Somnath temple - Knowledge

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innovations and a studied attempt to obliterate the traces of paganism ; even the very musjids, which are here and there encountered in the town, have been raised by materials from the sacred edifices of the conquered, or, as it is said by the historians of Sindh, “the true believers turned the temples of the idol worshippers into places of prayer.” Old Pattan is to this day a Hindu city in all but its inhabitants—perhaps one of the most interesting historical spots in Western India. Somnath assumed the appearance it now presents, of a temple evidently of pagan original altered by the introduction of a Mohammedan style of architecture in various portions, but leaving its general plan and minor features unmolested. The temple consists of one large hall in an oblong form, from one end of which proceeds a small square chamber, or sanctum. The centre of the hall is occupied by a noble dome over an octagon of eight arches; the remainder of the roof terraced and supported by numerous pillars. There are three éntrances. The sides of the building face to the cardinal points, and the principal entrance appears to be on the eastern side. These doorways ave unusually high and wide, in the Pyramidal or Egyptian form, decreasing towards the top; they add much to the effect of the building. Internally, the whole presents a scene of complete destruction; the pavement is everywhere covered with heaps of stones and rubbish; the facings of the walls, capitals of the pillars, in short, every portion possessing anything approaching to ornament, having been defaced or removed, (if not by Mahmud, by those who subsequently converted this temple into its present semi-Mohammedan appearance). Externally the whole of the buildings are most elaborately carved and ornamented with figures, single and in groups of various dimensions, Many of them appear to have been of some size; but so laboriously was the work of mutilation carried on here, that of the larger figures scarcely a trunk has been left, whilst few even of the most minute remain uninjured. The western side is the most perfect: here the pillars and ornaments are in excellent preservation. The front entrance is ornamented with a portico, and surmounted by two slender minarets ornaments so much in the Mohammedan style, that they, as well as the domes, have evidently been added to the original building.

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consists of three domes, the first of which forms the roof of the entrance, the second is the interior of the temple, the third was the sanctum sanctorum, wherein were deposited the riches of Hindi devotion. The two external domes are diminutive: the central one has an elevation of more than thirty feet, tapering to the summit in fourteen steps, and is about forty feet in diameter. It is perfect, but the images which have once adorned both the interior and exterior of the building are mutilated, and the black polished stones which formed its floor have been removed by the citizens for less pious purposes. Two marble slabs, with sentences from the Koran, and inscriptions regarding Mangrol Isa, point out where that Mohammedan worthy rests. They arc on the western side of the city, and the place is still frequented by the devout Moslem. Near it is a cupola, supported on pillars, to mark the grave of the sultan's cashkeeper, with many others; and the whole city is encircled by the remains of mosques, and one vast cemetery, ‘The field of battle, where the “infidels” were conquered, is also pointed out, and the massy walls, excavated ditch, paved streets, and squared-stone buildings of Pattan itself, proclaim its former greatness. At present the city is a perfect ruin, its houses are nearly unoccupied and but for a new and substantial temple, erected to house the god of Somnath by that wonderful woman, Ahalya Bai, the wife of Holkar.

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pilgrimage to it whenever there was an eclipse of the moon, and would then assemble there to the number of more than a hundred thousand. They believed that the souls of men used to meet there after separation from the body, and that the idol used to incorporate them at its pleasure in other bodies, in accordance with their doctrine of transmigration. The ebb and flow of the tide was considered to be the worship paid to the idol by the sea. Everything of the most precious was brought there as offerings, and the temple was endowed with more than 10,000 villages. There is a river (the Ganges) which is held sacred, between which and Somnát the distance is 200 parasangs. They used to bring the water of this river to Somnát every day, and wash the temple with it. A thousand brahmans were employed in worshipping the idol and attending on the visitors, and 500 damsels sung and danced at the door—all these were maintained upon the endowments of the temple. The edifice was built upon fifty-six pillars of teak, covered with lead. The shrine of the idol was dark, but was lighted by jewelled chandeliers of great value. Near it was a chain of gold weighing 200 mans. When a portion (watch) of the night closed, this chain used to be shaken like bells to rouse a fresh lot of brahmans to perform worship.

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the temples of the idols exceeded twenty thousand thousand dinars. When the king asked his companions what they had to say about the marvel of the idol, and of its staying in the air without prop or support, several maintained that it was upheld by some hidden support. The king directed a person to go and feel all around and above and below it with a spear, which he did, but met with no obstacle. One of the atten then stated his opinion that the canopy was made of loadstone, and the idol of iron, and that the ingenious builder had skilfully contrived that the magnet should not exercise a greater force on any one side—hence the idol was suspended in the middle. Some coincided, others differed. Permission was obtained from the Sultán to remove some stones from the top of the canopy to settle the point. When two stones were removed from the summit the idol swerved on one side, when more were taken away it inclined still further, until at last it rested on the ground.

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repeats a similar narrative, teaching its students that the Somnath temple was not really a Hindu temple but a political center. According to Ashok Behuria and Mohammad Shehzad, the Somnath legacy is narrated in this textbook as, "according to most historians Mahmud invaded India seventeen times to crush the power of the Hindu Rajas and Maharajas who were always busy planning conspiracies against him ... After the fall of Punjab, the Hindus assembled at Somnath — which was more of a political centre than a temple — to plan a big war against Mahmud. He took all the Rajas and Maharajas by surprise when he attacked Somnath and crushed the Hindu headquarter of political intrigue. With the destruction of Somnath he broke the backbone of the Hindus in the region and thus had no need to attack India again".

5758: 6867: 5187: 5388:, states Dhaky, but no information is available to determine its design or ornamentation. The surviving fragment of the kapotapali that was discovered suggests that at "intervals, it was decorated with contra-posed half thakaras, with large, elegant, and carefully shaped gagarakas in suspension graced the lower edge of the kapotapali", states Dhaky. The garbhagriha had a vedibandha, possibly with a two-layered jangha with images on the main face showing the influence of the late Maha-Maru style. Another fragment found had a "beautifully moulded rounded pillarette and a ribbed khuraccadya-awning topped the khattaka". 6876:, p. 20, Quote: "At that time he sacked the Somanatha temple, built about fifty years earlier by the western Indian king of Gujarat (see Map 2.1). This coastal area was a prosperous and wealthy one, thanks to vigorous maritime trading activities. According to a later tradition, 50,000 devotees lost their lives in trying to stop Mahmud from not only taking the temple's considerable wealth, but also destroying the form of the Hindu god Shiva housed within it. Subsequent kings of the Gujarat region constructed a much grander and elaborate temple in place of the one that Mahmud had destroyed;". 5409: 5036:

Islamic iconoclasm". Many Muslim historians and scholars in and after the 11th century included the destruction of Somnath as a righteous exemplary deed in their publications. It inspired the Persian side with a cultural memory of Somnath's destruction through "epics of conquest", while to the Hindu side, Somnath inspired tales of recovery, rebuilding and "epics of resistance". These tales and chronicles in Persia elevated Mahmud as "the exemplary hero and Islamic warrior for the Muslims", states Malik, while in India Mahmud emerged as the exemplary "arch-enemy".

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expect, and of a symbol of fanaticism and foreign oppression. The Somnath temple has been leveraged to revisit India's history and agitate over its sacred spaces including contested sites such as Ayodhya. Mahmud and Aurangzeb along with the ideology that inspired them are remembered as enemies of the ancient Hindu nation. They are asserted as two historical facts, the former as the first and the latter as the last systematic destroyers of Somnath temple.

6895:, p. 51: "But Mahmud’s legitimacy in the eyes of established Islam also derived from the constant reiteration that he was a Sunni who attacked the heretics, the Ismai‘ilis and Shi‘as in India and Persia. The boast is always that their mosques were closed or destroyed and that invariably 50,000 of them were killed. The figure becomes formulaic, a part of the rhetoric for killing, irrespective of whether they were Hindu kafirs or Muslim heretics. 5746: 9940: 5458:

basement of an older temple, which appears not to have been altogether removed when the temple, we now see, was built, portions of this older temple being apparently left in situ to form the heart and core of the later masonry. For several reasons, I have come to the conclusion that the ruined temple, as it now stands, save for the Muhammadan additions, is a remnant of the temple built by Kumarapala, king of Gujarat, about AD 1169.

4684:. All either directly mention the Somnath temple as the number one of twelve sites, or call the top temple as "Somesvara" in Saurashtra – a synonymous term for this site in these texts. The exact date of these texts is unknown, but based on references they make to other texts and ancient poets or scholars, these have been generally dated between the 10th and 12th century, with some dating it much earlier and others a bit later. 5493: 6791:, Quote: "Between 1000 and 1025, the king mounted no less than seventeen campaigns into India, one of which-the sack of the great Shiva temple of Somnath in Gujarat–yielded a booty of 6500 kilos of gold, not to mention the slaves, arms, richly ornamented robes, precious jewels, tapestries and war elephants brought to Ghazna by Mahmud's victorious army. Al-Biruni accompanied his master on several of these campaigns." 178: 150: 3759: 4350: 3695: 11891: 5616:

jewelry (amulet), and they found no ancient "temple parts". According to Charles Herman's critical review, the evidence available so far does not allow any direct inferences about the society and culture in pre-1st millennium BCE era, but there is persuasive evidence that Prabhas-Patan was an early Harappan site with sedentary farming and cattle keeping and it is in the same league of significance as the

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continuously. The invasion of Somnath site in 1026 CE is also confirmed by other Islamic historians such as Gardizi, Ibn Zafir and Ibn al-Athir. However, two Persian sources – one by adh-Dhahabi and other by al-Yafi'i – state it as 1027 CE, which is likely incorrect and late by a year, according to Khan – a scholar known for his studies on Al-Biruni and other Persian historians. According to Al-Biruni:

7626: 7565: 4996:, the condition of Somnath temple in 1026 after Ghazni's is unclear because the inscription is "puzzlingly silent" about Ghazni's raid or temple's condition. This inscription, states Thapar, could suggest that instead of destruction it may have been a desecration because the temple seems to have been repaired quickly within twelve years and was an active pilgrimage site by 1038. 5453:

temple; they have been, in great measure, rebuilt and patched with rubble to convert the building into a mosque. The great dome, indeed the whole roof and the stumpy minars, one of which remains above the front entrance, are portions of the Muhammadan additions. One fact alone shows that the temple was built on a large scale, and that is the presence in its basement of the

377: 5624:(Sorath-Harappan) archaeological sites. Further, the Prabhas-Patan mounds that have been excavated show evidence of continued post-Harappan settlement (c. 2000– 1800 BCE) along with several other Saurashtra sites. According to Herman, the archaeological excavations in Prabhas-Patan and Saurashtra region have been too few to make systematic conclusions. 5592:, and a report published. This Thapar study yielded direct and substantial evidence of a 10th-century or earlier large temple. B. K. Thapar estimated the older temple to be from the 9th century, while Dhaky states to more likely from the 10th century, i.e. from 960 to 973 CE. The Thapar study also found artifacts and ruins with ancient scripts such as 5706:, Afghanistan back to India; it was believed Mahmud had taken them from Somnath Temple. However, there was nor there is any evidence that Somnath temple or its site ever had any wooden gates. Nor is there any evidence that Mahmud or later conquerors ever took any gates from Prabhas-Patan region as a part of the plunder. This order has been called 5392:

Mahmud left. The "quality of craftsmanship" in these fragments is "indeed high", the carvings of the lost temple were "rich and exquisite", states Dhaky. Further, a few pieces have an inscription fragment in the 10th-century characters – which suggests that this part of the temple or the entire temple was built in the 10th century.

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The rebuilt temple as found in the ruined form in the 19th century and the current temple used recovered parts of previous temple with significant artwork. The new temple has added and integrated the new panels with a few old ones, the color of the stone distinguishing the two. The panels and pillars

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Pattan, and all the part of the country wherein it is situated, is now under a Mohamedan ruler, the Nawab of Junagadh, and the city itself offers the most curious specimen of any I have ever seen of its original Hindu character, preserved throughout its walls, gates, and buildings, despite Mohammedan

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The floor plan and ruins of a pre-1000 CE temple were unearthed during the archaeological excavations led by B.K. Thapar. Most of the temple is lost, but the remains of the foundation, the lower structure as well as pieces of the temple ruins suggest an "exquisitely carved, rich" temple. According to

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The king looked upon the idol with wonder, and gave orders for the seizing of the spoil, and the appropriation of the treasures. There were many idols of gold and silver and vessels set with jewels, all of which had been sent there by the greatest personages in India. The value of the things found in

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or horse-moulding. It was probably about the same size, in plan, as the Rudra Mala at Siddhapur, being, in length, about 140 feet over all. The walls, or, at least, the outer casing of them, having in great part fallen, there is revealed, in several places, the finished masonry and mouldings of the

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This idol was in the middle of the temple without anything to support it from below, or to suspend it from above. It was held in the highest honour among the Hindus, and whoever beheld it floating in the air was struck with amazement, whether he was a Musulmán or an infidel. The Hindus used to go on

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portrays Somnath temple as a "place where all the Hindu rajas used to get together" and think about "fighting the Muslims". Mahmud went to this temple and "blew the idol in pieces" and "this success was a source of happiness for the whole Muslim world". Another textbook for Pakistan's Middle School

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studies, reported their analysis of archaeological discoveries from Prabhas-Patan. According to them, the Somnath site shows evidence of ancient human settlement, from pre-2nd millennium BCE period. They date one period to "pre-Harappan phase". However, these discoveries are all ceramics, wares and

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The mukhachatuski, states Dhaky, likely broke and fell immediately after the destructive hit by Mahmud's troops. These fragments suffered no further erosion or damage one would normally expect, likely because it was left in the foundation pit of the new Somnath temple that was rebuilt quickly after

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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, historians and archaeologists of the colonial era actively studied the Somnath temple because its ruins showed a historic Hindu temple that was turning into an Islamic mosque. After India's independence, those ruins were demolished, and the present Somnath

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The old temple of Somanatha is situated in the town, and stands upon the shore towards its eastern end, being separated from the sea by a heavily built retaining wall which prevents the former from washing away the ground around the foundations of the shrine. Little now remains of the walls of the

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A more detailed survey report of Somnath temple ruins was published in 1931 by Henry Cousens. Cousens states that the Somnath temple is dear to the Hindu consciousness, its history and lost splendor remembered by them, and no other temple in Western India is "so famous in the annals of Hinduism as

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sanctuary", states Burnes, is "proof of Mohammedan devastation" of this site. Burnes also summarized some of the mythologies he heard, the bitter communal sentiments and accusations, as well as the statements by garrisoned "Arabs of the Junagar chief" about their victories in this "infidel land".

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According to Jamal Malik – a South Asian history and Islamic Studies scholar, "the destruction of Somnath temple, a well known place of pilgrimage in Gujarat in 1026, played a major role in creating Mahmud as an "icon of Islam", the sack of this temple became "a crucial topic in Persian stories of

5508:, or main spire, is 15 metres (49 ft) in height above the sanctum, and it has an 8.2-metre-tall flag pole at the top. According to Ananda Coomaraswamy – an art and architecture historian, the earlier Somnath temple ruin followed the Solanki-style, which is Nagara architecture inspired by the 5417:

The great temple of Somnath stands on a rising ground on the north-west side of Pattan, inside the walls, and is only separated by them from the sea. It may be scen from a distance of twenty-five miles. It is a massy stone building, evidently of some antiquity. Unlike Hindu temples gencrally, it

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later recovered the Somnath idol and freed the Hindu prisoners, after an attack on the Delhi army near Jalore. However, other sources state that the idol was taken to Delhi, where it was thrown to be trampled under the feet of Muslims. These sources include the contemporary and near-contemporary

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states that Somnath has become so famous because "it was the harbor for seafaring people and a station for those who went to and fro between Sufala in the country of Zanj (east Africa) and China". Combined with its repute as an eminent pilgrimage site, its location was well known to the kingdoms

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In Islamic State nationalist literature of the modern era, Sultan Mahmud campaign in the 11th century has been glorified as a historic "jihad against non-Muslims", his motive in destroying Somnath temple is described as "not driven by worldly gain ", but because he wanted to "end the worship of

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On the Indian side, the Somnath temple has been more than another house of worship. For Hindus, particularly Hindu nationalists, it is a question of their heritage, their sense of sacred time and space, states Peter van der Veer. Its history raises questions of tolerance and spiritual values to

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He states that the site shows how the temple had been changed into a Muslim structure with arch, these sections had been reconstructed with "mutilated pieces of the temple's exterior" and "inverted Hindu images". Such modifications in the dilapidated Somnath temple to make it into a "Mohammedan

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The efforts of colonial era archaeologists, photographers and surveyors have yielded several reports on the architecture and arts seen at the Somnath temple ruins in the 19th century. The earliest survey reports of Somnath temple and the condition of the Somanatha-Patan-Veraval town in the 19th

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with their proposal to reconstruct the Somnath temple, Gandhi blessed the move but suggested that the funds for the construction should be collected from the public, and the temple should not be funded by the state. Accordingly, The Somnath Trust was established to collect funds and oversee the

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Powerful legends with intricate detail developed in the Turko-Persian literature regarding Mahmud's raid,. According to historian Cynthia Talbot, a later tradition states that "50,000 devotees lost their lives in trying to stop Mahmud" during his sack of Somnath temple. According to Thapar, the

