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The climate is cloudy and humid all year round, and very strong westerly winds blow at all seasons. Some of the sunniest weather is associated with outbreaks of very cold weather from the south in late winter and spring. Mean summer temperatures are only about 1.5 °C (34.7 °F) and those in
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were conducted on the islands during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The sealing era lasted from 1820 to 1908 during which time 197 vessels are recorded as having visiting the islands. Twelve of those vessels were wrecked. Relics of the sealing era include iron try pots, hut ruins, and
2012:
567:
off
Livingston Island, where its British crew landed on Christmas Day 1819, and claimed the islands for King George III. A narrative of the events was published by the brig's master, Joseph Herring, in the July 1820 edition of the
440:
before Smith, historical evidence is insufficient to sustain such assertions. Smith's discovery, by contrast, was well documented and had wider historical implications beyond its geographic significance.
2016:
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winter are about −5 °C (23 °F). The effect of the ocean tends to keep summer temperatures low and prevent winter temperatures from falling as low as they do inland to the south.
161:
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The South
Shetlands consist of 11 major islands and several minor ones, totalling 3,687 km (1,424 sq mi) of land area. Between 80 and 90% of the land area is permanently
671:, but they have only been permanently occupied by humans since the establishment of a scientific research station in 1944. The archipelago, together with the nearby
2148:
I.M. Howat, C. Porter, B.E. Smith, M.-J. Noh and P. Morin. Reference
Elevation Model of Antarctica (REMA). Polar Geospatial Center. University of Minnesota, 2022 (
373:
of 1959, the islands' sovereignty is neither recognized nor disputed by the signatories and they are free for use by any signatory for non-military purposes.
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from early April to early
December, and the monthly average temperature is below 0 °C (32 °F) for eight months of the year (April to November).
2422:
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The first wintering over in
Antarctica took place on the South Shetlands, when at the end of the 1820–1821 summer season, 11 British men from the ship
17:
1762:
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from the exploration of the sloop Dove in the years 1821 and 1822 by George Powell
Commander of the same. Scale ca. 1:200000. London: Laurie, 1822.
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ship to explore the islands, where "new sources of wealth, power, and happiness would be disclosed and science itself be benefited thereby".
1833:
Scale 1:250000 topographic map of
Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
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arrived at the South
Shetlands in January 1821. The Russians surveyed the islands and named them, landing on both King George Island and
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491:. Thus, Livingston Island became the first land ever discovered farther than 60° south. Smith revisited the South Shetlands, landed on
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645:). The name South Shetland Islands is now established in international usage. The two island groups lie at similar distances from the
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The
Discovery of the South Shetland Islands: The Voyage of the Brig Williams 1819–1820 and the Journal of Midshipman C. W. Poynter
734:. They are within the region 61° 00'–63° 37' South, 53° 83'–62° 83' West. The islands lie 940 km (510 nmi) south of the
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with a total area of 3,687 km (1,424 sq mi). They lie about 120 kilometres (65 nautical miles) north of the
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508:. Parts of her presumed wreckage were found months later by sealers on the north coast of Livingston Island. The crew of
894:, but their proximity to Antarctica means that they have a much colder climate. The sea around the islands is closed by
83:
3816:
2474:
2103:
Martinez-Bahamonde, Rafael (2019). "El navio San Telmo: Los
Primeros en pisar la Antartida. Una reparación histórica".
2065:
1778:(from English Strait to Morton Strait, with illustrations and ice-cover distribution). Scale 1:100000 topographic map.
607:
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retreat during recent years, but despite this, they remain more than 80% snow- and ice-covered throughout the summer.
866:
Quaternary volcanic products of the islands tend to have less potassium and sodium at a given silica range, and lower
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1652:
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Sixteen research stations are in different parts of the islands, with Chilean stations being the greatest in number.
116:
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The name "New South Britain" was used briefly, but was soon changed to South Shetland Islands (in reference to the
538:
65:
1945:
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failed to leave King George Island, and survived the winter to be rescued at the beginning of the next season.
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2082:"Dirección Nacional del Antártico | Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Internacional y Culto"
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1600:
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in 1603 might have sighted the South Shetlands, or North or South American sealers might have visited the
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authorities to establish a base for sealing on "some of the uninhabited islands near the South Pole".
1295:
1219:
90:
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El hito austral del confín de América. El cabo de Hornos. (Siglo XIX, 1800–1855.) (Segunda parte.)
634:, who informed him of the activities of dozens of American and British sealing ships in the area.
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1952:. Eds. C. Pimpirev and N. Chipev. Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2015, pp. 17–28,
1385:
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419:
370:
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43:
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on Smith Island at 2,025 m (6,644 ft) above sea level at 2-meter spatial resolution.
