873:
2077:
1203:
857:
1864:
1133:
1320:
644:
1890:
742:
1876:
1539:
68:
1419:
1742:
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contemporary writer
Gardizi reports, Mahmud had 1,400 boats built; each boat was to carry 20 archers and be equipped with special projectiles that could be filled with naphtha. Mahmud's fleet sailed down the Jhelum and then the Indus, until it met the Jat fleet. Although the Jats had far more boats than Mahmud, their fleet was set ablaze and destroyed.
2014:, into one of the leading cities of Central Asia, patronizing scholars, establishing colleges, laying out gardens, and building mosques, palaces, and caravansaries. Mahmud brought whole libraries from Ray and Isfahan to Ghazni. He even demanded that the Khwarizmshah court send its men of learning to Ghazni.
1162:. Some historians claim that there are records of pilgrimages to the temple in 1038 that do not mention damage to the temple. However, powerful legends with intricate detail had developed regarding Mahmud's raid in the Turko-Persian literature, which "electrified" the Muslim world according to scholar
972:
pass. However, his advanced was checked by the strong fort of
Loharkot. After having besieged the fort for a month, Mahmud abandoned the siege and retreated, losing many of his troops on his way and almost losing his own life as well. In 1021, Mahmud again attempted to invade Kashmir, but was again
1038:
to lead an army against him, however after
Somnath raid, Mahmud Gazhnavi chose a more dangerous route via Sindh, to avoid facing the invading powerful armies of Bhoja, he passed through a desert, where the scarcity of food and water killed a large number of his soldiers and animals, Kitabh Zainu'l
3694:
Despite his huge conquests, Mahmud could not ,consolidate them with firm hand. He lacked the genius for civil administration, and neither did his reign create any lasting institutions. There were no enduring bonds between the conqueror and the conquered in a state that was built and maintained by
1099:
kings as vassal states and he was pragmatic enough not to neglect making alliances and enlisting local peoples into his armies at all ranks. Since Mahmud never kept a permanent presence in the northwestern subcontinent, he engaged in a policy of destroying Hindu temples and monuments to crush any
1787:
Following his quest for Jihad in India, Mahmud Ghazni not only ruined the
Somnath temple and plundered its treasures but also killed every devotee present in the town. He did the same with women devotees, either killing them or kidnapped them to be later sold in the slave markets of Afghanistan.
3302:""The bilingual coins of Maḥmūd of Ghazna (r. 998-1030) Translating the medieval Indo-Islamic world between Arabic and Sanskrit" (Poster presented at the Workshop "Les Ghaznavides et leurs voisins: nouvelles recherches sur le monde iranien oriental" at CNRS, Ivry sur Seine, February 26th, 2016)"
2879:
In 1026, warriors of the Jats, the indigenous population of Sindh, inflicted heavy losses on Mahmud's army when he retreated from
Somnath to Multan. Mahmud returned a year later to take revenge on the Jats, who had been stubbornly resisting forced Islamisation since the eighth century. As the
2096:
Mahmud appointed all his ministers himself without advising his wazir (chief advisor) or diwan, though occasionally he had to, as his religion dictated that
Muslims should consult each other on all issues. Most of the time he was suspicious of his ministers, particularly of the wazir, and the
1192:
Yet in a curiously contradictory manner, the Turko-Persian narratives were accepted as historically valid and even their internal contradictions were not given much attention, largely because they approximated more closely to the current
European sense of history than did the other
2106:
Mahmud was a patron of literature, especially poetry, and he was occasionally found in the company of talented poets either in his palace or in the royal garden. He was often generous to them, paying unstintingly for their works according to their talent and worth.
2055:
Despite Mahmud's remarkable abilities as a military commander, he failed to consolidate his empire's conquests with subtle authority. Mahmud also lacked the genius for administration and could not build long term enduring institutions in his state during his reign.
822:; he also engaged elsewhere with the Fatimids. At this point, Jayapala attempted to exact revenge for an earlier military defeat at the hands of Mahmud's father, who had controlled Ghazni in the late 980s and had cost Jayapala extensive territory. His son
3987:
1806:
and lived in their own quarter of Ghazna practicing their own religion. Indian soldiers under their commander
Suvendhray remained loyal to Mahmud. They were also used against a Turkic rebel, with the command given to a Hindu named Tilak according to
2067:
in honour of Mahmud of Ghazni. In addition, the
Pakistan Military Academy, where cadets are trained to become officers of the Pakistan Army, also gives tribute to Mahmud of Ghazni by naming one of its twelve companies Ghaznavi Company.
1619:: he marches to their aid and finds the last Shahi King, Trilochanpaala, encamped as well. No battle, the opponents leave their baggage trains and withdraw from the field. Also fails to take the fort of Lokote again. Takes
2088:
Sultan Mahmud thought of himself as "the Shadow of the God on Earth", an absolute power whose will is law. He paid great attention to details in almost everything, personally overseeing the work of every department of his
701:
dynasty. The reason behind
Sabuktigin's choice to appoint Ismail as heir over the more experienced and older Mahmud is uncertain. It may have been due to Ismail's mother being the daughter of Sabuktigin's old master,
980:
and defeated a coalition of rulers there while also killing a ruler called Chandrapala. The city of Mathura was "ruthlessly sacked, ravaged, desecrated and destroyed". In particular, Al-utbi mentioned in his work
894:
Following the defeat of the Indian Confederacy, after deciding to retaliate for their combined resistance, Mahmud then set out on regular expeditions against them, leaving the conquered kingdoms in the hands of
3740:
He also gave patronage to literary men and poets, such as Firdausi, and carried forward the Persian renaissance which had begun with the Samanids. But he built no lasting institutions which could outlive
2025:
for every distich written in the Shahnameh (which would have been 60,000 dinars), but later retracted his promise and presented him with dirhams (20,000 dirhams), at that time the equivalent of only 200
673:. During this period, the Samanid Empire became highly unstable, with shifting internal political tides as various factions vied for control, the chief among them being Abu'l-Qasim Simjuri, Fa'iq, Abu
4441:
616:("Mirror of Masud"), a Persian-language hagiography written by Abdur Rahman Chishti in the 1620s, Mahmud's sister, Sitr-e-Mu'alla, was purportedly married to Dawood bin Ataullah Alavi, also known as
2037:
in order to understand the Indians and their beliefs. During Mahmud's rule, universities were founded to study various subjects such as mathematics, religion, the humanities, and medicine.
2021:
to him. There are various stories in medieval texts describing the lack of interest shown by Mahmud to Ferdowsi and his life's work. According to historians, Mahmud had promised Ferdowsi a
995:. When it was attacked by Mahmud of Ghazni, "all the idols" were burnt and destroyed during a period of twenty days, gold and silver was smelted for booty, and the city was burnt down. The
1591:, Mathura and various other regions along the route. While moving through Kashmir he levies troops from vassal Prince for his onward march; Kannauj and Meerut submit without battle.
2489:
872:
3001:
1184:
But, as is well known, Hindu sources do not give any information regarding the raids of Sultan Mahmud, so that what follows is based solely on the testimony of Muslim authors.
945:. In 1013, during Mahmud's eighth expedition into eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan, the Shahi kingdom (which was then under Trilochanapala, son of Anandapala) was overthrown.
3553:
1403:
are then captured by Mahmud, made prisoner along with Muhammad ibn Suri's son, and taken to Ghazni, where Muhammad ibn Suri dies. Appoints Sewakpal to administer the region.
580:. Mahmud's mother was a local woman of possible Iranian descent from a landowning aristocrat family in the region of Zabulistan, and he is therefore known in some sources as
1534:: Marries his sister to Abul Abbas Mamun of Khwarezm, who dies in the same year in a rebellion. Moves to quell the rebellion and installs a new ruler and annexes a portion.