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The raid of 1026 by Mahmud is confirmed by the 11th-century Persian historian Al-Biruni, who worked in the court of Mahmud, who accompanied Mahmud's troops between 1017 and 1030 CE on some occasions, and who lived in the northwest Indian subcontinent region – over regular intervals, though not

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The location of the Somnath temple was a little less than three miles west of the mouth of the river Sarasvati. The temple was situated on the coast of the Indian ocean so that at the time of flow the idol was bathed by its water. Thus that moon was perpetually occupied in bathing the idol and

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The Somnath temple was used as a cultural symbol and the starting point for a Rath yatra (chariot journey), states K.N. Pannikkar, by Lal Krishna Advani to begin his Ayodhya campaign in 1990. According to Donald Smith, the reconstruction efforts in the 1950s was not about restoring an ancient

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The Somnath temple has inspired different narratives and legacies, for some a symbol of blessed conquest and victories, for some a symbol of fanatical intolerance and persecution. After the 1026 sack of the Somnath temple, states Mehrdad Shokoohy, the "sack of Somnath was not just yet another

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scenes in historic Hindu temples can be traced. Sections can be seen with "beautiful vertical mouldings, on either side of the main front doorway", states Cousens, and this suggests that the destroyed temple was "exceedingly richly carved". The temple likely had a galaxy of Vedic and Puranic

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laden with costly spoils from the Hindu temples." Al-Biruni obliquely criticizes these raids for "ruining the prosperity" of India, creating antagonism among the Hindus for "all foreigners", and triggering an exodus of scholars of Hindu sciences far away from regions "conquered by us". Mahmud

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The architect of the new Somnath temple was Prabhashankarbhai Oghadbhai Sompura, who worked on recovering and integrating the old recoverable parts with the new design in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The new Somnath temple is intricately carved, two level temple with pillared

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in Persian literature, and the killing of the infidels has been portrayed as a celebrated event in numerous versions of history, stories and poems found in Persia written over the centuries. The Persian literature has made mythical ahistorical connections of Somnath to

5178:. However, the order appears not to have been carried out at that time. Aurangzeb ordered its destruction and conversion into a mosque again in 1706; this order does seem to have been carried out, though very little effort seems to have been put into the conversion. 5448:

the temple of Somanatha at Somanatha-Pattan". The Hindu pilgrims walk to the ruins here and visit it along with their pilgrimage to Dwarka, Gujarat, though it has been reduced to a 19th-century site of gloom, full of "ruins and graves". His survey report states:

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The post-1950 excavations of the Somnath site have unearthed the earliest known version of the Somnath temple. The excavations showed the foundations of a 10th-century temple, notable broken parts and details of a major, well decorated version of a temple.

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In the modern era textbooks of Pakistan, the sack of Somnath temple is praised and the campaign of Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznavi is glorified as a "champion of Islam". According to Syed Zaidi – a scholar of Islamist Militancy, a school book in Pakistan titled

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architecture, rather the Somnath temple was of religious significance. The rebuilding was a symbol, it was Hindu repudiation of almost a thousand years of Muslim domination, oppression, and reassertion of a safe haven for Hindus in post-partitioned India.

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campaign of a medieval Sultan confined to histories, but a symbol of the revival of Iranian identity boosted by religious zeal, which was to echo in literature and folklore" for nearly one thousand years. The destruction of the Somnath temple – called

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within the Indian subcontinent. Literature and epigraphical evidence suggest that the medieval-era Veraval port was also actively trading with the Middle East and Southeast Asia. This brought wealth and fame to the Veraval area, as well as the temple.

5120:. It is possible that the story of Kanhadadeva's rescue of the Somnath idol is a fabrication by the later writers. Alternatively, it is possible that the Khalji army was taking multiple idols to Delhi, and Kanhadadeva's army retrieved one of them. 5307:

The ruins were pulled down in October 1950. The mosque present at that site was shifted few kilometres away by using construction vehicles. The new structure was built by the traditional Somapuri builders of temples in Gujarat. On 11 May 1951,

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The older temple featured an open plan, with great windows that allow light into the mandapa and circumambulation passage. The intricate and detailed artwork inside and on the pillars of Somnath temple were quite similar to those found in the

5575:(pilgrimage) site for the Hindus. It is the famed Prabhasa site found in Brahmi script inscriptions in Maharashtra sites. It is mentioned in the poems of Kalidasa. The new temple is the top pilgrimage site in Gujarat along with Dwarka. 6031:, p. 22: "In the case of Somanatha, one has to rely solely on literary evidence as even though excavations reveal an early settlement at the site, there is no evidence for the early existence of a temple at the site...In the 6559:, p. 22 "In the case of Somanatha, one has to rely solely on literary evidence as even though excavations reveal an early settlement at the site, there is no evidence for the early existence of a temple at the site...In the 5933:

believes it to have been the one that was destroyed by Mahmud of Ghazni. B.K. Thapar, the archaeologist who did the excavation, stated that there was definitely a temple structure at Somnath-Patan in the 9th century, but none

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construction of the temple. Munshi headed the Trust. Being the Civil Supplies minister in the Government of India, Munshi was keen to involve the Government of India in the reconstruction effort, but he was overruled by Nehru.

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The Somnath temple site and coastline has been excavated for archaeological evidence by Indian teams. The first major excavation was completed in 1950–51 just before the Somnath temple was reconstructed. It was led by

4436:. It is unclear when the first version of the Somnath temple was built, with estimates varying between the early centuries of the 1st millennium and about the 9th century CE. The temple is not mentioned in the ancient 4884:, the Moon god, is believed to have lost his lustre due to a curse, and he bathed in the Sarasvati River at this site to regain it. The result is said to be the waxing and waning of the moon. The name of the town, 5238:

in 1843 on the question of the gates of the temple and Ellenbourough's role in the affair. After much crossfire between the British Government and the opposition, all of the facts as we know them were laid out.

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The reconstructed Somnath temple has been the preferred pilgrimage site for Hindus in Gujarat, often combined with a pilgrimage to Dwarka. The site attracts Hindus from all over India, states David Sopher.

12655: 5040:"50,000 killed" is a boastful claim that is "constantly reiterated" in Muslim texts, and becomes a "formulaic" figure of deaths to help highlight "Mahmud’s legitimacy in the eyes of established Islam". 7809:

B.R. Thapar (1951), Excavation work in the precincts of the Somnath Temple – Deputation of Shri B.K. Thapar for the work (1950), National Archives of India, Abhilekh – Government of India, pp. 1–102

6411: 4509:– another major archaeological and pilgrimage site in Gujarat. It is about 7 kilometres (4 mi) southeast of the Veraval railway junction, about 130 kilometres (81 mi) southeast of the 4540:

to be so occupied. After abandonment in 1200 BCE, it was reoccupied in 400 BCE and continued into the historical period. Prabhas is also close to the other sites similarly occupied: Junagadh,

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that are available to everyone – the intended audience of the great epic. More specifically, she states that the sacrificial sessions along the Saraswati river found in sections such as of

5377:, joined to the jadyakumbha, ornamented with what Dhaky calls "crisp and charming foliage pattern". The kumbha of the Vedibandha had a Surasenaka with a niche that contained the figure of 7818:

M.K. Dhavalikar and Gregory L. Possehl (1992), The pre‐Harappan period at Prabhas Patan and the Pre‐Harappan Phase in Gujarat, Man and Environment, Volume XVII, Issue 1, pp. 70‐ 78

4458:(pilgrimage site) at Prabhas Patan on the coastline of Saurashtra, where the temple is presently located, there is no evidence that a temple existed at the site in ancient times. 5524:

In general, the reliefs and sculpture is mutilated, to the point that it is difficult for most to "identify the few images that remain" on panels, states Cousens. An original

5055:(r. 1143–72) rebuilt the Somnath temple in "excellent stone and studded it with jewels," according to an inscription in 1169. He replaced a decaying wooden temple. 5031:

Some of the earliest photos of Somnath temple were taken by Sykes and Nelson in the 19th century. They show Somnath Hindu temple partly converted into an Islamic mosque.

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came to Junagadh on 12 November 1947 to direct the stabilization of the state by the Indian Army, at which time he ordered the reconstruction of the Somnath temple.

5256:, reflects the interest aroused in Britain by the gates. Her 2004 book on Somnath examines the evolution of the historiographies about the legendary Gujarat temple. 5794: 6862:

They would go weeping and crying for help into the temple, and then issue forth to battle and fight till all were killed. The number of the slain exceeded 60,000

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The temple opened to the east. The stylobate of this destroyed temple had two parts: the 3 feet high pitha-socle and the vedibandha-podium. The pitha had a tall

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K. M. Munshi with archaeologists and engineers of the Government of India, Bombay, and Saurashtra, with the ruins of Somnath Temple in the background, July 1950.

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Al-Biruni states that Mahmud destroyed the Somnath temple. He states Mahmud's motives as, "raids undertaken with a view to plunder and to satisfy the righteous

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was compiled and finalized, the Saraswati legend was modified. It vanishes into an underground river, then emerges as an underground river at holy sites for

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The temple was reconstructed several times in the past after repeated destruction by multiple Muslim invaders and rulers, notably starting with an attack by

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The excavations yielded pieces of one at the western end, which suggests that the kumbhas were aligned to the entire wall. Above the kalaga moulding was an

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The United Kingdom House of Commons Debate, 9 March 1943, on The Somnath (Prabhas Patan) Proclamation, Junagadh 1948. 584–602, 620, 630–32, 656, 674.

5218:, was detailed to carry the gates back to India in triumph. However, on arrival, they were found not to be of Gujarati or Indian design, and not of 10465: 4816:, which it states to be "by the sea, near Dwaraka". This signifies an expanded context of pilgrimage as a "Vedic ritual equivalent", integrating 205: 8062:

Behuria, Ashok K.; Shehzad, Mohammad (2013). "Partition of History in Textbooks in Pakistan: Implications of Selective Memory and Forgetting".

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Aliakbar Dehkhoda (1994), Loghatnâme (Encyclopedic Dictionary), Editors: Mohammad Mo'in And Ja'far Shahidi, Entry: Sumanat (Persian Language),

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and Z. D. Ansari. They dug deeper at several locations, reported evidence of five periods of human settlement. In 1992, M. K. Dhavalikar and

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Many Hindu texts provide a list of the most sacred Shiva pilgrimage sites, along with a guide for visiting the site. The best known were the

6420:, p. 291, Quote: "Among them is Somesvara, or Somnath, the Moon's Lord", located on the seacoast in the western peninsula of Gujarat.". 11791: 7396:

Mir Jaffar Barkriwala, The Glorious Destruction of Hindoo Temples in Kathiawar and their replacement, Ul Akbari Publications, Bharuch, 1902

5348:

Dhaky – a scholar of Indian temple architecture, this is the earliest known version of the Somnath temple. It was, what historic Sanskrit

4946:("moon god") at the site sometime before 997 CE, even though some historians believe that he may have renovated a smaller earlier temple. 11876: 10503: 5206:, in which he ordered the British army in Afghanistan to return via Ghazni and bring back to India the sandalwood gates from the tomb of 11606: 9033: 7762:

E. Senart (1903), The Inscriptions in the Cave at Karle, Epigraphia Indica, Vol 7, 1902–03, pp. 57–58 (for more on Nahapana, pp. 58–61)

7228: 57: 9222: 7312: 12326: 11424: 9268: 425: 5059: 5027: 12311: 10401: 9976: 5210:

in Ghazni, Afghanistan. These were believed to have been taken by Mahmud from Somnath. Under Ellenborough's instruction, General

8596:

Sarasvatī, Riverine Goddess of Knowledge: From the Manuscript-carrying Vīṇā-player to the Weapon-wielding Defender of the Dharma

2602: 1188: 12365: 5235: 12524: 11821: 11094: 10153: 9868: 9744: 9195: 9171: 9147: 9100: 9001: 8980: 8930: 8898: 8825: 8804: 8783: 8751: 8730: 8688: 8667: 8646: 8604: 8583: 8542: 8481: 8460: 8439: 8418: 8397: 8378: 8267: 8226: 8205: 8184: 8011: 7984: 7707: 7370: 6879: 6817: 6784: 6745: 6667: 6541: 6162: 12650: 5840:

to the 10th century, while he suggests a 12th-century date in 2009. Others such as Hazra, Rocher suggest late 10th-century.

5695: 5199: 2481: 11826: 11706: 11082: 10143: 9749: 6144: 5954: 5496:

A wide-angle view – a bit distorted – from the southeast side of the present Somnath temple. Nataraja can be seen on the

7357:

Marie Cruz Gabriel, Rediscovery of India, A silence in the city and other stories, Published by Orient Blackswan, 1996,

5710:. The order, states Thapar, is best seen as an example of how "colonial intervention in India" was viewed in the 1840s. 5477:(also called Chaulukya or Solanki style) temple. It has a "Kailash Mahameru Prasad" form, and reflects the skill of the 4687:

The Somnath temple is not mentioned in ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism, but the "Prabhasa-Pattana" is mentioned as a

142: 12584: 3725: 170: 7073: 5252:, the diamond of the title is presumed to have been stolen from the temple at Somnath and, according to the historian 3358: 12645: 12635: 12574: 12358: 11861: 11404: 9077: 8857: 8709: 8625: 8563: 8358: 8247: 8141: 7670: 7362: 7108: 7049: 6214: 6187: 6102: 4930:. Romila Thapar states that this does not imply the existence of a temple, but rather that it was a pilgrimage site ( 4378: 12589: 12321: 9212: 7205: 6972: 6177: 6204: 4524:, one of three in Gujarat from where Indian merchants departed to trade goods. The 11th-century Persian historian 12456: 12441: 11376: 10871: 10496: 9163:

Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries

2511: 1342: 8847: 8368: 8348: 8310:

Fleming, Benjamin J. (2009). "Mapping Sacred Geography in Medieval India: The Case of the Twelve Jyotirlingas".

12559: 12481: 11477: 11316: 10343: 9985: 9843: 8473:

Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries

8237: 7938:

Panikkar, K. N. (1993). "Religious Symbols and Political Mobilization: The Agitation for a Mandir at Ayodhya".

7238: 5850: 5589: 5285: 5124: 5052: 4615:, in the year 1026 CE looted the temple and slaughtered many pilgrims and burnt the temple, and destroyed it. 462: 267: 258: 12640: 12564: 12436: 11601: 11452: 11389: 10313: 9261: 9217:

Kavita Singh (2010), "The Temple's Eternal Return: Swaminarayan Akshardham Complex in Delhi", pp. 73–75,

7483: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7475: 7473: 5707: 5536:, with the goddess seated in his lap. Towards the north-east corner, portions of panels in a band similar to 1935: 8866:

Rosa Maria Cimino (1977). "Review: The Riddle of the Temple of Somanātha by M. A. Dhaky and H. P. Shastri".

6737:

Science and Technology in World History, Volume 2: Early Christianity, the Rise of Islam and the Middle Ages

6229: 4992:. He took away a booty of 20 million dinars. According to Romila Thapar, relying on a 1038 inscription of a 12579: 11487: 11414: 11252: 11146: 11070: 10333: 10158: 10110: 9729: 9696: 9187:

Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest: 11th-13th Centuries

4784:

Catherine Ludvik – a Religious Studies and Sanskrit scholar, concurs with Hiltebeitel. She states that the

4727:

are the Vedic mythologies which it borrowed, integrated and re-adapted for its times and its audience. The

2491: 2431: 411: 198: 7470: 5474: 4470: 1034: 12594: 12431: 11942: 11497: 11409: 10426: 10323: 9969: 7722:

A Coomaraswamy (1927), History of Indian and Indonesian Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Edward Goldston, p. 111

7098: 5312:, the President of India performed the installation ceremony for the temple at the invitation of Munshi. 3661: 3552: 2162: 7526:"Account of the Remains of the Celebrated Temple at Pattan Somnath, Sacked by Mahmúd of Ghizni, AD 1024" 11766: 11616: 11141: 11014: 10489: 10255: 10105: 9812: 9691: 7176: 6653: 5604: 4788:

mythologies borrow from the Vedic texts but modify them from Brahmin-centered "sacrificial rituals" to

3680: 3351: 3255: 2202: 1871: 1556: 868: 5733: 4034: 2197: 12599: 12569: 12554: 12406: 12223: 11927: 11457: 11277: 11151: 11106: 11026: 10386: 10338: 10229: 10163: 9787: 9734: 9444: 7313:"The Gates of Somnath, by Thomas Babington Macaulay, a speech in the House of Commons, March 9, 1843" 6453: 5854: 5612: 4908: 4858: 4533: 4474: 3888: 3657: 3303: 2421: 2157: 445: 430: 20: 9489: 8764:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture: Later Phase, C. AD. 1289-1798. South India. Dravidadesa

5024:

launched many plunder campaigns into India, including one that included the sack of Somnath temple.

