79:
20:
153:
445:
335:, another variable-density format prevalent in Germany and Europe until the 1940s. The US patent rights of this Berlin based company were bought by William Fox in 1926, leading to a patent war with the US film industry lasting until 1935. Tri-Ergon amalgamated with a number of other German competitors from 1928 to form the Dutch-controlled
260:
tracks bonded to the film print, outside the sprocket holes. 16 mm and Super 8 formats sometimes used a similar magnetic track on the camera film, bonded to one side of the film on which the sprocket holes had not been punched ("single perforated") for the purpose. Film of this form is no longer
240:
In the early years of the 21st century distributors changed to using cyan dye optical soundtracks on color stocks, eliminating the need for a separate and difficult to control black-and-white emulsion on the soundtrack portion of the film. Because traditional incandescent exciter lamps produce
225:. A two-channel audio signal is recorded as a pair of lines running parallel with the film's direction of travel through the projector's screen. The lines change area (grow broader or narrower) depending on the magnitude of the signal. The projector shines light from a small lamp, called an
91:
Sound on film can be dated back to the early 1880s, when
Charles E. Fritts filed a patent claiming the idea. In 1923 a patent was filed by E. E. Ries, for a variable density soundtrack recording, which was submitted to the SMPE (now
31:
track (grey areas) with the Dolby Double-D logo, between them. The two tracks of the analog soundtrack on the next strip are bilateral variable-area, where amplitude is represented as a waveform. These are generally encoded using
261:
manufactured, but single-perforated film without the magnetic track (allowing an optical sound track) or, in the case of 16 mm, utilising the soundtrack area for a wider picture (Super 16 format) is readily available.
297:). Because these soundtrack systems appear on different parts of the print, one movie can contain all of them, allowing broad distribution without regard for the sound system installed at individual theatres.
51:
processes where the sound accompanying a picture is recorded on photographic film, usually, but not always, the same strip of film carrying the picture. Sound-on-film processes can either record an
229:, through a perpendicular slit onto the film. The image on the small slice of exposed track modulates the intensity of the light, which is collected by a photosensitive element: a photocell, a
241:
copious amounts of infra-red light, and cyan tracks do not absorb infra-red light, this change required theaters to replace the incandescent exciter lamp with a complementary colored red
1804:
1254:
412:. This was a system developed by RCA and Disney Studios with a multi-channel soundtrack recorded on a separate strip of film from the picture. It was used for the initial release of
1332:
1043:
133:
which refined GE's technology. After the mid-1940s, variable-area system superseded the variable-density system, and became the major analog sound-on-film system until modern day.
1128:
1422:
1338:
1476:
1326:
1122:
1091:
1404:
1085:
1488:
1434:
1452:
1278:
1037:
218:
1266:
1079:
1073:
1248:
895:
1302:
1344:
1272:
1204:
1134:
1031:
93:
1759:
1368:
1314:
1296:
473:
1644:
1440:
1067:
1753:
1320:
1216:
1284:
1210:
1055:
1049:
1380:
1061:
925:
1747:
349:, a variable-area format since the late 1920s—now universally used for optical analog soundtracks. Since the late 1970s usually with a
1850:
527:
573:
696:
27:
track as an image of a digital signal; the next contains the perforations used to drive the film through the projector, with the
269:
Three different digital soundtrack systems for 35 mm cinema release prints were introduced during the 1990s. They are:
1870:
540:
1180:
1630:
1222:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1855:
1157:
200:
182:
125:
Opposite with variable-density, in the early 1920s, variable-area sound recording was first experimented on by the
1860:
178:
174:
508:
1765:
1535:
836:
101:
889:
877:
854:
824:
818:
812:
96:), which used the mercury vapor lamp as a modulating device to create a variable-density soundtrack. Later,
1710:
1470:
1260:
802:
786:
130:
109:
1515:
1242:
689:
104:
attempted to commercialize this process, when they developed an
Aeolite glow lamp, which was deployed at
655:
Kreimeier, K. (translation: Hill and Wang). 1999. THE UFA STORY. London: University of
California Press.