365:, and between 430 and 900 km (230 and 485 nmi) southwest of the nearest point of the
303:
2057:
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1923:
1902:
island of "Locket Island", but which the author states is based on the South Shetland Islands.
4159:
4113:
955:
680:
461:
460:; however, the artifacts – two arrowheads – were later found to have been planted. In 1818,
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1978:
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On 15 November 1819, the United States agent in Valparaíso, Jeremy Robinson, informed the
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Several countries maintain research stations on the islands. Most of them are situated on
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8:
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visited the islands, due to stone artifacts recovered from bottom-sampling operations in
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1982:
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1994:
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The Russian names above are historical, and no longer the official Russian names. (See
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860:
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of Smith's discovery and Bransfield's forthcoming mission, and suggested dispatching a
522:
From December 1819 to January 1820, the islands were surveyed and mapped by Lieutenant
519:(a total of 644 men), are believed to be the first known humans to land in Antarctica.
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Espacios protegidos y política territorial en las islas Shetland del Sur (Antártida).
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1998:
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Despite the harsh conditions, the islands do support vegetation and are part of the
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1986:
1861:
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1664:
1658:
1655: – Authoritative international gazetteer containing all the Antarctic toponyms
1214:
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832:
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739:
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638:
627:
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The islands have been claimed by the United Kingdom since 1908 and as part of the
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2187:"Geochemical signatures of tephras from Quaternary Antarctic Peninsula volcanoes"
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From north to south, the main and some minor islands of the South Shetlands are:
816:
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2320:
A. G. E. Jones, Captain William Smith and the Discovery of New South Shetland,
2304:
2290:
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1881:
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The discovery of the islands attracted British and American sealers. The first
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1990:
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206:
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148:
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1969:
G. Hattersley-Smith (June 1983). "Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands".
1795:
Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands.
476:
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Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands
811:. From west to east, the known volcanoes are Sail Rock, Deception Island,
3993:
3977:
3956:
3886:
3851:
3826:
3801:
3729:
3719:
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1895:
1797:
Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010.
1647:
1471:
1017:
812:
747:
746:) northwest and north from the nearest point of the Antarctic continent,
650:
437:
1740:
Topographic map of Livingston, Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands
779:
The South Shetland Islands extend about 500 km (270 nmi) from
4013:
3951:
3936:
3901:
3841:
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3704:
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1075:(the largest, called May 25 island by Argentina, or Vaterloo by Russia)
1013:
932:
800:
599:
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333:
179:
160:
2121:, Scott Polar Research Institute (Cambridge University), 2018, p.168,
3569:
3549:
3434:
3424:
3379:
3314:
2433:
Argentine Government Website with a map of the South Shetland Islands
1899:
1596:
1273:
1255:
1237:
1009:
939:
513:
480:
133:
2013:"Authentication of aboriginal remains in the South Shetland Islands"
1153:(one of several in the Antarctic region; Maly Yaroslavets by Russia)
298:
32:
3916:
3749:
3624:
3474:
1820:. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017,
1783:
1744:
1613:
1291:
852:
642:
2105:
University of the Basque Country – Escuela de Ingeniería de Bilbao
1706: – Tectonic microplate off the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula
2354:
General Survey of Climatology V12, Landsberg ed., 1984, Elsevier.
2149:
2034:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1561:
1417:
971:
902:
895:
871:
867:
769:
703:
As a group of islands, the South Shetland Islands are located at
660:
646:
319:
287:
1661: – Active volcanic island in the South Shetland archipelago
1087:(minor - one of several Penguin Islands in the Antarctic region)
2244:. Sutton, Surrey, UK: Severn House Publishers. pp. 1–224.
1525:
1507:
1309:
963:
936:
844:
840:
343:
1028:
is in the background; she later sank after hitting an iceberg.
851:. An exception is the tephra of Deception Island, which is of
803:
exist in the islands. These volcanoes are associated with the
2489:
2137:
1787:
1630:
1453:
1435:
1399:
1381:
1363:
1345:
1327:
967:
381:
2438:
Argentine Government website about the history of Antarctica
667:
Beginning in 1908, the islands were governed as part of the
649:; the Scottish Shetland Islands are 60°N, and warmed by the
314:
2329:
Below the Convergence: Voyages Toward Antarctica, 1699–1839
2217:
GHCN Climate data, GISS data publications, period 1978-2007
1749:
Route of plot sequence and geography of the thriller novel
1489:
1225:
Several nations maintain research stations on the Islands:
959:
1830:
886:
The islands are the same distance from the Equator as the
2226:
584:, commanded by Captain James Sheffield (with second mate
1667: – Island of the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica
495:
on 16 October 1819, and claimed possession for Britain.