1098: 12451: 12316: 11631: 11399: 10878: 10835: 9782: 9423: 9254: 6232:, Tourism Corporation of Gujarat Limited – a State Government company, Government of Gujarat (2021) 5772: 5186: 3903: 3213: 3206: 3185: 2894: 2784: 2756: 2486: 1376: 1163: 9237: 7289: 7268: 5528:(Tandava Shiva), albeit with chopped arms and defaced, can be seen on the south side. A mutilated 1138: 1054: 12604: 11696: 11038: 10825: 10469: 10249: 9822: 9296: 7828:

Herman, Charles Frank (1996). ""Harappan" Gujarat : The Archaeology-Chronology Connection".

5870: 5799: 5071: 4001: 3428: 2641: 2546: 2471: 1652: 1574: 467: 435: 5745: 5521:

with historic artwork were and are found in the south and southwest side of the Somnath temple.

1614: 11701: 11058: 10918: 10567: 10265: 10148: 9962: 9817: 9792: 9739: 5878: 5691: 5215: 4336: 3772: 3718: 3627: 3557: 3393: 3022: 2791: 2451: 1352: 1029: 7264:

The History of India, from the Earliest Period to the Close of Lord Dalhousie's Administration

6774: 6478: 6476: 6474: 5600:, thus confirming the antiquity of Somnath-Patan through at least much of the 1st-millennium. 12630: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12401: 12213: 12102: 11856: 11492: 11247: 11242: 10990: 10721: 10579: 10328: 10270: 9873: 9802: 9090: 8890:

The Archaeology of Sacred Spaces: The temple in western India, 2nd century BCE–8th century CE

6657: 6092: 5886: 4478: 4477:. The contemporary Somnath temple's reconstruction was started under the orders of the first 4371: 4220: 3856: 3667: 3645: 3535: 3400: 2973: 2581: 2461: 1864: 1850: 1018: 7285:

The Life of John Wilson, D.D. F.R.S.: For Fifty Years Philanthropist and Scholar in the East

1013: 12160: 12097: 12092: 11472: 11232: 11050: 10411: 10293: 10135: 9721: 9524: 9496: 9361: 8940:

Nanavati, J. M.; Dhaky, M. A. (1969). "The Maitraka and the Saindhava Temples of Gujarat".

8097:

Aggarwal, Neil (2018). "Representations of Mahmud of Ghazni in the Islamic State's texts".

6471: 5116: 5090: 4868:

Archaeologically, there is no evidence that a temple existed at the site in ancient times.

4189: 3908: 3823: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3530: 3192: 2770: 2740: 2571: 2476: 2372: 2102: 1996: 8722:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture: Volume 2 Part 2 North India Text & Plates

8680:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 4 South India Text & Plates

8659:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates

8638:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture: Volume 1 Part 2 South India Text & Plates

8617:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 1 South India Text & Plates

5408: 5405:

surveyed the site in 1830, calling Somnath site as "far-famed temple and city". He wrote:

8: 12539: 12519: 12501: 12491: 12280: 12265: 12208: 11866: 11691: 11300: 11267: 10978: 10930: 10683: 10391: 10298: 10275: 10244: 10196: 10181: 10059: 9772: 9767: 9430: 9287: 8743:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture Volume 2 Part 3 North India Text & Plates

8701:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture Volume 2 Part 1 North India Text & Plates

8027:

Zaidi, Syed Manzar Abbas (2011). "Polarisation of social studies textbooks in Pakistan".

5076: 4741:

related to the Saraswati river. However, given the river was nowhere to be seen when the

4719:– a Sanskrit scholar known for his translations and studies on Indic texts including the 4498: 4273: 3851: 3685: 3578: 3414: 2945: 2807: 2551: 2441: 2426: 2332: 2272: 2237: 2137: 1717: 1629: 1248: 907: 518: 420: 391: 7413:

Van der Veer, Peter (1992). "Ayodhya and Somnath: Eternal Shrines, Contested Histores".

7283: 7262: 4876:

The site of Somnath has been a pilgrimage site from ancient times on account of being a

4576:). It is one of five most revered sites on the seacoast of India, along with the nearby 3936: 1818: 1008: 12486: 12411: 12331: 12275: 11394: 11272: 11136: 10954: 10859: 10555: 10459: 10234: 10191: 10120: 9797: 9706: 9553: 9531: 9066: 9050: 8957: 8875: 8508: 8335: 8327: 8114: 8079: 8044: 7955: 7892: 7845: 7792: 7614: 7606: 7553: 7545: 7422: 6986: 6918: 6563:, Prabhas Patan has been described as a sacred tirtha located on the coast of the sea ( 6334: 6326: 6035:, Prabhas Patan has been described as a sacred tirtha located on the coast of the sea ( 5603:

A few Somnath-Patan sites around the Somnath temple was excavated in the 1970s, led by

5597: 5552: 5273: 5048: 4616: 4283: 4087: 3883: 3607: 3593: 3312: 2837: 2733: 2561: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2132: 1898: 1769: 1381: 1267: 6306: 4146: 12421: 12270: 12203: 12193: 12188: 12112: 11947: 11560: 11329: 11262: 11237: 11222: 10906: 10847: 10764: 10744: 10431: 10396: 10381: 10260: 10186: 9993: 9939: 9933: 9915: 9853: 9503: 9395: 9191: 9167: 9143: 9096: 9073: 8997: 8976: 8926: 8894: 8853: 8821: 8800: 8779: 8747: 8726: 8705: 8684: 8663: 8642: 8621: 8600: 8579: 8559: 8538: 8477: 8456: 8435: 8414: 8393: 8374: 8354: 8339: 8263: 8243: 8222: 8201: 8180: 8137: 8118: 8083: 8048: 8007: 7980: 7922: 7884: 7703: 7618: 7557: 7366: 7358: 7234: 7104: 7055: 7045: 7020: 6992: 6813: 6780: 6741: 6663: 6537: 6338: 6210: 6183: 6098: 5827:(hair). This iconography appears in early texts and temples dated to the 6th-century. 5529: 5289: 5264: 5160: 5128: 4973: 4761:, in several chapters and books mentions that this "Prabhasa" is at a coastline near 4572: 4537: 4510: 4482: 4454: 4419: 3976: 3742: 3711: 3617: 3586: 3542: 3199: 3150: 3085: 2844: 2830: 2576: 2501: 2322: 2282: 2277: 2267: 2107: 1803: 1737: 1332: 1069: 360: 4837: 2182: 1589: 876: 12285: 12257: 11937: 11907: 11508: 11467: 11361: 11341: 10949: 10942: 10633: 10621: 10604: 10543: 10421: 10366: 10308: 10201: 10173: 10115: 9863: 9858: 9848: 9777: 9701: 9653: 9595: 9585: 9575: 9568: 9548: 9475: 9020: 8949: 8500: 8319: 8106: 8071: 8036: 7947: 7876: 7837: 7784: 7598: 7537: 6318: 5930: 5699: 5402: 5226:(native to Ghazni) and therefore not authentic to Somnath. They were placed in the 5207: 5191: 5140: 4985: 4957: 4953: 4705: 4612: 4448: 4364: 4316: 4293: 4155: 4151: 4131: 4119: 4029: 3879: 3493: 3455: 3435: 3386: 3335: 3234: 3029: 3015: 2966: 2909: 2456: 2112: 2031: 1782: 1702: 1327: 753: 607: 504: 301: 8110: 6659:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One

5727:

Somnath converted into mosque, partly correct, partly embellished sketch (1850 CE)

5647:. The destruction of both has been celebrated by the Islamic scholars and elites. 2871: 12301: 12047: 12002: 11442: 11366: 11227: 11099: 10663: 10591: 10303: 10044: 9943: 9838: 9668: 9616: 9356: 9241: 9185: 9161: 9137: 8991: 8970: 8920: 8909: 8888: 8836: 8815: 8794: 8773: 8762: 8741: 8720: 8699: 8697: 8678: 8657: 8636: 8615: 8594: 8573: 8553: 8532: 8521: 8471: 8450: 8429: 8408: 8300: 8289: 8278: 8257: 8216: 8195: 8174: 8075: 8040: 8001: 7974: 7697: 7039: 7014: 6807: 6735: 6531: 5823:

In anthropomorphic representations, a crescent of the moon is shown near Shiva's

5644: 5608: 5309: 5156: 5152: 5107: 5081: 5063: 4993: 4716: 4354: 4039: 3963: 3898: 3699: 3622: 3570: 3379: 3283: 3227: 3164: 2980: 2881: 2777: 2526: 2506: 2377: 2252: 2232: 2152: 1843: 1829: 1727: 1707: 1670: 1262: 1257: 984: 863: 827: 772: 767: 594: 320: 11002: 8575:

Rethinking the Mahabharata: A Reader's Guide to the Education of the Dharma King

5288:

and annexed the state after holding a referendum. India's Deputy Prime Minister

1391: 1143: 844: 12609: 12087: 12067: 12007: 11922: 11831: 11755: 11447: 11384: 11063: 10376: 9414: 6512: 5882: 5874: 5401:

century were published between 1830 and 1850 by British officers and scholars.

5300: 5281: 5249: 5223: 4697:(c. 400 CE in its mature form) in Chapters 109, 118 and 119 of the Book Three ( 4633:

Henry Miers Elliot, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians Vol 1,

4486: 4263: 3612: 3421: 3269: 2920: 2814: 2763: 2566: 2392: 2312: 2262: 2247: 2212: 2167: 2064: 1836: 1697: 1579: 1528: 1513: 1493: 1457: 1386: 1168: 1123: 1074: 832: 457: 9024: 8323: 7880: 7602: 7541: 7100:

Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter

6179:

Hindu culture during and after Muslim rule: survival and subsequent challenges

5958: 5334:

Henry Miers Elliot, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians Vol1,

5320:

There is a detailed description of the temple architecture by AL KAZWI′NI′ in

4949: 4895: 1214: 994: 925: 440: 12624: 12416: 12228: 12183: 12145: 12032: 11932: 11676: 11621: 11462: 11257: 11217: 11131: 11123: 10961: 10792: 10406: 10318: 10125: 10097: 9711: 9683: 9590: 9314: 9139:

The Bhagavata Purana Part 5: Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology Volume 11

9061: 9045: 8176:

Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India

7888: 7630: 7569: 7024: 5593: 5478: 5253: 5244: 5171: 5164: 4723:, states that the appropriate context for the legends and mythologies in the 4497:

The Somnath temple is located along the coastline in Prabhas Patan, Veraval,

4462: 4403: 4288: 4243: 3276: 3241: 3178: 3124: 3117: 3078: 3071: 3008: 3001: 2994: 2987: 2959: 2903: 2521: 2466: 2446: 2436: 2416: 2387: 2297: 2087: 2082: 2072: 2021: 1943: 1857: 1690: 1639: 1538: 1473: 1312: 1079: 533: 220: 207: 11912: 10361: 7841: 7452: 6996: 6845: 6776:

The Invention of Humanity: Equality and Cultural Difference in World History

6264: 6262: 5335: 4634: 2257: 2016: 1224: 1219: 44: 12381: 12350: 12062: 12042: 11984: 11786: 11641: 11586: 11209: 11111: 10925: 10842: 10815: 10436: 9636: 9611: 9510: 9482: 9437: 9405: 7059: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6274: 5890: 5866: 5585: 5296: 5211: 5144: 5099: 4912: 4881: 4762: 4660: 4167: 4136: 4106: 3986: 3248: 3157: 3064: 3057: 3050: 3036: 2694: 2516: 2352: 2347: 2307: 2217: 2207: 2177: 2147: 2077: 1981: 1903: 1634: 1599: 1523: 1498: 1427: 1277: 1128: 920: 915: 814: 801: 796: 7674: 1452: 12218: 12198: 12127: 12057: 12052: 12022: 11956: 11917: 11721: 11711: 11686: 11651: 11611: 11419: 11287: 11184: 11087: 11075: 10973: 10893: 10777: 10772: 10754: 10701: 10696: 10645: 10445: 10371: 10211: 10077: 10072: 10021: 10011: 10001: 9759: 9645: 9580: 9517: 7926: 6387: 6259: 5858: 5358: 5094: 4753:

then integrates the Saraswati legend of the Vedic lore with the Prabhasa

4693: 4597: 4566: 4514: 4501:

region of Gujarat. It is about 400 kilometres (249 mi) southwest of

4442: 4428: 4331: 4200: 4196: 4159: 3319: 3043: 2936: 2866: 2679: 2633: 2594: 2496: 2337: 2327: 2192: 2056: 2046: 1915: 1910: 1813: 1712: 1604: 1594: 1564: 1533: 1442: 1209: 1023: 946: 938: 740: 509: 72: 11890: 8879: 8331: 7849: 7610: 7549: 7426: 6922: 6906: 6488: 6362: 6360: 6150: 12549: 12426: 12306: 11979: 11952: 11846: 11836: 11806: 11781: 11746: 11646: 11636: 11596: 11527: 11522: 11161: 10985: 10854: 10749: 10739: 10706: 10653: 10574: 10441: 10082: 10049: 9898: 9673: 9626: 9339: 9181: 9157: 8961: 8512: 7959: 7896: 7864: 6975:

Frontline, p. 73, item 16 of the Table, Archived by Columbia University

6717: 6715: 6330: 5432:

The survey report of Captain Postans was published in 1846. He states:

5219: 5067: 5016: 4892:("the lord of the moon" or "the moon god"), arise from this tradition. 4699: 4601: 4593: 4253: 3996: 3991: 3804: 3365: 3326: 3290: 3171: 3110: 2717: 2709: 2620: 2397: 2172: 2122: 1976: 1966: 1732: 1680: 1609: 1518: 1447: 1437: 1432: 1204: 979: 956: 951: 680: 480: 311: 7796: 7453:"Page:HMElliotHistVol1.djvu/131 - Wikisource, the free online library" 6846:"Page:HMElliotHistVol1.djvu/133 - Wikisource, the free online library" 5147:

to stop at that temple to pay their respects before departing for the

4489:. The reconstruction was completed in May 1951, after Gandhi's death. 12248: 12238: 12233: 12155: 12122: 12107: 12082: 12077: 12017: 11994: 11871: 11816: 11801: 11771: 11751: 11741: 11671: 11661: 11591: 11542: 11532: 11323: 10997: 10937: 10866: 10782: 10691: 10668: 10658: 10628: 10616: 10599: 10538: 10530: 10416: 10239: 10224: 10067: 10039: 10029: 10006: 9663: 9451: 9378: 9334: 8676: 8427: 7530:

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

7490:, pp. 285–287, with Plates 648–661 in Part 3(2) for photographs. 7010: 6357: 6206:

The Hindu nationalist movement and Indian politics: 1925 to the 1990s

6047: 6045: 5862: 5617: 5556: 5231: 5175: 4935: 4850: 4525: 4502: 4268: 4248: 4238: 4141: 4092: 4024: 3941: 3931: 3893: 3846: 3475: 3407: 3344: 3262: 3094: 2665: 2625: 2556: 2402: 2367: 2317: 2287: 2222: 2142: 2041: 2011: 1991: 1675: 1619: 1584: 1569: 1488: 1483: 1465: 791: 705: 636: 575: 329: 12656:

Hindu temples sacked in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent

10481: 8953: 8504: 8491:

Khan, M. S. (1976). "al-Bīrūnī and the Political History of India".

7951: 7586: 7525: 6754: 6712: 6700: 6634: 6084: 6012: 6010: 6008: 5151:

pilgrimage. In 1395, the temple was destroyed for the third time by

4210: 1272: 12476: 12170: 12150: 12027: 12012: 11971: 11841: 11811: 11731: 11681: 11576: 11482: 11295: 11199: 11189: 11033: 10800: 10711: 10673: 10611: 10512: 10087: 10034: 9658: 9621: 9558: 9383: 9344: 9329: 9319: 9309: 9277: 8276: 7788: 6322: 5538: 5525: 5505: 5378: 5234:

where they still lie to the present day. There was a debate in the

5136: 4939: 4842: 4770: 4729: 4520:

The Somnath temple is located close to the ancient trading port of

4506: 4437: 4258: 4097: 3794: 3789: 3750: 3547: 3103: 2929: 2886: 2853: 2704: 2699: 2672: 2382: 2362: 2292: 2242: 2117: 2006: 1922: 1893: 1888: 1757: 1747: 1644: 1624: 1548: 1543: 1508: 1178: 1158: 1118: 1084: 1064: 1044: 930: 806: 541: 499: 494: 368: 62: 8796:

The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu

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https://www.holybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/Mahabharata-VOL-2.pdf

6057: 6042: 5492: 2610: 12544: 12446: 12385: 12178: 11960: 11761: 11726: 11716: 11311: 11194: 11174: 11009: 10901: 10449: 9910: 9373: 9366: 8718: 7629:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

7591:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

7568:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

6235: 6005: 5533: 5486: 5381:– this evidence affirms that the lost temple was a Shiva temple. 5277: 5227: 5214:

removed the gates in September 1842. A whole sepoy regiment, the

5170:

By 1665, the temple, one of many, was ordered to be destroyed by

4981: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4854: 4778: 4581: 4557: 4545: 4521: 4411: 4407: 4298: 4205: 4163: 4019: 3841: 3818: 3480: 3470: 3220: 3141: 3133: 2950: 2876: 2861: 2658: 2357: 2302: 2036: 1986: 1956: 1951: 1823: 1798: 1685: 1317: 1196: 1173: 1148: 1059: 1049: 858: 822: 710: 695: 690: 626: 621: 585: 580: 567: 119: 109: 9954: 9131:, India: Archaeological Survey of India, Vol XLV, Imperial Press 9122:, India: Archaeological Survey of India, Vol XLV, Imperial Press 8893:. Archaeology and Religion in South Asia. Taylor & Francis. 6147:, D.H. Sykes and Henry Counsens, British Library Archives (2021) 6090: 3516: 1362: 1357: 1183: 12534: 12529: 12072: 12037: 11736: 11581: 11555: 11537: 11517: 11353: 11336: 11307: 11179: 11169: 11021: 10913: 10729: 10550: 9905: 9893: 9563: 9466: 9462: 9351: 9324: 5995: 5993: 5804: 5789: 5703: 5509: 5396:

19th-century ruined Somnath temple partly converted into mosque

5020: 4880:(the confluence of three rivers: Kapila, Hiran and Saraswati). 4766: 4589: 4577: 4541: 4423: 4326: 4321: 4278: 4215: 4061: 4057: 4048: 3811: 3485: 3299: 2615: 2342: 2227: 2127: 2097: 2092: 2026: 2001: 1790: 1660: 1503: 1478: 1417: 1302: 1297: 1287: 1229: 1153: 1113: 1108: 1039: 964: 899: 884: 786: 730: 715: 661: 641: 554: 549: 386: 9092:

The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond

8698:

Michael W. Meister; Madhusudan A. Dhaky; Krishna Deva (1983).