1638:
1619:
842:
830:
806:
468:
391:
274:
24:
728:
36:
matrixing to simulate four tracks. Finally, to the far right, the timecode used to synchronize with a
23:
Edge of a 35mm film print showing the soundtracks. The outermost strip (left of picture) contains the
549:
1865:
1822:
1704:
1588:
406:, an optical format which was the first commercial digital sound format, used between 1990 and 1992
305:
Almost all sound formats used with motion-picture film have been sound-on-film formats, including:
278:
163:
126:
1771:
668:
167:
1523:
978:
706:
682:
478:
322:
282:
37:
722:
234:
122:
using the
Aeolite system. The variable-density sound system was popular until the mid-1940s.
1613:
1108:
848:
463:
418:
403:
242:
8:
1721:
1398:
778:
1168:
570:
1656:
1576:
1290:
1146:
883:
631:
589:
1558:
1392:
1350:
871:
597:
72:
293:
track on the film just to the right of the analog soundtrack and left of the frame (
1416:
1374:
1140:
751:
674:
623:
593:
458:
318:
503:
245:
or laser. These LED or laser exciters are backwards-compatible with older tracks.
1356:
714:
577:
257:
253:
1875:
1668:
1500:
1464:
1010:
984:
907:
493:
346:
118:
105:
1844:
1792:
1607:
1582:
1567:
1446:
1233:
1160:
919:
766:
429:
386:
294:
270:
142:
97:
68:
60:
52:
28:
1494:
901:
734:
374:
363:
286:
226:
222:
56:
33:
78:
1541:
1410:
1174:
792:
450:
413:
82:
Left: Movietone track with variable density. Right: Variable area track.
19:
1735:
1729:
1362:
990:
942:
796:
740:
635:
611:
498:
409:
336:
329:. (No longer used, but still playable on modern 35 mm projectors.)
326:
249:
230:
214:
48:
1828:
1674:
1386:
1308:
972:
966:
947:
913:
488:
425:
332:
64:
627:
152:
1810:
1741:
1698:
1692:
1680:
1650:
1428:
369:
340:
314:
290:
213:
The most prevalent current method of recording analogue sound on a
113:
1798:
1529:
1482:
600: : Caliber Code Corporation. Last accessed 5 September 2020.
483:
116:
purchased Case
Laboratories and produced its first talking film
281:
strips along the outside edges (beyond the perforations); and
273:, which is stored between the perforations on the sound side;
1686:
1547:
1458:
350:
221:(SVA) recording, a technique first used in the mid-1970s as
1816:
1662:
1022:
1002:
71:, meaning the film's soundtrack would be on a separate
612:"Tri-Ergon, Tobis-Klangfilm, and the Coming of Sound"
704:
440:
136:
1842:
264:
59:sound track, and may record the signal either
690:
541:"(History of) Motion Picture Sound Recording"
474:List of early sound feature films (1926–1929)
285:, in which sound data is stored on separate
339:syndicate in 1930, licensing the system to
181:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
697:
683:
380:
308:
201:Learn how and when to remove this message
943:Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon
300:
77:
18:
590:KLANGFILM - Early Systems (1928 - 1931)
256:prints, recorded sound magnetically on
1843:
609:
571:DTS | Corporate | Milestones
678:
357:
252:prints and special presentations of
179:adding citations to reliable sources
146:
397:
13:
325:, are variable-density formats of
14:
1887:
1851:Audiovisual introductions in 1919
1805:Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc
1255:Mohawk Message repeater cartridge
662:
603:
538:
443:
151:
1333:Nippon Electronic Vity cassette
1044:Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1
649:
582:
564:
532:
528:Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound
521:
137:Analog sound-on-film recording
1:
514:
265:Digital sound-on-film formats
40:soundtrack CD-ROM is visible.
16:Class of sound film processes
1129:Thermionic Products Recordon
67:. Earlier technologies were
7:
1871:Motion picture film formats
1516:Analog-to-digital converter
1423:Nippon Electronic Memo-call
509:Joseph Tykociński-Tykociner
436:
248:Earlier processes, used on
129:, and later was applied by
10:
1892:
1639:Compact Disc Digital Audio
723:Music box cylinder or disc
469:List of film sound systems
392:Sony Dynamic Digital Sound
140:
86:
1856:Film and video technology
1785:
1720:
1629:
1598:
1566:
1557:
1514:
1339:Grundig Cassette LFH 0084
1232:
1156:
1118:
1101:
1020:
1000:
957:
935:
864:
776:
759:
750:
713:
550:Audio Engineering Society
1589:Digital Compact Cassette
1477:Capitol Records Audiopak
1327:Dictaphone Travel master
1123:Telefunken magnetic disc
1092:Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge
610:Gomery, Douglas (1976).
