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12833: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12791: 12788: 12787: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12757: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12745: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12716: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12704: 12698: 12697:Famine (2017) 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12657: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12634: 12632: 12630: 12626: 12621: 12614: 12609: 12607: 12602: 12600: 12595: 12594: 12591: 12585: 12583: 12579: 12577: 12575: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12549: 12545: 12541: 12537: 12533: 12532: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12493: 12487: 12483: 12478: 12474: 12468: 12464: 12460: 12453: 12448: 12444: 12431: 12423: 12419: 12412: 12408: 12407: 12386: 12380: 12364: 12358: 12342: 12336: 12320: 12314: 12298: 12292: 12276: 12270: 12254: 12248: 12241: 12237: 12233: 12230: 12224: 12208: 12204: 12203:Radio Tamazuj 12200: 12194: 12186: 12182: 12176: 12160: 12156: 12150: 12134: 12130: 12126: 12120: 12104: 12098: 12082: 12076: 12060: 12056: 12052: 12046: 12039: 12036: 12031: 12015: 12009: 11993: 11987: 11972: 11968: 11961: 11945: 11939: 11937: 11928: 11922: 11920: 11918: 11916: 11908: 11903: 11896: 11891: 11884: 11879: 11877: 11875: 11866: 11862: 11856: 11840: 11836: 11831: 11824: 11816: 11810: 11794: 11788: 11772: 11766: 11750: 11746: 11740: 11724: 11723:Radio Tamazuj 11720: 11714: 11698: 11697:Radio Tamazuj 11694: 11688: 11680: 11676: 11670: 11654: 11650: 11644: 11628: 11622: 11606: 11599: 11591: 11587: 11583: 11577: 11569: 11565: 11564: 11557: 11549: 11548: 11541: 11525: 11521: 11515: 11499: 11495: 11489: 11487: 11471: 11467: 11460: 11458: 11456: 11447: 11443: 11437: 11421: 11420:Sudan Tribune 11417: 11411: 11395: 11394:Radio Tamazuj 11391: 11385: 11369: 11363: 11347: 11343: 11337: 11321: 11317: 11316: 11310: 11302: 11286: 11285: 11280: 11274: 11258: 11257: 11252: 11246: 11244: 11235: 11231: 11225: 11210: 11206: 11199: 11197: 11188: 11184: 11178: 11170: 11169: 11162: 11154: 11153: 11146: 11138: 11137: 11130: 11122: 11118: 11111: 11095: 11091: 11085: 11069: 11063: 11047: 11041: 11025: 11019: 11004:. Africa News 11003: 10997: 10981: 10977: 10971: 10955: 10951: 10945: 10929: 10928:Sudan Tribune 10925: 10919: 10903: 10902:Bloomberg.com 10899: 10893: 10877: 10873: 10867: 10851: 10847: 10841: 10825: 10821: 10815: 10800: 10796: 10790: 10775: 10774:Radio Tamazuj 10771: 10765: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10735: 10719: 10715: 10709: 10694:. 15 May 2019 10693: 10689: 10683: 10675: 10669: 10661: 10655: 10647: 10641: 10633: 10627: 10611: 10607: 10601: 10585: 10584:Sudan Tribune 10581: 10575: 10559: 10555: 10549: 10533: 10529: 10523: 10507: 10501: 10485: 10481: 10475: 10459: 10458: 10453: 10447: 10431: 10430: 10425: 10419: 10404:. 5 July 2018 10403: 10399: 10393: 10378:. 5 July 2018 10377: 10373: 10367: 10351: 10347: 10341: 10325: 10321: 10315: 10299: 10295: 10289: 10273: 10269: 10268:Sudan Tribune 10265: 10259: 10243: 10242:Sudan Tribune 10239: 10233: 10217: 10213: 10212:Sudan Tribune 10209: 10203: 10188:. 16 May 2017 10187: 10183: 10177: 10161: 10157: 10151: 10136:. 16 May 2017 10135: 10131: 10125: 10109: 10108:Radio Tamazuj 10105: 10099: 10083: 10079: 10073: 10057: 10053: 10047: 10045: 10028: 10027:Radio Tamazuj 10024: 10018: 10002: 9998: 9992: 9976: 9972: 9966: 9950: 9949:Radio Tamazuj 9946: 9940: 9938: 9921: 9917: 9911: 9895: 9889: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9859: 9843: 9839: 9838:Sudan Tribune 9835: 9829: 9813: 9807: 9791: 9785: 9769: 9765: 9759: 9743: 9739: 9733: 9717: 9711: 9695: 9694:Sudan Tribune 9691: 9685: 9669: 9663: 9648:. 7 July 2017 9647: 9643: 9637: 9622:. 7 July 2017 9621: 9617: 9611: 9595: 9591: 9585: 9569: 9568:Sudan Tribune 9565: 9559: 9543: 9542:Sudan Tribune 9539: 9533: 9517: 9513: 9507: 9491: 9487: 9481: 9473: 9467: 9459: 9455: 9449: 9433: 9429: 9423: 9408:. 