5849:

In addition to the one at Somnath, the other jyotirlingas are

5698:

ordered his troops to bring the wooden gates from the tomb of

3758: 12137: 12117: 11851: 11776: 11666: 11656: 11626: 10810: 10521: 9388: 9304: 8634: 8172: 7979:. State University of New York Press. pp. 164, 172–173. 5621: 5544: 5139:

sometime between 1331 and 1351. As late as the 14th century,

4865:

is meant to release one from the cycle of births and deaths.

4734: 4433: 4415: 4399: 4044: 3958: 3953: 3874: 3828: 3799: 3782: 3502: 3372: 3137: 2649: 2187: 2051: 1961: 1808: 1762: 1742: 1422: 1407: 1347: 1337: 1322: 1307: 1282: 1133: 1103: 989: 889: 720: 685: 656: 651: 646: 631: 559: 129: 84: 79: 9011:

Shokoohy, Mehrdad (2012). "The legacy of Islam in Somnath".

8150: 7903: 7380: 7378: 6676: 6423: 6377: 6375: 6345: 6247: 5990: 5074:, and sacked the Somnath temple. Legends in the later texts 11550: 10562: 9246: 8242:(First ed.), New Delhi: Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd, 7973:

Ellen Christensen (2003). C.E. Toffolo; M.C. Young (eds.).

7775:

Sopher, David E. (1968). "Pilgrim Circulation in Gujarat".

7500: 7498: 7496: 6826: 6622: 6570: 6435: 5148: 4800:

sites in the context of the Saraswati river in sections of

4650:

genre of texts. Of these, Somnatha temple tops the list of

4585: 4184: 4053: 3981: 3833: 1971: 1752: 1722: 1665: 1412: 1399: 1292: 894: 735: 725: 700: 666: 616: 598: 8775:

The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms

7202:"Mosque and Tomb of the Emperor Sultan Mahmood of Ghuznee" 7159: 7157: 6917:. Wiener Zeitschrift Für Die Kunde Des Morgenlandes 3: 2. 6459: 5980: 5978: 5976: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7375: 7129: 7117: 6953: 6941: 6372: 6074: 6072: 5532:

is to the right. To the left of this are traces of Shiva-

8838:

The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain

7648: 7636: 7493: 6610: 6123: 5795:

Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques

5543:

deities, as one of the partially surviving relief shows

5336:

https://en.wikisource.org/Page:HMElliotHistVol1.djvu/132

4635:

https://en.wikisource.org/Page:HMElliotHistVol1.djvu/132

8370:

World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction

8353:(First ed.), New York: Columbia University Press, 7154: 6598: 5973: 839: 376: 345: 94: 9013:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

7744: 7725: 6984: 6069: 5412:

Floor plan of the main Somnath temple, Veraval Gujarat

4988:

raided and plundered the Somnath temple, breaking its

4440:

texts of Hinduism; while various texts, including the

9234: 7433: 6202: 5284:, whose ruler had acceded to Pakistan in 1947. India 4570:

site for the Hindus, and a holy place of pilgrimage (

4536:, 2000–1200 BCE. It was one of very few sites in the 8291:

History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, Volume 2

7783:(3). American Geographical Society, Wiley: 407–412. 6929: 6688: 6399: 6307:"India's "Tīrthas": "Crossings" in Sacred Geography" 5957:. Official website of Somnath Temple. Archived from 5919:, in which Gokarna is included, but Prabhasa is not. 4781:

chooses to go and spends his final days, then dies.

4418:. It is one of the most sacred pilgrimage sites the 8410:

The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent

8302:

History of Indian and Eastern Architecture Volume 3

8255: 7260: 5322:

The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians

4757:, states Hiltebeitel. The critical editions of the 4621:

The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians

9065: 9049: 8193: 6286: 5902:The date for the critical edition of the complete 5259: 4907:begins to appear starting in the 9th century. The 4888:, meaning lustre, as well as the alternative name 4749:(confluence) already popular with the Hindus. The 4532:The site of Prabhas Patan was occupied during the 9129:Somnatha and Other Mediaeval Temples in Kathiawad 9120:Somnatha and Other Mediaeval Temples in Kathiawad 8996:. History of Indian literature. O. Harrassowitz. 8865: 8136:. ISEAS Publishing, Singapore. pp. 118–125. 7972: 7695: 7037: 7009: 6911:Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 6878:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCynthia_Talbot2007 ( 6640: 5999: 4564:("place of splendor"). Somnath temple has been a 4513:and about 85 kilometres (53 mi) west of the 4485:after receiving approval for reconstruction from 12622: 9034:"The Paris Congress of the History of Religions" 8911:The Archaeology of Gujarat (including Kathiawar) 8834: 8677:Michael W. Meister; Madhusudan A. Dhaky (1983). 8530: 8519: 8428:Susan L. Huntington; John C. Huntington (2014). 8388:Hardin, Elizabeth U. (1998). "God, the Father". 8131: 6907:"The Somnâthpattan Praśasti of Bhâva Bṛihaspati" 6485:, pp. 139, 141–144, 151–152 with footnotes. 4551: 8922:Prehistoric and Historic Archaeology of Gujarat 8599:. Brill's Indological Library. Brill Academic. 8431:The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain 8298: 8287: 8105:(1): 90, with image on p. 89 (context: 86–96). 7044:. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass. p. 162. 19:"Somanath" redirects here. For other uses, see 9056:. Penguin Books India – via archive.org. 8813: 8792: 8771: 8760: 8406: 8277:James Fergusson; Richard Phené Spiers (1910). 8061: 7665: 7663: 7233:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 62–63. 6873: 6779:. Harvard University Press. pp. 156–157. 5885:at Aundha in Hingoli District in Maharashtra, 12366: 10497: 9970: 9262: 9135: 8939: 8656:Madhusudan A. Dhaky; Michael Meister (1996). 8614:Michael W. Meister; Madhusudan Dhaky (1983). 8555:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M 7587:"A Few Observations on the Temple of Somnath" 6209:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 84. 6051: 4607: 4372: 3719: 12380: 9108: 7412: 7281: 7254: 7149:Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals 6991:. Sahitya Sansar Prakashan. pp. 39–40. 6628: 6588: 6393: 5984: 9213:Somnath: The Shrine Eternal - by K M.Munshi 9109:Dhaky, M. A.; Shastri, H. P., eds. (1974). 9088: 8845: 8571: 8214: 8006:. Princeton University Press. p. 386. 7660: 7317:Columbia University in the City of New York 7135: 7123: 7019:. Allahabad: The Indian Press. p. 85. 6965: 6959: 6947: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6682: 6482: 6429: 6241: 6182:. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 148. 6091:Catherine B. Asher; Cynthia Talbot (2006). 6063: 5947: 4820:that must have been already important as a 4664:, and the oldest known text with a list of 12373: 12359: 10504: 10490: 9977: 9963: 9269: 9255: 9019:(2). Cambridge University Press: 297–335. 8551: 8469: 8448: 8280:History of Indian and Eastern Architecture 8235: 7770: 7768: 7756: 7580: 7578: 7536:(1). Cambridge University Press: 104–107. 7103:. Princeton University Press. p. 43. 6662:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 19–20. 6441: 6175: 6161:sfn error: no target: CITEREFShakshi2012 ( 6140: 6138: 5893:at Ellora near Aurangabad, in Maharashtra. 5547:'s iconography – two lotuses in his hand. 5342: 5299:and other leaders of the Congress went to 4379: 4365: 3726: 3712: 43: 12327:Thambiluvil Sri Sivalinga Pillayar Temple 8886: 8719:Michael W. Meister; Madhusudan A. Dhaky. 8392:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 156–157. 8218:Trade and Traders in Early Indian Society 7671:"Shree Somnath Trust :: Jay Somnath" 7519: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7275: 6904: 6556: 6465: 6268: 6253: 6028: 5881:Temple in Deoghar District of Jharkhand, 5667: 5578: 5512:ideas found in Western regions of India. 5155:, the last governor of Gujarat under the 4765:. It is described as a sacred site where 9089:Yagnik, Achyut; Sheth, Suchitra (2005), 9010: 8918: 8907: 8746:. American Institute of Indian Studies. 8704:. American Institute of Indian Studies. 8683:. American Institute of Indian Studies. 8662:. American Institute of Indian Studies. 8635:M. A. Dhaky; Michael W. Meister (1983). 8620:. American Institute of Indian Studies. 8173:Vinayak Bharne; Krupali Krusche (2014). 8096: 8070:(3): 364 footnote 29, context: 353–365. 7937: 7909: 6794: 6772: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6283:, pp. 26–30, Plates VII & VIII. 5491: 5407: 5263: 5185: 5026: 4948: 4894: 11948:Temple in the Sea (Trinidad and Tobago) 10432:Temple in the Sea (Trinidad and Tobago) 9117: 9068:Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History 9052:Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History 9038:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda 9031: 8887:Mishra, S.V.; Ray, Himanshu P. (2016). 8767:. American Institute of Indian Studies. 8558:, Rosen Publishing Group, p. 122, 8390:Kali: The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar 8309: 7862: 7765: 7750: 7738: 7654: 7642: 7584: 7575: 7504: 7066: 6905:G. Buhler, Vajeshaṅkar G. Ozhâ (1889). 6652: 6366: 6351: 6156: 6135: 6129: 5562: 4703:), and Sections 10.45 and 10.78 of the 2603:Sources and classification of scripture 12623: 9060: 9044: 8989: 8852:, Delhi: B. Jain Publishers (P) Ltd., 8592: 8387: 8366: 8312:International Journal of Hindu Studies 8156: 7827: 7774: 7699:India: Modern Architectures in History 7523: 7510: 7439: 7399: 7384: 7336: 7330: 7226: 7163: 6973:Temple desecration in pre-modern India 6935: 6892: 6832: 6733: 6694: 6604: 6592: 6576: 6499: 6405: 6381: 6117: 6078: 6016: 5906:is generally accepted to be c. 400 CE. 5315: 4641: 4560:" or "moon". The site is also called 4505:, 82 kilometres (51 mi) south of 177: 149: 12525:Swaminarayan Akshardham (Gandhinagar) 12354: 11822:Swaminarayan Akshardham (Gandhinagar) 10511: 10485: 9958: 9250: 9126: 9111:The Riddle of the Temple at Somanatha 8739: 8026: 7999: 7836:(2): 89–90, 99–100, context: 77–112. 7487: 7351: 7096: 7090: 6805: 6740:. McFarland Publishers. p. 100. 6616: 6518: 6145:The Somanatha temple at Prabhas Patan 5194:, stored in the Arsenal of Agra Fort. 1225:Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation) 1220:Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption) 12661:Mosques converted from Hindu temples 9180: 9156: 9136:Shastri, J.L.; Tagare, G.V. (2004). 8725:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 8641:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 8490: 7696:Scriver, P.; Srivastava, A. (2015). 6809:Islam in South Asia: A Short History 6760: 6721: 6706: 5200:Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough 4942:possibly built the first temple for 4691:(pilgrimage site). For example, the 11827:Swaminarayan Akshardham (New Delhi) 9095:, Penguin Books India, p. 39, 8968: 8346: 7305: 6529: 6417: 6304: 6292: 6280: 6097:. Sterling Publishers. p. 42. 5500:, along with the two-storey design. 5131:king of Saurashtra in 1308 and the 13: 12585:Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Junagadh 9206: 8948:. Artibus Asiae Publishers: 3–83. 7421:(1): 85–87, 95–96 with footnotes. 7194: 7016:History of the Khaljis (1290–1320) 6812:. Brill Academic. pp. 88–90. 6502:, pp. 100–103 with footnotes. 5481:, one of Gujarat's master masons. 4426:and is the first among the twelve 14: 12672: 12575:Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Dholera 9984: 9228: 8373:, Oxford: Blackwell Publication, 8179:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 7204:. British Library. Archived from 6159:, pp. 304–306 with Figure 4. 5915:Kalidas gives a separate list of 5889:at Rameshwaram in Tamil Nadu and 5611:– an archaeologist known for his 5588:, one of the Director General of 5019:of a true Muslim... returned to 4956:, the Turkic Muslim ruler of the 4845:mentions Somanatha-Prabhasa as a 12590:Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Tithal 12322:Thambiluvil Kannaki Amman Temple 12312:Kokkadicholai Thaanthonreeswarar 11889: 11142:Emerald/Rathinam, Thiruvalangadu 10402:Kokkadicholai Thaanthonreeswaram 10106:Emarald/Rathinam, Thiruvalangadu 9938: 9929: 9928: 9404: 8452:The Temple Architecture of India 8125: 8090: 8055: 8020: 7993: 7966: 7931: 7915: 7856: 7821: 7812: 7803: 7716: 7624: 7563: 7227:Havell, Ernest Binfield (2003). 6763:, pp. 105 with footnote 82. 6724:, pp. 95–96 with footnotes. 6709:, pp. 90–91 with footnotes. 6271:, pp. 14, 184–187, 234–241. 6230:Shree Somnath Jyotirlinga Temple 5853:at Srisailam in Andhra Pradesh, 5771: 5756: 5744: 5732: 5720: 5694:, the Governor-General of India 5163:. In 1451, it was desecrated by 4713:on the coastline of Saurashtra. 4469:temple was reconstructed in the 4348: 3757: 3693: 375: 176: 169: 148: 141: 12457:Rama Lakshamana Temple, Baradia 12442:Kalika Mata Temple, New Dhrewad 10437:Tribhuvanamāhesvaram (Cambodia) 9235:Somnath Temple Official Website 8578:. University of Chicago Press. 8165: 7976:Emancipating Cultural Pluralism 7689: 7445: 7390: 7342: 7296: 7220: 7169: 7141: 7031: 7003: 6985:Ashok Kumar Srivastava (1979). 6978: 6898: 6886: 6838: 6766: 6727: 6646: 6582: 6550: 6505: 6447: 6298: 6223: 6196: 6169: 6111: 5922: 5909: 5896: 5843: 5830: 5817: 5260:Reconstruction during 1950–1951 4922:) recorded that he has visited 4917: 12560:Swaminarayan Temple, Ahmedabad 12482:Shitala Mata Temple, Butapaldi 8849:Meditation: Any Time Any Where 7230:A Handbook to Agra and the Taj 6203:Jaffrelot, Christophe (1996). 6022: 5873:at Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, 5685: 5590:Archaeological Survey of India 5181: 5089:(17th century) state that the 463:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies 16:Hindu temple in Gujarat, India 1: 12565:New Swaminarayan temple, Bhuj 11908:Ateshgah of Baku (Azerbaijan) 8972:Elements of Hindu Iconography 8740:Dhaky, Madhusudan A. (1998). 8552:Lochtefeld, James G. (2002), 8111:10.1080/09584935.2018.1430747 7673:. Somnath.org. Archived from 7348:Hindustan Times, 15 Nov, 1947 7097:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). 5941: 5857:at Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh, 5708:the Proclamation of the Gates 5362:(sanctum) was connected to a 4980:In 1026, during the reign of 4552:Nomenclature and significance 3524:Other society-related topics: 1215:Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy) 12580:Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada 11928:Kadhalishwaram ruins (China) 11415:Tirunallar Saniswaran Temple 10387:Kadhalishwaram ruins (China) 9276: 8256:Thomas E. Donaldson (1985). 8200:. Harvard University Press. 8076:10.1080/09700161.2013.782664 8041:10.1080/09585176.2011.550770 7267:. Longmans, Green. pp. 7261:John Clark Marshman (1867). 6513:Mahabharata:Hindu literature 6396:, p. 32 with footnotes. 6317:(4): 335, context: 323–344. 5571:has been one of the revered 5070:, defeated the Vaghela king 3635:Hinduism and other religions 2432:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati 7: 12595:Swaminarayan Mandir, Vadtal 12432:Jasmalnathji Mahadev Temple 8942:Artibus Asiae. Supplementum 8194:T. Richard Blurton (1993). 6536:. Harmony. pp. 82–83. 6019:, p. 18-19, Chapter 2. 5836:In 2007, Fleming dated the 5783: 5190:The Gates from the tomb of 4899:Ruined Somnath temple, 1869 4556:Somnath means "Lord of the 4492: 3380:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram 3352:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 1080:Arishadvargas (six enemies) 1024:Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs) 1019:Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body) 10: 12677: 12229:Churrio Jabal Durga Temple 11354:Sun Temple for Chhath Puja 11317:Nashik-Trimbak Kumbha Mela 8817:Hindu Art and Architecture 8593:Ludvik, Catherine (2007). 8534:The Hindu Temple, Volume 2 8523:The Hindu Temple, Volume 1 8259:Hindu Temple Art of Orissa 8236:Chaturvedi, B. K. (2006), 7863:Homerin, Th. Emil (1983). 7524:Burnes, Alexander (1839). 7038:Dasharatha Sharma (1959). 6515:, Encyclopaedia Britannica 5877:at Nashik in Maharashtra, 5763:Brahma-Shiva-Vishnu above 5713: 5596:and later scripts such as 5515: 5242:In the 19th century novel 5236:House of Commons in London 5123:The temple was rebuilt by 4984:, the Turkic Muslim ruler 4871: 4861:. Bathing in one of these 4832:compilation was complete. 4668:. Other texts include the 4608:Destruction of Jyotirlinga 3256:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 1936:Gurus, sants, philosophers 1872:Akshar Purushottam Darshan 1060:Uparati (self-settledness) 18: 12651:Māru-Gurjara architecture 12600:Tadkeshwar Mahadev Temple 12570:Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj 12555:Hanuman temple, Salangpur 12510: 12407:Brahma Temple, Khedbrahma 12392: 12294: 12256: 12247: 12169: 12136: 11993: 11970: 11898: 11887: 11767:Pushpagiri Temple Complex 11569: 11506: 11433: 11375: 11352: 11286: 11208: 11160: 11132:Art/Chithiram, Courtallam 11122: 11049: 10892: 10791: 10763: 10720: 10682: 10644: 10590: 10529: 10520: 10352: 10294:275 Paadal Petra Sthalams 10284: 10210: 10172: 10134: 10126:Art/Chithiram, Courtallam 10096: 10058: 10020: 9992: 9924: 9886: 9831: 9758: 9720: 9682: 9644: 9635: 9605:Festivals and observances 9604: 9541: 9461: 9445:Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta 9413: 9402: 9295: 9284: 9025:10.1017/s0041977x12000493 8835:Benjamin Rowland (1970). 8572:Hiltebeitel, Alf (2001). 8531:Stella Kramrisch (1976). 8520:Stella Kramrisch (1996). 8413:. Yale University Press. 8324:10.1007/s11407-009-9069-0 8132:Balaji Sadasivan (2011). 8000:Smith, Donald E. (2015). 7881:10.1080/00210868308701604 7603:10.1017/S0035869X00142789 7585:Postans, Captain (1846). 7542:10.1017/S0035869X00015173 7151:, (Har-Anand, 2009), 278. 7078:. Prabhat Prakashan. 1968 6533:India: A Sacred Geography 6052:Shastri & Tagare 2004 5627: 5475:Māru-Gurjara architecture 5354:tri-anga sandhara prasada 5204:Proclamation of the Gates 5167:, the Sultan of Gujarat. 5135:was installed by his son 4960:, raided India as far as 4926:in Saurashtra, including 4534:Indus Valley Civilisation 4475:Hindu temple architecture 2422:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati 1075:Samadhana (concentration) 939:Three paths to liberation 446:Tribal religions in India 431:Historical Vedic religion 426:Indus Valley Civilisation 343: 338: 292: 284: 241: 236: 197: 135: 125: 115: 105: 100: 90: 78: 68: 56: 51: 42: 35: 30: 21:Somanath (disambiguation) 12646:Shiva temples in Gujarat 12636:Hindu temples in Gujarat 12317:Pathirakali Amman Temple 11938:Sivan temple (Singapore) 11632:Dakshineswar Kali Temple 11400:Swetharanyeswarar Temple 10470:Kamphaeng Phet province 10456:Hx thewalay kestr phiman 10422:Sivan temple (Singapore) 10392:Kethishwaram (Sri Lanka) 10367:Fire temple (Azerbaijan) 9864:Meenakshi Sundareshwarar 9424:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 9082:– via archive.org. 8925:. Munshiram Manoharlal. 8846:Venugopalam, R. (2003), 8476:. Abhinav Publications. 8299:James Fergusson (1876). 8288:James Fergusson (1967). 8215:Chakravarti, R. (2020). 8003:India as a Secular State 7288:. John Murray. pp. 6629:Dhaky & Shastri 1974 6589:Dhaky & Shastri 1974 6394:Dhaky & Shastri 1974 6066:, pp. 39–40, 47–50. 5985:Dhaky & Shastri 1974 5869:at Pune in Maharashtra, 5810: 5650: 5473:The present temple is a 5060:1299 invasion of Gujarat 5043:After being exhorted by 4808:. Thus the mythology of 1251:, sacrifice, and charity 12605:Gorthiya Mahadev Temple 12234:Sadh Belo Island Mandir 11918:Ganga Talao (Mauritius) 11913:Bhadreshwaram (Vietnam) 11405:Apatsahayesvarar Temple 11137:Copper/Thamiram, Nellai 10417:Shivagraham (Indonesia) 10397:Koneshwaram (Sri Lanka) 10372:Ganga Talao (Mauritius) 10362:Bhadreshwaram (Vietnam) 10154:Thiruvanaikaval (Water) 10121:Copper/Thamiram, Nellai 9142:. Motilal Banarsidass. 9127:Henry, Cousens (1931), 9118:Cousens, Henry (1931), 8975:. Motilal Banarsidass. 8919:Sankalia, H.D. (1987). 8908:Sankalia, H.D. (1941). 8820:. Thames & Hudson. 8814:George Michell (2000). 8793:George Michell (1989). 8772:George Michell (1977). 8761:George Michell (2001). 8537:. Motilal Banarsidass. 8434:. Motilal Banarsidass. 8407:James C. Harle (1994). 8294:. Munshiram Manoharlal. 8099:Contemporary South Asia 7842:10.3406/paleo.1996.4637 7136:Yagnik & Sheth 2005 7124:Yagnik & Sheth 2005 7041:Early Chauhān Dynasties 6988:The Chahamanas of Jalor 6960:Yagnik & Sheth 2005 6948:Yagnik & Sheth 2005 6683:Yagnik & Sheth 2005 6064:Yagnik & Sheth 2005 5800:Kashi Vishwanath Temple 5632: 5598:proto-Nagari and Nagari 5489:and 212 relief panels. 5343:Pre-11th century temple 5286:contested the accession 5143:pilgrims were noted by 5010:Translated by M.S. Khan 4709:state Prabhasa to be a 3429:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 2642:Timeline of Hindu texts 2547:Siddharameshwar Maharaj 1575:Pumsavana Simantonayana 1230:Śabda (word, testimony) 468:Epic-Puranic chronology 436:Dravidian folk religion 221:20.888028°N 70.401389°E 11425:Nagannathaswamy Temple 11083:Ekambareswarar (Earth) 9745:Tiruvanaikaval (Water) 8526:. Motilal Banarsidass. 8350:Banaras, city of light 8347:Eck, Diana L. (1999), 8318:(1). Springer: 51–81. 8029:The Curriculum Journal 7177:"Battle of Kabul 1842" 6641:Rosa Maria Cimino 1977 6591:, p. 32 cited in 6530:Eck, Diana L. (2012). 6511:Wendy Doniger (2015), 6305:Eck, Diana L. (1981). 6244:, pp. Chapter 11. 6054:, pp. 1934, 2113. 6000:Rosa Maria Cimino 1977 5778:Somnath Temple at dawn 5751:Somnath Temple in 2012 5739:Somnath Temple in 1957 5692:First Anglo-Afghan war 5668:Pakistan and West Asia 5579:Archaeological studies 5501: 5466: 5445: 5426: 5413: 5340: 5269: 5216:6th Jat Light Infantry 5195: 5114:and Jinaprabha Suri's 5032: 5013: 4977: 4900: 4639: 4394:(IAST: somanātha) or 3394:Eighteen Greater Texts 3023:Brahma Vaivarta Purana 2452:Krishnananda Saraswati 1691:Vijayadashami-Dussehra 1205:Pratyakṣa (perception) 1065:Titiksha (forbearance) 199:Geographic coordinates 185:Somnath temple (India) 12402:Ambika Temple, Girnar 12214:Mansehra Shiva Temple 12103:Pura Ulun Danu Bratan 11953:Thewasathan Bot Phram 11933:Mount Kailash (Tibet) 11248:Chamundeshwari Temple 11243:Kamakshi Amman Temple 11152:Silver/Velli, Madurai 11095:Jambukeswarar (Water) 10722:Six Abodes of Murugan 10580:Ramanathaswamy Temple 10442:Thewasathan Bot Phram 10412:Pashupatinath (Nepal) 10149:Tiruvannamalai (Fire) 10116:Silver/Velli, Madurai 9740:Tiruvannamalai (Fire) 8367:Gwynne, Paul (2009), 8159:, pp. Chapter 7. 