380:
since 1962. They are also claimed by the governments of
329:
2185:
Kraus, Stefan; Kurbatov, Andrei; Yates, Martin (2013).
504:
sank in September 1819 whilst trying to go through the
2428:
United Kingdom, British Antarctic Territory Government
2364:
Jefferson, N.C. and London: McFarland, 2011. 1771 pp.
958:. These areas support tundra vegetation consisting of
954:. All of these islands lie in the cold seas below the
2405:
Generis Publishing, 2022. pp. 23–24, 78–83, 108–110.
2324:, vol. 141, no. 3 (November 1975), pp. 445–461.
759:, lying about 120 km (75 mi) north of the
653:, but the South Shetlands at 62°S are much colder.
403:, benefitting from the airfield of the Chilean base
388:
province), and by Argentina (since 1943, as part of
306:'s 1822 chart of the South Shetland Islands, with a
2454:
1968:
1946:
General Geography and History of Livingston Island.
1763:
Chart of South Shetland including Coronation Island
479:, Chile, in 1819, deviated from his route south of
471:Captain William Smith in the British merchant brig
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2512:
2184:
2102:
2049:
129:Group of islands north of the Antarctic Peninsula
4136:
2445:Argentine Antarctic Sector: Historical Documents
2307:is a pseudonym Riffenburgh and she use jointly.)
1898:(2020) is set in a penguin research base on the
1769:King George Island Geographic Information System
1147:(minor - one of several in the Antarctic region)
2423:Commonwealth Secretariat Website describing BAT
588:), the first US sealer in the South Shetlands.
418:The islands were discovered by British mariner
1818:Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island
132:For the southernmost of Shetland Islands, see
2659:
2475:
2395:Boletín de la A.G.E. N.º 31, 2001, págs. 5–21
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2455:Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria
2264:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1977:(135). Cambridge University Press: 605–606.
1673: – Island of the South Shetland Islands
974:, and seals feed in the surrounding waters.
944:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2052:Slicing the Silence: Voyaging to Antarctica
791:and Clarence Island in the east-northeast.
772:. The highest point on the island chain is
310:on the bottom-right called "Middle Island".
2897:Desolation Island (South Shetland Islands)
2673:
2666:
2652:
2482:
2468:
2171:
1688:Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
1677:List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands
755:The South Shetland Islands are a group of
2490:Places adjacent to South Shetland Islands
2202:
2047:
1950:Bulgarian Antarctic Research: A Synthesis
1512:Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station
555:ship to operate in the area was the brig
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
2041:
1743:
1735:
1576:
1213:
1197:
1008:
981:
916:
901:The islands have experienced measurable
738:, and between 93 km (50 nmi) (
690:
683:destination during the southern summer.
342:
328:
313:
297:
286:
2015:. NASA. 15 October 2012. Archived from
874:ratios, than those associated with the
799:Various volcanoes with activity in the
626:Islands, Bellingshausen was visited by
14:
4137:
1918:
1916:
2647:
2463:
2119:Historical Antarctic sealing industry
2056:. Harvard University Press. pp.
1582:Camp Byers (International Field Camp)
444:Chilean scientists have claimed that
226:3,687 km (1,424 sq mi)
2497:
2381:New York: Routledge, 2006. 1272 pp.
2338:, the Hakluyt Society, London, 2000.
2142:
1193:
1141:(second largest, Smolensk by Russia)
559:, chartered by British merchants in
55:adding citations to reliable sources
26:
4155:Archipelagoes of the Southern Ocean
1913:
1314:Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station
24:
2314:
2131:
2005:
912:
742:) and 269 km (145 nmi) (
530:, which had been chartered by the
483:, and on 19 February 1819 sighted
428:, in 1819. Although Dutch mariner
25:
18:South Shetland Islands, Antarctica
4171:
2450:Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica
2416:
1653:Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica
1190:for a complete list of islands.)
498:Meanwhile, the Spanish Navy ship
153:Map of the South Shetland Islands
4150:Falkland Islands in World War II
2599:
2582:
2574:
2555:
2534:
2514:
2331:, Penguin Books, New York, 1998.