830:, he assembled a powerful confederacy that suffered defeat as his elephant turned back from the battle at a crucial moment, turning the tide in Mahmud's favor once more at
1202:
1068:. Even though the Jats had a bigger fleet than Mahmud, he is said to have had around 20 archers on each of his 1400 boats, stocked with "special projectiles" carrying
2076:
4579:
3344:
3211:
3143:
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2010:) give descriptions of the magnificence of the capital, as well as of the conqueror's munificent support of literature. He transformed Ghazni, the first centre of
1030:
against Bhima I. That same year Mahmud also attacked the Jats of Jud and defeated them. Mahmud's desecration of the Somnath temple in Gujarat in 1024 CE motivated
964:
against the Ghaznavids, and Mahmud wanted retribution. Antagonized by Sangramaraja's having helped Trilochanapala, Mahmud invaded Kashmir. He advanced along the
4052:
4437:
1064:. Later in 1027 CE, he avenged the attack by the Jats, who had been resisting "forced Islamisation" for the past 300 years, by ravaging their fleet in the
1180:
Historians including Thapar, Eaton, and A. K. Majumdar have questioned the iconoclastic historiography of this incident. Thapar quoted Majumdar (1956):
856:
1834:, "Mahmud vowed that every year he would wage a Holy War against the infidels of Hindustan". During the seventh year of his reign, Mahmud mintage from
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2429:
1704:
3604:
4451:
3625:
4514:
2481:
2121:
1305:
995: The Samanid rebels Fa'iq (leader of a court faction that had defeated Alptigin's nomination for Emir) and Abu Ali expel Mahmud from
3487:
3449:
2247:
3965:
3908:
1729:
1027: Devastates the fleet of Jats in Indus river to avenge the "heavy losses" suffered by his army in an onslaught by Jats in 1026 CE.
913:
In 1001 Mahmud of Ghazni first invaded modern day Pakistan and then parts of India. Mahmud defeated, captured, and later released the
497:
evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual centre in the Islamic world, almost rivalling the important city of
3886:
3009:
3943:
2625:
584:("Mahmud from Zabulistan"). Not much about Mahmud's early life is known, other than that he was a school-mate and foster brother of
4278:
1784:
and a raid on India every year. In 1005 Mahmud conducted a series of campaigns during which the Ismailis of Multan were massacred.
1388:. Mahmud massacres the Ismailis of Multan in the course of his conquest. Anandapala is defeated at Peshawar and pursued to Sodra (
991:, writing a "History of Hindustan" in the 16th-17th century, the city of Mathura was the richest in India, and was consecrated to
973:
not able to advance beyond the Loharkot fort. After the two failed invasion attempts, he did not attempt to invade Kashmir again.
446:). At the time of his death, his kingdom had been transformed into an extensive military empire, which extended from northwestern
1863:
4660:
4655:
1638:
to submit and pay tribute: Trilochanpala, the grandson of Jayapala, is assassinated by his own troops. Official annexation of
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following words are widely believed to be his: "wazirs are the enemies of kings..." Sultan Mahmud had numerous spies (called
933:, at which time Anandapala's army attacked him. The following year Mahmud of Ghazni attacked and crushed Sukhapala, ruler of
512:
Mahmud ascended the throne at the age of 27 upon his father's death, albeit after a brief war of succession with his brother
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to pieces, and the stone fragments are carted back to Ghazni, where they are incorporated into the steps of the city's new
1657:
was renowned, and consequently it became an attractive target for Mahmud, as it had previously deterred most invaders. The
2942:
I. H. Qureshi et al., A Short History of Pakistan (Karachi Division (Pakistan): University of Karachi, 2000), (p.246-247)
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1353:
from the Samanids. A concurrent invasion from the north by the Qarakhanids under Elik Khan (Nasr Khan) ends Samanid rule.
3974:
2860:
568:
slave commander who laid foundations to the Ghaznavid dynasty in Ghazni in 977, which he ruled as a subordinate of the
1010:
Ganda, who was defeated. That same year Shahi Trilochanapala was killed at Rahib and his son Bhimapala succeeded him.
4320:
4183:
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3997:
3819:
Anjum, Tanvir (Summer 2007). "The Emergence of Muslim Rule in India: Some Historical Disconnects and Missing Links".
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Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11Th-13th Centuries
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520:("authority"), signifying the extent of his power while at the same time preserving an ideological link to the
355:
2060:
1791:
Mahmud used his plundered wealth to finance his armies which included mercenaries. The Indian soldiers, whom
851:
2641:
2607:
2017:
Mahmud patronized the notable poet Ferdowsi, who after laboring 27 years, went to Ghazni and presented the
1830:
A. V. Williams Jackson, Professor of Indo-Iranian Languages in Columbia University has written in his book
1228:
from Central Asia and the Buyid dynasty. Initially, after being repulsed by Mahmud, the Seljuks retired to
843:
643:
330:
4300:
1158:. He took away booty of 2 million dinars. The conquest of Somnath was followed by a punitive invasion of
2421:
1240:(1028–1029). Later, they repeatedly raided and traded territory with his successors across Khorasan and
4665:
4500:
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3959:
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3707:
3123:
1506:
1012: Demands and receives remainder of the province of Khorasan from the Abbasid Caliph. Then demands
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1368:
847:
776:
621:
350:
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during his last invasion. The medical complication from malaria had caused lethal tuberculosis. His
3916:
1889:
1642:
by Ghazni. Also fails to take the Lohara fort on the western border of Kashmir for the second time.
1474:
1101:
723:
706:. Mahmud shortly revolted, and with the help of his other brother, Abu'l-Muzaffar, the governor of
4410:
3986:
Nazim, M.; Bosworth, C. Edmund (1991). "The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 6, Fascicules 107–108".
2482:"An Indian Embassy before Sultan Mahmud of Ghanzna, from the "Majmal al-Tawarikh" of Hafiz-e Abru"
2347:
4599:
4416:
937:(who had become ruler by rebelling against the Shahi kingdom). In 1008–1009, Mahmud defeated the
617:
382:
2799:
414:, ruling from 998 to 1030. During his reign and in medieval sources, he is usually known by his
4619:
4569:
4427:
2116:
1822:
on "non-Muslims" during the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni nor any mention of "forced conversions":
1124:
all submitted or were raided. It is estimated Mahmud's invasions killed over 2 million people.
711:
335:
325:
86:
1826:
is (Mahmud's) expeditions against India were not motivated by religion but by love of plunder.
477:, Mahmud continued the bureaucratic, political, and cultural customs of his predecessors, the
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3433:
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1268:
On 30 April 1030 Sultan Mahmud died in Ghazni at the age of 58. Sultan Mahmud had contracted
1253:
605:
208:
3933:
2052:(also known as Muhammad of Ghori) captured the last Ghaznavid stronghold at Lahore in 1187.
4650:
1298:
994: Gains the title of Saif ad-Dawla and becomes Governor of Khorasan under service to Nuh
1249:
987:, that Mahmud Ghaznavi destroyed a "great and magnificent temple" in Mathura. According to
597:
4422:
1672:: Mahmud sacks the temple and is reported to have personally hammered the temple's gilded
714:
and gained control over the Ghaznavid kingdom. That year, in 998, Mahmud then traveled to
8:
4645:
3876:
1968:
1448:
682:
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609:
528:. During his rule, he invaded and plundered the richest cities and temple towns, such as
455:
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The Military in British India: The Development of British Forces in South Asia:1600-1947
1898:
The tomb is located in the village of Rawza (Rawdza), 4 kilometers northeast of Ghazni (
992:
791:. From there he decided to focus on Hindustan to the southeast, particularly the highly
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4206:
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Mahmud ibn Sebuktegin attacks the rebel fortress (Arg) of Zarang in Sijistan in 1003 AD
2011:
1930:
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1005-6: Multan: Fateh Daud, the Ismaili ruler of Multan revolts and enlists the aid of
1210:
ruler "Ilig Khan" on horse, submitting to Mahmud of Ghazni, who is riding an elephant.
1060:"inflicted heavy losses" on the army of Mahmud while it was on its way from Somnath to
482:
203:
132:
910:. He also vowed to raid and loot the wealthy region of northwestern India every year.
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Online Copy:Last Accessed 11 October 2007 Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John.