7282:George Smith (1878). 6806:Malik, Jamal (2008). 6773:Stuurman, S. (2017). 6579:, pp. 18, 23–24. 6557:Mishra & Ray 2016 6466:Mishra & Ray 2016 6369:, p. 68, footnote 19. 6354:, pp. 54, 74–75. 6269:Mishra & Ray 2016 6254:Mishra & Ray 2016 6029:Mishra & Ray 2016 5887:Ramanathaswamy Temple 5567:The Somnath-Prabhasa 5495: 5450: 5434: 5415: 5411: 5326: 5267: 5189: 5159:and later founder of 5030: 5002: 4952: 4898: 4835:The 5th century poem 4625: 4479:Deputy Prime Minister 3510:Varna-related topics: 3401:Eighteen Lesser Texts 2974:Devi Bhagavata Purana 1865:Svabhavika Bhedabheda 1851:Achintya Bheda Abheda 1783:Philosophical schools 1085:Ahamkara (attachment) 1045:Vairagya (dispassion) 973:Mokṣa-related topics: 12641:Gir Somnath district 12098:Pura Ulun Danu Batur 12093:Pura Penataran Sasih 11985:Tribhuvanamāhesvaram 11943:Sthūlādri (Thailand) 11923:Iraivan temple (USA) 11473:Paadal Petra Sthalam 11390:Kailasanathar Temple 11301:Haridwar Kumbha Mela 11233:Kalighat Kali Temple 10427:Sthūlādri (Thailand) 10382:Katas Raj (Pakistan) 10377:Iraivan temple (USA) 10159:Chidambaram (Ether) 10136:Panchabhuta Sthalams 9722:Pancha Bhuta Sthalam 9032:Vivekananda, Swami. 8969:Rao, T.A.G. (1985). 8778:. Harper & Row. 7865:"Sa'di's Somnatiyah" 7702:. pp. 314–315. 6311:History of Religions 5690:In 1842, during the 5563:Tirtha and festivals 5366:(entrance hall) and 5117:Vividha-tirtha-kalpa 5112:Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi 4777:, a site where Lord 4658:– chapter 13 of the 3909:Siddhanta Shikhamani 3869:Scriptures and texts 3642:Hinduism and Jainism 2572:Vethathiri Maharishi 2477:Nisargadatta Maharaj 1040:Viveka (discernment) 415:(500/200 BCE–300 CE) 275:by The Somnath Trust 252:(Many constructions) 226:20.888028; 70.401389 157:Shown within Gujarat 12540:Camp Hanuman Temple 12520:Ahmedabad Kali Bari 12502:Sun Temple, Modhera 12492:Shiva Temple, Bavka 12209:Nagarparkar Temples 12088:Pura Luhur Ulu Watu 11330:Prayaga Kumbha Mela 11268:Mangla Gauri Temple 11071:Chidambaram (Ether) 11051:Panchabootha Lingas 10684:Pancharama Kshetras 10407:Mt. Kailash (Tibet) 10212:Jyotirlinga Sthalas 10164:Srikalahasthi (Air) 10144:Kanchipuram (Earth) 10060:Pancharama Kshetras 9750:Kanchipuram (Earth) 9735:Tirukalahasti (Air) 9730:Chidambaram (Ether) 9431:Shivarahasya Purana 8990:Rocher, L. (1986). 8470:Adam Hardy (1995). 8449:Adam Hardy (2007). 8035:(1). Wiley: 50–51. 7912:, pp. 298–299. 7777:Geographical Review 7387:, pp. 197–198. 6874:Cynthia Talbot 2007 6734:Deming, D. (2014). 6643:, pp. 381–382. 6619:, pp. 285–287. 6384:, pp. 222–227. 6256:, pp. 234–241. 6176:Gopal, Ram (1994). 6094:India before Europe 5861:in Madhya Pradesh, 5316:Temple architecture 5080:(15th century) and 5077:Kanhadade Prabandha 4994:Kadamba king of Goa 4794:Pancavimsa Brahmana 4642:Scriptural mentions 4355:Hinduism portal 3700:Hinduism portal 3579:Hinduism by country 3415:Iraiyanar Akapporul 3359:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 2442:Dayananda Saraswati 2427:Bhaktivinoda Thakur 2333:Sripada Srivallabha 2273:Raghunatha Siromani 2238:Narasimha Saraswati 2138:Santadas Kathiababa 1210:Anumāṇa (inference) 278:(Present structure) 217: / 160:Show map of Gujarat 95:Shree Somnath Trust 37:Somnath Jyotirlinga 12487:Shiva Temple, Kera 12462:Ranakdevi's Temple 12437:Kaleshwari temples 12412:Dwarkadhish Temple 12332:Thirukkovil Temple 11692:Katra Vaishno Devi 11395:Vaitheeswaran Koil 11342:Ujjain kumbha Mela 11273:Vishalakshi Temple 11253:Mahalakshmi Temple 11107:Srikalahasti (Air) 10556:Dwarkadhish Temple 10460:Sukhothai province 9849:Kailash Mansarovar 9554:Pashupata Shaivism 9532:Hara Hara Mahadeva 9240:7 May 2020 at the 9113:. Bharata Manisha. 8064:Strategic Analysis 7677:on 30 October 2011 7208:on 11 January 2012 7181:britishbattles.com 5553:Luna Vasahi temple 5502: 5414: 5270: 5230:store-room of the 5196: 5033: 4978: 4901: 4682:Kothirudra Samhita 4678:Shatarudra Samhita 4617:Henry Miers Elliot 4471:Māru-Gurjara style 4402:temple located in 4126:Non - Saiddhantika 3594:Caribbean Shaktism 3313:Kanakadhara Stotra 2562:U. G. Krishnamurti 2542:Satyadhyana Tirtha 2133:Gangesha Upadhyaya 1791:Six Astika schools 1035:Ānanda (happiness) 1014:Anātman (non-self) 12618: 12617: 12422:Galteshwar Temple 12348: 12347: 12344: 12343: 12340: 12339: 12204:Kalat Kali Temple 12194:Katas Raj Temples 12189:Multan Sun Temple 12113:Singhasari temple 11885: 11884: 11561:Prasanthi Nilayam 11410:Agniswarar Temple 11377:Navagraha temples 11263:Alopi Devi Mandir 11238:Koneswaram Temple 11223:Taratarini Temple 11147:Gold/Pon, Thillai 10765:Trilinga Kshetras 10745:Thiruparankundram 10479: 10478: 10111:Gold/Pon, Thillai 9994:Trilinga Kshetras 9952: 9951: 9882: 9881: 9221:, Vol 70, no. 1, 9197:978-90-04-10236-1 9173:978-0-391-04173-8 9149:978-81-208-3878-9 9102:978-0-14-400038-8 9003:978-3-447-02522-5 8982:978-81-208-0878-2 8932:978-81-215-0049-4 8900:978-1-317-19374-6 8827:978-0-500-20337-8 8806:978-0-14-008144-2 8799:. Penguin Books. 8785:978-0-06-435750-0 8753:978-81-7304-225-6 8732:978-0-691-04094-3 8690:978-81-7304-436-6 8669:978-81-86526-00-2 8648:978-0-8122-7992-4 8606:978-90-04-15814-6 8585:978-0-226-34054-8 8544:978-81-208-0224-7 8483:978-81-7017-312-0 8462:978-0-470-02827-8 8441:978-81-208-3617-4 8420:978-0-300-06217-5 8399:978-81-208-1450-9 8380:978-1-4051-6702-4 8269:978-90-04-07173-5 8228:978-1-000-17012-2 8207:978-0-674-39189-5 8186:978-1-4438-6734-4 8013:978-1-4008-7778-2 7986:978-0-7914-5598-2 7709:978-1-78023-468-7 7657:, pp. 13–14. 7645:, pp. 11–13. 7507:, pp. 11–28. 7457:en.wikisource.org 7371:978-81-250-0828-6 7166:, pp. 68–69. 7011:Kishori Saran Lal 6850:en.wikisource.org 6819:978-90-04-16859-6 6786:978-0-674-97751-8 6747:978-0-7864-5642-0 6685:, pp. 39–40. 6669:978-81-241-1064-5 6607:, pp. 23–24. 6543:978-0-385-53191-7 6468:, pp. 22–23. 6444:, pp. 58–72. 6432:, pp. 92–95. 6132:, pp. 15–18. 6081:, pp. 36–37. 5961:on 28 August 2017 5955:"Somnath darshan" 5696:Lord Ellenborough 5290:Vallabhbhai Patel 5161:Gujarat Sultanate 4974:Gurjara-Pratihara 4909:Gurjara-Pratihara 4796:were modified to 4670:Varanasi Mahatmya 4538:Junagadh district 4511:Porbandar airport 4483:Vallabhbhai Patel 4465:in January 1026. 4389: 4388: 3736: 3735: 3587:Balinese Hinduism 3086:Markandeya Purana 2323:Satyanatha Tirtha 2278:Raghuttama Tirtha 2268:Raghavendra Swami 2108:Ramdas Kathiababa 1189:Sources of dharma 1055:Dama (temperance) 1050:Sama (equanimity) 416: 354: 353: 332: 323: 314: 304: 276: 270: 261: 250: 188:Show map of India 12668: 12375: 12368: 12361: 12352: 12351: 12254: 12253: 12224:Jagannath Temple 11968: 11967: 11893: 11547:Panchaganga Ghat 11059:Annamalai (Fire) 10735:Pazhamudircholai 10634:Yamunotri Temple 10622:Kedarnath Temple 10605:Badrinath Temple 10568:Jagannath Temple 10544:Badrinath Temple 10527: 10526: 10506: 10499: 10492: 10483: 10482: 10466:Hx Phar Ishvaran 10250:Kashi Vishvanath 9979: 9972: 9965: 9956: 9955: 9942: 9932: 9931: 9642: 9641: 9586:Siddha Siddhanta 9549:Shaiva Siddhanta 9476:Om Namah Shivaya 9408: 9271: 9264: 9257: 9248: 9247: 9201: 9177: 9153: 9132: 9123: 9114: 9105: 9083: 9071: 9057: 9055: 9041: 9028: 9007: 8986: 8965: 8936: 8915: 8904: 8883: 8874:(1/4): 381–382. 8862: 8842: 8841:. Penguin Books. 8831: 8810: 8789: 8768: 8757: 8736: 8715: 8694: 8673: 8652: 8631: 8610: 8589: 8568: 8548: 8527: 8516: 8487: 8466: 8445: 8424: 8403: 8383: 8363: 8343: 8306: 8295: 8284: 8273: 8252: 8232: 8211: 8190: 8160: 8154: 8148: 8147: 8134:The Dancing Girl 8129: 8123: 8122: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8059: 8053: 8052: 8024: 8018: 8017: 7997: 7991: 7990: 7970: 7964: 7963: 7940:Social Scientist 7935: 7929: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7900: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7825: 7819: 7816: 7810: 7807: 7801: 7800: 7772: 7763: 7760: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7736: 7723: 7720: 7714: 7713: 7693: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7667: 7658: 7652: 7646: 7640: 7634: 7628: 7627: 7622: 7582: 7573: 7567: 7566: 7561: 7521: 7508: 7502: 7491: 7485: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7449: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7410: 7397: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7373: 7355: 7349: 7346: 7340: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7309: 7303: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7173: 7167: 7161: 7152: 7147:Satish Chandra, 7145: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7114: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7075:Temples of India 7070: 7064: 7063: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6982: 6976: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6902: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6859: 6857: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6803: 6792: 6790: 6770: 6764: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6731: 6725: 6719: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6673: 6650: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6527: 6516: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6486: 6483:Hiltebeitel 2001 6480: 6469: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6430:Venugopalam 2003 6427: 6421: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6370: 6364: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6342: 6302: 6296: 6290: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6242:Chakravarti 2020 6239: 6233: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6120:, pp. 68–69 6115: 6109: 6108: 6088: 6082: 6076: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6040: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6003: 5997: 5988: 5982: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5951: 5935: 5931:Madhusudan Dhaky 5926: 5920: 5913: 5907: 5900: 5894: 5847: 5841: 5834: 5828: 5821: 5775: 5760: 5748: 5736: 5724: 5700:Mahmud of Ghazni 5605:M. K. Dhavalikar 5464: 5443: 5424: 5423:Alexander Burnes 5403:Alexander Burnes 5338: 5280:was part of the 5208:Mahmud of Ghazni 5192:Mahmud of Ghazni 5098:texts including 5066:'s army, led by 5045:Bhava Brihaspati 5011: 4986:Mahmud of Ghazni 4958:Ghaznavid Empire 4954:Mahmud of Ghazni 4921: 4919: 4737:already mention 4735:Vedic literature 4706:Bhagavata Purana 4637: 4613:Mahmud of Ghazni 4449:Bhagavata Purana 4381: 4374: 4367: 4353: 4352: 4351: 4132:Kashmir Shaivism 3926:Three Components 3761: 3738: 3737: 3728: 3721: 3714: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3658:and Christianity 3628:Pilgrimage sites 3558:Reform movements 3436:Vinayagar Agaval 3387:Five Great Epics 3336:Tamil literature 3235:Sushruta Samhita 3030:Bhavishya Purana 3016:Brahmanda Purana 2967:Bhagavata Purana 2895:Other scriptures 2457:Mahavatar Babaji 2032:Satyakama Jabala 1703:Ganesh Chaturthi 1557:Rites of passage 1070:Shraddha (faith) 488:Major traditions 414: 379: 356: 355: 350: 347: 327: 318: 309: 302:Mahmud of Ghazni 299: 274: 265: 256: 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9280: 9275: 9242:Wayback Machine 9231: 9209: 9207:Further reading 9204: 9198: 9174: 9150: 9103: 9080: 9004: 8983: 8954:10.2307/1522666 8933: 8901: 8860: 8828: 8807: 8786: 8754: 8733: 8712: 8691: 8670: 8649: 8628: 8607: 8586: 8566: 8545: 8505:10.2307/1580658 8484: 8463: 8442: 8421: 8400: 8381: 8361: 8270: 8250: 8229: 8208: 8187: 8168: 8163: 8155: 8151: 8144: 8130: 8126: 8095: 8091: 8060: 8056: 8025: 8021: 8014: 7998: 7994: 7987: 7971: 7967: 7952:10.2307/3520346 7936: 7932: 7920: 7916: 7908: 7904: 7869:Iranian Studies 7861: 7857: 7826: 7822: 7817: 7813: 7808: 7804: 7773: 7766: 7761: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7737: 7726: 7721: 7717: 7710: 7694: 7690: 7680: 7678: 7669: 7668: 7661: 7653: 7649: 7641: 7637: 7625: 7583: 7576: 7564: 7522: 7511: 7503: 7494: 7486: 7471: 7461: 7459: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7438: 7434: 7415:Social Research 7411: 7400: 7395: 7391: 7383: 7376: 7356: 7352: 7347: 7343: 7335: 7331: 7321: 7319: 7311: 7310: 7306: 7301: 7297: 7280: 7276: 7259: 7255: 7245: 7243: 7241: 7225: 7221: 7211: 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3228:Charaka Samhita 3207:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 3165:Shilpa Shastras 3144: 3097: 2981:Naradiya Purana 2953: 2948: 2923: 2897: 2856: 2720: 2652: 2636: 2605: 2597: 2587: 2586: 2532:Shirdi Sai Baba 2527:Sathya Sai Baba 2507:Ramana Maharshi 2411: 2378:Vadiraja Tirtha 2373:Vācaspati Miśra 2253:Srinivasacharya 2233:Narahari Tirtha 2213:Matsyendranatha 2198:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa 2163:Jagannatha Dasa 2153:Haridasa Thakur 2067: 1946: 1938: 1928: 1927: 1883: 1844:Vishishtadvaita 1793: 1785: 1775: 1774: 1728:Makar Sankranti 1708:Vasant Panchami 1671:Maha Shivaratri 1655: 1559: 1468: 1402: 1371: 1252: 1243: 1235: 1234: 1199: 1093: 1030:Prajña (wisdom) 1026: 1003: 967: 941: 910: 879: 877:Meaning of life 864:God in Hinduism 853: 817: 815:Supreme reality 792:Subtle elements 781: 762: 756: 746: 745: 601: 570: 544: 536: 526: 525: 522: 489: 483: 473: 472: 417: 412:Hindu synthesis 408: 403: 344: 321:Muzaffar Shah I 305: 277: 251: 225: 223: 219: 216: 211: 208: 206: 204: 203: 193: 192: 191: 190: 187: 186: 183: 182: 181: 164: 163: 162: 159: 158: 155: 154: 153: 38: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12674: 12664: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12616: 12615: 12613: 12612: 12610:Santram Mandir 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12516: 12514: 12508: 12507: 12505: 12504: 12499: 12497:Somnath Temple 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12472:Rudra Mahalaya 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12398: 12396: 12390: 12389: 12378: 12377: 12370: 12363: 12355: 12346: 12345: 12342: 12341: 12338: 12337: 12335: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12298: 12296: 12292: 12291: 12289: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12262: 12260: 12258:Pancheshwarams 12251: 12245: 12244: 12242: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12175: 12173: 12167: 12166: 12164: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12142: 12140: 12134: 12133: 12131: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12013:Candi Surawana 12010: 12008:Besakih Temple 12005: 11999: 11997: 11991: 11990: 11988: 11987: 11982: 11976: 11974: 11965: 11964: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11904: 11902: 11896: 11895: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11882: 11880: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11832:Thrippunithura 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11756:Triveni Sangam 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11573: 11571: 11567: 11566: 11564: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11514: 11512: 11504: 11503: 11501: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11439: 11437: 11431: 11430: 11428: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11385:Suryanar Kovil 11381: 11379: 11373: 11372: 11370: 11369: 11364: 11362:Deo Sun Temple 11358: 11356: 11350: 11349: 11347: 11346: 11345: 11344: 11334: 11333: 11332: 11321: 11320: 11319: 11305: 11304: 11303: 11292: 11290: 11284: 11283: 11281: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11214: 11212: 11206: 11205: 11203: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11166: 11164: 11158: 11157: 11155: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11128: 11126: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11116: 11115: 11114: 11104: 11103: 11102: 11092: 11091: 11090: 11080: 11079: 11078: 11068: 11067: 11066: 11064:Tiruvannamalai 11055: 11053: 11047: 11046: 11044: 11043: 11042: 11041: 11031: 11030: 11029: 11019: 11018: 11017: 11007: 11006: 11005: 10995: 10994: 10993: 10991:Ramanathaswamy 10983: 10982: 10981: 10971: 10970: 10969: 10959: 10958: 10957: 10947: 10946: 10945: 10935: 10934: 10933: 10923: 10922: 10921: 10911: 10910: 10909: 10898: 10896: 10890: 10889: 10887: 10886: 10885: 10884: 10876: 10875: 10874: 10872:Siddhivinayaka 10864: 10863: 10862: 10852: 10851: 10850: 10840: 10839: 10838: 10830: 10829: 10828: 10820: 10819: 10818: 10808: 10807: 10806: 10797: 10795: 10789: 10788: 10786: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10769: 10767: 10761: 10760: 10758: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10726: 10724: 10718: 10717: 10715: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10688: 10686: 10680: 10679: 10677: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10650: 10648: 10642: 10641: 10639: 10638: 10637: 10636: 10626: 10625: 10624: 10614: 10609: 10608: 10607: 10596: 10594: 10588: 10587: 10585: 10584: 10583: 10582: 10572: 10571: 10570: 10560: 10559: 10558: 10548: 10547: 10546: 10535: 10533: 10524: 10518: 10517: 10509: 10508: 10501: 10494: 10486: 10477: 10476: 10474: 10473: 10463: 10453: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10358: 10356: 10350: 10349: 10347: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10299:Brihadeeswaram 10296: 10290: 10288: 10282: 10281: 10279: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10216: 10214: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10178: 10176: 10174:Pancheshwarams 10170: 10169: 10167: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10140: 10138: 10132: 10131: 10129: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10102: 10100: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10064: 10062: 10056: 10055: 10053: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10026: 10024: 10022:Pancha Kedaras 10018: 10017: 10015: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9998: 9996: 9990: 9989: 9982: 9981: 9974: 9967: 9959: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9946: 9936: 9925: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9902: 9901: 9890: 9888: 9887:Related topics 9884: 9883: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9844:Brihadeeswarar 9841: 9835: 9833: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9803:Ramanathaswamy 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9764: 9762: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9726: 9724: 9718: 9717: 9715: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9688: 9686: 9680: 9679: 9677: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9650: 9648: 9639: 9633: 9632: 9630: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9608: 9606: 9602: 9601: 9599: 9598: 9596:Shaiva Smartas 9593: 9588: 9583: 9581:Veera Shaivism 9578: 9576:Trika Shaivism 9573: 9572: 9571: 9566: 9556: 9551: 9545: 9543: 9539: 9538: 9536: 9535: 9528: 9521: 9514: 9507: 9500: 9493: 9486: 9479: 9471: 9469: 9459: 9458: 9456: 9455: 9448: 9441: 9434: 9427: 9419: 9417: 9411: 9410: 9403: 9401: 9399: 9398: 9393: 9392: 9391: 9386: 9376: 9371: 9370: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9349: 9348: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9301: 9299: 9293: 9292: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9274: 9273: 9266: 9259: 9251: 9245: 9244: 9230: 9229:External links 9227: 9226: 9225: 9215: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9202: 9196: 9190:. E.J. Brill. 