2029:
1831:Antarctic Digital Database (ADD)
1780:Antarctic Place-names Commission
1699:Territorial claims in Antarctica
1623:
1606:
1589:
1554:
1536:
1518:
1500:
1482:
1464:
1446:
1428:
1410:
1392:
1374:
1356:
1338:
1320:
1302:
1284:
1266:
1248:
1230:
1005:seen on the horizon on the right
539:United States Secretary of State
294:, discovered on 19 February 1819
159:
147:
31:
2272:
2220:
2211:
2168:Generis Publishing, 2022. p. 23
2155:
1926:. North Dakota State University
512:and the troops onboard, led by
165:Location of the South Shetlands
42:needs additional citations for
2111:
2096:
2074:
1962:
1938:
1868:), with action spreading from
1572:
630:, master of the American brig
13:
1:
2600:
2556:
2377:Encyclopedia of the Antarctic
2138:Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer
1906:
1843:The archipelago provides the
1837:
1494:Machu Picchu Research Station
1187:
878:on the Antarctic Peninisula.
679:, is an increasingly popular
487:, the northeast extremity of
464:obtained permission from the
2583:
2575:
2228:Beaufort, Simon, (pseudonym)
1690: – British organization
1684: – Island in Antarctica
1440:Juan Carlos I Antarctic Base
1422:Pedro Vicente Maldonado Base
1350:Profesor Julio Escudero Base
1332:Presidente Eduardo Frei Base
794:
686:
604:Russian Antarctic Expedition
384:(since 1940, as part of the
7:
2360:Antarctica: An Encyclopedia
2341:Capt. Hernán Ferrer Fougá,
1640:
695:South Shetland Islands and
669:Falkland Islands Dependency
598:Having circumnavigated the
432:in 1599 or Spanish Admiral
378:British Antarctic Territory
234:2,025 m (6644 ft)
10:
4176:
2398:L. Ivanov and N. Ivanova.
2161:L. Ivanov and N. Ivanova.
977:
881:
413:
131:
4082:
3986:
3303:
2747:
2681:
2495:
2351:, Valparaíso, 2004, n° 1.
2254:– via Google Books.
1991:10.1017/S003224740002204X
1864:(under their joint alias
1550:(since 1996, Summer only)
1496:(since 1989, Summer only)
1460:(since 1989, Summer only)
1442:(since 1988, Summer only)
1424:(since 1990, Summer only)
1388:(since 1991, Summer only)
1298:(since 1988, Summer only)
1280:(since 1948, Summer only)
1244:(since 1953, Summer only)
787:in the west-southwest to
608:Fabian von Bellingshausen
394:Tierra del Fuego Province
274:
266:
261:
253:
248:
238:
230:
222:
185:
175:
170:
158:
146:
2299:is pseudonyms of author
1924:"South Shetland Islands"
1568:(since 1984, Year-round)
1532:(since 1968, Year-round)
1514:(since 1977, Year-round)
1478:(since 1988, Year-round)
1458:Gabriel de Castilla Base
1406:(since 1985, Year-round)
1404:Chang Cheng / Great Wall
1370:(since 1947, Year-round)
1368:Captain Arturo Prat Base
1352:(since 1994, Year-round)
1334:(since 1969, Year-round)
1316:(since 1984, Year-round)
1262:(since 1953, Year-round)
618:. While sailing between
66:"South Shetland Islands"
2401:The World of Antarctica
2204:10.5027/andgeoV40n1-a01
2164:The World of Antarctica
2048:Griffiths, Tom (2007).
1849:of the 2016 Antarctica
1731:
1386:Dr. Guillermo Mann Base
1001:in the background, and
857:basaltic trachyandesite
699:, astronaut photo, 2011
256:Antarctic Treaty System
254:Administered under the
4145:South Shetland Islands
3832:Sewing-Machine Needles
2675:South Shetland Islands
2580:South Shetland Islands
2150:Antarctic REMA Exlorer
1892:Away with the Penguins
1758:
1741:
1584:
1530:Bellingshausen Station
1222:
1211:
1188:the end of the article
1045:(Mordvinova by Russia)
1029:
1006:
928:
700:
576:was followed from the
563:. The ship arrived at
355:South Shetland Islands
350:
340:
326:
311:
295:
231:Highest elevation
142:South Shetland Islands
4114:South Shetland Trough
2117:R.K. Headland (ed.),
1747:
1739:
1580:
1217:
1201:
1051:(Shishkova by Russia)
1012:
985:
956:Antarctic Convergence
920:
694:
580:by the American brig
462:Juan Pedro de Aguirre
456:, and Discovery Bay,
346:
332:
317:
301:
290:
3305:Rocks, stacks, reefs
2591:South Orkney Islands
2374:B. Riffenburgh, ed.
2334:R. J. Campbell ed.,
2322:Geographical Journal
1805:(First edition 2009
1774:L. L. Ivanov et al.