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A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century
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3558:. New Approaches to Asian History. Cambridge University Press. 2020. pp. 10–41.
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929:. In 1005 Mahmud of Ghazni invaded Bhatia (probably Bhera), and in 1006 he invaded
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Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One
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History of the Chamar Dynasty : (From 6Th Century A.D. To 12Th Century A.D.)
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Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane
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1881:
A painting of the inside of the mausoleum of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, in 1839–40.
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1260:, resulting in Mas'ud abandoning most of his western territories to the Seljuks.
1175:
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525:
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succeeded him and continued the struggle to avenge his father's suicide. In the
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Ramachandran, Sudha (3 September 2005). "Asia's missiles strike at the heart".
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The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation
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Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) Part 1
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3197:
Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter
2820:
2514:
Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter
2040:
The Ghaznavid Empire was ruled by his successors for 157 years. The expanding
1869:
Exterior of the tomb of Mahmud of Ghazni, painted by James Atkinson circa 1840
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The last four years of Mahmud's life were spent contending with the influx of
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Following Mahmud's recognition by the Abbasid caliphate in 999, he pledged a
1639:
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2103:) across his empire, supervised by the special department within his diwan.
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The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period
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in 1008 and bringing Mahmud control of the Shahi dominions of Udbandpura.
1960:
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1010: Multan revolts. Abul Fatah Dawood is imprisoned for life at Ghazni.
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925:(modern Pakistan). Jayapala killed himself and was succeeded by his son
4534:
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1801:
1653:: This raid is his last major campaign. The concentration of wealth at
1602:
1559:"There is no God except Allah, and Muhammad is the meassenger of Allah"
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in the capture of Khorasan from the rebel Fa'iq in aid of the Samanid
3002:"Review of Romila Thapar's "Somanatha, The Many Voices of a History""
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2018:
1988:
1956:
1952:
1938:
1839:
1799:, were one of the components of the army with their commander called
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Mullahs on the mainframe: Islam and modernity among the Daudi Bohras
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Under the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni, the region broke away from the
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seventeen times, and used the booty to build his capital in Ghazni.
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dinars. His expedition across the Gangetic plains in 1017 inspired
2007:
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History of the Islamic Peoples: With a Review of Events, 1939-1947
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la ilaha illa'llah muhammad rasulullah sal allahu alayhi wa sallam
3485:"Chapter 2 – The Idol-Breaker – Mahmud of Ghazni – 997–1030 A.D."
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of Mahmud of Ghazni with bilingual Arabic and Sanskrit minted in
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608:, who succeeded him one after the other; his grandson by Mas'ud,
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Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India: A. D. 1000 - 1800
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Sufism in Kashmir from the Fourteenth to the Sixteenth Century
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Yamin al-Dawla Amin al-Milla Abu'l-Qasim Mahmud ibn Sebüktegin
173:
Ghazni, Zabulistan, Ghaznavid Empire (present-day Afghanistan)
4007:
Grockelmann, Carl; Perlmann, Moshe; Carmichael, Joel (1947).
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The History of Central Asia: The Age of Islam and the Mongols
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3552:"Islam across the Oxus (Seventh to Seventeenth Centuries)".
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Muhammad Rasul/Allah Yamin al-Daw/la wa-Amin al-Milla/Mahmud
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in modern-day Pakistan came under his semi-permanent rule;
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in a bid to curry political favor and recognition with the
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1447:
I of the Kara-Khanid Khanate and recaptures Nishapur from
501:. The capital appealed to many prominent figures, such as
2366:
2207:
2205:
1995:
remained under the control of the local Hindu dynasties.
1700:
1014:(modern Pakistan) was annexed by Mahmud. Mahmud besieged
4283:
4124:
Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1977).
3746:
3713:
Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals (1206–1526)
2826:
2760:
Firishtah, Muḥammad Qāsim Hindū Shāh Astarābādī (2003).
2555:
2422:"Medieval Catapult Illustrated in the Jami' al-Tawarikh"
1523:
1015: Mahmud's army sacks Lahore, but his expedition to
1026:
fled. The next year, he captured Somnath and marched to
860:
Mahmud of Ghazni receiving Indian elephants as tribute (
767:
November 1001, his army fought and defeated the army of
3786:
3784:
3782:
3716:. Vol. 1. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 20–21.
3645:
2957:
2692:
Sethi, R. R.; Saran, Parmatma; Bhandari, D. R. (1951).
2543:
1018:, in 1023, where he was given tribute. Mahmud attacked
745:
Sultan Mahmud and his forces attacking the fortress of
677:
Ali, the General Bekhtuzin as well as the neighbouring
3476:
3165:
3163:
3161:
2447:
2390:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2202:
1381:) is annexed after it fails to pay its yearly tribute.
1371:; Jayapala subsequently abdicates and commits suicide.
612:, also later became ruler of the empire. According to
4452:
of Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad al Jabbaru-l 'Utbi.
4228:
Afghanistan's Political Stability: A Dream Unrealised
3383:
3175:
3104:
2327:
2286:
2262:
2222:
2220:
2098:
1732:
1028, 1029: Merv, Nishapur are lost to Seljuq dynasty
693:
Sabuktigin died in 997, and was succeeded by his son
387:
4075:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
3932:
Bosworth, C. Edmund (2012). "Maḥmud b. Sebüktegin".
3796:
3779:
3767:
3663:
3371:
3359:
3092:
3041:
2969:
1335:. It was founded by Mahmud of Ghazni in 998-1030 CE.
1188:
Thapar also argued against the prevalent narrative:
1169:
1050:
and Firishta's writings also mention this incident.
802:
Mahmud's first campaign to the south was against an
759:
Mahmud initiated the first of numerous invasions of
392:; 2 November 971 – 30 April 1030), usually known as
4042:"Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States, Part I"
3464:
3158:
3080:
2298:
2274:
1967:. Although his raids carried his forces across the
1773:as a matter of form, he was also granted the title
1091:were all conquered and left in the hands of Hindu,
4246:Handbook of Oriental studies: Near and Middle East
4072:
3860:
3482:
2885:
2691:
2352:. London: Asian Educational Services. p. 68.
2217:
1933:in 1842, wrongly claiming that it belonged to the
1707:who harry his army on its return from the sack of
253:یمین الدوله امینالملة ابوالقاسم محمود بن سبکتگین
2698:. Ranjit Printers & Publishers. p. 269.
2575:
2573:
1684:) in 1026. He places a new king on the throne in
1309:. Mahmud and Sabuktigin defeat Samanid rebels at
4637:
4261:
4123:
2814:
2619:
2617:
2468:
2080:Portrait of Maḥmūd of Ghazni from the genealogy
2044:empire absorbed most of the Ghaznavid west. The
2002:was enormous, and contemporary historians (e.g.
1665:are sacked, and most of its defenders massacred.
1140:in the 19th century. Photograph by Henry Cousens
730:, and then set out west from Ghazni to take the
4108:A Short History of Muslim rule in Indo-Pakistan
3405:Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India
2801:The Jain Stupa And Other Antiquities of Mathura
2630:. 74: Light & Life Publishers. p. 138.
2349:The Garden of India Or Chapters on Oudh History
1765:sphere of influence. While he acknowledged the
1627:. First Muslim governors appointed east of the
1046:) by 'Abd al-Hayy Gardizi, Tabaqat-i-Akbari by
882:brought to Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. Folio from
738:), which he transformed to a militarised city.
710:, he defeated Ismail the following year at the
635:, about whom poems and stories have been told.
16:Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire from 998 to 1030
4175:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
4145:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2007). "Ganda Chandella".
3706:
2999:
2579:
2570:
1688:as a tributary. His return detours across the
1570:avyaktam eka muhammada avatāra nrpati mahamuda
968:valley, planning to enter Kashmir through the
838:Ghaznavid campaigns in the Indian subcontinent
4508:
4208:The Life and Times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna
3985:
3428:
3235:"Ramayana and Political Imagination in India"
2766:. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. p. 60.
