Somnath temple - Knowledge

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innovations and a studied attempt to obliterate the traces of paganism ; even the very musjids, which are here and there encountered in the town, have been raised by materials from the sacred edifices of the conquered, or, as it is said by the historians of Sindh, “the true believers turned the temples of the idol worshippers into places of prayer.” Old Pattan is to this day a Hindu city in all but its inhabitants—perhaps one of the most interesting historical spots in Western India. Somnath assumed the appearance it now presents, of a temple evidently of pagan original altered by the introduction of a Mohammedan style of architecture in various portions, but leaving its general plan and minor features unmolested. The temple consists of one large hall in an oblong form, from one end of which proceeds a small square chamber, or sanctum. The centre of the hall is occupied by a noble dome over an octagon of eight arches; the remainder of the roof terraced and supported by numerous pillars. There are three éntrances. The sides of the building face to the cardinal points, and the principal entrance appears to be on the eastern side. These doorways ave unusually high and wide, in the Pyramidal or Egyptian form, decreasing towards the top; they add much to the effect of the building. Internally, the whole presents a scene of complete destruction; the pavement is everywhere covered with heaps of stones and rubbish; the facings of the walls, capitals of the pillars, in short, every portion possessing anything approaching to ornament, having been defaced or removed, (if not by Mahmud, by those who subsequently converted this temple into its present semi-Mohammedan appearance). Externally the whole of the buildings are most elaborately carved and ornamented with figures, single and in groups of various dimensions, Many of them appear to have been of some size; but so laboriously was the work of mutilation carried on here, that of the larger figures scarcely a trunk has been left, whilst few even of the most minute remain uninjured. The western side is the most perfect: here the pillars and ornaments are in excellent preservation. The front entrance is ornamented with a portico, and surmounted by two slender minarets ornaments so much in the Mohammedan style, that they, as well as the domes, have evidently been added to the original building.

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consists of three domes, the first of which forms the roof of the entrance, the second is the interior of the temple, the third was the sanctum sanctorum, wherein were deposited the riches of Hindi devotion. The two external domes are diminutive: the central one has an elevation of more than thirty feet, tapering to the summit in fourteen steps, and is about forty feet in diameter. It is perfect, but the images which have once adorned both the interior and exterior of the building are mutilated, and the black polished stones which formed its floor have been removed by the citizens for less pious purposes. Two marble slabs, with sentences from the Koran, and inscriptions regarding Mangrol Isa, point out where that Mohammedan worthy rests. They arc on the western side of the city, and the place is still frequented by the devout Moslem. Near it is a cupola, supported on pillars, to mark the grave of the sultan's cashkeeper, with many others; and the whole city is encircled by the remains of mosques, and one vast cemetery, ‘The field of battle, where the “infidels” were conquered, is also pointed out, and the massy walls, excavated ditch, paved streets, and squared-stone buildings of Pattan itself, proclaim its former greatness. At present the city is a perfect ruin, its houses are nearly unoccupied and but for a new and substantial temple, erected to house the god of Somnath by that wonderful woman, Ahalya Bai, the wife of Holkar.

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pilgrimage to it whenever there was an eclipse of the moon, and would then assemble there to the number of more than a hundred thousand. They believed that the souls of men used to meet there after separation from the body, and that the idol used to incorporate them at its pleasure in other bodies, in accordance with their doctrine of transmigration. The ebb and flow of the tide was considered to be the worship paid to the idol by the sea. Everything of the most precious was brought there as offerings, and the temple was endowed with more than 10,000 villages. There is a river (the Ganges) which is held sacred, between which and Somnát the distance is 200 parasangs. They used to bring the water of this river to Somnát every day, and wash the temple with it. A thousand brahmans were employed in worshipping the idol and attending on the visitors, and 500 damsels sung and danced at the door—all these were maintained upon the endowments of the temple. The edifice was built upon fifty-six pillars of teak, covered with lead. The shrine of the idol was dark, but was lighted by jewelled chandeliers of great value. Near it was a chain of gold weighing 200 mans. When a portion (watch) of the night closed, this chain used to be shaken like bells to rouse a fresh lot of brahmans to perform worship.

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the temples of the idols exceeded twenty thousand thousand dinars. When the king asked his companions what they had to say about the marvel of the idol, and of its staying in the air without prop or support, several maintained that it was upheld by some hidden support. The king directed a person to go and feel all around and above and below it with a spear, which he did, but met with no obstacle. One of the atten then stated his opinion that the canopy was made of loadstone, and the idol of iron, and that the ingenious builder had skilfully contrived that the magnet should not exercise a greater force on any one side—hence the idol was suspended in the middle. Some coincided, others differed. Permission was obtained from the Sultán to remove some stones from the top of the canopy to settle the point. When two stones were removed from the summit the idol swerved on one side, when more were taken away it inclined still further, until at last it rested on the ground.

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repeats a similar narrative, teaching its students that the Somnath temple was not really a Hindu temple but a political center. According to Ashok Behuria and Mohammad Shehzad, the Somnath legacy is narrated in this textbook as, "according to most historians Mahmud invaded India seventeen times to crush the power of the Hindu Rajas and Maharajas who were always busy planning conspiracies against him ... After the fall of Punjab, the Hindus assembled at Somnath — which was more of a political centre than a temple — to plan a big war against Mahmud. He took all the Rajas and Maharajas by surprise when he attacked Somnath and crushed the Hindu headquarter of political intrigue. With the destruction of Somnath he broke the backbone of the Hindus in the region and thus had no need to attack India again".

5769: 6878: 5198: 5399:, states Dhaky, but no information is available to determine its design or ornamentation. The surviving fragment of the kapotapali that was discovered suggests that at "intervals, it was decorated with contra-posed half thakaras, with large, elegant, and carefully shaped gagarakas in suspension graced the lower edge of the kapotapali", states Dhaky. The garbhagriha had a vedibandha, possibly with a two-layered jangha with images on the main face showing the influence of the late Maha-Maru style. Another fragment found had a "beautifully moulded rounded pillarette and a ribbed khuraccadya-awning topped the khattaka". 6887:, p. 20, Quote: "At that time he sacked the Somanatha temple, built about fifty years earlier by the western Indian king of Gujarat (see Map 2.1). This coastal area was a prosperous and wealthy one, thanks to vigorous maritime trading activities. According to a later tradition, 50,000 devotees lost their lives in trying to stop Mahmud from not only taking the temple's considerable wealth, but also destroying the form of the Hindu god Shiva housed within it. Subsequent kings of the Gujarat region constructed a much grander and elaborate temple in place of the one that Mahmud had destroyed;". 5420: 5047:

Islamic iconoclasm". Many Muslim historians and scholars in and after the 11th century included the destruction of Somnath as a righteous exemplary deed in their publications. It inspired the Persian side with a cultural memory of Somnath's destruction through "epics of conquest", while to the Hindu side, Somnath inspired tales of recovery, rebuilding and "epics of resistance". These tales and chronicles in Persia elevated Mahmud as "the exemplary hero and Islamic warrior for the Muslims", states Malik, while in India Mahmud emerged as the exemplary "arch-enemy".

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expect, and of a symbol of fanaticism and foreign oppression. The Somnath temple has been leveraged to revisit India's history and agitate over its sacred spaces including contested sites such as Ayodhya. Mahmud and Aurangzeb along with the ideology that inspired them are remembered as enemies of the ancient Hindu nation. They are asserted as two historical facts, the former as the first and the latter as the last systematic destroyers of Somnath temple.

6906:, p. 51: "But Mahmud’s legitimacy in the eyes of established Islam also derived from the constant reiteration that he was a Sunni who attacked the heretics, the Ismai‘ilis and Shi‘as in India and Persia. The boast is always that their mosques were closed or destroyed and that invariably 50,000 of them were killed. The figure becomes formulaic, a part of the rhetoric for killing, irrespective of whether they were Hindu kafirs or Muslim heretics. 5757: 9951: 5469:

basement of an older temple, which appears not to have been altogether removed when the temple, we now see, was built, portions of this older temple being apparently left in situ to form the heart and core of the later masonry. For several reasons, I have come to the conclusion that the ruined temple, as it now stands, save for the Muhammadan additions, is a remnant of the temple built by Kumarapala, king of Gujarat, about AD 1169.