1296:St. Kliment Ohridski
1159:(Borodino by Russia)
1123:(Berezina by Russia)
948:South Orkney Islands
861:potassium and sodium
677:South Georgia Island
390:Argentine Antarctica
367:South Orkney Islands
51:improve this article
4086:subglacial features
2618:Antarctic Peninsula
1983:1983PoRec..21..605H
1476:King Sejong Station
1099:(Polotsk by Russia)
1093:(Leipzig by Russia)
761:Antarctic Peninsula
718: /
697:Antarctic Peninsula
673:Antarctic Peninsula
600:Antarctic continent
475:, while sailing to
434:Gabriel de Castilla
363:Antarctic Peninsula
203: /
143:
2280:"The Killing Ship"
2086:cancilleria.gob.ar
1759:
1742:
1725:Wensleydale Beacon
1671:King George Island
1585:
1223:
1212:
1165:(Teylya by Russia)
1073:King George Island
1030:
1014:Warm volcanic bath
1007:
970:, while seabirds,
929:
701:
546:United States Navy
493:King George Island
454:King George Island
401:King George Island
351:
341:
327:
312:
296:
239:Highest point
141:
4132:
4131:
4094:Bransfield Trough
2639:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2411:979-8-88676-403-1
2387:978-1-1358-7866-5
2370:978-0-7864-3590-6
2348:Revista de Marina
2251:978-0-7278-8639-2
2236:Riffenburgh, Beau
2232:Cruwys, Elizabeth
2127:978-0-901021-26-7
2019:on 2 January 2014
1958:978-954-07-3939-7
1826:978-619-90008-3-0
1811:978-954-92032-6-4
1803:978-954-92032-9-5
1682:Livingston Island
1194:Research stations
1139:Livingston Island
1133:Desolation Island
1037:Cornwallis Island
991:Livingston Island
849:basaltic andesite
757:Antarctic islands
722:62.000°S 58.000°W
570:Imperial Magazine
542:John Quincy Adams
524:Edward Bransfield
489:Livingston Island
386:Antártica Chilena
359:Antarctic islands
285:
284:
207:62.000°S 58.000°W
127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
4167:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2645:
2644:
2603:
2602:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2577:
2559:
2558:
2539:
2538:
2524:
2522:Falkland Islands
2520:
2518:
2517:
2502:Tierra del Fuego
2498:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2308:
2301:Elizabeth Cruwys
2294:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2255:
2241:The Killing Ship
2224:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2182:
2169:
2159:
2153:
2146:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2092:on 18 June 2015.
2088:. Archived from
2078:
2072:
2071:
2055:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1966:
1960:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1920:
1862:Beau Riffenburgh
1858:Elizabeth Cruwys
1854:The Killing Ship
1751:The Killing Ship
1665:Greenwich Island
1659:Deception Island
1629:
1627:
1626:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1163:Deception Island
1127:Half Moon Island
1121:Greenwich Island
1079:Bridgeman Island
1022:Deception Island
833:Bridgeman Island
740:Deception Island
736:Falkland Islands
733:
732:
730:
729:
728:
727:-62.000; -58.000
723:
719:
716:
715:
714:
711:
641:in the north of
639:Shetland Islands
628:Nathaniel Palmer
586:Nathaniel Palmer
578:Falkland Islands
458:Greenwich Island
371:Antarctic Treaty
338:Tangra Mountains
324:Half Moon Island
218:
217:
215:
214:
213:
212:-62.000; -58.000
208:
204:
201:
200:
199:
196:
163:
151:
144:
140:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
35:
27:
21:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4124:Wordie Seamount
4099:Macheret Trench
4087:
4085:
4078:
4049:Neck or Nothing
3982:
3308:
3307:spits and banks
3306:
3299:
2743:
2677:
2672:
2640:
2635:
2627:
2587:
2543:
2533:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2504:
2491:
2488:
2419:
2317:
2315:Further reading
2312:
2311:
2297:Susanna Gregory
2285:Susanna Gregory
2278:
2277:
2273:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2183:
2172:
2160:
2156:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2132:
2116:
2112:
2101:
2097:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2046:
2042:
2030:
2022:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1967:
1963:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1888:in the process.