2623:
2614:
2384:
2321:
1749:. Obverse legend with the name of the caliph
1443:1005: Defends Balkh and Khorasan against Nasr
1411:, fort in the hills on the western border of
1367:: Sultan Mahmud defeats Raja Jayapala in the
401:
250:
4234:
3752:
422:
4353:
3670:. Pearson Education India. pp. 49–50.
3066:. Princeton University Press. p. 372.
2951:
2792:
2122:Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent
1929:). The gate of the tomb was removed by the
1736:
1232:, but Togrül and Çagrı led them to capture
952:. The next year he unsuccessfully attacked
516:. He was the first ruler to hold the title
428:
182:Mosque and Tomb of Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi,
4515:
4501:
3508:
3200:. Princeton University Press. p. 41.
3132:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 19–20.
2666:(Thesis). Australian National University.
2517:. Princeton University Press. p. 80.
252:
4114:
3972:
2837:
2835:
2759:
2333:
2268:
1572:"There is one Invisible; Muhammad is the
1252:, they decisively defeated Mahmud's son,
1100:move by the Hindus to attack the Empire;
1072:, which he used to burn the Jats' fleet.
481:. He established the ground for a future
4419:Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)
4413:Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)
4407:Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)
4354:Yagnik, Achyut; Sheth, Suchitra (2005),
4252:
4162:
4070:
3931:
3915:
3871:
3858:
3651:
3594:
3550:For a relatively recent photograph see:
2549:
2453:
2408:
2396:
2309:
2292:
2211:
2075:
1740:
1605:to kingship, awarding him the throne of
1537:
1422:Mahmud of Ghazni raided India as far as
1417:
1318:
1302:II of the Samanid Empire in civil strife
1201:
1131:
1127:
871:
855:
740:
642:
4147:Historical Dictionary of Medieval India
4027:
4015:
3831:
3435:Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History
3330:Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History
3299:
3232:
3181:
3122:
3110:
2724:The Splendour of Mathurā Art and Museum
2564:
2173:The Splendour of Mathurā Art and Museum
2059:The military of Pakistan has named its
1818:states that there was no imposition of
1197:
543:
4638:
4433:Rewriting history and Mahmud of Ghazni
4341:
4312:Somanatha:The Many Voices of a History
4305:
4243:
4225:
4105:
3964:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3907:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3883:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 3
3607:from the original on 20 September 2022
3389:
3377:
3326:
3098:
3047:
3035:
2987:
2975:
2963:
2841:
2832:
2720:
2654:
2372:
2169:
1623:on his return. Trilochanpala flees to
1454:1005: Sewakpal rebels and is defeated.
1374:1002: Seistan: Is imprisoned in Khuluf
493:, a city he conquered. His capital of
4522:
4496:
4401:Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth Edition)
4204:
4153:
4093:
4058:from the original on 29 December 2020
4036:
4030:Ismailis in Medieval Muslim societies
3849:
3840:
3818:
3802:
3790:
3773:
3470:
3401:
3365:
3193:
3169:
3086:
3059:
2924:from the original on 22 November 2023
2655:Rafiqi, Abdul Qaiyum (October 1972).
2510:
2432:from the original on 22 December 2021
2345:
2280:
2250:from the original on 16 November 2021
1753:(in the fifth line). Reverse legend:
1634:1023: Lahore. He forces Kalinjar and
1473:, and captures the Shahi treasury at
72:Mahmud of Ghazni (center) receives a
4349:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4192:from the original on 8 February 2023
4171:
4144:
3730:from the original on 20 January 2023
3684:from the original on 25 January 2024
3422:
2891:
2226:
1777:in recognition of his independence.
1513:1013: Bulnat: Defeats Trilochanpala.
1287:
948:In 1014 Mahmud led an expedition to
3989:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. VI
3395:
3333:. Penguin Books India. p. 43.
3281:from the original on 20 August 2016
3194:Flood, Finbarr B. (20 March 2018).
3060:Starr, S. Frederick (2 June 2015).
2903:
2648:
2511:Flood, Finbarr B. (20 March 2018).
647:Fight between Mahmud of Ghazni and
423:
402:
377:
13:
4428:History of Iran: Ghaznevid Dynasty
4163:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (2003) .
3875:(1983). "Abu'l-Ḥasan Esfarāʾīnī".
3452:from the original on 26 March 2023
2673:from the original on 26 March 2023
588:, a Persian native of Zabulistan.
389:Abu al-Qāṣim Maḥmūd ibn Sabuktigīn
370:Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Sabuktigin
14:
4682:
4387:
4284:Kavalam Madhava Panikkar (1947).
3919:(1991). "Mahmud bin Sebuktigin".
3490:from the original on 15 June 2020
1845:" (Mahmud the breaker of idols).
1170:Historiography concerning Somnath
560:) on 2 November 971. His father,
4374:from the original on 11 May 2024
4329:from the original on 11 May 2024
4023:. Har-Anand Publication Pvt Ltd.
3946:from the original on 17 May 2023
3889:from the original on 17 May 2023
3764:Ibn Qutaiba, Uyunu'l-Akhbar, p.3
3532:from the original on 11 May 2024
3347:from the original on 11 May 2024
3308:from the original on 26 May 2022
3214:from the original on 11 May 2024
3146:from the original on 11 May 2024
3000:Meenakshi Jain (21 March 2004).
2869:from the original on 11 May 2024
2780:from the original on 11 May 2024
2763:The history of Hindustan. Vol. 1
2741:from the original on 11 May 2024
2702:from the original on 11 May 2024
2586:. 31: Aakar Books. p. 352.
2531:from the original on 11 May 2024
2492:from the original on 20 May 2022
2190:from the original on 11 May 2024
2151:from the original on 11 May 2024
1959:in the north-east, and from the
1888:
1874:
1862:
1527:fails, due to inclement weather.
661:In 994 Mahmud joined his father
66:
3845:. University of Nebraska Press.
3758:
3700:
3657:
3630:
3619:
3588:
3544:
3502:
3320:
3293:
3226:
3187:
3116:
3053:
3024:
2993:
2936:
2897:
2753:
2727:. D.K. Printworld. p. 38.
2721:Sharma, Ramesh Chandra (1994).
2714:
2685:
2504:
2474:
2414:
2339:
2176:. D.K. Printworld. p. 39.
2170:Sharma, Ramesh Chandra (1994).
1696:and other allies on his return.
921:, who had moved his capital to
638:
596:Mahmud married the daughter of
548:Mahmud was born in the town of
4211:. Cambridge University Press.
4178:. Routledge. pp. 1–1088.
4130:. Cambridge University Press.
4127:The Cambridge History of Islam
4119:. Manchester University Press.
4106:Hanifi, Manzoor Ahmad (1964).
3854:. University of Chicago Press.
3843:The State at War in South Asia
3639:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
3597:"The Lost Splendour of Ghazni"
2583:Kashmīr Under the Sultāns pp31
2469:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977
2232:
2163:
2133:
2071:
999:fell into decline thereafter.
356:Ghaznavid invasions of Kannauj
155:, Samanid Empire (present-day
1:
4661:11th-century monarchs in Asia
4656:10th-century monarchs in Asia
4265:The Paramars 800 to 1305 A.D.
4226:Qassem, Ahmad Shayeq (2009).
3867:. Edinburgh University Press.
3664:Salma Ahmed Farooqui (2011).
3595:Williams, Teri (3 May 2021).
2910:. Research. p. 211-217.
2827:Kavalam Madhava Panikkar 1947
2127:
2061:short-range ballistic missile
2048:captured Ghazni in 1150, and
1947:By the end of his reign, the
1594:1018-1020: Sacks the town of
1040:
1002:In 1021 Mahmud supported the
852:Ghaznavid invasion of Kannauj
720:Abu'l-Harith Mansur b. Nur II
312:
4079:. Rutgers University Press.
3239:The Journal of Asian Studies
1937:, and is now located in the
1747:Islamic declaration of faith
1339:
844:Ghaznavid campaigns in India
331:Ghaznavid campaigns in India
7:
3402:Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1979).
2904:Lal, Kishori Saran (1973).