4695:. All either directly mention the Somnath temple as the number one of twelve sites, or call the top temple as "Somesvara" in Saurashtra – a synonymous term for this site in these texts. The exact date of these texts is unknown, but based on references they make to other texts and ancient poets or scholars, these have been generally dated between the 10th and 12th century, with some dating it much earlier and others a bit later. 5504: 6802:, Quote: "Between 1000 and 1025, the king mounted no less than seventeen campaigns into India, one of which-the sack of the great Shiva temple of Somnath in Gujarat–yielded a booty of 6500 kilos of gold, not to mention the slaves, arms, richly ornamented robes, precious jewels, tapestries and war elephants brought to Ghazna by Mahmud's victorious army. Al-Biruni accompanied his master on several of these campaigns." 189: 161: 3770: 4361: 3706: 11902: 5627:

jewelry (amulet), and they found no ancient "temple parts". According to Charles Herman's critical review, the evidence available so far does not allow any direct inferences about the society and culture in pre-1st millennium BCE era, but there is persuasive evidence that Prabhas-Patan was an early Harappan site with sedentary farming and cattle keeping and it is in the same league of significance as the

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continuously. The invasion of Somnath site in 1026 CE is also confirmed by other Islamic historians such as Gardizi, Ibn Zafir and Ibn al-Athir. However, two Persian sources – one by adh-Dhahabi and other by al-Yafi'i – state it as 1027 CE, which is likely incorrect and late by a year, according to Khan – a scholar known for his studies on Al-Biruni and other Persian historians. According to Al-Biruni:

7637: 7576: 5007:, the condition of Somnath temple in 1026 after Ghazni's is unclear because the inscription is "puzzlingly silent" about Ghazni's raid or temple's condition. This inscription, states Thapar, could suggest that instead of destruction it may have been a desecration because the temple seems to have been repaired quickly within twelve years and was an active pilgrimage site by 1038. 5464:

temple; they have been, in great measure, rebuilt and patched with rubble to convert the building into a mosque. The great dome, indeed the whole roof and the stumpy minars, one of which remains above the front entrance, are portions of the Muhammadan additions. One fact alone shows that the temple was built on a large scale, and that is the presence in its basement of the

388: 5635:(Sorath-Harappan) archaeological sites. Further, the Prabhas-Patan mounds that have been excavated show evidence of continued post-Harappan settlement (c. 2000– 1800 BCE) along with several other Saurashtra sites. According to Herman, the archaeological excavations in Prabhas-Patan and Saurashtra region have been too few to make systematic conclusions. 5603:, and a report published. This Thapar study yielded direct and substantial evidence of a 10th-century or earlier large temple. B. K. Thapar estimated the older temple to be from the 9th century, while Dhaky states to more likely from the 10th century, i.e. from 960 to 973 CE. The Thapar study also found artifacts and ruins with ancient scripts such as 5717:, Afghanistan back to India; it was believed Mahmud had taken them from Somnath Temple. However, there was nor there is any evidence that Somnath temple or its site ever had any wooden gates. Nor is there any evidence that Mahmud or later conquerors ever took any gates from Prabhas-Patan region as a part of the plunder. This order has been called 5403:

Mahmud left. The "quality of craftsmanship" in these fragments is "indeed high", the carvings of the lost temple were "rich and exquisite", states Dhaky. Further, a few pieces have an inscription fragment in the 10th-century characters – which suggests that this part of the temple or the entire temple was built in the 10th century.

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The rebuilt temple as found in the ruined form in the 19th century and the current temple used recovered parts of previous temple with significant artwork. The new temple has added and integrated the new panels with a few old ones, the color of the stone distinguishing the two. The panels and pillars

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Pattan, and all the part of the country wherein it is situated, is now under a Mohamedan ruler, the Nawab of Junagadh, and the city itself offers the most curious specimen of any I have ever seen of its original Hindu character, preserved throughout its walls, gates, and buildings, despite Mohammedan

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The floor plan and ruins of a pre-1000 CE temple were unearthed during the archaeological excavations led by B.K. Thapar. Most of the temple is lost, but the remains of the foundation, the lower structure as well as pieces of the temple ruins suggest an "exquisitely carved, rich" temple. According to

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The king looked upon the idol with wonder, and gave orders for the seizing of the spoil, and the appropriation of the treasures. There were many idols of gold and silver and vessels set with jewels, all of which had been sent there by the greatest personages in India. The value of the things found in

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or horse-moulding. It was probably about the same size, in plan, as the Rudra Mala at Siddhapur, being, in length, about 140 feet over all. The walls, or, at least, the outer casing of them, having in great part fallen, there is revealed, in several places, the finished masonry and mouldings of the

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This idol was in the middle of the temple without anything to support it from below, or to suspend it from above. It was held in the highest honour among the Hindus, and whoever beheld it floating in the air was struck with amazement, whether he was a Musulmán or an infidel. The Hindus used to go on

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portrays Somnath temple as a "place where all the Hindu rajas used to get together" and think about "fighting the Muslims". Mahmud went to this temple and "blew the idol in pieces" and "this success was a source of happiness for the whole Muslim world". Another textbook for Pakistan's Middle School

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studies, reported their analysis of archaeological discoveries from Prabhas-Patan. According to them, the Somnath site shows evidence of ancient human settlement, from pre-2nd millennium BCE period. They date one period to "pre-Harappan phase". However, these discoveries are all ceramics, wares and

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The mukhachatuski, states Dhaky, likely broke and fell immediately after the destructive hit by Mahmud's troops. These fragments suffered no further erosion or damage one would normally expect, likely because it was left in the foundation pit of the new Somnath temple that was rebuilt quickly after

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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, historians and archaeologists of the colonial era actively studied the Somnath temple because its ruins showed a historic Hindu temple that was turning into an Islamic mosque. After India's independence, those ruins were demolished, and the present Somnath

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The old temple of Somanatha is situated in the town, and stands upon the shore towards its eastern end, being separated from the sea by a heavily built retaining wall which prevents the former from washing away the ground around the foundations of the shrine. Little now remains of the walls of the

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A more detailed survey report of Somnath temple ruins was published in 1931 by Henry Cousens. Cousens states that the Somnath temple is dear to the Hindu consciousness, its history and lost splendor remembered by them, and no other temple in Western India is "so famous in the annals of Hinduism as

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sanctuary", states Burnes, is "proof of Mohammedan devastation" of this site. Burnes also summarized some of the mythologies he heard, the bitter communal sentiments and accusations, as well as the statements by garrisoned "Arabs of the Junagar chief" about their victories in this "infidel land".

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According to Jamal Malik – a South Asian history and Islamic Studies scholar, "the destruction of Somnath temple, a well known place of pilgrimage in Gujarat in 1026, played a major role in creating Mahmud as an "icon of Islam", the sack of this temple became "a crucial topic in Persian stories of

5519:, or main spire, is 15 metres (49 ft) in height above the sanctum, and it has an 8.2-metre-tall flag pole at the top. According to Ananda Coomaraswamy – an art and architecture historian, the earlier Somnath temple ruin followed the Solanki-style, which is Nagara architecture inspired by the 5428:

The great temple of Somnath stands on a rising ground on the north-west side of Pattan, inside the walls, and is only separated by them from the sea. It may be scen from a distance of twenty-five miles. It is a massy stone building, evidently of some antiquity. Unlike Hindu temples gencrally, it

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later recovered the Somnath idol and freed the Hindu prisoners, after an attack on the Delhi army near Jalore. However, other sources state that the idol was taken to Delhi, where it was thrown to be trampled under the feet of Muslims. These sources include the contemporary and near-contemporary

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states that Somnath has become so famous because "it was the harbor for seafaring people and a station for those who went to and fro between Sufala in the country of Zanj (east Africa) and China". Combined with its repute as an eminent pilgrimage site, its location was well known to the kingdoms

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In Islamic State nationalist literature of the modern era, Sultan Mahmud campaign in the 11th century has been glorified as a historic "jihad against non-Muslims", his motive in destroying Somnath temple is described as "not driven by worldly gain ", but because he wanted to "end the worship of

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On the Indian side, the Somnath temple has been more than another house of worship. For Hindus, particularly Hindu nationalists, it is a question of their heritage, their sense of sacred time and space, states Peter van der Veer. Its history raises questions of tolerance and spiritual values to

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He states that the site shows how the temple had been changed into a Muslim structure with arch, these sections had been reconstructed with "mutilated pieces of the temple's exterior" and "inverted Hindu images". Such modifications in the dilapidated Somnath temple to make it into a "Mohammedan

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The efforts of colonial era archaeologists, photographers and surveyors have yielded several reports on the architecture and arts seen at the Somnath temple ruins in the 19th century. The earliest survey reports of Somnath temple and the condition of the Somanatha-Patan-Veraval town in the 19th

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with their proposal to reconstruct the Somnath temple, Gandhi blessed the move but suggested that the funds for the construction should be collected from the public, and the temple should not be funded by the state. Accordingly, The Somnath Trust was established to collect funds and oversee the

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Powerful legends with intricate detail developed in the Turko-Persian literature regarding Mahmud's raid,. According to historian Cynthia Talbot, a later tradition states that "50,000 devotees lost their lives in trying to stop Mahmud" during his sack of Somnath temple. According to Thapar, the

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The raid of 1026 by Mahmud is confirmed by the 11th-century Persian historian Al-Biruni, who worked in the court of Mahmud, who accompanied Mahmud's troops between 1017 and 1030 CE on some occasions, and who lived in the northwest Indian subcontinent region – over regular intervals, though not

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The location of the Somnath temple was a little less than three miles west of the mouth of the river Sarasvati. The temple was situated on the coast of the Indian ocean so that at the time of flow the idol was bathed by its water. Thus that moon was perpetually occupied in bathing the idol and

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The Somnath temple was used as a cultural symbol and the starting point for a Rath yatra (chariot journey), states K.N. Pannikkar, by Lal Krishna Advani to begin his Ayodhya campaign in 1990. According to Donald Smith, the reconstruction efforts in the 1950s was not about restoring an ancient

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The Somnath temple has inspired different narratives and legacies, for some a symbol of blessed conquest and victories, for some a symbol of fanatical intolerance and persecution. After the 1026 sack of the Somnath temple, states Mehrdad Shokoohy, the "sack of Somnath was not just yet another