432:in 1919, defunct by 1929
127:General Electric Company
1405:Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord
1086:Protona Minifon special
707:audio recording formats
669:Multichannel Film Sound
381:Optical digital formats
1489:Bandai micro cartridge
1435:Muntz Stereo Mini-twin
479:Movietone sound system
309:Optical analog formats
83:
41:
1861:Film sound production
1357:Cousino Echo-matic II
837:Indestructible record
301:Sound-on-film formats
81:
22:
1453:Sanyo Tape cartridge
1279:Rediffusion Reditune
1158:Loose (reel-to-reel)
1109:Magnetic stripe card
1038:US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1
803:Perfected phonograph
731:(early 17th century)
464:List of film formats
404:Cinema Digital Sound
219:stereo variable-area
175:improve this section
1267:Mohawk Midgetape RL
1080:Protona Minifon P55
1074:Protona Minifon P51
849:Blue Amberol record
831:Gold moulded record
825:Le CĂ©leste cylinder
797:Dictaphone cylinder
787:Phonograph cylinder
1722:Electronic circuit
1577:Digital Audio Tape
1291:RCA tape cartridge
1249:Cousino Echo-matic
1147:Audio High Density
896:Edison Voicewriter
645:– via JSTOR.
576:2010-06-09 at the
289:synchronized by a
112:in 1927. In 1928,
106:Movietone Newsreel
84:
42:
1838:
1837:
1781:
1780:
1510:
1509:
1345:Orrtronic Tapette
1273:Dictaphone Dictet
872:Phonograph record
729:Mechanical cuckoo
598:Nagano Prefecture
358:Encoding matrices
211:
210:
203:
98:Case Laboratories
73:phonograph record
1883:
1564:
1563:
1417:DC-International
1375:Compact cassette
1193:Fullcoat magfilm
1135:Record Maker Pye
1102:Magnetic surface
1032:Lorenz Textophon
855:Paradis cylinder
819:Stentor cylinder
757:
756:
699:
692:
685:
676:
675:
656:
653:
647:
646:
644:
642:
607:
601:
586:
580:
568:
562:
561:
559:
557:
545:
536:
530:
525:
459:Charles A. Hoxie
453:
448:
447:
446:
398:Obsolete formats
353:encoding matrix.
319:Western Electric
277:, stored in two
206:
199:
195:
192:
186:
155:
147:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1866:History of film
1841:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1777:
1766:USB flash drive
1760:Toymax VJ Starz
1716:
1625:
1594:
1553:
1506:
1369:Philips EL 3583
1315:Cousino MR-9000
1303:Protona Attaché
1297:Philips EL 3581
1228:
1152:
1114:
1097:
1016:
1001:Loose magnetic
996:
953:
931:
860:
772:
760:Grooved surface
746:
709:
703:
665:
660:
659:
654:
650:
640:
638:
628:10.2307/1225449
608:
604:
587:
583:
578:Wayback Machine
569:
565:
555:
553:
548:The Journal of
543:
539:Fayne, John G.
537:
533:
526:
522:
517:
449:
444:
442:
439:
400:
383:
360:
311:
303:
267:
254:35 mm film
250:70 mm film
207:
196:
190:
187:
172:
156:
145:
139:
89:
55:sound track or
17:
12:
11:
5:
1889:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1823:Timecode vinyl
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1726:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1669:Super Audio CD
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1645:Philips CD-BGM
1642:
1635:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1573:
1571:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1501:Pocket Rockers
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1465:Steno-Cassette
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1441:Grundig DeJ614
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1199:Stripe magfilm
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1068:Peirce 330/360
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1011:Wire recording
1007:
1005:
998:
997:
995:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
963:
961:
955:
954:
952:
951:
945:
939:
937:
933:
932:
930:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
890:Pathé Actuelle
887:
881:
875:
868:
866:
862:
861:
859:
858:
852:
846:
843:Amberol record
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
813:Salon cylinder
810:
800:
790:
783:
781:
774:
773:
771:
770:
763:
761:
754:
748:
747:
745:
744:
738:
732:
726:
719:
717:
711:
710:
702:
701:
694:
687:
679:
673:
672:
664:
663:External links
661:
658:
657:
648:
616:Cinema Journal
602:
581:
563:
531:
519:
518:
516:
513:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
494:RCA Photophone
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
455:
454:
438:
435:
434:
433:
428:, patented by
423:
407:
399:
396:
395:
394:
389:
382:
379:
378:
377:
372:
367:
359:
356:
355:
354:
347:RCA Photophone
344:
330:
310:
307:
302:
299:
266:
263:
209:
208:
159:
157:
150:
138:
135:
119:In Old Arizona
88:
85:
47:is a class of
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1888:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1793:Mini-cassette
1791:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1754:Takara E-kara
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1600:Sound-on-film
1597:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:Magnetic tape
1565:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:Stenorette DL
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1447:Microcassette
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:Micro pack 35
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1321:IBM Magnabelt
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:Magnetic tape
1231:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1169:Blattnerphone
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1161:magnetic tape
1159:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
999:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
964:
962:
960:
959:Sound-on-film
956:
949:
946:
944:
941:
940:
938:
934:
927:
924:
921:
920:Highway Hi-Fi
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
869:
867:
863:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
804:
801:
798:
794:
791:
788:
785:
784:
782:
780:
775:
768:
765:
764:
762:
758:
755:
753:
749:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
725:(9th century)
724:
721:
720:
718:
716:
712:
708:
700:
695:
693:
688:
686:
681:
680:
677:
670:
667:
666:
652:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
606:
599:
595:
591:
585:
579:
575:
572:
567:
552:
551:
542:
535:
529:
524:
520:
510:
507:
505:
504:Eugène Lauste
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
452:
441:
431:
430:Lee De Forest
427:
424:
421:
420:
415:
411:
408:
405:
402:
401:
393:
390:
388:
387:Dolby Digital
385:
384:
376:
373:
371:
368:
365:
362:
361:
352:
348:
345:
343:as UFA-Klang.
342:
338:
334:
331:
328:
324:
320:
316:
313:
312:
306:
298:
296:
295:sound-on-disc
292:
288:
287:compact discs
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:Dolby Digital
262:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
205:
202:
194:
184:
180:
176:
170:
169:
165:
160:This section
158:
154:
149:
148:
144:
143:Optical sound
134:
132:
128:
123:
121:
120:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:Lee De Forest
99:
95:
80:
76:
74:
70:
69:sound-on-disc
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:Sound-on-film
39:
35:
30:
29:Dolby Digital
26:
21:
1732:(late 1970s)
1631:Optical disc
1599:
1495:Picocassette
1491:(late 1980s)
1285:Saba Sabafon
1056:RCA MI-12877
1050:RCA MI-12875
958:
936:Grooved tape
902:SoundScriber
898:(late 1940s)
884:Diamond disc
865:Grooved disc
767:Phonautogram
735:Punched card
651:
641:September 6,
639:. Retrieved
622:(1): 51–61.
619:
615:
605:
584:
566:
554:. Retrieved
547:
534:
523:
417:
375:Ultra Stereo
364:Dolby Stereo
304:
268:
258:ferric oxide
247:
239:
223:Dolby Stereo
212:
197:
188:
173:Please help
161:
124:
117:
110:Roxy Theatre
90:
65:magnetically
44:
43:
34:Dolby Stereo
1542:PCM adaptor
1530:X80/ProDigi
1524:Soundstream
1411:Cantata 700
1381:Grundig En3
1175:Magnetophon
1062:Peirce 265B
926:Bandai 8ban
793:Graphophone
556:January 26,
451:Film portal
414:Walt Disney
1845:Categories
1748:Yaboom Box
1736:MP3 player
1730:Sound chip
1548:DA-88/DTRS
1363:Stereo-Pak
1261:Stenorette
1141:Synchrofax
991:Fantasound
985:Photophone
878:Pathé disc
741:Music roll
715:Mechanical
515:References
499:Variophone
410:Fantasound
337:Tobis Film
327:sound film
321:(Westrex)
231:photodiode
215:film print
141:See also:
49:sound film
1829:VinylDisc
1675:DVD-Audio
1570:cartridge
1387:Sabamobil
1351:3M Scotch
1309:Fidelipac
1236:cartridge
1217:3/4" tape
1187:1/2" tape
1181:1/4" tape
1025:cartridge
1021:Magnetic
979:Movietone
973:Tri-Ergon
967:Phonofilm
948:Dictabelt
914:Long play
908:Audograph
705:Physical
489:Phonofilm
426:Phonofilm
333:Tri-Ergon
323:Movietone
279:redundant
191:June 2023
162:does not
61:optically
1811:CD Video
1742:HitClips
1699:BD-Audio
1693:DualDisc
1681:DataPlay
1651:MiniDisc
1429:PlayTape
1243:Optaphon
807:Ediphone
779:cylinder
777:Grooved
594:Komagane
574:Archived
437:See also
419:Fantasia
370:Dolby SR
341:UFA GmbH
291:timecode
114:Fox Film
1799:U-matic
1772:MicroSD
1559:Digital
1483:Elcaset
1393:8-track
1223:3" tape
1211:2" tape
1205:1" tape
827:(1890s)
821:(1890s)
815:(1890s)
636:1225449
484:Optigan
227:exciter
183:removed
168:sources
108:at the
87:History
57:digital
1831:(2007)
1825:(2001)
1819:(1991)
1813:(1987)
1807:(1986)
1801:(1971)
1795:(1967)
1786:Hybrid
1774:(2007)
1768:(2004)
1762:(2002)
1756:(2001)
1750:(1999)
1744:(2000)
1738:(1996)
1713:(2014)
1711:MQA-CD
1707:(2013)
1701:(2008)
1695:(2004)
1689:(2004)
1683:(2002)
1677:(2000)
1671:(1999)
1665:(1995)
1659:(1993)
1653:(1992)
1647:(1989)
1641:(1982)
1622:(1993)
1616:(1990)
1610:(1986)
1591:(1992)
1585:(1992)
1579:(1987)
1550:(1993)
1544:(1982)
1538:(1982)
1532:(1980)
1526:(1976)
1503:(1988)
1497:(1985)
1485:(1976)
1479:(1972)
1473:(1972)
1467:(1971)
1461:(1971)
1455:(1969)
1449:(1969)
1443:(1968)
1437:(1967)
1431:(1966)
1425:(1965)
1419:(1965)
1413:(1965)
1407:(1965)
1401:(1964)
1395:(1964)
1389:(1964)
1383:(1964)
1377:(1963)
1371:(1963)
1365:(1962)
1359:(1962)
1353:(1962)
1347:(1962)
1341:(1962)
1335:(1961)
1329:(1961)
1323:(1961)
1317:(1960)
1311:(1959)
1305:(1959)
1299:(1958)
1293:(1958)
1287:(1958)
1281:(1957)
1275:(1957)
1269:(1955)
1263:(1954)
1257:(1953)
1251:(1952)
1245:(1951)
1225:(1978)
1219:(1969)
1213:(1967)
1207:(1957)
1201:(1953)
1195:(1953)
1189:(1953)
1183:(1949)
1177:(1935)
1171:(1928)
1149:(1978)
1143:(1959)
1137:(1953)
1131:(1948)
1125:(1945)
1111:(1900)
1094:(1962)
1088:(1961)
1082:(1955)
1076:(1951)
1070:(1951)
1064:(1951)
1058:(1947)
1052:(1947)
1046:(1944)
1040:(1944)
1034:(1942)
1013:(1898)
993:(1940)
987:(1929)
981:(1926)
975:(1922)
969:(1919)
950:(1947)
928:(2004)
922:(1956)
916:(1948)
910:(1945)
904:(1945)
892:(1920)
886:(1912)
880:(1905)
874:(1889)
857:(1913)
851:(1912)
845:(1908)
839:(1907)
833:(1902)
809:(1888)
799:(1887)
789:(1877)
769:(1857)
752:Analog
743:(1883)
737:(1881)
671:(MKPE)
634:
422:(1940)
217:is by
53:analog
1876:Sound
1687:Hi-MD
1459:HiPac
632:JSTOR
544:(PDF)
366:(SVA)
351:Dolby
94:SMPTE
1817:ADAT
1705:HFPA
1663:HDCD
1620:SDDS
1536:DASH
1023:wire
1003:wire
643:2020
558:2022
275:SDDS
166:any
164:cite
100:and
25:SDDS
1657:DTS
1614:CDS
624:doi
592:",
416:'s
315:Fox
283:DTS
243:LED
235:CCD
233:or
177:by
131:RCA
63:or
38:DTS
1847::
1608:DD
1583:NT
630:.
620:16
618:.
614:.
596:,
546:.
237:.
75:.
805:/
795:/
698:e
691:t
684:v
626::
588:"
560:.
317:/
204:)
198:(
193:)
189:(
185:.
171:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