2695:The March of Indian History
2110:
2099:
806:state first established at
489:, particularly centered on
388:
10:
4687:
4287:A Survey Of Indian History
4257:. Oxford University Press.
4253:Saunders, Kenneth (1947).
3992:. Brill. pp. 1–1044.
3841:Barua, Pradeep P. (2005).
3811:
3601:Edinburgh University Press
3034:(Bombay, 1956), quoted in
1998:The booty brought back to
1699:1025: Marches against the
1457:1008: Mahmud defeated the
1292:
1173:
841:
600:, and they had twin sons,
378:ابوالقاسم محمود بن سبکتگین
213:Izz al-Dawla Abd al-Rashid
18:
4530:
4357:Shaping of Modern Gujarat
4262:Pratipal Bhatiya (1970).
4032:. I B Taurus and company.
3973:Bosworth, C. E. (2012b).
3564:10.1017/9781316226803.004
3555:Islam and Asia: A History
3233:Pollock, Sheldon (1993).
2385:Nazim & Bosworth 1991
2322:Nazim & Bosworth 1991
2240:"Maḥmūd | king of Ghazni"
2141:"Maḥmūd | king of Ghazna"
1848:
1745:Coins of Mahmud with the
1331:, ancient Bost, southern
1248:in 1037. In 1040, at the
848:Battle of Peshawar (1001)
779:. In 1002 Mahmud invaded
627:Mahmud's companion was a
622:Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud
591:
363:
351:Battle of Peshawar (1001)
319:
308:
303:
299:
282:
272:
260:
251:
244:
235:
230:
226:
194:
177:
163:
142:
138:
128:
118:
105:
94:
65:
39:
34:
4244:Ritter, Hellmut (2003).
4205:Nazim, Muhammad (1931).
4115:Heathcote, T.A. (1995).
4099:Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznin
4028:Daftary, Farhad (2005).
3832:Barnett, Lionel (1999).
3483:A. V. Williams Jackson.
2640:: CS1 maint: location (
2606:: CS1 maint: location (
1971:, only a portion of the
1856:Tomb of Mahmud of Ghazni
1737:View on religion and war
1726:from the Buyids Dynasty.
1510:as well but is rebuffed.
1475:Kangra, Himachal Pradesh
1315:997: Kara-Khanid Khanate
1263:
976:In 1018 Mahmud attacked
960:had been an ally of the
718:and paid homage to Amir
688:
19:Not to be confused with
4315:. Penguin Books India.
4172:Meri, Josef W. (2005).
4071:Grousset, René (1970).
3863:The Ghaznavids 994–1040
3859:Bosworth, C.E. (1963).
3626:Agra Fort Museum notice
3408:. Sterling Publishers.
3327:Thapar, Romila (2008).
2952:Yagnik & Sheth 2005
2580:Mohibbul Hasan (2005).
2244:Encyclopedia Britannica
1917:33.581870°N 68.453852°E
1692:to avoid the armies of
1075:The Indian kingdoms of
1056:notes that in 1026 CE,
1022:in 1025, and its ruler
956:. The ruler of Kashmir
618:Gazi Saiyyed Salar Sahu
204:Jalal al-Dawla Muhammad
50:Mahmud the Idol Breaker
4417:Ghaznavids and Ghurids
4248:. Vol. 69. Brill.
4167:. Motilal Banarsidass.
4158:. Kalpaz Publications.
3518:. BRILL. p. 321.
2624:F.M. Hassnain (1977).
2117:History of Afghanistan
2085:
1828:
1758:
1579:
1578:; the king is Mahmud".
1499:and deposes its ruler
1439:
1345:999: Khorasan, Balkh,
1336:
1323:Ghaznavid fortress of
1217:
1195:
1186:
1144:In 1025 Mahmud raided
1141:
891:
869:
756:
658:
336:Siege of Lohkot (1015)
326:Battle of Ghazni (998)
87:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
4671:11th century in India
4230:. Ashgate Publishing.
4011:. G.P. Putnam's sons.
3979:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3940:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3921:Encyclopedia of Islam
3850:Blank, Jonah (2001).
3438:. Verso. p. 40.
2815:Pratipal Bhatiya 1970
2486:worcester.emuseum.com
2346:Irwin, H. C. (1880).
2079:
1824:
1744:
1587:, and Muhavun on the
1541:
1421:
1360:from Saffarid dynasty
1322:
1205:
1190:
1182:
1135:
1128:Events and challenges
875:
859:
744:
724:Abu'l-Hasan Isfaraini
646:
309:Years of service
209:Shihab al-Dawla Masud
4268:Munshiram Manoharlal
4101:. S. Chand & Co.
4040:(22 December 2000).
3885:. pp. 303–304.
3834:Antiquities of India
3032:Chalukyas of Gujarat
2855:. pp. 207–208.
1922:33.581870; 68.453852
1480:1010: Ghor; against
1250:Battle of Dandanaqan
1198:Political challenges
722:. He then appointed
697:as the ruler of the
544:Birth and background
80:. 1314 miniature in
4450:, or Kitabu-l Yami
4343:Virani, Shafique N.
4154:Kumar, Raj (2008).
3873:Bosworth, C. Edmund
3300:Cappelletti, Sara.
3012:on 18 December 2014
2804:. 1901. p. 53.
2411:, pp. 303–304.
1969:Indian subcontinent
1913: /
683:Kara-Khanid Khanate
456:Indian subcontinent
4255:A Pageant of India
4149:. Scarecrow Press.
3641:. 20 October 2006.
2627:Hindu Kashmīr pp74
2375:, p. 309-310.
2093:(administration).
2086:
2012:Persian literature
1931:East India Company
1759:
1580:
1440:
1369:Battle of Peshawar
1337:
1218:
1142:
892:
870:
777:Battle of Peshawar
757:
734:followed by Bost (
659:
133:Muhammad of Ghazni
4666:Ghaznavid sultans
4633:
4632:
4524:Ghaznavid sultans
4491:
4490:
4485:Mohammad Ghaznavi
4411:Ghaznavid Dynasty
4237:Asia Times Online
4218:978-1-107-45659-4
4137:978-0-521-29138-5
4038:Eaton, Richard M.
3960:cite encyclopedia
3903:cite encyclopedia
3753:Ramachandran 2005
3723:978-81-241-1064-5
3677:978-81-317-3202-1
3637:"Arts, Islamic".
3573:978-1-107-10612-3
3415:978-81-207-0617-0
3340:978-0-14-306468-8
3207:978-0-691-18074-8
3139:978-81-241-1064-5
3073:978-0-691-16585-1
2966:, pp. 36–37.
2954:, pp. 39–40.
2917:978-0-88386-298-8
2843:Baumer, Christoph
2773:978-81-208-1994-8
2734:978-81-246-0015-3
2524:978-0-691-18074-8
2183:978-81-246-0015-3
2082:Zübdet-üt Tevarih
2004:Abolfazl Beyhaghi
1814:Indian historian
1501:Abu Nasr Muhammad
1489:1012-1013: Sacks
1436:Gurjara-Pratihara
1401:Muhammad ibn Suri
1288:Campaign timeline
1152:and breaking its
1148:, plundering the
884:Majmu al-Tavarikh
862:Majmu al-Tawarikh
820:Abbasid Caliphate
816:Fatimid Caliphate
598:Abu'l Haret Ahmad
552:in the region of
386:
367:
366:
267:Ghaznavid dynasty
240:
239:
4678:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4494:
4493:
4464:Ismail of Ghazni
4457:
4399:Mahmud of Ghazna
4382:
4381:
4379:
4350:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4258:
4249:
4240:
4231:
4222:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4168:
4159:
4150:
4141:
4120:
4111:
4110:. Ideal Library.
4102:
4090:
4078:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4057:
4046:
4033:
4024:
4012:
4003:
3982:
3969:
3963:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3928:
3912:
3906:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3868:
3866:
3855:
3846:
3837:
3828:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3634:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3030:A. K. Majumdar,
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3008:. Archived from
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2839:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2661:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2631:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2605:
2597:
2577:
2568:
2567:, p. 74-78.