1874:Byers Peninsula
1840:
1757:
1734:
1729:
1643:
1624:
1622:
1607:
1605:
1601:Camp Livingston
1590:
1588:
1575:
1555:
1553:
1537:
1535:
1519:
1517:
1501:
1499:
1483:
1481:
1465:
1463:
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1427:
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1409:
1393:
1391:
1375:
1373:
1357:
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1339:
1337:
1321:
1319:
1303:
1301:
1285:
1283:
1267:
1265:
1249:
1247:
1231:
1229:
1218:Bulgarian base
1196:
1103:The Watchkeeper
1049:Clarence Island
1043:Elephant Island
980:
915:
913:Flora and fauna
884:
823:, Inott Point,
817:Gleaner Heights
809:Bransfield Rift
797:
789:Elephant Island
766:
765:
764:
744:Clarence Island
726:
724:
720:
717:
712:
709:
707:
705:
704:
689:
616:Elephant Island
612:Mikhail Lazarev
517:Rosendo Porlier
416:
357:are a group of
211:
209:
205:
202:
197:
194:
192:
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166:
154:
137:
130:
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112:
106:
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60:
58:
48:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4173:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4119:Vergilov Ridge
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4083:
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4079:
4077:
4076:
4071:
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4031:
4026:
4021:
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4001:
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3990:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3932:Twin Pinnacles
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
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3727:
3722:
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3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3650:Martello Tower
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
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3300:
3298:
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3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
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3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
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3165:
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3150:
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2809:
2804:
2803:
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2797:
2792:
2787:
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2767:
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2751:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2648:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2624:Southern Ocean
2620:
2615:
2612:Southern Ocean
2607:
2606:
2604:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2573:
2571:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2546:Atlantic Ocean
2531:
2510:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2418:
2417:External links
2415:
2414:
2413:
2396:
2389:
2372:
2355:
2352:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2305:Simon Beaufort
2291:Simon Beaufort
2271:
2250:
2219:
2210:
2191:Andean Geology
2170:
2154:
2141:
2130:
2110:
2095:
2073:
2067:978-0674026339
2066:
2040:
2004:
1961:
1937:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1889:
1882:Verila Glacier
1866:Simon Beaufort
1851:thriller novel
1839:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1814:
1791:
1772:
1766:
1755:Simon Beaufort
1748:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1704:Shetland Plate
1701:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
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1479:
1461:
1443:
1425:
1407:
1389:
1371:
1353:
1335:
1317:
1299:
1281:
1278:Base Decepción
1263:
1245:
1210:(on the right)
1208:Bellingshausen
1195:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1115:Aitcho Islands
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1085:Penguin Island
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
979:
976:
922:Elephant seals
914:
911:
892:North Atlantic
883:
880:
835:. Most of the
825:Penguin Island
821:Edinburgh Hill
796:
793:
754:
753:
752:
688:
685:
664:inscriptions.
574:Espirito Santo
557:Espirito Santo
485:Williams Point
430:Dirck Gerritsz
415:
412:
308:phantom island
292:Williams Point
283:
282:
276:
272:
271:
268:
264:
263:
259:
258:
251:
250:
249:Administration
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4146:
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4142:
4140:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4109:Quiroga Ridge
4107:
4105:
4104:Orca Seamount
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4081:
4075:
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3997:
3995:
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3991:
3989:
3985:
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3976:
3973:
3972:Waldseemüller
3970:
3968:
3965:
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3463:
3461:
3458:
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3441:
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3423:
3421:
3418:
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3413:
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3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
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3393:
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3386:
3383:
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3378:
3376:
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3356:
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3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
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3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
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2947:
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2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
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2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
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2918:
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2910:
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2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
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2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
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2825:
2823:
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2818:
2815:
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2810:
2808:
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2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
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2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:Other islands
2746:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2581:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2568:Pacific Ocean
2565:
2564:
2561:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2541:South Georgia
2537:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2528:Drake Passage
2523:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2507:Drake Passage
2503:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2327:Alan Gurney,
2326:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2267:
2261:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2167:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2107:(in Spanish).
2106:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2044:
2037:
2036:public domain
2018:
2014:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1846:mise-en-scène
1842:
1841:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:L.L. Ivanov.
1815:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1793:L.L. Ivanov.
1792:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1738:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1715:Stanley Patch
1713:
1711:
1710:Stancomb Cove
1708:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1636:
1632:
1621:
1619:
1618:Camp Academia
1615:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1567:
1563:
1552:
1549:
1548:Shirreff Base
1545:
1544:United States
1534:
1531:
1527:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1408:
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1401:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1354:
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1347:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1205:
1202:Chilean base
1200:
1191:
1189:
1181:
1180:Middle Island
1178:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:Rugged Island
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1097:Robert Island
1095:
1092:
1091:Nelson Island
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:Rowett Island
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:Morton Strait
992:
988:
984:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:Bouvet Island
949:
945:
942:, along with
941:
938:
934:
927:
923:
919:
910:
906:
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
888:Faroe Islands
879:
877:
873:
869:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
837:volcanic rock
834:
830:
829:Melville Peak
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
792:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
762:
758:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
731:
698:
693:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
662:
658:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
593:Lord Melville
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
565:Rugged Island
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
540:
535:
533:
529:
526:on board the
525:
520:
518:
515:
511:
507:
506:Drake Passage
503:
502:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
450:Admiralty Bay
447:
442:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:
421:
420:William Smith
411:
408:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
349:
345:
339:
335:
331:
325:
321:
316:
309:
305:
304:George Powell
300:
293:
289:
280:
277:
275:Ethnic groups
273:
269:
265:
260:
257:
252:
247:
244:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
188:
184:
181:
178:
174:
169:
162:
157:
150:
145:
139:
135:
121:
118:
110:
107:February 2022
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
4160:Seal hunting
4084:Undersea and
3897:The Pointers
2682:Main islands
2674:
2641:
2622:
2610:
2579:
2566:
2544:
2526:
2505:
2400:
2391:E. Serrano.