9178: 9172: 9154: 9148: 9133: 9124: 9115: 9106: 9101: 9086: 9085: 9084: 9078: 9062:Thapar, Romila 9046:Thapar, Romila 9042: 9040:. Vol. 4. 9029: 9008: 9002: 8987: 8981: 8966: 8937: 8931: 8916: 8905: 8899: 8884: 8863: 8858: 8843: 8832: 8826: 8811: 8805: 8790: 8784: 8769: 8758: 8752: 8737: 8731: 8716: 8710: 8695: 8689: 8674: 8668: 8653: 8647: 8632: 8626: 8611: 8605: 8590: 8584: 8569: 8564: 8549: 8543: 8528: 8517: 8488: 8482: 8467: 8461: 8446: 8440: 8425: 8419: 8404: 8398: 8385: 8379: 8364: 8359: 8344: 8307: 8296: 8285: 8283:. John Murray. 8274: 8268: 8253: 8248: 8233: 8227: 8212: 8206: 8191: 8185: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8161: 8149: 8142: 8124: 8089: 8054: 8019: 8012: 7992: 7985: 7965: 7946:(7/8): 63–78. 7930: 7914: 7902: 7875:(1/2): 31–50. 7855: 7820: 7811: 7802: 7789:10.2307/212564 7764: 7755: 7743: 7724: 7715: 7708: 7688: 7659: 7647: 7635: 7574: 7509: 7492: 7469: 7444: 7442:, p. 199. 7432: 7398: 7389: 7374: 7350: 7341: 7329: 7304: 7295: 7274: 7253: 7239: 7219: 7193: 7168: 7153: 7140: 7128: 7116: 7109: 7089: 7065: 7050: 7030: 7002: 6977: 6971:Eaton (2000), 6964: 6952: 6940: 6928: 6897: 6885: 6866: 6837: 6825: 6818: 6793: 6785: 6765: 6753: 6746: 6726: 6711: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6668: 6645: 6633: 6621: 6609: 6597: 6581: 6569: 6549: 6542: 6517: 6504: 6487: 6470: 6458: 6446: 6434: 6422: 6410: 6398: 6386: 6371: 6356: 6344: 6323:10.1086/462878 6297: 6295:, p. 291. 6285: 6273: 6258: 6246: 6234: 6222: 6215: 6195: 6188: 6168: 6149: 6134: 6122: 6110: 6103: 6083: 6068: 6056: 6041: 6021: 6004: 5989: 5972: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5921: 5908: 5895: 5883:Aundha Nagnath 5875:Tryambakeshwar 5842: 5829: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5770: 5768: 5762: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5687: 5684: 5669: 5666: 5652: 5649: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5580: 5577: 5564: 5561: 5517: 5514: 5479:Sompura Salats 5471: 5470: 5469:Present temple 5460: 5442:Thomas Postans 5439: 5420: 5398: 5397: 5344: 5341: 5331: 5317: 5314: 5301:Mahatma Gandhi 5282:Junagadh State 5261: 5258: 5250:Wilkie Collins 5183: 5180: 5007: 4920: 805–833 4878:Triveni Sangam 4873: 4870: 4824:site when the 4790:tirtha rituals 4643: 4640: 4630: 4609: 4606: 4553: 4550: 4494: 4491: 4487:Mahatma Gandhi 4420:Tirtha Kshetra 4392:Somnath temple 4387: 4386: 4384: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4344: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4264:Manikkavacakar 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4194: 4193: 4192: 4181: 4180: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4123: 4122: 4111: 4110: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4051: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3961: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3948:Three bondages 3945: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3852:Forms of Shiva 3849: 3844: 3837: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3754: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3730: 3723: 3716: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3702: 3689: 3688: 3683: 3675: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3664: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3574: 3569: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3531:Discrimination 3527: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3432: 3425: 3422:Abirami Antati 3418: 3411: 3404: 3397: 3390: 3383: 3376: 3369: 3362: 3355: 3348: 3340: 3339: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3323: 3316: 3308: 3307: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3287: 3280: 3273: 3270:Ramcharitmanas 3266: 3259: 3252: 3245: 3238: 3231: 3224: 3221:Pramana Sutras 3217: 3210: 3203: 3196: 3193:Mimamsa Sutras 3189: 3186:Samkhya Sutras 3182: 3175: 3168: 3161: 3154: 3151:Dharma Shastra 3146: 3145: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3107: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3082: 3075: 3068: 3061: 3054: 3047: 3040: 3033: 3026: 3019: 3012: 3005: 2998: 2991: 2984: 2977: 2970: 2963: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2933: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2907: 2899: 2898: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2841: 2834: 2826: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2811: 2803: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2788: 2785:Shvetashvatara 2781: 2774: 2767: 2760: 2757:Brihadaranyaka 2752: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2737: 2729: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2676: 2669: 2662: 2654: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2598: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2567:Upasni Maharaj 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2393:Vedanta Desika 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2313:Samarth Ramdas 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2263:Purandara Dasa 2260: 2255: 2250: 2248:Nimbarkacharya 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2168:Jayanta Bhatta 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1939: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1868: 1861: 1854: 1847: 1840: 1833: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1786: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1698:Raksha Bandhan 1695: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1580:Simantonnayana 1577: 1572: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1529:Carnatic music 1526: 1521: 1516: 1514:Bhagavata Mela 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1458:Kundalini yoga 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1254: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1005: 1004: 1001: 998: 997: 992: 987: 982: 976: 975: 969: 968: 963: 960: 959: 954: 949: 943: 942: 937: 934: 933: 928: 923: 918: 912: 911: 908:Stages of life 906: 903: 902: 897: 892: 887: 881: 880: 875: 872: 871: 869:God and gender 866: 861: 855: 854: 851: 848: 847: 842: 837: 836: 835: 830: 819: 818: 813: 810: 809: 804: 802:Gross elements 799: 794: 789: 783: 782: 779: 776: 775: 770: 764: 763: 760: 757: 752: 751: 748: 747: 744: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 677: 676: 670: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 613: 612: 603: 602: 592: 589: 588: 583: 578: 572: 571: 566: 563: 562: 557: 552: 546: 545: 540: 537: 532: 531: 528: 527: 524: 523: 516: 513: 512: 507: 502: 497: 491: 490: 487: 484: 479: 478: 475: 474: 471: 470: 465: 460: 458:Itihasa-Purana 449: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 404: 401: 400: 397: 396: 395: 394: 389: 381: 380: 372: 371: 365: 364: 352: 351: 341: 340: 336: 335: 334: 333: 324: 315: 306: 294: 290: 289: 286: 282: 281: 280: 279: 271: 262: 253: 243: 239: 238: 234: 233: 201: 195: 194: 184: 175: 174: 168: 167: 166: 165: 156: 147: 146: 140: 139: 138: 137: 136: 133: 132: 127: 123: 122: 117: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 98: 97: 92: 91:Governing body 88: 87: 82: 76: 75: 70: 66: 65: 60: 54: 53: 49: 48: 40: 39: 36: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12673: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12628: 12626: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12517: 12515: 12509: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12417:Firangi Deval 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12399: 12397: 12391: 12387: 12383: 12382:Hindu Temples 12376: 12371: 12369: 12364: 12362: 12357: 12356: 12353: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12299: 12297: 12293: 12287: 12286:Thondeshwaram 12284: 12282: 12281:Naguleshwaram 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12266:Ketheeshwaram 12264: 12263: 12261: 12259: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12246: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12184:Sharada Peeth 12182: 12180: 12177: 12176: 12174: 12172: 12168: 12162: 12161:Pashupatinath 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12143: 12141: 12139: 12135: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12033:Dieng Plateau 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 12000: 11998: 11996: 11992: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11977: 11975: 11973: 11969: 11962: 11958: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11905: 11903: 11901: 11897: 11892: 11878: 11877:Yadagirigutta 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11757: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11622:Chottanikkara 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11574: 11572: 11568: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11515: 11513: 11511: 11510: 11505: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11463:Kudalasangama 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11440: 11438: 11436: 11432: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11378: 11374: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11359: 11357: 11355: 11351: 11343: 11340: 11339: 11338: 11335: 11331: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11318: 11315: 11314: 11313: 11309: 11306: 11302: 11299: 11298: 11297: 11294: 11293: 11291: 11289: 11285: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11258:Biraja Temple 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11218:Vimala Temple 11216: 11215: 11213: 11211: 11210:Shakti Peeths 11207: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11167: 11165: 11163: 11159: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11125: 11124:Pancha Sabhas 11121: 11113: 11110: 11109: 11108: 11105: 11101: 11098: 11097: 11096: 11093: 11089: 11086: 11085: 11084: 11081: 11077: 11074: 11073: 11072: 11069: 11065: 11062: 11061: 11060: 11057: 11056: 11054: 11052: 11048: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11035: 11032: 11028: 11027:Mahakaleshwar 11025: 11024: 11023: 11020: 11016: 11015:Trimbakeshwar 11013: 11012: 11011: 11008: 11004: 11001: 11000: 10999: 10996: 10992: 10989: 10988: 10987: 10984: 10980: 10977: 10976: 10975: 10972: 10968: 10965: 10964: 10963: 10962:Prabhas Patan 10960: 10956: 10953: 10952: 10951: 10948: 10944: 10941: 10940: 10939: 10936: 10932: 10929: 10928: 10927: 10924: 10920: 10917: 10916: 10915: 10912: 10908: 10905: 10904: 10903: 10900: 10899: 10897: 10895: 10891: 10882: 10881: 10880: 10877: 10873: 10870: 10869: 10868: 10865: 10861: 10858: 10857: 10856: 10853: 10849: 10848:Ballaleshwara 10846: 10845: 10844: 10841: 10837: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10827: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10817: 10816:Varadvinayaka 10814: 10813: 10812: 10809: 10804: 10803: 10802: 10799: 10798: 10796: 10794: 10793:Ashtavinayaka 10790: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10770: 10768: 10766: 10762: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10727: 10725: 10723: 10719: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10689: 10687: 10685: 10681: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10651: 10649: 10647: 10643: 10635: 10632: 10631: 10630: 10627: 10623: 10620: 10619: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10606: 10603: 10602: 10601: 10598: 10597: 10595: 10593: 10589: 10581: 10578: 10577: 10576: 10573: 10569: 10566: 10565: 10564: 10561: 10557: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10549: 10545: 10542: 10541: 10540: 10537: 10536: 10534: 10532: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10519: 10514: 10507: 10502: 10500: 10495: 10493: 10488: 10487: 10484: 10471: 10467: 10464: 10461: 10457: 10454: 10451: 10447: 10446:sao ching cha 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10359: 10357: 10355: 10351: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10319:Kudalasangama 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10291: 10289: 10287: 10283: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10256:Trimbakeshwar 10254: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10230:Mahakaleshwar 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10213: 10209: 10203: 10202:Thondeshwaram 10200: 10198: 10197:Naguleshwaram 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10175: 10171: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10141: 10139: 10137: 10133: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10099: 10098:Pancha Sabhas 10095: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10065: 10063: 10061: 10057: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10023: 10019: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9999: 9997: 9995: 9991: 9987: 9986:Shiva temples 9980: 9975: 9973: 9968: 9966: 9961: 9960: 9957: 9945: 9941: 9937: 9935: 9927: 9926: 9923: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9900: 9897: 9896: 9895: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9885: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9830: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9813:Trimbakeshwar 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9788:Mahakaleshwar 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9765: 9763: 9761: 9757: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9727: 9725: 9723: 9719: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9689: 9687: 9685: 9684:Pancha Sabhai 9681: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9647: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9637:Shiva temples 9634: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9609: 9607: 9603: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9591:Shiva Advaita 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9544: 9540: 9534: 9533: 9529: 9527: 9526: 9525:Shiva Mahimna 9522: 9520: 9519: 9515: 9513: 9512: 9508: 9506: 9505: 9501: 9499: 9498: 9497:Shiva Tandava 9494: 9492: 9491: 9487: 9485: 9484: 9480: 9478: 9477: 9473: 9472: 9470: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9454: 9453: 9449: 9447: 9446: 9442: 9440: 9439: 9435: 9433: 9432: 9428: 9426: 9425: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9416: 9412: 9407: 9397: 9394: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9381: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9354: 9353: 9350: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9315:Dakshinamurti 9313: 9311: 9308: 9307: 9306: 9303: 9302: 9300: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9289: 9283: 9279: 9272: 9267: 9265: 9260: 9258: 9253: 9252: 9249: 9243: 9239: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9224: 9220: 9219:Artibus Asiae 9216: 9214: 9211: 9210: 9199: 9193: 9189: 9188: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9169: 9165: 9164: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9145: 9141: 9140: 9134: 9130: 9125: 9121: 9116: 9112: 9107: 9104: 9098: 9094: 9093: 9087: 9081: 9079:1-84467-020-1 9075: 9070: 9069: 9063: 9059: 9058: 9054: 9053: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9009: 9005: 8999: 8995: 8994: 8988: 8984: 8978: 8974: 8973: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8938: 8934: 8928: 8924: 8923: 8917: 8913: 8912: 8906: 8902: 8896: 8892: 8891: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8868:East and West 8864: 8861: 8859:81-8056-373-1 8855: 8851: 8850: 8844: 8840: 8839: 8833: 8829: 8823: 8819: 8818: 8812: 8808: 8802: 8798: 8797: 8791: 8787: 8781: 8777: 8776: 8770: 8766: 8765: 8759: 8755: 8749: 8745: 8744: 8738: 8734: 8728: 8724: 8723: 8717: 8713: 8711:9780691040530 8707: 8703: 8702: 8696: 8692: 8686: 8682: 8681: 8675: 8671: 8665: 8661: 8660: 8654: 8650: 8644: 8640: 8639: 8633: 8629: 8627:9780691040530 8623: 8619: 8618: 8612: 8608: 8602: 8598: 8597: 8591: 8587: 8581: 8577: 8576: 8570: 8567: 8565:0-8239-3179-X 8561: 8557: 8556: 8550: 8546: 8540: 8536: 8535: 8529: 8525: 8524: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8489: 8485: 8479: 8475: 8474: 8468: 8464: 8458: 8454: 8453: 8447: 8443: 8437: 8433: 8432: 8426: 8422: 8416: 8412: 8411: 8405: 8401: 8395: 8391: 8386: 8382: 8376: 8372: 8371: 8365: 8362: 8360:0-231-11447-8 8356: 8352: 8351: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8308: 8304: 8303: 8297: 8293: 8292: 8286: 8282: 8281: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8261: 8260: 8254: 8251: 8249:81-7182-721-7 8245: 8241: 8240: 8234: 8230: 8224: 8220: 8219: 8213: 8209: 8203: 8199: 8198: 8192: 8188: 8182: 8178: 8177: 8171: 8170: 8158: 8153: 8145: 8143:9789814311687 8139: 8135: 8128: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8093: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8058: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8023: 8015: 8009: 8005: 8004: 7996: 7988: 7982: 7978: 7977: 7969: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7934: 7928: 7924: 7918: 7911: 7910:Shokoohy 2012 7906: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7859: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7824: 7815: 7806: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7771: 7769: 7759: 7753:, p. 17. 7752: 7747: 7741:, p. 16. 7740: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7719: 7711: 7705: 7701: 7700: 7692: 7676: 7672: 7666: 7664: 7656: 7651: 7644: 7639: 7632: 7631:public domain 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7581: 7579: 7571: 7570:public domain 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7506: 7501: 7499: 7497: 7489: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7476: 7474: 7458: 7454: 7448: 7441: 7436: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7393: 7386: 7381: 7379: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7363:81-250-0828-4 7360: 7354: 7345: 7339:, p. 170 7338: 7333: 7318: 7314: 7308: 7299: 7291: 7287: 7286: 7278: 7270: 7266: 7265: 7257: 7242: 7236: 7232: 7231: 7223: 7207: 7203: 7197: 7182: 7178: 7172: 7165: 7160: 7158: 7150: 7144: 7138:, p. 50. 7137: 7132: 7126:, p. 49. 7125: 7120: 7112: 7110:9780691125947 7106: 7102: 7101: 7093: 7077: 7076: 7069: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7051:9780842606189 7047: 7043: 7042: 7034: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7006: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6989: 6981: 6974: 6968: 6962:, p. 47. 6961: 6956: 6950:, p. 40. 6949: 6944: 6938:, p. 79. 6937: 6932: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6901: 6894: 6889: 6881: 6875: 6870: 6863: 6851: 6847: 6841: 6834: 6829: 6821: 6815: 6811: 6810: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6788: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6769: 6762: 6757: 6749: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6730: 6723: 6718: 6716: 6708: 6703: 6697:, p. 75. 