2562:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2478:
2472:
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2406:
2400:
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2388:
2382:
2376:
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2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2215:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2137:
2102:
2065:Ghaznavi Missile
2028:
1949:Ghaznavid Empire
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1892:
1878:
1866:
1832:History of India
1751:al-Qadir bi-llah
1451:of the Samanids.
1449:Isma'il Muntasir
1446:
1301:
1257:
1244:and even sacked
1213:Jami al-Tawarikh
1054:Christoph Baumer
1048:Nizamuddin Ahmad
1045:
1042:
993:Vāsudeva-Krishna
876:Captured Indian
789:Saffarid dynasty
785:Khalaf ibn Ahmad
766:
752:Jami al-Tawarikh
712:battle of Ghazni
676:
654:Jami al-Tawarikh
649:Abu 'Ali Simjuri
620:, whose son was
610:Maw'dud Ghaznavi
556:(in present-day
445:
442:
436:
433:
430:
426:
425:
412:Ghaznavid Empire
405:
404:
394:Mahmud of Ghazni
391:
381:
379:
314:
295:
256:
255:
254:
228:
227:
170:
123:Ismail of Ghazni
113:
100:Ghaznavid Empire
82:Jami al-Tawarikh
70:
35:Mahmud of Ghazni
32:
31:
4686:
4685:
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4677:
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4138:
4095:Habib, Mohammad
4087:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4044:
4017:Chandra, Satish
4000:
3957:
3956:
3949:
3947:
3900:
3899:
3892:
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3821:Islamic Studies
3814:
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3350:
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3311:
3309:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3251:10.2307/2059648
3231:
3227:
3217:
3215:
3208:
3192:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3168:
3159:
3149:
3147:
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3124:Chandra, Satish
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3085:
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2898:
2890:
2886:
2872:
2870:
2863:
2845:(30 May 2016).
2840:
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2809:
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2263:
2253:
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2233:
2225:
2218:
2210:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2184:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2113:
2074:
2033:to compose his
2026:
1955:in the west to
1945:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1838:styled him as "
1795:presumed to be
1739:
1583:1017: Kannauj,
1560:
1551:
1463:Battle of Chach
1444:
1342:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1266:
1255:
1200:
1178:
1176:Sack of Somnath
1172:
1130:
1043:
984:Tarikh-e-yamini
943:Battle of Chach
868:, Herat, 1425).
854:
840:
828:Battle of Chach
764:
732:Kandahar region
691:
674:
641:
594:
582:Mahmud-i Zavuli
546:
526:Abbasid Caliphs
443:
437:
434:
431:
398:Mahmud Ghaznavi
346:Battle of Chach
341:Sack of Somnath
304:Military career
289:
222:
190:
184:Ghazni Province
172:
168:
147:
114:
111:
90:
59:
56:: محمود بتشکن)
51:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4684:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
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4497:
4489:
4488:
4479:
4467:
4455:
4454:
4445:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4414:
4408:
4402:
4396:
4389:
4388:External links
4386:
4384:
4383:
4366:
4360:, Penguin UK,
4351:
4339:
4321:
4307:Thapar, Romila
4303:
4281:
4259:
4250:
4241:
4232:
4223:
4217:
4202:
4184:
4169:
4160:
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4121:
4112:
4103:
4091:
4085:
4068:
4034:
4025:
4013:
4004:
3998:
3983:
3975:"Āl-e Farīġūn"
3970:
3929:
3917:Bosworth, C.E.
3913:
3869:
3856:
3847:
3838:
3829:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3805:, p. 144.
3795:
3793:, p. 128.
3778:
3776:, p. 127.
3766:
3757:
3745:
3722:
3708:Satish Chandra
3699:
3676:
3656:
3654:, p. 132.
3644:
3629:
3618:
3587:
3572:
3543:
3524:
3501:
3475:
3463:
3444:
3421:
3414:
3394:
3392:, p. 100.
3382:
3370:
3368:, p. 127.
3358:
3339:
3319:
3292:
3225:
3206:
3186:
3174:
3157:
3138:
3115:
3103:
3091:
3079:
3072:
3052:
3040:
3023:
2992:
2980:
2968:
2956:
2944:
2935:
2916:
2896:
2884:
2862:978-1838609399
2861:
2831:
2829:, p. 144.
2819:
2817:, p. 353.
2807:
2791:
2772:
2752:
2733:
2713:
2684:
2647:
2613:
2592:
2569:
2554:
2552:, p. 162.
2542:
2523:
2503:
2473:
2471:, p. 3-4.
2458:
2446:
2413:
2401:
2389:
2377:
2365:
2358:
2338:
2334:Bosworth 2012b
2326:
2324:, p. 915.
2314:
2297:
2285:
2283:, p. 234.
2273:
2269:Heathcote 1995
2261:
2231:
2229:, p. 294.
2216:
2214:, p. 146.
2201:
2182:
2162:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2073:
2070:
2035:Tarikh Al-Hind
1951:extended from
1935:Somnath Temple
1897:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1816:Mohammad Habib
1738:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1712:
1705:Jood mountains
1697:
1666:
1643:
1632:
1609:
1599:
1592:
1566:Sharada script
1536:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1504:
1495:1012: Invades
1493:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1455:
1452:
1394:
1393:
1382:
1377:1004: Bhatia (
1375:
1372:
1361:
1354:
1341:
1338:
1325:Lashkari Bazar
1317:
1316:
1313:
1303:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1276:is located in
1265:
1262:
1199:
1196:
1174:Main article:
1171:
1168:
1164:Meenakshi Jain
1150:Somnath temple
1138:Somnath temple
1129:
1126:
1044: 1048 CE
997:Art of Mathura
890:, Herat, 1425.
839:
836:
783:and dethroned
690:
687:
640:
637:
614:Mirat-i-Masudi
593:
590:
586:Ahmad Maymandi
545:
542:
450:proper to the
419:Yamin al-Dawla
365:
364:
361:
360:
359:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
321:
317:
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221:
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214:
211:
206:
200:
198:
192:
191:
181:
179:
175:
174:
171:(aged 58)
165:
161:
160:
146:2 November 971
144:
140:
139:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
109:
107:
103:
102:
92:
91:
74:robe of honour
71:
63:
62:
58:
57:
48:
47:Yamīn-ud-Dawla
42:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4683:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4626:
4625:Khusrau Malik
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4580:Abd al-Rashid
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
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4480:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4448:Tarikh Yamini
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4423:Mahmud Ghazni
4421:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4409:
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4400:
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4395:
4392:
4391:
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4348:
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4340:
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4322:9781844670208
4318:
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4280:
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4214:
4210:
4209:
4203:
4191:
4187:
4185:9781135455965
4181:
4177:
4176:
4170:
4166:
4165:Ancient India
4161:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4109:
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4092:
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4086:9780813513041
4082:
4077:
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4069:
4054:
4050:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3999:90-04-08112-7
3995:
3991:
3990:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3935:Archived copy
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3878:Archived copy
3874:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3817:
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3804:
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3792:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3775:
3770:
3761:
3754:
3749:
3742:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3696:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3660:
3653:
3652:Bosworth 1963
3648:
3640:
3633:
3627:
3622:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3547:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3489:
3486:
3479:
3473:, p. 77.
3472:
3467:
3451:
3447:
3445:9781844670208
3441:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3430:Romila Thapar
3425:
3417:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3398:
3391:
3386:
3380:, p. 19.
3379:
3374:
3367:
3362:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3323:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3190:
3184:, p. 18.
3183:
3178:
3172:, p. 27.
3171:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3113:, p. 68.
3112:
3107:
3101:, p. 21.
3100:
3095:
3089:, p. 37.
3088:
3083:
3075:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3056:
3050:, p. 14.
3049:
3044:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2978:, p. 75.
2977:
2972:
2965:
2960:
2953:
2948:
2939:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2900:
2894:, p. 66.