24 May 2017 9407: 9403: 9397: 9381: 9380: 9375: 9369: 9353: 9349: 9343: 9335: 9329: 9313: 9312:Radio Tamazuj 9309: 9303: 9287: 9283: 9277: 9275: 9258: 9257:Radio Tamazuj 9254: 9248: 9232: 9231:Sudan Tribune 9228: 9222: 9206: 9202: 9196: 9180: 9179:Sudan Tribune 9176: 9170: 9162: 9161:Radio Tamazuj 9158: 9152: 9144: 9140: 9134: 9126: 9122: 9116: 9108: 9104: 9098: 9090: 9084: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9062: 9054: 9048: 9032: 9031:Sudan Tribune 9028: 9022: 9014: 9008: 9000: 8994: 8986: 8980: 8972: 8971:Sudan Tribune 8968: 8962: 8954: 8948: 8940: 8939:Sudan Tribune 8936: 8930: 8928: 8919: 8913: 8897: 8893: 8887: 8871: 8865: 8857: 8851: 8843: 8837: 8829: 8825: 8819: 8803: 8799: 8793: 8785: 8779: 8777: 8768: 8762: 8746: 8740: 8724: 8723: 8718: 8712: 8697:. 25 May 2016 8696: 8692: 8686: 8670: 8666: 8665:Sudan Tribune 8662: 8656: 8640: 8636: 8635:Sudan Tribune 8632: 8626: 8610: 8606: 8600: 8593: 8588: 8581: 8576: 8569: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8550: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8520: 8516: 8515:Sudan Tribune 8512: 8506: 8490: 8486: 8485:Sudan Tribune 8482: 8476: 8461:. 5 July 2016 8460: 8456: 8450: 8434: 8428: 8412: 8408: 8407:Sudan Tribune 8404: 8398: 8382: 8376: 8360: 8354: 8338: 8334: 8333: 8328: 8322: 8306: 8302: 8296: 8280: 8276: 8270: 8254: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8236: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8206: 8202: 8195: 8179: 8175: 8169: 8153: 8147: 8131: 8127: 8126: 8121: 8115: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8090: 8089: 8088:Sudan Tribune 8084: 8078: 8071: 8066: 8059: 8056: 8051: 8036:. 11 May 2014 8035: 8031: 8025: 8023: 8006: 8002: 7996: 7994: 7977: 7971: 7955: 7951: 7950:Sudan Tribune 7947: 7941: 7922: 7918: 7911: 7904: 7888: 7882: 7874: 7870: 7864: 7848: 7844: 7838: 7822: 7818: 7817: 7812: 7806: 7798: 7794: 7788: 7773: 7772: 7767: 7760: 7758: 7741: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7724: 7708: 7704: 7703: 7698: 7692: 7676: 7672: 7671: 7666: 7660: 7644: 7640: 7639: 7634: 7628: 7612: 7608: 7602: 7586: 7580: 7565:. Voanews.com 7564: 7557: 7549: 7545: 7539: 7531: 7525: 7510: 7509:Sudan Tribune 7506: 7500: 7484: 7477: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7447: 7439: 7433: 7418: 7414: 7408: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7375: 7359: 7353: 7338: 7337:Radio Tamazuj 7334: 7328: 7312: 7308: 7307:Radio Tamazuj 7304: 7298: 7282: 7278: 7277:Sudan Tribune 7274: 7268: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7246: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7216: 7208: 7204: 7197: 7181: 7177: 7171: 7155: 7149: 7133: 7129: 7128: 7123: 7117: 7101: 7097: 7096: 7095:Sudan Tribune 7091: 7085: 7083: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7051: 7035: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7018: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6988: 6972: 6968: 6967:The Asian Age 6964: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6939: 6924: 6920: 6914: 6898: 6892: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6861: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6831: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6801: 6793: 6789: 6783: 6767: 6761: 6745: 6739: 6731: 6730:Sudan Tribune 6727: 6721: 6705: 6701: 6695: 6693: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6662: 6646: 6640: 6624: 6618: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6596:Sudan Tribune 6592: 6586: 6570: 6563: 6547: 6541: 6525: 6521: 6515: 6499: 6493: 6477: 6471: 6469: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6437: 6421: 6415: 6400: 6396: 6389: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6359: 6340: 6336: 6329: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6270: 6263: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6196: 6190: 6182: 6181: 6174: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6102: 6098: 6097:Radio Tamazuj 6094: 6088: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6046: 6042: 6036: 6034: 6017: 6013: 6007: 6005: 6003: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5971: 5969: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5896: 