6696: 6691: 6684: 6679: 6671: 6665: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6649: 6642: 6637: 6630: 6625: 6618: 6613: 6606: 6601: 6594: 6590: 6585: 6578: 6573: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6553: 6545: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6514: 6508: 6501: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6484: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6467: 6462: 6455: 6450: 6443: 6438: 6431: 6426: 6419: 6414: 6408:, p. 24. 6407: 6402: 6395: 6390: 6383: 6378: 6376: 6368: 6363: 6361: 6353: 6348: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6301: 6294: 6289: 6282: 6277: 6270: 6265: 6263: 6255: 6250: 6243: 6238: 6231: 6226: 6218: 6216:1-85065-170-1 6212: 6208: 6207: 6199: 6191: 6189:81-85880-26-3 6185: 6181: 6180: 6172: 6164: 6158: 6153: 6146: 6141: 6139: 6131: 6126: 6119: 6114: 6106: 6104:9781139915618 6100: 6096: 6095: 6087: 6080: 6075: 6073: 6065: 6060: 6053: 6048: 6046: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6025: 6018: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6001: 5996: 5994: 5986: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5946: 5932: 5925: 5918: 5912: 5905: 5899: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5839: 5833: 5826: 5820: 5816: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5774: 5769: 5766: 5759: 5754: 5747: 5742: 5735: 5730: 5723: 5718: 5717: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5648: 5646: 5641: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5546: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5522: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5504:The temple's 5499: 5494: 5490: 5488: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5468: 5467: 5463:Henry Cousens 5459: 5456: 5449: 5438: 5433: 5430: 5419: 5410: 5406: 5404: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5387: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5351: 5337: 5330: 5325: 5323: 5313: 5311: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5266: 5257: 5255: 5254:Romila Thapar 5251: 5247: 5246: 5245:The Moonstone 5240: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5193: 5188: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5166: 5165:Mahmud Begada 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4897: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4839: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4733:layer of the 4732: 4731: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4674:Skanda Purana 4671: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4636: 4629: 4624: 4622: 4619:in his book 4618: 4614: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4464: 4463:Mahmud Ghazni 4459: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4450: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4404:Prabhas Patan 4401: 4397: 4393: 4382: 4377: 4375: 4370: 4368: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4356: 4346: 4345: 4338: 4337:Shiva Temples 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4244:Abhinavagupta 4242: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4195: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3971:other aspects 3970: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3729: 3724: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3691: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3669: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3601:Hindu culture 3599: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3567: 3566: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3553:Organisations 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3403: 3402: 3398: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3279: 3278: 3277:Yoga Vasistha 3274: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3244: 3243: 3242:Natya Shastra 3239: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3181: 3180: 3179:Brahma Sutras 3176: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3125:Sthapatyaveda 3122: 3120: 3119: 3118:Gandharvaveda 3115: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3081: 3080: 3079:Varaha Purana 3076: 3074: 3073: 3072:Skanda Purana 3069: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3011: 3010: 3009:Brahma Purana 3006: 3004: 3003: 3002:Garuda Purana 2999: 2997: 2996: 2995:Matsya Purana 2992: 2990: 2989: 2988:Vāmana Purana 2985: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2962: 2961: 2960:Vishnu Purana 2957: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2906: 2905: 2904:Bhagavad Gita 2901: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2487:Radhakrishnan 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2467:Narayana Guru 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2447:Jaggi Vasudev 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2437:Chinmayananda 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2298:Ramprasad Sen 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2148:Gorakshanatha 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2088:Allama Prabhu 2086: 2084: 2083:Akka Mahadevi 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2073:Abhinavagupta 2071: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2022:Prashastapada 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1932: 1931: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1882:Other schools 1880: 1879: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1858:Shuddhadvaita 1855: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1779: 1778: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1539:Kalaripayattu 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1474:Bharatanatyam 1472: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1353:Nritta-Nritya 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1239: 1238: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1000: 999: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 977: 974: 971: 970: 966: 962: 961: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 944: 940: 936: 935: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 913: 909: 905: 904: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 882: 878: 874: 873: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 856: 850: 849: 846: 843: 841: 838: 834: 831: 829: 826: 825: 824: 821: 820: 816: 812: 811: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 784: 778: 777: 774: 771: 769: 766: 765: 759: 758: 755: 750: 749: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 678: 675: 672: 671: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 614: 611: 609: 605: 604: 600: 596: 591: 590: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 573: 569: 565: 564: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 547: 543: 539: 538: 535: 530: 529: 521: 520: 515: 514: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 486: 485: 482: 477: 476: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 455: 454: 453: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 413: 410: 409: 407: 399: 398: 393: 390: 388: 385: 384: 383: 382: 378: 374: 373: 370: 367: 366: 362: 358: 357: 349: 342: 337: 331: 325: 322: 316: 313: 307: 303: 297: 296: 295: 291: 287: 283: 272: 269: 263: 260: 254: 246: 245: 244: 240: 235: 230: 202: 200: 196: 172: 144: 134: 131: 128: 124: 121: 118: 114: 111: 108: 104: 99: 96: 93: 89: 86: 83: 81: 77: 74: 71: 67: 64: 61: 59: 55: 50: 46: 41: 34: 29: 26: 22: 12631:Jyotirlingas 12496: 12467:Roda temples 12276:Munneshwaram 12151:Janakpurdham 12063:Kidal Temple 12043:Gedong Songo 11957:Sao Chingcha 11900:Out of India 11899: 11796: 11787:Shakti Pitha 11667:Indraprastha 11642:Dharmasthala 11607:Bhadrachalam 11587:Ambalappuzha 11507: 11434: 11112:Srikalahasti 10979:Bhimashankar 10974:Rajgurunagar 10966: 10931:Grishneshwar 10926:Ellora Caves 10860:Mahaganapati 10826:Mayureshwara 10354:Out of India 10353: 10285: 10276:Grishneshwar 10245:Bhimashankar 10219: 10192:Munneshwaram 10182:Kethishwaram 9869:Tiruchengode 9807: 9773:Grishneshwar 9768:Bhimashankar 9760:Jyotirlingas 9612:Kanwar Yatra 9530: 9523: 9516: 9509: 9502: 9495: 9488: 9483:Rudrashtakam 9481: 9474: 9450: 9443: 9438:Shiva Purana 9436: 9429: 9422: 9286: 9223:academia.edu 9218: 9186: 9162: 9138: 9128: 9119: 9110: 9091: 9067: 9051: 9037: 9016: 9012: 8992: 8971: 8945: 8941: 8921: 8914:. Natwarlal. 8910: 8889: 8871: 8867: 8848: 8837: 8816: 8795: 8774: 8763: 8742: 8721: 8700: 8679: 8658: 8637: 8616: 8595: 8574: 8554: 8533: 8522: 8496: 8492: 8472: 8451: 8430: 8409: 8389: 8369: 8349: 8315: 8311: 8305:. J. Murray. 8301: 8290: 8279: 8258: 8238: 8217: 8196: 8175: 8166:Bibliography 8152: 8133: 8127: 8102: 8098: 8092: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8032: 8028: 8022: 8002: 7995: 7975: 7968: 7943: 7939: 7933: 7917: 7905: 7872: 7868: 7858: 7833: 7829: 7823: 7814: 7805: 7780: 7776: 7758: 7751:Cousens 1931 7746: 7739:Cousens 1931 7718: 7698: 7691: 7679:. Retrieved 7675:the original 7655:Cousens 1931 7650: 7643:Cousens 1931 7638: 7594: 7590: 7533: 7529: 7505:Cousens 1931 7460:. Retrieved 7456: 7447: 7435: 7418: 7414: 7392: 7353: 7344: 7332: 7320:. Retrieved 7316: 7307: 7298: 7284: 7277: 7263: 7256: 7244:. Retrieved 7229: 7222: 7210:. Retrieved 7206:the original 7196: 7184:. Retrieved 7180: 7171: 7148: 7143: 7131: 7119: 7099: 7092: 7080:. Retrieved 7074: 7068: 7040: 7033: 7015: 7005: 6987: 6980: 6967: 6955: 6943: 6931: 6914: 6910: 6900: 6888: 6869: 6861: 6854:. Retrieved 6852:. p. 98 6849: 6840: 6835:, Chapter 3. 6828: 6808: 6775: 6768: 6756: 6736: 6729: 6702: 6690: 6678: 6658: 6648: 6636: 6624: 6612: 6600: 6595:, p. 23 6584: 6572: 6564: 6560: 6552: 6532: 6507: 6461: 6449: 6437: 6425: 6413: 6401: 6389: 6367:Fleming 2009 6352:Fleming 2009 6347: 6314: 6310: 6300: 6288: 6276: 6249: 6237: 6225: 6205: 6198: 6178: 6171: 6157:Shakshi 2012 6152: 6130:Cousens 1931 6125: 6113: 6093: 6086: 6059: 6036: 6032: 6024: 5963:. Retrieved 5959:the original 5949: 5924: 5917:jyotirlingas 5916: 5911: 5903: 5898: 5891:Grishneshwar 5867:Bhimashankar 5855:Mahakaleswar 5851:Mallikarjuna 5845: 5838:Jnanasamhita 5837: 5832: 5824: 5819: 5765:mukhamandapa 5764: 5689: 5680: 5674: 5671: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5639: 5636: 5620:(Kutch) and 5613:Indus Valley 5602: 5586:B. K. Thapar 5582: 5572: 5568: 5566: 5549: 5537: 5523: 5519: 5503: 5497: 5483: 5472: 5454: 5451: 5446: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5416: 5399: 5390: 5385: 5383: 5374: 5372: 5368:gudhamandapa 5367: 5364:mukhamandapa 5363: 5357: 5353: 5350:vastu sastra 5349: 5346: 5327: 5319: 5306: 5297:K. M. Munshi 5295:When Patel, 5294: 5274:independence 5271: 5243: 5241: 5212:William Nott 5203: 5197: 5169: 5145:Amir Khusrow 5132: 5122: 5115: 5111: 5103: 5100:Amir Khusrau 5085: 5082: 5075: 5057: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5014: 5005:serving it." 5003: 4998: 4989: 4979: 4943: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4913:Nagabhata II 4904: 4902: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4875: 4867: 4862: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4830:Shalya Parva 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4806:Shalya Parva 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4783: 4774: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4688: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4666:jyotirlingas 4665: 4661:Shiva Purana 4659: 4656:Jnanasamhita 4655: 4652:jyotirlingas 4651: 4647: 4645: 4626: 4611: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4544:, Padri and 4531: 4519: 4496: 4467: 4460: 4453: 4452:, mention a 4447: 4441: 4427: 4395: 4391: 4390: 4177: 4137:Pratyabhijna 4125: 4124: 4114:Saiddhantika 4113: 4112: 4107:Mantra marga 4105: 4080: 4030:Panchakshara 3987:Satkaryavada 3904:Svetasvatara 3777: 3773:Parameshvara 3771: 3660: / 3656: / 3652: / 3648: / 3646:and Buddhism 3644: / 3608:Architecture 3571:Other topics 3509: 3492: 3464:Four varnas: 3463: 3434: 3427: 3420: 3413: 3406: 3399: 3392: 3385: 3378: 3371: 3364: 3357: 3350: 3343: 3325: 3318: 3311: 3289: 3282: 3275: 3268: 3261: 3254: 3249:Panchatantra 3247: 3240: 3233: 3226: 3219: 3212: 3205: 3200:Nyāya Sūtras 3198: 3191: 3184: 3177: 3170: 3163: 3158:Artha Śastra 3156: 3149: 3123: 3116: 3109: 3102: 3084: 3077: 3070: 3065:Kūrma Purana 3063: 3058:Linga Purana 3056: 3051:Shiva Purana 3049: 3042: 3037:Padma Purana 3035: 3028: 3021: 3014: 3007: 3000: 2993: 2986: 2979: 2972: 2965: 2958: 2935: 2928: 2913:s (Hinduism) 2910: 2902: 2843: 2836: 2829: 2823:Atharvaveda: 2822: 2813: 2806: 2799: 2790: 2783: 2776: 2769: 2762: 2755: 2748: 2739: 2732: 2725: 2687: 2678: 2671: 2664: 2657: 2537:Shraddhanand 2512:Ravi Shankar 2492:R. D. Ranade 2353:Śyāma Śastri 2348:Swaminarayan 2308:Rupa Goswami 2218:Morya Gosavi 2178:Jiva Goswami 2078:Adi Shankara 1904:Pratyabhijña 1870: 1863: 1856: 1849: 1842: 1835: 1828: 1635:Samavartanam 1615:Vidyāraṃbhaṃ 1600:Annaprashana 1524:Dandiya Raas 1499:Mohiniyattam 1392:Nididhyāsana 1197:Epistemology 1129:Brahmacharya 1009:Ātman (self) 972: 916:Brahmacharya 845:Saccidānanda 797:Panchikarana 673: 606: 597: / 593:Other major 517: 451: 450: 405: 237:Architecture 209:20°53′16.9″N 25: 12219:Lava Mandir 12199:Amb Temples 12146:Chataradham 12128:Tirta Empul 12108:Shivagraham 12058:Jawi Temple 12053:Gunung Kawi 12023:Ceto Temple 11857:Velliangiri 11792:Simhachalam 11722:Mangalagiri 11712:Kurukshetra 11687:Kanyakumari 11612:Chidambaram 11420:Rahu Stalam 11162:Sapta Puris 11088:Kanchipuram 11076:Chidambaram 11003:Mallikājuna 10955:Omkareshwar 10894:Jyotirlinga 10836:Vighneswara 10805:Girijatmaja 10778:Kaleshwaram 10773:Draksharama 10755:Tiruchendur 10702:Ksheerarama 10697:Draksharama 10646:Panch Kedar 10515:holy cities 10286:Significant 10271:Rameshwaram 10235:Omkareshwar 10187:Koneshwaram 10078:Ksheerarama 10073:Daksharamam 10012:Kaleshwaram 10002:Daksharamam 9916:Other names 9798:Omkareshwar 9783:Mallikarjun 9646:Panch Kedar 9518:Shri Rudram 9504:Sahasranama 9182:Wink, André 9158:Wink, Andre 8993:The Purāṇas 8239:Shiv Purana 8221:. Manohar. 8157:Thapar 2004 7597:: 172–175. 7440:Thapar 2004 7385:Thapar 2004 7337:Thapar 2004 7164:Thapar 2004 6936:Thapar 2005 6893:Thapar 2005 6833:Thapar 2005 6695:Thapar 2005 6605:Thapar 2005 6593:Thapar 2005 6577:Thapar 2005 6567:, Ch. 109)" 6561:Mahabharata 6500:Ludvik 2007 6406:Thapar 2004 6382:Rocher 1986 6118:Thapar 2004 6079:Thapar 2005 6039:, Ch. 109)" 6033:Mahabharata 6017:Thapar 2005 5965:19 December 5904:Mahabharata 5859:Omkareshwar 5825:jata-mukuta 5686:Afghanistan 5386:antarapatta 5359:garbhagriha 5224:Deodar wood 5202:issued his 5182:British Raj 5095:Kanhadadeva 5058:During its 4990:jyotirlinga 4849:along with 4814:Mahabharata 4786:Mahabharata 4759:Mahabharata 4751:Mahabharata 4743:Mahabharata 4725:Mahabharata 4721:Mahabharata 4694:Mahabharata 4623:describes 4598:Chidambaram 4567:jyotirlinga 4515:Diu airport 4443:Mahabharata 4432:shrines of 4429:jyotirlinga 4332:Jyotirlinga 4201:Lingayatism 4197:Veerashaiva 4120:Siddhantism 3889:Shivasutras 3654:and Judaism 3650:and Sikhism 3618:Iconography 3543:Nationalism 3536:Persecution 3320:Shiva Stuti 3214:Yoga Sutras 3044:Agni Purana 2946:Other texts 2937:Mahabharata 2680:Atharvaveda 2577:Vivekananda 2502:Rama Tirtha 2497:Ramakrishna 2472:Nigamananda 2462:Mahesh Yogi 2338:Sripadaraja 2328:Siddheshwar 2223:Mukundarāja 2203:Madhusūdana 2193:Kanaka Dasa 2113:Chakradhara 2057:Yajnavalkya 2047:Vishvamitra 1916:Pancharatra 1814:Vaisheshika 1770:Ratha Yatra 1718:Janmashtami 1713:Rama Navami 1630:Ritushuddhi 1605:Chudakarana 1595:Nishkramana 1565:Garbhadhana 1534:Pandav Lila 1443:Bhakti yoga 1328:Prāyaścitta 1099:Niti śastra 947:Bhakti yoga 926:Vānaprastha 741:Vishvakarma 674:Post-Vedic: 510:Vaishnavism 452:Traditional 249:by Unknown 224: / 212:70°24′5.0″E 73:Gir Somnath 58:Affiliation 12625:Categories 12550:Khodaldham 12427:Gop Temple 12393:Structural 12307:Kataragama 12271:Koneswaram 11980:Angkor Wat 11867:Vijayawada 11862:Vemulawada 11847:Tirunavaya 11837:Tiruchanur 11807:Sri Kurmam 11782:Sabarimala 11747:Pandharpur 11707:Kumbakonam 11647:Ettumanoor 11617:Chitrakoot 11597:Arunachala 11528:Tulsi Ghat 11523:Belur Math 11488:Thiruvarur 11326:(Prayaga) 10986:Rameswaram 10919:Nageshvara 10907:Vaidyanath 10883:Chintamani 10855:Ranjangaon 10750:Thiruttani 10740:Swamimalai 10707:Kumararama 10654:Kalpeshwar 10575:Rameswaram 10334:Thiruvarur 10266:Nageshvara 10261:Vaidyanath 10083:Kumararama 10050:Kalpeshwar 9899:Rasalingam 9823:Vishwanath 9818:Vaidyanath 9674:Kalpeshwar 9627:Shiva Puja 9542:Traditions 9340:Tatpurusha 8499:: 86–115. 7830:Paléorient 7681:1 November 7488:Dhaky 1998 7246:16 October 7240:8120617118 7212:1 November 7186:16 October 7082:1 November 6617:Dhaky 1998 6565:Vana Parva 6037:Vana Parva 5942:References 5879:Vaijyanath 5220:Sandalwood 5153:Zafar Khan 5125:Mahipala I 5068:Ulugh Khan 5053:Kumarapala 5017:iconoclasm 4976:territory. 4928:Someshvara 4905:Someshvara 4890:Someshvara 4838:Raghuvamsa 4826:Vana Parva 4802:Vana Parva 4700:Vana Parva 4672:(found in 4602:Tamil Nadu 4594:Rameswaram 4499:Saurashtra 4481:of India, 4254:Utpaladeva 4221:Indonesian 4206:Siddharism 3997:Svatantrya 3992:Abhasavada 3977:36 Tattvas 3921:Philosophy 3805:Virabhadra 3494:Varna-less 3366:Tiruppukal 3327:Vayu Stuti 3291:Panchadasi 3284:Swara yoga 3172:Kama Sutra 3111:Dhanurveda 2771:Taittiriya 2749:Yajurveda: 2741:Kaushitaki 2718:Upanishads 2710:Upanishads 2634:Scriptures 2482:Prabhupada 2398:Vidyaranya 2283:Ram Charan 2258:Prabhākara 2173:Jayatīrtha 2123:Dadu Dayal 2118:Chāngadeva 1977:Bharadwaja 1967:Ashtavakra 1733:Kumbh Mela 1681:Durga Puja 1610:Karnavedha 1590:Nāmakaraṇa 1519:Yakshagana 1448:Karma yoga 1438:Jnana yoga 1433:Hatha yoga 1370:Meditation 1343:Tirthadana 1124:Aparigraha 980:Paramātman 965:Liberation 957:Karma yoga 952:Jnana yoga 681:Dattatreya 481:Traditions 406:Historical 312:Ulugh Khan 293:Demolished 273:1950 - 264:1308 - 259:Kumarapala 255:1169 - 247:Unknown - 12249:Sri Lanka 12239:Kafir Kot 12156:Kathmandu 12123:Tanah Lot 12083:Prambanan 12078:Penataran 12018:Cangkuang 11995:Indonesia 11872:Vrindavan 11817:Srirangam 11802:Sonamukhi 11772:Rishikesh 11742:Nathdwara 11672:Jageshwar 11662:Guruvayur 11592:Annavaram 11543:Gorakhpur 11533:Meherabad 11478:Thanjavur 11458:Khajuraho 11435:Important 11324:Prayagraj 11180:Dwaravati 10998:Srisailam 10943:Kedarnath 10938:Kedarnath 10867:Siddhatek 10783:Srisailam 10692:Amararama 10669:Rudranath 10659:Kedarnath 10629:Yamunotri 10617:Kedarnath 10600:Badrinath 10539:Badrinath 10531:Char Dham 10339:Khajuraho 10240:Kedarnath 10225:Srisailam 10068:Amararama 10040:Rudranath 10030:Kedarnath 10007:Srisailam 9859:Lingaraja 9854:Katas Raj 9793:Nageshvar 9778:Kedarnath 9664:Rudranath 9654:Kedarnath 9452:Tirumurai 9379:Kartikeya 9335:Sadyojata 9166:. Brill. 9072:. Verso. 8455:. Wiley. 8340:145421231 8262:. 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