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scenes in historic Hindu temples can be traced. Sections can be seen with "beautiful vertical mouldings, on either side of the main front doorway", states Cousens, and this suggests that the destroyed temple was "exceedingly richly carved". The temple likely had a galaxy of Vedic and Puranic

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laden with costly spoils from the Hindu temples." Al-Biruni obliquely criticizes these raids for "ruining the prosperity" of India, creating antagonism among the Hindus for "all foreigners", and triggering an exodus of scholars of Hindu sciences far away from regions "conquered by us". Mahmud

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The architect of the new Somnath temple was Prabhashankarbhai Oghadbhai Sompura, who worked on recovering and integrating the old recoverable parts with the new design in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The new Somnath temple is intricately carved, two level temple with pillared

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in Persian literature, and the killing of the infidels has been portrayed as a celebrated event in numerous versions of history, stories and poems found in Persia written over the centuries. The Persian literature has made mythical ahistorical connections of Somnath to

5189:. However, the order appears not to have been carried out at that time. Aurangzeb ordered its destruction and conversion into a mosque again in 1706; this order does seem to have been carried out, though very little effort seems to have been put into the conversion. 5459:

the temple of Somanatha at Somanatha-Pattan". The Hindu pilgrims walk to the ruins here and visit it along with their pilgrimage to Dwarka, Gujarat, though it has been reduced to a 19th-century site of gloom, full of "ruins and graves". His survey report states:

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The post-1950 excavations of the Somnath site have unearthed the earliest known version of the Somnath temple. The excavations showed the foundations of a 10th-century temple, notable broken parts and details of a major, well decorated version of a temple.

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In the modern era textbooks of Pakistan, the sack of Somnath temple is praised and the campaign of Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznavi is glorified as a "champion of Islam". According to Syed Zaidi – a scholar of Islamist Militancy, a school book in Pakistan titled

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architecture, rather the Somnath temple was of religious significance. The rebuilding was a symbol, it was Hindu repudiation of almost a thousand years of Muslim domination, oppression, and reassertion of a safe haven for Hindus in post-partitioned India.

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campaign of a medieval Sultan confined to histories, but a symbol of the revival of Iranian identity boosted by religious zeal, which was to echo in literature and folklore" for nearly one thousand years. The destruction of the Somnath temple – called

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within the Indian subcontinent. Literature and epigraphical evidence suggest that the medieval-era Veraval port was also actively trading with the Middle East and Southeast Asia. This brought wealth and fame to the Veraval area, as well as the temple.

5131:. It is possible that the story of Kanhadadeva's rescue of the Somnath idol is a fabrication by the later writers. Alternatively, it is possible that the Khalji army was taking multiple idols to Delhi, and Kanhadadeva's army retrieved one of them. 5318:

The ruins were pulled down in October 1950. The mosque present at that site was shifted few kilometres away by using construction vehicles. The new structure was built by the traditional Somapuri builders of temples in Gujarat. On 11 May 1951,

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The older temple featured an open plan, with great windows that allow light into the mandapa and circumambulation passage. The intricate and detailed artwork inside and on the pillars of Somnath temple were quite similar to those found in the

5586:(pilgrimage) site for the Hindus. It is the famed Prabhasa site found in Brahmi script inscriptions in Maharashtra sites. It is mentioned in the poems of Kalidasa. The new temple is the top pilgrimage site in Gujarat along with Dwarka. 6042:, p. 22: "In the case of Somanatha, one has to rely solely on literary evidence as even though excavations reveal an early settlement at the site, there is no evidence for the early existence of a temple at the site...In the 6570:, p. 22 "In the case of Somanatha, one has to rely solely on literary evidence as even though excavations reveal an early settlement at the site, there is no evidence for the early existence of a temple at the site...In the 5944:

believes it to have been the one that was destroyed by Mahmud of Ghazni. B.K. Thapar, the archaeologist who did the excavation, stated that there was definitely a temple structure at Somnath-Patan in the 9th century, but none

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construction of the temple. Munshi headed the Trust. Being the Civil Supplies minister in the Government of India, Munshi was keen to involve the Government of India in the reconstruction effort, but he was overruled by Nehru.

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The Somnath temple site and coastline has been excavated for archaeological evidence by Indian teams. The first major excavation was completed in 1950–51 just before the Somnath temple was reconstructed. It was led by

4447:. It is unclear when the first version of the Somnath temple was built, with estimates varying between the early centuries of the 1st millennium and about the 9th century CE. The temple is not mentioned in the ancient 4895:, the Moon god, is believed to have lost his lustre due to a curse, and he bathed in the Sarasvati River at this site to regain it. The result is said to be the waxing and waning of the moon. The name of the town, 5249:

in 1843 on the question of the gates of the temple and Ellenbourough's role in the affair. After much crossfire between the British Government and the opposition, all of the facts as we know them were laid out.

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The reconstructed Somnath temple has been the preferred pilgrimage site for Hindus in Gujarat, often combined with a pilgrimage to Dwarka. The site attracts Hindus from all over India, states David Sopher.

12666: 5051:"50,000 killed" is a boastful claim that is "constantly reiterated" in Muslim texts, and becomes a "formulaic" figure of deaths to help highlight "Mahmud’s legitimacy in the eyes of established Islam". 7820:

B.R. Thapar (1951), Excavation work in the precincts of the Somnath Temple – Deputation of Shri B.K. Thapar for the work (1950), National Archives of India, Abhilekh – Government of India, pp. 1–102

6422: 4520:– another major archaeological and pilgrimage site in Gujarat. It is about 7 kilometres (4 mi) southeast of the Veraval railway junction, about 130 kilometres (81 mi) southeast of the 4551:

to be so occupied. After abandonment in 1200 BCE, it was reoccupied in 400 BCE and continued into the historical period. Prabhas is also close to the other sites similarly occupied: Junagadh,

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that are available to everyone – the intended audience of the great epic. More specifically, she states that the sacrificial sessions along the Saraswati river found in sections such as of

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M.K. Dhavalikar and Gregory L. Possehl (1992), The pre‐Harappan period at Prabhas Patan and the Pre‐Harappan Phase in Gujarat, Man and Environment, Volume XVII, Issue 1, pp. 70‐ 78

4469:(pilgrimage site) at Prabhas Patan on the coastline of Saurashtra, where the temple is presently located, there is no evidence that a temple existed at the site in ancient times. 5535:

In general, the reliefs and sculpture is mutilated, to the point that it is difficult for most to "identify the few images that remain" on panels, states Cousens. An original

5066:(r. 1143–72) rebuilt the Somnath temple in "excellent stone and studded it with jewels," according to an inscription in 1169. He replaced a decaying wooden temple. 5042:

Some of the earliest photos of Somnath temple were taken by Sykes and Nelson in the 19th century. They show Somnath Hindu temple partly converted into an Islamic mosque.

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came to Junagadh on 12 November 1947 to direct the stabilization of the state by the Indian Army, at which time he ordered the reconstruction of the Somnath temple.

5267:, reflects the interest aroused in Britain by the gates. Her 2004 book on Somnath examines the evolution of the historiographies about the legendary Gujarat temple. 5805: 6873:

They would go weeping and crying for help into the temple, and then issue forth to battle and fight till all were killed. The number of the slain exceeded 60,000

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The temple opened to the east. The stylobate of this destroyed temple had two parts: the 3 feet high pitha-socle and the vedibandha-podium. The pitha had a tall

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K. M. Munshi with archaeologists and engineers of the Government of India, Bombay, and Saurashtra, with the ruins of Somnath Temple in the background, July 1950.

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Al-Biruni states that Mahmud destroyed the Somnath temple. He states Mahmud's motives as, "raids undertaken with a view to plunder and to satisfy the righteous

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was compiled and finalized, the Saraswati legend was modified. It vanishes into an underground river, then emerges as an underground river at holy sites for

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The temple was reconstructed several times in the past after repeated destruction by multiple Muslim invaders and rulers, notably starting with an attack by

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The excavations yielded pieces of one at the western end, which suggests that the kumbhas were aligned to the entire wall. Above the kalaga moulding was an

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The United Kingdom House of Commons Debate, 9 March 1943, on The Somnath (Prabhas Patan) Proclamation, Junagadh 1948. 584–602, 620, 630–32, 656, 674.

5229:, was detailed to carry the gates back to India in triumph. However, on arrival, they were found not to be of Gujarati or Indian design, and not of 10476: 4827:, which it states to be "by the sea, near Dwaraka". This signifies an expanded context of pilgrimage as a "Vedic ritual equivalent", integrating 216: 8073:

Behuria, Ashok K.; Shehzad, Mohammad (2013). "Partition of History in Textbooks in Pakistan: Implications of Selective Memory and Forgetting".