2376:
2359:
2357:J. Stewart.
2346:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2283:
2274:
2240:
2222:
2213:
2194:
2190:
2163:
2157:
2144:
2133:
2118:
2113:
2104:
2098:
2090:the original
2085:
2076:
2051:
2043:
2021:. Retrieved
2017:the original
2007:
1974:
1971:Polar Record
1970:
1964:
1949:
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1891:
1878:Ivanov Beach
1870:Hannah Point
1856:authored by
1853:
1844:
1750:
1694:Sherratt Bay
1566:Artigas Base
1224:
1206:and Russian
1185:
1174:Seal Islands
1157:Smith Island
1109:Table Island
1067:Eadie Island
1061:Gibbs Island
1031:
1003:Smith Island
987:Devils Point
930:
926:Hannah Point
907:
900:
885:
865:
859:, richer in
798:
781:Smith Island
778:
774:Mount Foster
767:
702:
666:
657:Seal hunting
655:
636:
631:
597:
592:
590:
581:
573:
569:
561:Buenos Aires
556:
550:
536:
527:
521:
509:
499:
497:
472:
470:
466:Buenos Aires
443:
424:
417:
409:
405:Eduardo Frei
398:
375:
354:
352:
348:Renier Point
302:Fragment of
262:Demographics
243:Mount Foster
138:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
3730:Parry Patch
3480:Enchantress
3335:Ballestilla
2709:King George
2197:(1): 1–40.
1944:Ivanov, L.
1896:Hazel Prior
1880:, skirting
1648:Cape Plenty
1573:Field camps
1472:South Korea
1151:Snow Island
1026:MV Explorer
1018:Port Foster
999:Snow Island
876:Larsen Rift
813:Rezen Knoll
748:Graham Land
725: /
651:Gulf Stream
438:archipelago
270:around 500
210: /
186:Coordinates
4139:Categories
4014:Hell Gates
3812:Rusokastro
3765:Asses Ears
3420:Chorobates
3293:Phanagoria
3243:Valchedram
3238:Two Summit
3198:Square End
3071:Churicheni
3046:Miladinovi
2882:Cornwallis
2872:Chiprovtsi
2790:Kilifarevo
2765:Barrientos
2714:Livingston
2629:Antarctica
1907:References
1886:Rotch Dome
1838:In fiction
1720:Stump Rock
1635:Camp Byers
1169:Low Island
933:Scotia Sea
801:Quaternary
785:Low Island
624:Livingston
532:Royal Navy
477:Valparaíso
334:Ongal Peak
318:Norwegian
267:Population
180:Antarctica
77:newspapers
4034:McFarlane
3927:Tvarditsa
3912:Troughton
3907:Triznatsi
3862:Stackpole
3817:Sail Rock
3635:Lyutibrod
3530:Habermehl
3490:Frederick
3460:Eddystone
3430:Cosmolabe
3330:Baktriana
3315:Aim Rocks
3278:Esperanto
3233:Treklyano
3208:Sugarloaf
3183:San Telmo
3143:Prosechen
3133:Presnakov
3096:Osenovlag
3034:Pisanitsa
2989:Half Moon
2937:Pogledets
2862:Bridgeman
2704:Greenwich
2694:Deception
2260:cite book
2023:2 January
1999:129083566
1930:21 August
1900:fictional
1597:Argentina
1274:Argentina
1256:Argentina
1238:Argentina
1182:(phantom)
940:ecoregion
805:tectonics
795:Volcanoes
770:glaciated
687:Geography
620:Deception
514:Brigadier
510:San Telmo
501:San Telmo
481:Cape Horn
369:. By the
171:Geography
134:Fair Isle
4074:Villalón
4069:Smolensk
3947:Vergilov
3787:Raquelia
3700:Odometer
3595:Letelier
3540:Henfield
3500:Glozhene
3415:Cheshire
3395:Chabrier
3390:Caraquet
3288:Lesidren
3123:Pindarev
3106:Svetulka
3051:Montufar
3019:Låvebrua
2984:González
2877:Cornwall
2857:Borceguí
2699:Elephant
2689:Clarence
2238:(2016).