2893:
2888:
2881:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2828:
2823:
2816:
2811:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2756:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2717:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2688:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2643:
2637:
2629:
2628:
2620:
2618:
2609:
2603:
2595:
2593:9788187879497
2589:
2585:
2584:
2576:
2574:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2551:
2550:Saunders 1947
2546:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2507:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2456:, p. 89.
2455:
2454:Bosworth 1963
2450:
2443:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2410:
2409:Bosworth 1983
2405:
2399:, p. 45.
2398:
2397:Bosworth 1963
2393:
2387:, p. 65.
2386:
2381:
2374:
2369:
2361:
2359:9788120615427
2355:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2318:
2311:
2310:Bosworth 2012
2306:
2304:
2302:
2295:, p. 65.
2294:
2293:Bosworth 1991
2289:
2282:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2213:
2212:Grousset 1970
2208:
2206:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2166:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2083:
2078:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2050:Mu'izz al-Din
2047:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1891:
1877:
1865:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1793:Romila Thapar
1789:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1601:1021: Raises
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1564:in Sanskrit (
1563:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1296:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1136:Ruins of the
1134:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:king against
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
985:
979:
974:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
909:
908:Punjab region
905:
901:
898:
889:
885:
881:
880:
874:
867:
863:
858:
853:
849:
845:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
798:
797:Punjab region
795:lands of the
794:
790:
787:, ending the
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:Raja Jayapala
762:
754:
753:
748:
743:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
696:
686:
684:
680:
672:
668:
664:
656:
655:
650:
645:
636:
634:
630:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
441:
420:
417:
413:
409:
399:
395:
390:
384:
375:
371:
362:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
323:
322:
318:
311:
307:
302:
298:
293:
288:
285:
281:
278:
275:
271:
268:
265:
263:
259:
249:
247:
243:
234:
229:
225:
218:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
201:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
176:
167:30 April 1030
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
112:30 April 1030
108:
104:
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
75:
69:
64:
61:
55:
49:
46:
45:
44:
41:
38:
33:
30:
26:
25:Mahmud Ghazan
22:
4620:Khusrau Shah
4544:
4483:
4481:Followed by:
4469:
4462:
4460:Preceded by:
4440:
4394:UCLA website
4376:, retrieved
4356:
4346:
4331:. Retrieved
4311:
4292:. Retrieved
4286:
4270:. Retrieved
4264:
4254:
4245:
4236:
4227:
4207:
4194:. Retrieved
4174:
4164:
4155:
4146:
4126:
4116:
4107:
4098:
4074:
4060:. Retrieved
4048:
4029:
4020:
4008:
3988:
3978:
3948:. Retrieved
3939:
3934:
3927:. E.J.Brill.
3924:
3920:
3891:. Retrieved
3882:
3877:
3862:
3851:
3842:
3833:
3824:
3820:
3798:
3769:
3760:
3748:
3739:
3732:. Retrieved
3712:
3702:
3695:force alone.
3693:
3686:. Retrieved
3666:
3659:
3647:
3638:
3632:
3621:
3611:19 September
3609:. Retrieved
3600:
3590:
3554:
3546:
3536:30 September
3534:. Retrieved
3514:
3504:
3492:. Retrieved
3478:
3466:
3454:. Retrieved
3434:
3424:
3404:
3397:
3385:
3373:
3361:
3349:. Retrieved
3329:
3322:
3310:. Retrieved
3295:
3283:. Retrieved
3242:
3238:
3228:
3216:. Retrieved
3196:
3189:
3182:Chandra 2006
3177:
3148:. Retrieved
3128:
3118:
3111:Daftary 2005
3106:
3094:
3082:
3062:
3055:
3043:
3038:, p. 16
3031:
3026:
3014:. Retrieved
3010:the original
3005:
2995:
2990:, Chapter 3.
2983:
2971:
2959:
2947:
2938:
2926:. Retrieved
2906:
2899:
2887:
2878:
2871:. Retrieved
2847:
2822:
2810:
2800:
2794:
2782:. Retrieved
2762:
2755:
2743:. Retrieved
2723:
2716:
2704:. Retrieved
2694:
2687:
2675:. Retrieved
2663:
2650:
2626:
2582:
2565:Barnett 1999
2545:
2533:. Retrieved
2513:
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2485:
2476:
2449:
2441:
2434:. Retrieved
2425:
2416:
2404:
2392:
2380:
2368:
2348:
2341:
2329:
2317:
2288:
2276:
2271:, p. 6.
2264:
2252:. Retrieved
2243:
2234:
2192:. Retrieved
2172:
2165:
2153:. Retrieved
2144:
2135:
2105:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2058:
2054:
2039:
2034:
2016:
1997:
1946:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1813:
1800:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1760:
1754:
1677:
1649:, Nehrwala,
1573:
1569:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1543:
1459:Hindu Shahis
1395:
1267:
1226:Seljuk Turks
1219:
1211:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1153:
1143:
1074:
1052:
1001:
982:
975:
962:Hindu Shahis
958:Sangramaraja
947:
939:Hindu Shahis
912:
893:
888:Hafiz-i Abru
883:
877:
866:Hafiz-i Abru
861:
810:in 965 by a
801:
773:Kabul Shahis
758:
750:
749:in 1003 CE.
692:
660:
652:
639:Early career
626:
613:
595:
581:
572:, who ruled
547:
536:in medieval
517:
511:
472:
440:of the State
424:یمین الدوله
418:
397:
393:
369:
368:
320:Battles/wars
169:(1030-04-30)
110:March 998 –
84:
76:from Caliph
60:
43:
40:
29:
21:Mahmud Hotak
4651:1030 deaths
4615:Bahram-Shah
4610:Arslan-Shah
4590:Farrukh-Zad
3836:. Atlantic.
3390:Virani 2007
3378:Qassem 2009
3351:15 December
3312:15 December
3285:15 December
3218:15 December
3099:Hanifi 1964
3048:Thapar 2005
3036:Thapar 2005
3016:15 December
3006:The Pioneer
2988:Thapar 2005
2976:Thapar 2005
2964:Thapar 2005
2657:"Chapter 1"
2436:22 December
2373:Ritter 2003
2072:Personality
1961:Caspian Sea
1920: /
1804:-i-Hinduwan
1690:Thar Desert
1678:Jama Masjid
1629:Indus River
1555:in Arabic:
1550:in 1028 CE.
1520:is attacked
1497:Gharchistan
1333:Afghanistan
1282:Afghanistan
1208:Kara-Khanid
1155:jyotirlinga
1120:(1023) and
1066:Indus river
915:Hindu Shahi
761:North India
736:Lashkar Gah
578:Transoxiana
558:Afghanistan
475:Persianized
464:Transoxiana
438:Right Hand
403:محمود غزنوی
287:Sunni Islam
188:Afghanistan
157:Afghanistan
119:Predecessor
4646:971 births
4640:Categories
4600:Mas'ud III
4535:Sabuktigin
4367:8184751850
4290:. Meridian
3950:9 February
3893:9 February
3803:Nazim 1931
3791:Nazim 1931
3774:Nazim 1931
3525:9004102361
3510:Andre Wink
3471:Habib 1965
3366:Kumar 2008
3245:(2): 285.
3170:Barua 2005
3087:Blank 2001
2928:2 December
2853:Bloomsbury
2426:IEEE Reach
2281:Anjum 2007
2155:1 February
2128:References
1908:68°27′14″E
1905:33°34′55″N
1842:but-shikan
1802:sipahsalar
1518:Kafiristan
1438:territory.
1405:Anandapala
1386:Anandapala
1329:Lashkargah
970:Tosamaidan
966:Tohi river
927:Anandapala
842:See also:
824:Anandapala
755:, 1314 CE.