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Aliakbar Dehkhoda (1994), Loghatnâme (Encyclopedic Dictionary), Editors: Mohammad Mo'in And Ja'far Shahidi, Entry: Sumanat (Persian Language),

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and Z. D. Ansari. They dug deeper at several locations, reported evidence of five periods of human settlement. In 1992, M. K. Dhavalikar and

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Many Hindu texts provide a list of the most sacred Shiva pilgrimage sites, along with a guide for visiting the site. The best known were the

6431:, p. 291, Quote: "Among them is Somesvara, or Somnath, the Moon's Lord", located on the seacoast in the western peninsula of Gujarat.". 11802: 7407:

Mir Jaffar Barkriwala, The Glorious Destruction of Hindoo Temples in Kathiawar and their replacement, Ul Akbari Publications, Bharuch, 1902

5359:

Dhaky – a scholar of Indian temple architecture, this is the earliest known version of the Somnath temple. It was, what historic Sanskrit

4957:("moon god") at the site sometime before 997 CE, even though some historians believe that he may have renovated a smaller earlier temple. 11887: 10514: 5217:, in which he ordered the British army in Afghanistan to return via Ghazni and bring back to India the sandalwood gates from the tomb of 11617: 9044: 7773:

E. Senart (1903), The Inscriptions in the Cave at Karle, Epigraphia Indica, Vol 7, 1902–03, pp. 57–58 (for more on Nahapana, pp. 58–61)

7239: 68: 9233: 7323: 12337: 11435: 9279: 436: 5070: 5038: 12322: 10412: 9987: 5221:

in Ghazni, Afghanistan. These were believed to have been taken by Mahmud from Somnath. Under Ellenborough's instruction, General

8607:

Sarasvatī, Riverine Goddess of Knowledge: From the Manuscript-carrying Vīṇā-player to the Weapon-wielding Defender of the Dharma

2613: 1199: 12376: 5246: 12535: 11832: 11105: 10164: 9879: 9755: 9206: 9182: 9158: 9111: 9012: 8991: 8941: 8909: 8836: 8815: 8794: 8762: 8741: 8699: 8678: 8657: 8615: 8594: 8553: 8492: 8471: 8450: 8429: 8408: 8389: 8278: 8237: 8216: 8195: 8022: 7995: 7718: 7381: 6890: 6828: 6795: 6756: 6678: 6552: 6173: 12661: 5851:

to the 10th century, while he suggests a 12th-century date in 2009. Others such as Hazra, Rocher suggest late 10th-century.

5706: 5210: 2492: 11837: 11717: 11093: 10154: 9760: 6155: 5965: 5507:

A wide-angle view – a bit distorted – from the southeast side of the present Somnath temple. Nataraja can be seen on the

7368:

Marie Cruz Gabriel, Rediscovery of India, A silence in the city and other stories, Published by Orient Blackswan, 1996,

5721:. The order, states Thapar, is best seen as an example of how "colonial intervention in India" was viewed in the 1840s. 5488:(also called Chaulukya or Solanki style) temple. It has a "Kailash Mahameru Prasad" form, and reflects the skill of the 4698:

The Somnath temple is not mentioned in ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism, but the "Prabhasa-Pattana" is mentioned as a

153: 12595: 3736: 181: 7084: 5263:, the diamond of the title is presumed to have been stolen from the temple at Somnath and, according to the historian 3369: 12656: 12646: 12585: 12369: 11872: 11415: 9088: 8868: 8720: 8636: 8574: 8369: 8258: 8152: 7681: 7373: 7119: 7060: 6225: 6198: 6113: 4941:. Romila Thapar states that this does not imply the existence of a temple, but rather that it was a pilgrimage site ( 4389: 12600: 12332: 9223: 7216: 6983: 6188: 6215: 4535:, one of three in Gujarat from where Indian merchants departed to trade goods. The 11th-century Persian historian 12467: 12452: 11387: 10882: 10507: 9174:

Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries

2522: 1353: 8858: 8379: 8359: 8321:

Fleming, Benjamin J. (2009). "Mapping Sacred Geography in Medieval India: The Case of the Twelve Jyotirlingas".

12570: 12492: 11488: 11327: 10354: 9996: 9854: 8484:

Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries

8248: 7949:

Panikkar, K. N. (1993). "Religious Symbols and Political Mobilization: The Agitation for a Mandir at Ayodhya".

7249: 5861: 5600: 5296: 5135: 5063: 4626:, in the year 1026 CE looted the temple and slaughtered many pilgrims and burnt the temple, and destroyed it. 473: 278: 269: 12651: 12575: 12447: 11612: 11463: 11400: 10324: 9272: 9228:

Kavita Singh (2010), "The Temple's Eternal Return: Swaminarayan Akshardham Complex in Delhi", pp. 73–75,

7494: 7492: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7484: 5718: 5547:, with the goddess seated in his lap. Towards the north-east corner, portions of panels in a band similar to 1946: 8877:

Rosa Maria Cimino (1977). "Review: The Riddle of the Temple of Somanātha by M. A. Dhaky and H. P. Shastri".

6748:

Science and Technology in World History, Volume 2: Early Christianity, the Rise of Islam and the Middle Ages

6240: 5003:. He took away a booty of 20 million dinars. According to Romila Thapar, relying on a 1038 inscription of a 12590: 11498: 11425: 11263: 11157: 11081: 10344: 10169: 10121: 9740: 9707: 9198:

Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest: 11th-13th Centuries

4795:

Catherine Ludvik – a Religious Studies and Sanskrit scholar, concurs with Hiltebeitel. She states that the

4738:

are the Vedic mythologies which it borrowed, integrated and re-adapted for its times and its audience. The

2502: 2442: 422: 209: 7481: 5485: 4481: 1045: 12605: 12442: 11953: 11508: 11420: 10437: 10334: 9980: 7733:

A Coomaraswamy (1927), History of Indian and Indonesian Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Edward Goldston, p. 111

7109: 5323:, the President of India performed the installation ceremony for the temple at the invitation of Munshi. 3672: 3563: 2173: 7537:"Account of the Remains of the Celebrated Temple at Pattan Somnath, Sacked by Mahmúd of Ghizni, AD 1024" 11777: 11627: 11152: 11025: 10500: 10266: 10116: 9823: 9702: 7187: 6664: 5615: 4799:

mythologies borrow from the Vedic texts but modify them from Brahmin-centered "sacrificial rituals" to

3691: 3362: 3266: 2213: 1882: 1567: 879: 5744: 4045: 2208: 12610: 12580: 12565: 12417: 12234: 11938: 11468: 11288: 11162: 11117: 11037: 10397: 10349: 10240: 10174: 9798: 9745: 9455: 7324:"The Gates of Somnath, by Thomas Babington Macaulay, a speech in the House of Commons, March 9, 1843" 6464: 5865: 5623: 4919: 4869: 4544: 4485: 3899: 3668: 3314: 2432: 2168: 456: 441: 31: 17: 9500: 8775:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture: Later Phase, C. AD. 1289-1798. South India. Dravidadesa

5035:

launched many plunder campaigns into India, including one that included the sack of Somnath temple.

1109: 12462: 12327: 11642: 11410: 10889: 10846: 9793: 9434: 9265: 6243:, Tourism Corporation of Gujarat Limited – a State Government company, Government of Gujarat (2021) 5783: 5197: 3914: 3224: 3217: 3196: 2905: 2795: 2767: 2497: 1387: 1174: 9248: 7300: 7279: 5539:(Tandava Shiva), albeit with chopped arms and defaced, can be seen on the south side. A mutilated 1149: 1065: 12615: 11707: 11049: 10836: 10480: 10260: 9833: 9307: 7839:

Herman, Charles Frank (1996). ""Harappan" Gujarat : The Archaeology-Chronology Connection".

5881: 5810: 5082: 4012: 3439: 2652: 2557: 2482: 1663: 1585: 478: 446: 5756: 5532:

with historic artwork were and are found in the south and southwest side of the Somnath temple.

1625: 11712: 11069: 10929: 10578: 10276: 10159: 9973: 9828: 9803: 9750: 5889: 5702: 5226: 4347: 3783: 3729: 3638: 3568: 3404: 3033: 2802: 2462: 1363: 1040: 7275:

The History of India, from the Earliest Period to the Close of Lord Dalhousie's Administration

6785: 6489: 6487: 6485: 5611:, thus confirming the antiquity of Somnath-Patan through at least much of the 1st-millennium. 12641: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12412: 12224: 12113: 11867: 11503: 11258: 11253: 11001: 10732: 10590: 10339: 10281: 9884: 9813: 9101: 8901:

The Archaeology of Sacred Spaces: The temple in western India, 2nd century BCE–8th century CE

6668: 6103: 5897: 4489: 4488:. The contemporary Somnath temple's reconstruction was started under the orders of the first 4382: 4231: 3867: 3678: 3656: 3546: 3411: 2984: 2592: 2472: 1875: 1861: 1029: 7296:

The Life of John Wilson, D.D. F.R.S.: For Fifty Years Philanthropist and Scholar in the East

1024: 12171: 12108: 12103: 11483: 11243: 11061: 10422: 10304: 10146: 9732: 9535: 9507: 9372: 8951:

Nanavati, J. M.; Dhaky, M. A. (1969). "The Maitraka and the Saindhava Temples of Gujarat".

8108:

Aggarwal, Neil (2018). "Representations of Mahmud of Ghazni in the Islamic State's texts".

6482: 5127: 5101: 4879:

Archaeologically, there is no evidence that a temple existed at the site in ancient times.