5892: 5886: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5858: 5841: 5837: 5831: 5829: 5812: 5806: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5778: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5749: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5698: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5669: 5662: 5660: 5643: 5636: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5592: 5586: 5571: 5567: 5560: 5544: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5528: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5463: 5459: 5458:Sudan Tribune 5455: 5449: 5433: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5270: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5242: 5238: 5232: 5216: 5212: 5211:Sudan Tribune 5208: 5202: 5200: 5192: 5187: 5179: 5173: 5171: 5162: 5161:Boston Review 5158: 5152: 5146:, p. xx. 5145: 5140: 5133: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5113: 5112: 5111:The Economist 5107: 5101: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5073: 5064: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5037: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5018: 5014: 5008: 4993: 4989: 4983: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4955: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4923: 4906: 4905:Radio Tamazuj 4902: 4896: 4894: 4885: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4825: 4819: 4803: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4777: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4742: 4736: 4721: 4717: 4710: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4649: 4643: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4584: 4578: 4576: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4541: 4537: 4536:Sudan Tribune 4533: 4527: 4511: 4507: 4506:Sudan Tribune 4503: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4427: 4421: 4406:. 29 May 2019 4405: 4401: 4395: 4393: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4363:"South Sudan" 4358: 4342: 4341:Radio Tamazuj 4338: 4332: 4324: 4318: 4313: 4297: 4296:Radio Tamazuj 4293: 4287: 4271: 4267: 4266:Sudan Tribune 4263: 4257: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4229: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4196: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4101: 4084: 4080: 4079:Sudan Tribune 4076: 4070: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4002: 3996: 3994: 3977: 3973: 3972:Sudan Tribune 3969: 3963: 3947: 3941: 3939: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3910: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3860: 3856: 3855:Radio Tamazuj 3852: 3846: 3844: 3827: 3823: 3822:Sudan Tribune 3819: 3813: 3811: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3734: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3699: 3693: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3665: 3656: 3650: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3622: 3605: 3601: 3600:Sudan Tribune 3597: 3591: 3584: 3579: 3577: 3569: 3564: 3557: 3552: 3536: 3530: 3528: 3520: 3515: 3508: 3503: 3501: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3435: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3384: 3377: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3348: 3338: 3334: 3323: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3258:David Yau Yau 3255: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3207: 3198: 3188: 3185: 3175: 3174: 3162: 3153: 3149: 3146:This list is 3144: 3137: 3136: 3128: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3106: 3097: 3095: 3090: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3043: 3037: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2985: 2983: 2978: 2968: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2871:", while the 2870: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2846: 2841: 2827: 2825: 2820: 2818: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2767:African Union 2763: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2681: 2676: 2672: 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