663:Sabuktigin
633:Malik Ayaz
562:Sabuktigin
554:Zabulistan
522:suzerainty
483:Persianate
315:998 – 1030
277:Sabuktigin
153:Zabulistan
4570:Mas'ud II
4478:998–1030
4471:Ghaznavid
4049:Frontline
3582:238121625
3275:154215656
3259:0021-9118
2892:Khan 2007
2636:cite book
2602:cite book
2227:Meri 2005
2031:Al-Biruni
2019:Shahnameh
1989:Rajasthan
1957:Samarkand
1939:Agra fort
1651:Kathiawar
1508:Samarkand
1482:Amir Suri
1407:flees to
1390:Wazirabad
1340:As sultan
1274:mausoleum
1160:Anhilwara
906:only the
814:from the
699:Ghaznavid
503:al-Biruni
485:state in
416:honorific
383:romanized
129:Successor
4605:Shir-Zad
4560:Muhammad
4555:Mas'ud I
4550:Muhammad
4378:1 August
4372:archived
4345:(2007).
4333:27 April
4327:Archived
4309:(2005).
4196:1 August
4190:Archived
4097:(1965).
4053:Archived
4019:(2006).
3944:Archived
3887:Archived
3728:Archived
3710:(2006).
3682:Archived
3605:Archived
3530:Archived
3512:(1991).
3488:Archived
3456:27 April
3450:Archived
3432:(2005).
3345:Archived
3306:Archived
3304:. CNRS.
3279:Archived
3212:Archived
3144:Archived
3126:(2004).
2922:Archived
2867:Archived
2784:30 March
2778:Archived
2745:30 March
2739:Archived
2706:30 March
2700:Archived
2677:5 August
2668:Archived
2529:Archived
2490:Archived
2430:Archived
2248:Archived
2194:30 March
2188:Archived
2149:Archived
2111:See also
2100:mushrifs
2008:Ferdowsi
1767:Abbasids
1680:(Friday
1615:attacks
1613:Kalinjar
1532:Khwarezm
1491:Thanesar
1365:Gandhara
1307:Nishapur
1238:Nishapur
1230:Khwarezm
1193:sources.
1118:Kalinjar
1106:Thanesar
1102:Nagarkot
1097:Buddhist
1081:Thanesar
1077:Nagarkot
1039:Akhbar (
1008:Chandela
989:Firishta
950:Thanesar
935:Bathinda
923:Peshawar
919:Jayapala
904:annexing
704:Alptigin
629:Georgian
602:Mohammad
574:Khorasan
570:Samanids
564:, was a
507:Ferdowsi
479:Samanids
460:Khwarazm
283:Religion
216:Suleiman
78:al-Qadir
4595:Ibrahim
4585:Toghrul
4301:Alt URL
4279:Alt URL
3812:Sources
3734:9 March
3494:13 July
3267:2059648
3150:9 March
2873:26 June
2145:ArchNet
2046:Ghorids
1993:Gujarat
1981:Kashmir
1975:and of
1963:to the
1840:Mahmud
1809:Baihaki
1763:Samanid
1724:Hamadan
1720:Isfahan
1709:Somnath
1703:of the
1686:Gujarat
1670:Somnath
1663:citadel
1655:Somnath
1636:Gwalior
1617:Kannauj
1596:Mathura
1562:Reverse
1553:Obverse
1542:Silver
1525:Kashmir
1461:in the
1432:Kannauj
1428:Mathura
1424:Somnath
1413:Kashmir
1409:Kashmir
1293:As emir
1270:malaria
1146:Gujarat
1122:Somnath
1114:Kannauj
1110:Mathura
1089:Gwalior
1085:Kannauj
1070:naphtha
1024:Bhima I
1020:Somnath
1016:Gwalior
1004:Kannauj
978:Mathura
954:Kashmir
941:in the
900:vassals
804:Ismaili
793:fertile
775:at the
771:of the
763:. On 28
726:as his
631:slave,
534:Somnath
530:Mathura
524:of the
499:Baghdad
473:Highly
454:in the
432:
410:of the
406:), was
385::
374:Persian
292:Shafi'i
262:Dynasty
246:Persian
98:of the
54:Persian
4565:Mawdud
4545:Mahmud
4540:Ismail
4474:Sultan
4405:Mahmud
4364:
4319:
4294:6 July
4272:6 July
4215:
4182:
4134:
4083:
4062:25 May
3996:
3720:
3674:
3580:
3570:
3522:
3442:
3412:
3337:
3273:
3265:
3257:
3204:
3136:
3070:
2914:
2859:
2770:
2731:
2590:
2535:20 May
2521:
2496:20 May
2356:
2254:17 May
2180:
2084:(1598)
2042:Seljuk
2027:
2000:Ghazni
1991:, and
1983:, the
1973:Punjab
1965:Yamuna
1849:Legacy
1836:Lahore
1797:Hindus
1775:Sultan
1771:caliph
1714:1027:
1682:Mosque
1674:Lingam
1668:1025:
1659:temple
1645:1024:
1640:Punjab
1621:Lahore
1611:1021:
1607:Lahore
1589:Yamuna
1585:Meerut
1575:avatar
1548:Lahore
1544:jitals
1530:1015:
1516:1014:
1445:
1363:1001:
1358:Sistan
1356:1000:
1300:
1278:Ghazni
1256:
1254:Mas'ud
1246:Ghazni
1216:, 1314
1095:, and
1087:, and
1062:Multan
1032:Rajput
1028:Kachch
1012:Lahore
931:Multan
917:ruler
850:, and
832:Lahore
808:Multan
781:Sistan
765:
747:Zaranj
728:vizier
695:Ismail
679:Buyids
675:
671:Nuh II
657:, 1314
606:Ma'sud
592:Family
566:Turkic
550:Ghazni
518:Sultan
514:Ismail
495:Ghazni
491:Lahore
487:Punjab
468:Makran
466:, and
452:Punjab
408:Sultan
273:Father
178:Burial
149:Ghazni
96:Sultan
4056:(PDF)
4045:(PDF)
3688:3 May
3578:S2CID
3271:S2CID
3263:JSTOR
2671:(PDF)
2660:(PDF)
2091:divan
2023:dinar
1977:Sindh
1820:Jizya
1782:jihad
1694:Ajmer
1647:Ajmer
1625:Ajmer
1471:Chach
1467:Hazro
1465:near
1379:Bhera
1347:Herat
1264:Death
1242:Balkh
1222:Oghuz
1036:Bhoja
1034:king
897:Hindu
886:, by
864:, by
716:Balkh
689:Reign
538:India
231:Names
219:Shuja
196:Issue
106:Reign
4380:2020
4362:ISBN
4335:2018
4317:ISBN
4296:2024
4274:2024
4213:ISBN
4198:2020
4180:ISBN
4132:ISBN
4081:ISBN
4064:2015
3994:ISBN
3966:link
3952:2019
3909:link
3895:2019
3827:(2).
3736:2022
3718:ISBN
3690:2022
3672:ISBN
3613:2022
3568:ISBN
3538:2022
3520:ISBN
3496:2020
3458:2018
3440:ISBN
3410:ISBN
3353:2021
3335:ISBN
3314:2021
3287:2021
3255:ISSN
3220:2021
3202:ISBN
3152:2022
3134:ISBN
3068:ISBN
3018:2014
2930:2023
2912:ISBN
2875:2020
2857:ISBN
2786:2021
2768:ISBN
2747:2021
2729:ISBN
2708:2021
2679:2021
2642:link
2608:link
2588:ISBN
2537:2022
2519:ISBN
2498:2022
2438:2021
2354:ISBN
2256:2020
2196:2021
2178:ISBN
2157:2022
2063:the
1985:Doab
1701:Jats
1661:and
1603:Ayaz
1430:and
1399:and
1397:Ghor
1351:Merv
1236:and
1234:Merv
1224:and
1206:The
1093:Jain
1058:Jats
902:and
879:Raja
812:da'i
708:Bust
681:and
667:Emir
604:and
576:and
532:and
505:and
448:Iran
429:lit.
164:Died
143:Born
4575:Ali
3741:him
3560:doi
3247:doi
1953:Ray
1769:as
1716:Rey
1568:):
1469:in
1434:in
1327:in
1311:Tus
462:in
396:or
85:by
23:or
4642::
4370:,
4325:.
4188:.
4051:.
4047:.
3977:.
3962:}}
3958:{{
3942:.
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