4200: 3919: 3834: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3541: 3203: 2781: 2751: 2582: 2487: 2383: 2113: 2007: 8733:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture: Volume 2 Part 2 North India Text & Plates

8691:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 4 South India Text & Plates

8670:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates

8649:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture: Volume 1 Part 2 South India Text & Plates

8628:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 1 South India Text & Plates

5419: 5416:

surveyed the site in 1830, calling Somnath site as "far-famed temple and city". He wrote:

8: 12550: 12530: 12512: 12502: 12291: 12276: 12219: 11877: 11702: 11311: 11278: 10989: 10941: 10694: 10402: 10309: 10286: 10255: 10207: 10192: 10070: 9783: 9778: 9441: 9298: 8754:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture Volume 2 Part 3 North India Text & Plates

8712:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture Volume 2 Part 1 North India Text & Plates

8038:

Zaidi, Syed Manzar Abbas (2011). "Polarisation of social studies textbooks in Pakistan".

5087: 4752:

related to the Saraswati river. However, given the river was nowhere to be seen when the

4730:– a Sanskrit scholar known for his translations and studies on Indic texts including the 4509: 4284: 3862: 3696: 3589: 3425: 2956: 2818: 2562: 2452: 2437: 2343: 2283: 2248: 2148: 1728: 1640: 1259: 918: 529: 431: 402: 7424:

Van der Veer, Peter (1992). "Ayodhya and Somnath: Eternal Shrines, Contested Histores".

7294: 7273: 4887:

The site of Somnath has been a pilgrimage site from ancient times on account of being a

4587:). It is one of five most revered sites on the seacoast of India, along with the nearby 3947: 1829: 1019: 12497: 12422: 12342: 12286: 11405: 11283: 11147: 10965: 10870: 10566: 10470: 10245: 10202: 10131: 9808: 9717: 9564: 9542: 9077: 9061: 8968: 8886: 8519: 8346: 8338: 8125: 8090: 8055: 7966: 7903: 7856: 7803: 7625: 7617: 7564: 7556: 7433: 6997: 6929: 6574:, Prabhas Patan has been described as a sacred tirtha located on the coast of the sea ( 6345: 6337: 6046:, Prabhas Patan has been described as a sacred tirtha located on the coast of the sea ( 5614:

A few Somnath-Patan sites around the Somnath temple was excavated in the 1970s, led by

5608: 5563: 5284: 5059: 4627: 4294: 4098: 3894: 3618: 3604: 3323: 2848: 2744: 2572: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2143: 1909: 1780: 1392: 1278: 6317: 4157: 12432: 12281: 12214: 12204: 12199: 12123: 11958: 11571: 11340: 11273: 11248: 11233: 10917: 10858: 10775: 10755: 10442: 10407: 10392: 10271: 10197: 10004: 9950: 9944: 9926: 9864: 9514: 9406: 9202: 9178: 9154: 9107: 9084: 9008: 8987: 8937: 8905: 8864: 8832: 8811: 8790: 8758: 8737: 8716: 8695: 8674: 8653: 8632: 8611: 8590: 8570: 8549: 8488: 8467: 8446: 8425: 8404: 8385: 8365: 8350: 8274: 8254: 8233: 8212: 8191: 8148: 8129: 8094: 8059: 8018: 7991: 7933: 7895: 7714: 7629: 7568: 7377: 7369: 7245: 7115: 7066: 7056: 7031: 7003: 6824: 6791: 6752: 6674: 6548: 6349: 6221: 6194: 6109: 5838:(hair). This iconography appears in early texts and temples dated to the 6th-century. 5540: 5300: 5275: 5171: 5139: 4984: 4772:, in several chapters and books mentions that this "Prabhasa" is at a coastline near 4583: 4548: 4521: 4493: 4465: 4430: 3987: 3753: 3722: 3628: 3597: 3553: 3210: 3161: 3096: 2855: 2841: 2587: 2512: 2333: 2293: 2288: 2278: 2118: 1814: 1748: 1343: 1080: 371: 4848: 2193: 1600: 887: 12296: 12268: 11948: 11918: 11519: 11478: 11372: 11352: 10960: 10953: 10644: 10632: 10615: 10554: 10432: 10377: 10319: 10212: 10184: 10126: 9874: 9869: 9859: 9788: 9712: 9664: 9606: 9596: 9586: 9579: 9559: 9486: 9031: 8960: 8511: 8330: 8117: 8082: 8047: 7958: 7887: 7848: 7795: 7609: 7548: 6329: 5941: 5710: 5413: 5237:(native to Ghazni) and therefore not authentic to Somnath. They were placed in the 5218: 5202: 5151: 4996: 4968: 4964: 4716: 4623: 4459: 4375: 4327: 4304: 4166: 4162: 4142: 4130: 4040: 3890: 3504: 3466: 3446: 3397: 3346: 3245: 3040: 3026: 2977: 2920: 2467: 2123: 2042: 1793: 1713: 1338: 764: 618: 515: 312: 8121: 6670:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One

5738:

Somnath converted into mosque, partly correct, partly embellished sketch (1850 CE)

5658:. The destruction of both has been celebrated by the Islamic scholars and elites. 2882: 12312: 12058: 12013: 11453: 11377: 11238: 11110: 10674: 10602: 10314: 10055: 9954: 9849: 9679: 9627: 9367: 9252: 9196: 9172: 9148: 9002: 8981: 8931: 8920: 8899: 8847: 8826: 8805: 8784: 8773: 8752: 8731: 8710: 8708: 8689: 8668: 8647: 8626: 8605: 8584: 8564: 8543: 8532: 8482: 8461: 8440: 8419: 8311: 8300: 8289: 8268: 8227: 8206: 8185: 8086: 8051: 8012: 7985: 7708: 7050: 7025: 6818: 6746: 6542: 5834:

In anthropomorphic representations, a crescent of the moon is shown near Shiva's

5655: 5619: 5320: 5167: 5163: 5118: 5092: 5074: 5004: 4727: 4365: 4050: 3974: 3909: 3710: 3633: 3581: 3390: 3294: 3238: 3175: 2991: 2892: 2788: 2537: 2517: 2388: 2263: 2243: 2163: 1854: 1840: 1738: 1718: 1681: 1273: 1268: 995: 874: 838: 783: 778: 605: 331: 11013: 8586:

Rethinking the Mahabharata: A Reader's Guide to the Education of the Dharma King

5299:

and annexed the state after holding a referendum. India's Deputy Prime Minister

1402: 1154: 855: 12620: 12098: 12078: 12018: 11933: 11842: 11766: 11458: 11395: 11074: 10387: 9425: 6523: 5893: 5885: 5412:

century were published between 1830 and 1850 by British officers and scholars.

5311: 5292: 5260: 5234: 4708:(c. 400 CE in its mature form) in Chapters 109, 118 and 119 of the Book Three ( 4644:

Henry Miers Elliot, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians Vol 1,

4497: 4274: 3623: 3432: 3280: 2931: 2825: 2774: 2577: 2403: 2323: 2273: 2258: 2223: 2178: 2075: 1847: 1708: 1590: 1539: 1524: 1504: 1468: 1397: 1179: 1134: 1085: 843: 468: 9035: 8334: 7891: 7613: 7552: 7111:

Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter

6190:

Hindu culture during and after Muslim rule: survival and subsequent challenges

5969: 5345:

Henry Miers Elliot, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians Vol1,

5331:

There is a detailed description of the temple architecture by AL KAZWI′NI′ in

4960: 4906: 1225: 1005: 936: 451: 12635: 12427: 12239: 12194: 12156: 12043: 11943: 11687: 11632: 11473: 11268: 11228: 11142: 11134: 10972: 10803: 10417: 10329: 10136: 10108: 9722: 9694: 9601: 9325: 9150:

The Bhagavata Purana Part 5: Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology Volume 11

9072: 9056: 8187:

Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India

7899: 7641: 7580: 7035: 5604: 5489: 5264: 5255: 5182: 5175: 4734:, states that the appropriate context for the legends and mythologies in the 4508:

The Somnath temple is located along the coastline in Prabhas Patan, Veraval,

4473: 4414: 4299: 4254: 3287: 3252: 3189: 3135: 3128: 3089: 3082: 3019: 3012: 3005: 2998: 2970: 2914: 2532: 2477: 2457: 2447: 2427: 2398: 2308: 2098: 2093: 2083: 2032: 1954: 1868: 1701: 1650: 1549: 1484: 1323: 1090: 544: 231: 218: 11923: 10372: 7852: 7463: 7007: 6856: 6787:

The Invention of Humanity: Equality and Cultural Difference in World History

6275: 6273: 5346: 4645: 2268: 2027: 1235: 1230: 55: 12392: 12361: 12073: 12053: 11995: 11797: 11652: 11597: 11220: 11122: 10936: 10853: 10826: 10447: 9647: 9622: 9521: 9493: 9448: 9416: 7070: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6285: 5901: 5877: 5596: 5307: 5222: 5155: 5110: 4923: 4892: 4773: 4671: 4178: 4147: 4117: 3997: 3259: 3168: 3075: 3068: 3061: 3047: 2705: 2527: 2363: 2358: 2318: 2228: 2218: 2188: 2158: 2088: 1992: 1914: 1645: 1610: 1534: 1509: 1438: 1288: 1139: 931: 926: 825: 812: 807: 7685: 1463: 12229: 12209: 12138: 12068: 12063: 12033: 11967: 11928: 11732: 11722: 11697: 11662: 11622: 11430: 11298: 11195: 11098: 11086: 10984: 10904: 10788: 10783: 10765: 10712: 10707: 10656: 10456: 10382: 10222: 10088: 10083: 10032: 10022: 10012: 9770: 9656: 9591: 9528: 7937: 6398: 6270: 5869: 5369: 5105: 4764:

then integrates the Saraswati legend of the Vedic lore with the Prabhasa

4704: 4608: 4577: 4525: 4512:

region of Gujarat. It is about 400 kilometres (249 mi) southwest of

4453: 4439: 4342: 4211: 4207: 4170: 3330: 3054: 2947: 2877: 2690: 2644: 2605: 2507: 2348: 2338: 2203: 2067: 2057: 1926: 1921: 1824: 1723: 1615: 1605: 1575: 1544: 1453: 1220: 1034: 957: 949: 751: 520: 83: 11901: 8890: 8342: 7860: 7621: 7560: 7437: 6933: 6917: 6499: 6373: 6371: 6161: 12560: 12437: 12317: 11990: 11963: 11857: 11847: 11817: 11792: 11757: 11657: 11647: 11607: 11538: 11533: 11172: 10996: 10865: 10760: 10750: 10717: 10664: 10585: 10452: 10093: 10060: 9909: 9684: 9637: 9350: 9192: 9168: 8972: 8523: 7970: 7907: 7875: 6986:

Frontline, p. 73, item 16 of the Table, Archived by Columbia University

6728: 6726: 6341: 5443:

The survey report of Captain Postans was published in 1846. He states:

5230: 5078: 5027: 4903:("the lord of the moon" or "the moon god"), arise from this tradition. 4710: 4612: 4604: 4264: 4007: 4002: 3815: 3376: 3337: 3301: 3182: 3121: 2728: 2720: 2631: 2408: 2183: 2133: 1987: 1977: 1743: 1691: 1620: 1529: 1458: 1448: 1443: 1215: 990: 967: 962: 691: 491: 322: 7807: 7464:"Page:HMElliotHistVol1.djvu/131 - Wikisource, the free online library" 6857:"Page:HMElliotHistVol1.djvu/133 - Wikisource, the free online library" 5158:

to stop at that temple to pay their respects before departing for the

4500:. The reconstruction was completed in May 1951, after Gandhi's death. 12259: 12249: 12244: 12166: 12133: 12118: 12093: 12088: 12028: 12005: 11882: 11827: 11812: 11782: 11762: 11752: 11682: 11672: 11602: 11553: 11543: 11334: 11008: 10948: 10877: 10793: 10702: 10679: 10669: 10639: 10627: 10610: 10549: 10541: 10427: 10250: 10235: 10078: 10050: 10040: 10017: 9674: 9462: 9389: 9345: 8687: 8438: 7541:

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

7501:, pp. 285–287, with Plates 648–661 in Part 3(2) for photographs. 7021: 6368: 6217:

The Hindu nationalist movement and Indian politics: 1925 to the 1990s

6058: 6056: 5873: 5628: 5567: 5242: 5186: 4946: 4861: 4536: 4513: 4279: 4259: 4249: 4152: 4103: 4035: 3952: 3942: 3904: 3857: 3486: 3418: 3355: 3273: 3105: 2676: 2636: 2567: 2413: 2378: 2328: 2298: 2233: 2153: 2052: 2022: 2002: 1686: 1630: 1595: 1580: 1499: 1494: 1476: 802: 716: 647: 586: 340: 12667:

Hindu temples sacked in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent

10492: 8964: 8515: 8502:

Khan, M. S. (1976). "al-Bīrūnī and the Political History of India".

7962: 7597: 7536: 6765: 6723: 6711: 6645: 6095: 6023: 6021: 6019: 5162:

pilgrimage. In 1395, the temple was destroyed for the third time by

4221: 1283: 12487: 12181: 12161: 12038: 12023: 11982: 11852: 11822: 11742: 11692: 11587: 11493: 11306: 11210: 11200: 11044: 10811: 10722: 10684: 10622: 10523: 10098: 10045: 9669: 9632: 9569: 9394: 9355: 9340: 9330: 9320: 9288: 8287: 7799: 6333: 5549: 5536: 5516: 5389: 5245:

where they still lie to the present day. There was a debate in the

5147: 4950: 4853: 4781: 4740: 4531:

The Somnath temple is located close to the ancient trading port of

4517: 4448: 4269: 4108: 3805: 3800: 3761: 3558: 3114: 2940: 2897: 2864: 2715: 2710: 2683: 2393: 2373: 2303: 2253: 2128: 2017: 1933: 1904: 1899: 1768: 1758: 1655: 1635: 1559: 1554: 1519: 1189: 1169: 1129: 1095: 1075: 1055: 941: 817: 552: 510: 505: 379: 73: 8807:

The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu

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https://www.holybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/Mahabharata-VOL-2.pdf

6068: 6053: 5503: 2621: 12555: 12457: 12396: 12189: 11971: 11772: 11737: 11727: 11322: 11205: 11185: 11020: 10912: 10460: 9921: 9384: 9377: 8729: 7640:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

7602:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

7579:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

6246: 6016: 5544: 5497: 5392:– this evidence affirms that the lost temple was a Shiva temple. 5288: 5238: 5225:

removed the gates in September 1842. A whole sepoy regiment, the

5181:

By 1665, the temple, one of many, was ordered to be destroyed by

4992: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4865: 4789: 4592: 4568: 4556: 4532: 4422: 4418: 4309: 4216: 4174: 4030: 3852: 3829: 3491: 3481: 3231: 3152: 3144: 2961: 2887: 2872: 2669: 2368: 2313: 2047: 1997: 1967: 1962: 1834: 1809: 1696: 1328: 1207: 1184: 1159: 1070: 1060: 869: 833: 721: 706: 701: 637: 632: 596: 591: 578: 130: 120: 9965: 9142:, India: Archaeological Survey of India, Vol XLV, Imperial Press 9133:, India: Archaeological Survey of India, Vol XLV, Imperial Press 8904:. Archaeology and Religion in South Asia. Taylor & Francis. 6158:, D.H. Sykes and Henry Counsens, British Library Archives (2021) 6101: 3527: 1373: 1368: 1194: 12545: 12540: 12083: 12048: 11747: 11592: 11566: 11548: 11528: 11364: 11347: 11318: 11190: 11180: 11032: 10924: 10740: 10561: 9916: 9904: 9574: 9477: 9473: 9362: 9335: 6006: 6004: 5815: 5800: 5714: 5520: 5407:

19th-century ruined Somnath temple partly converted into mosque

5031: 4891:(the confluence of three rivers: Kapila, Hiran and Saraswati). 4777: 4600: 4588: 4552: 4434: 4337: 4332: 4289: 4226: 4072: 4068: 4059: 3822: 3496: 3310: 2626: 2353: 2238: 2138: 2108: 2103: 2037: 2012: 1801: 1671: 1514: 1489: 1428: 1313: 1308: 1298: 1240: 1164: 1124: 1119: 1050: 975: 910: 895: 797: 741: 726: 672: 652: 565: 560: 397: 9103:

The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond

8709:

Michael W. Meister; Madhusudan A. Dhaky; Krishna Deva (1983).

5860:

In addition to the one at Somnath, the other jyotirlingas are

5709:

ordered his troops to bring the wooden gates from the tomb of

3769: 12148: 12128: 11862: 11787: 11677: 11667: 11637: 10821: 10532: 9399: 9315: 8645: 8183: 7990:. State University of New York Press. pp. 164, 172–173. 5632: 5555: 5150:

sometime between 1331 and 1351. As late as the 14th century,

4876:

is meant to release one from the cycle of births and deaths.

4745: 4444: 4426: 4410: 4055: 3969: 3964: 3885: 3839: 3810: 3793: 3513: 3383: 3148: 2660: 2198: 2062: 1972: 1819: 1773: 1753: 1433: 1418: 1358: 1348: 1333: 1318: 1293: 1144: 1114: 1000: 900: 731: 696: 667: 662: 657: 642: 570: 140: 95: 90: 9022:

Shokoohy, Mehrdad (2012). "The legacy of Islam in Somnath".

8161: 7914: 7391: 7389: 6687: 6434: 6388: 6386: 6356: 6258: 6001: 5085:, and sacked the Somnath temple. Legends in the later texts 11561: 10573: 9257: 8253:(First ed.), New Delhi: Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd, 7984:

Ellen Christensen (2003). C.E. Toffolo; M.C. Young (eds.).

7786:

Sopher, David E. (1968). "Pilgrim Circulation in Gujarat".

7511: 7509: 7507: 6837: 6633: 6581: 6446: 5159: 4811:

sites in the context of the Saraswati river in sections of

4661:

genre of texts. Of these, Somnatha temple tops the list of

4596: 4195: 4064: 3992: 3844: 1982: 1763: 1733: 1676: 1423: 1410: 1303: 905: 746: 736: 711: 677: 627: 609: 8786:

The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms

7213:"Mosque and Tomb of the Emperor Sultan Mahmood of Ghuznee" 7170: 7168: 6928:. Wiener Zeitschrift Für Die Kunde Des Morgenlandes 3: 2. 6470: 5991: 5989: 5987: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7386: 7140: 7128: 6964: 6952: 6383: 6085: 6083: 5543:

is to the right. To the left of this are traces of Shiva-

8849:

The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain

7659: 7647: 7504: 6621: 6134: 5806:

Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques

5554:

deities, as one of the partially surviving relief shows

5347:

https://en.wikisource.org/Page:HMElliotHistVol1.djvu/132

4646:

https://en.wikisource.org/Page:HMElliotHistVol1.djvu/132

8381:

World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction

8364:(First ed.), New York: Columbia University Press, 7165: 6609: 5984: 850: 387: 356: 105: 9024:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

7755: 7736: 6995: 6080: 5423:

Floor plan of the main Somnath temple, Veraval Gujarat

4999:

raided and plundered the Somnath temple, breaking its

4451:

texts of Hinduism; while various texts, including the

9245: 7444: 6213: 5295:, whose ruler had acceded to Pakistan in 1947. India 4581:

site for the Hindus, and a holy place of pilgrimage (

4547:, 2000–1200 BCE. It was one of very few sites in the 8302:

History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, Volume 2

7794:(3). American Geographical Society, Wiley: 407–412. 6940: 6699: 6410: 6318:"India's "Tīrthas": "Crossings" in Sacred Geography" 5968:. Official website of Somnath Temple. Archived from 5930:, in which Gokarna is included, but Prabhasa is not. 4792:

chooses to go and spends his final days, then dies.