1784:Bulgaria
1641:See also
1614:Bulgaria
1292:Bulgaria
1220:Ohridski
972:penguins
935:Islands
853:trachyte
643:Scotland
582:Hersilia
528:Williams
473:Williams
446:Amerinds
281:, others
176:Location
4029:Klimash
4009:Glogovo
3999:English
3987:Straits
3967:Voluyak
3962:Vodoley
3922:Turmoil
3892:Tenorio
3882:Telefon
3877:Syrezol
3872:Suhache
3867:Stewart
3847:Simpson
3837:Shearer
3822:Salient
3807:Rosales
3797:Ritchie
3782:Ramsden
3777:Rabisha
3760:Potmess
3755:Pingvin
3745:Perivol
3740:Patresh
3735:Passage
3695:Nikudin
3660:Mellona
3645:Makresh
3640:Maglizh
3615:Livonia
3605:Lientur
3600:Liberty
3585:Koynare
3575:Kianida
3525:Growler
3505:Goritsa
3495:Galiche
3455:Dzhegov
3450:Dovizio
3445:Dlagnya
3410:Chapman
3400:Channel
3385:Buchino
3345:Belchin
3283:Koshava
3223:Tirizis
3163:Rotalia
3153:Rogozen
3148:Pyramid
3118:Penguin
3039:Zverino
3004:Kaliman
2994:Heywood
2974:Glumche
2964:Gergini
2959:Fregata
2954:Express
2932:Melyane
2912:Dufayel
2907:Dioptra
2827:Aurelia
2817:Araguez
2795:Pasarel
2780:Emeline
2775:Cecilia
2770:Bilyana
2293:. 2019.
2287:website
2058:344–345
1979:Bibcode
1790:, 2005.
1562:Uruguay
1418:Ecuador
1260:Carlini
1176:(minor)
1135:(minor)
1129:(minor)
1117:(minor)
1111:(minor)
1105:(minor)
1081:(minor)
1069:(minor)
1063:(minor)
1057:(minor)
1039:(minor)
993:, with
978:Islands
964:lichens
903:glacier
890:in the
882:Climate
681:tourist
661:whaling
647:Equator
553:sealing
425:William
414:History
320:whaling
91:scholar
4054:Nelson
4039:Morton
4024:Izgrev
4019:Iglika
4004:Fildes
3957:Vietor
3942:Vardim
3887:Telish
3857:Skrino
3852:Sinbad
3802:Rongel
3772:Priboy
3725:Orsoya
3720:Orsini
3690:Nessie
3685:Napier
3675:Morris
3670:Mónica
3655:Meldia
3590:Lenoir
3580:Knight
3565:Indian
3555:Holmes
3535:Hauken
3515:Graovo
3485:Folger
3465:Elemag
3440:Cutler
3370:Bowler
3360:Bonert
3355:Bizone
3350:Besson
3263:Yrvind
3253:Withem
3248:Window
3228:Toledo
3203:Stoker
3193:Sierra
3178:Saffar
3173:Rugged
3168:Rowett
3138:Prisad
3128:Pordim
3111:Vilare
3101:Redina
3091:Oescus
3081:Kovach
3066:Onogur
3061:Ongley
3056:Ogygia
3014:Korsis
3009:Kondor
2999:Kabile
2979:Gnomon
2942:Zavala
2927:Balsha
2917:Dunbar
2887:Craggy
2852:Boatin
2847:Biruni
2842:Beslen
2832:Barlow
2812:Alfeus
2760:Aitcho
2729:Robert
2724:Nelson
2519:
2409:
2385:
2368:
2303:, and
2248:
2125:
2064:
1997:
1956:
1824:
1809:
1801:
1628:
1611:
1594:
1559:
1541:
1526:Russia
1523:
1508:Poland
1505:
1487:
1469:
1451:
1433:
1415:
1397:
1379:
1361:
1343:
1325:
1310:Brazil
1307:
1289:
1271:
1253:
1242:Cámara
1235:
966:, and
960:mosses
950:, and
946:, the
937:tundra
845:basalt
843:is of
841:tephra
831:, and
713:58°0′W
710:62°0′S
602:, the
572:. The
322:boat,
198:58°0′W
195:62°0′S
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
4064:Osmar
4059:Orión
4044:Mugla
3978:Weeks
3952:Vidal
3937:Upton
3902:Tooth
3842:Simms
3827:Sally
3792:Reyes
3715:Ørnen
3710:Opaka
3680:Nancy
3665:Milev
3610:Limit
3545:Hetty
3520:Groma
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