4429:. It is one of the most sacred pilgrimage sites the 8421:

The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent

8313:

History of Indian and Eastern Architecture Volume 3

8266: 7271: 5333:

The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians

4768:, states Hiltebeitel. The critical editions of the 4632:

The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians

9076: 9060: 8204: 6297: 5913:The date for the critical edition of the complete 5270: 4918:begins to appear starting in the 9th century. The 4899:, meaning lustre, as well as the alternative name 4760:(confluence) already popular with the Hindus. The 4543:The site of Prabhas Patan was occupied during the 9140:Somnatha and Other Mediaeval Temples in Kathiawad 9131:Somnatha and Other Mediaeval Temples in Kathiawad 9007:. History of Indian literature. O. Harrassowitz. 8876: 8147:. ISEAS Publishing, Singapore. pp. 118–125. 7983: 7706: 7048: 7020: 6922:Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 6889:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCynthia_Talbot2007 ( 6651: 6010: 4575:("place of splendor"). Somnath temple has been a 4524:and about 85 kilometres (53 mi) west of the 4496:after receiving approval for reconstruction from 12633: 9045:"The Paris Congress of the History of Religions" 8922:The Archaeology of Gujarat (including Kathiawar) 8845: 8688:Michael W. Meister; Madhusudan A. Dhaky (1983). 8541: 8530: 8439:Susan L. Huntington; John C. Huntington (2014). 8399:Hardin, Elizabeth U. (1998). "God, the Father". 8142: 6918:"The Somnâthpattan Praśasti of Bhâva Bṛihaspati" 6496:, pp. 139, 141–144, 151–152 with footnotes. 4562: 8933:Prehistoric and Historic Archaeology of Gujarat 8610:. Brill's Indological Library. Brill Academic. 8442:The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain 8309: 8298: 8116:(1): 90, with image on p. 89 (context: 86–96). 7055:. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass. p. 162. 30:"Somanath" redirects here. For other uses, see 9067:. Penguin Books India – via archive.org. 8824: 8803: 8782: 8771: 8417: 8288:James Fergusson; Richard Phené Spiers (1910). 8072: 7676: 7674: 7244:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 62–63. 6884: 6790:. Harvard University Press. pp. 156–157. 5896:at Aundha in Hingoli District in Maharashtra, 12377: 10508: 9981: 9273: 9146: 8950: 8667:Madhusudan A. Dhaky; Michael Meister (1996). 8625:Michael W. Meister; Madhusudan Dhaky (1983). 8566:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M 7598:"A Few Observations on the Temple of Somnath" 6220:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 84. 6062: 4618: 4383: 3730: 12391: 9119: 7423: 7292: 7265: 7160:Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals 7002:. Sahitya Sansar Prakashan. pp. 39–40. 6639: 6599: 6404: 5995: 9224:Somnath: The Shrine Eternal - by K M.Munshi 9120:Dhaky, M. A.; Shastri, H. P., eds. (1974). 9099: 8856: 8582: 8225: 8017:. Princeton University Press. p. 386. 7671: 7328:Columbia University in the City of New York 7146: 7134: 7030:. Allahabad: The Indian Press. p. 85. 6976: 6970: 6958: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6693: 6493: 6440: 6252: 6193:. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 148. 6102:Catherine B. Asher; Cynthia Talbot (2006). 6074: 5958: 4831:that must have been already important as a 4675:, and the oldest known text with a list of 12384: 12370: 10515: 10501: 9988: 9974: 9280: 9266: 9030:(2). Cambridge University Press: 297–335. 8562: 8480: 8459: 8291:History of Indian and Eastern Architecture 8246: 7781: 7779: 7767: 7591: 7589: 7547:(1). Cambridge University Press: 104–107. 7114:. Princeton University Press. p. 43. 6673:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 19–20. 6452: 6186: 6172:sfn error: no target: CITEREFShakshi2012 ( 6151: 6149: 5904:at Ellora near Aurangabad, in Maharashtra. 5558:'s iconography – two lotuses in his hand. 5353: 5310:and other leaders of the Congress went to 4390: 4376: 3737: 3723: 54: 12338:Thambiluvil Sri Sivalinga Pillayar Temple 8897: 8730:Michael W. Meister; Madhusudan A. Dhaky. 8403:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 156–157. 8229:Trade and Traders in Early Indian Society 7682:"Shree Somnath Trust :: Jay Somnath" 7530: 7528: 7526: 7524: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7286: 6915: 6567: 6476: 6279: 6264: 6039: 5892:Temple in Deoghar District of Jharkhand, 5678: 5589: 5523:ideas found in Western regions of India. 5166:, the last governor of Gujarat under the 4776:. It is described as a sacred site where 9100:Yagnik, Achyut; Sheth, Suchitra (2005), 9021: 8929: 8918: 8757:. American Institute of Indian Studies. 8715:. American Institute of Indian Studies. 8694:. American Institute of Indian Studies. 8673:. American Institute of Indian Studies. 8646:M. A. Dhaky; Michael W. Meister (1983). 8631:. American Institute of Indian Studies. 8184:Vinayak Bharne; Krupali Krusche (2014). 8107: 8081:(3): 364 footnote 29, context: 353–365. 7948: 7920: 6805: 6783: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6294:, pp. 26–30, Plates VII & VIII. 5502: 5418: 5274: 5196: 5037: 4959: 4905: 11959:Temple in the Sea (Trinidad and Tobago) 10443:Temple in the Sea (Trinidad and Tobago) 9128: 9079:Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History 9063:Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History 9049:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda 9042: 8898:Mishra, S.V.; Ray, Himanshu P. (2016). 8778:. American Institute of Indian Studies. 8569:, Rosen Publishing Group, p. 122, 8401:Kali: The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar 8320: 7873: 7776: 7761: 7749: 7665: 7653: 7595: 7586: 7515: 7077: 6916:G. Buhler, Vajeshaṅkar G. Ozhâ (1889). 6663: 6377: 6362: 6167: 6146: 6140: 5573: 4714:), and Sections 10.45 and 10.78 of the 2614:Sources and classification of scripture 14: 12634: 9071: 9055: 9000: 8863:, Delhi: B. Jain Publishers (P) Ltd., 8603: 8398: 8377: 8323:International Journal of Hindu Studies 8167: 7838: 7785: 7710:India: Modern Architectures in History 7534: 7521: 7450: 7410: 7395: 7347: 7341: 7237: 7174: 6984:Temple desecration in pre-modern India 6946: 6903: 6843: 6744: 6705: 6615: 6603: 6587: 6510: 6416: 6392: 6128: 6089: 6027: 5917:is generally accepted to be c. 400 CE. 5326: 4652: 4571:" or "moon". The site is also called 4516:, 82 kilometres (51 mi) south of 188: 160: 12536:Swaminarayan Akshardham (Gandhinagar) 12365: 11833:Swaminarayan Akshardham (Gandhinagar) 10522: 10496: 9969: 9261: 9137: 9122:The Riddle of the Temple at Somanatha 8750: 8037: 8010: 7847:(2): 89–90, 99–100, context: 77–112. 7498: 7362: 7107: 7101: 6816: 6751:. McFarland Publishers. p. 100. 6627: 6529: 6156:The Somanatha temple at Prabhas Patan 5205:, stored in the Arsenal of Agra Fort. 1236:Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation) 1231:Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption) 12672:Mosques converted from Hindu temples 9191: 9167: 9147:Shastri, J.L.; Tagare, G.V. (2004). 8736:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 8652:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 8501: 7707:Scriver, P.; Srivastava, A. (2015). 6820:Islam in South Asia: A Short History 6771: 6732: 6717: 5211:Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough 4953:possibly built the first temple for 4702:(pilgrimage site). For example, the 11838:Swaminarayan Akshardham (New Delhi) 9106:, Penguin Books India, p. 39, 8979: 8357: 7316: 6540: 6428: 6315: 6303: 6291: 6108:. Sterling Publishers. p. 42. 5511:, along with the two-storey design. 5142:king of Saurashtra in 1308 and the 24: 12596:Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Junagadh 9217: 8959:. Artibus Asiae Publishers: 3–83. 7432:(1): 85–87, 95–96 with footnotes. 7205: 7027:History of the Khaljis (1290–1320) 6823:. Brill Academic. pp. 88–90. 6513:, pp. 100–103 with footnotes. 5492:, one of Gujarat's master masons. 4437:and is the first among the twelve 25: 12683: 12586:Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Dholera 9995: 9239: 8384:, Oxford: Blackwell Publication, 8190:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 7215:. British Library. Archived from 6170:, pp. 304–306 with Figure 4. 5926:Kalidas gives a separate list of 5900:at Rameshwaram in Tamil Nadu and 5622:– an archaeologist known for his 5599:, one of the Director General of 5030:of a true Muslim... returned to 4967:, the Turkic Muslim ruler of the 4856:mentions Somanatha-Prabhasa as a 12601:Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Tithal 12333:Thambiluvil Kannaki Amman Temple 12323:Kokkadicholai Thaanthonreeswarar 11900: 11153:Emerald/Rathinam, Thiruvalangadu 10413:Kokkadicholai Thaanthonreeswaram 10117:Emarald/Rathinam, Thiruvalangadu 9949: 9940: 9939: 9415: 8463:The Temple Architecture of India 8136: 8101: 8066: 8031: 8004: 7977: 7942: 7926: 7867: 7832: 7823: 7814: 7727: 7635: 7574: 7238:Havell, Ernest Binfield (2003). 6774:, pp. 105 with footnote 82. 6735:, pp. 95–96 with footnotes. 6720:, pp. 90–91 with footnotes. 6282:, pp. 14, 184–187, 234–241. 6241:Shree Somnath Jyotirlinga Temple 5864:at Srisailam in Andhra Pradesh, 5782: 5767: 5755: 5743: 5731: 5705:, the Governor-General of India 5174:. In 1451, it was desecrated by 4724:on the coastline of Saurashtra. 4480:temple was reconstructed in the 4359: 3768: 3704: 386: 187: 180: 159: 152: 12468:Rama Lakshamana Temple, Baradia 12453:Kalika Mata Temple, New Dhrewad 10448:Tribhuvanamāhesvaram (Cambodia) 9246:Somnath Temple Official Website 8589:. University of Chicago Press. 8176: 7987:Emancipating Cultural Pluralism 7700: 7456: 7401: 7353: 7307: 7231: 7180: 7152: 7042: 7014: 6996:Ashok Kumar Srivastava (1979). 6989: 6909: 6897: 6849: 6777: 6738: 6657: 6593: 6561: 6516: 6458: 6309: 6234: 6207: 6180: 6122: 5933: 5920: 5907: 5854: 5841: 5828: 5271:Reconstruction during 1950–1951 4933:) recorded that he has visited 4928: 12571:Swaminarayan Temple, Ahmedabad 12493:Shitala Mata Temple, Butapaldi 8860:Meditation: Any Time Any Where 7241:A Handbook to Agra and the Taj 6214:Jaffrelot, Christophe (1996). 6033: 5884:at Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, 5696: 5601:Archaeological Survey of India 5192: 5100:(17th century) state that the 474:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies 27:Hindu temple in Gujarat, India 13: 1: 12576:New Swaminarayan temple, Bhuj 11919:Ateshgah of Baku (Azerbaijan) 8983:Elements of Hindu Iconography 8751:Dhaky, Madhusudan A. (1998). 8563:Lochtefeld, James G. (2002), 8122:10.1080/09584935.2018.1430747 7684:. Somnath.org. Archived from 7359:Hindustan Times, 15 Nov, 1947 7108:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). 5952: 5868:at Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh, 5719:the Proclamation of the Gates 5373:(sanctum) was connected to a 4991:In 1026, during the reign of 4563:Nomenclature and significance 3535:Other society-related topics: 1226:Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy) 12591:Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada 11939:Kadhalishwaram ruins (China) 11426:Tirunallar Saniswaran Temple 10398:Kadhalishwaram ruins (China) 9287: 8267:Thomas E. Donaldson (1985). 8211:. Harvard University Press. 8087:10.1080/09700161.2013.782664 8052:10.1080/09585176.2011.550770 7278:. Longmans, Green. pp. 7272:John Clark Marshman (1867). 6524:Mahabharata:Hindu literature 6407:, p. 32 with footnotes. 6328:(4): 335, context: 323–344. 5582:has been one of the revered 5081:, defeated the Vaghela king 3646:Hinduism and other religions 2443:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati 7: 12606:Swaminarayan Mandir, Vadtal 12443:Jasmalnathji Mahadev Temple 8953:Artibus Asiae. Supplementum 8205:T. Richard Blurton (1993). 6547:. Harmony. pp. 82–83. 6030:, p. 18-19, Chapter 2. 5847:In 2007, Fleming dated the 5794: 5201:The Gates from the tomb of 4910:Ruined Somnath temple, 1869 4567:Somnath means "Lord of the 4503: 3391:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram 3363:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 1091:Arishadvargas (six enemies) 1035:Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs) 1030:Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body) 10: 12688: 12240:Churrio Jabal Durga Temple 11365:Sun Temple for Chhath Puja 11328:Nashik-Trimbak Kumbha Mela 8828:Hindu Art and Architecture 8604:Ludvik, Catherine (2007). 8545:The Hindu Temple, Volume 2 8534:The Hindu Temple, Volume 1 8270:Hindu Temple Art of Orissa 8247:Chaturvedi, B. K. (2006), 7874:Homerin, Th. Emil (1983). 7535:Burnes, Alexander (1839). 7049:Dasharatha Sharma (1959). 6526:, Encyclopaedia Britannica 5888:at Nashik in Maharashtra, 5774:Brahma-Shiva-Vishnu above 5724: 5607:and later scripts such as 5526: 5253:In the 19th century novel 5247:House of Commons in London 5134:The temple was rebuilt by 4995:, the Turkic Muslim ruler 4882: 4872:. Bathing in one of these 4843:compilation was complete. 4679:. Other texts include the 4619:Destruction of Jyotirlinga 3267:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 1947:Gurus, sants, philosophers 1883:Akshar Purushottam Darshan 1071:Uparati (self-settledness) 29: 12662:Māru-Gurjara architecture 12611:Tadkeshwar Mahadev Temple 12581:Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj 12566:Hanuman temple, Salangpur 12521: 12418:Brahma Temple, Khedbrahma 12403: 12305: 12267: 12258: 12180: 12147: 12004: 11981: 11909: 11898: 11778:Pushpagiri Temple Complex 11580: 11517: 11444: 11386: 11363: 11297: 11219: 11171: 11143:Art/Chithiram, Courtallam 11133: 11060: 10903: 10802: 10774: 10731: 10693: 10655: 10601: 10540: 10531: 10363: 10305:275 Paadal Petra Sthalams 10295: 10221: 10183: 10145: 10137:Art/Chithiram, Courtallam 10107: 10069: 10031: 10003: 9935: 9897: 9842: 9769: 9731: 9693: 9655: 9646: 9616:Festivals and observances 9615: 9552: 9472: 9456:Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta 9424: 9413: 9306: 9295: 9036:10.1017/s0041977x12000493 8846:Benjamin Rowland (1970). 8583:Hiltebeitel, Alf (2001). 8542:Stella Kramrisch (1976). 8531:Stella Kramrisch (1996). 8424:. Yale University Press. 8335:10.1007/s11407-009-9069-0 8143:Balaji Sadasivan (2011). 8011:Smith, Donald E. (2015). 7892:10.1080/00210868308701604 7614:10.1017/S0035869X00142789 7596:Postans, Captain (1846). 7553:10.1017/S0035869X00015173 7162:, (Har-Anand, 2009), 278. 7089:. Prabhat Prakashan. 1968 6544:India: A Sacred Geography 6063:Shastri & Tagare 2004 5638: 5486:Māru-Gurjara architecture 5365:tri-anga sandhara prasada 5215:Proclamation of the Gates 5178:, the Sultan of Gujarat. 5146:was installed by his son 4971:, raided India as far as 4937:in Saurashtra, including 4545:Indus Valley Civilisation 4486:Hindu temple architecture 2433:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati 1086:Samadhana (concentration) 950:Three paths to liberation 457:Tribal religions in India 442:Historical Vedic religion 437:Indus Valley Civilisation 354: 349: 303: 295: 252: 247: 208: 146: 136: 126: 116: 111: 101: 89: 79: 67: 62: 53: 46: 41: 32:Somanath (disambiguation) 12657:Shiva temples in Gujarat 12647:Hindu temples in Gujarat 12328:Pathirakali Amman Temple 11949:Sivan temple (Singapore) 11643:Dakshineswar Kali Temple 11411:Swetharanyeswarar Temple 10481:Kamphaeng Phet province 10467:Hx thewalay kestr phiman 10433:Sivan temple (Singapore) 10403:Kethishwaram (Sri Lanka) 10378:Fire temple (Azerbaijan) 9875:Meenakshi Sundareshwarar 9435:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 9093:– via archive.org. 8936:. Munshiram Manoharlal. 8857:Venugopalam, R. (2003), 8487:. Abhinav Publications. 8310:James Fergusson (1876). 8299:James Fergusson (1967). 8226:Chakravarti, R. (2020). 8014:India as a Secular State 7299:. John Murray. pp. 6640:Dhaky & Shastri 1974 6600:Dhaky & Shastri 1974 6405:Dhaky & Shastri 1974 6077:, pp. 39–40, 47–50. 5996:Dhaky & Shastri 1974 5880:at Pune in Maharashtra, 5821: 5661: 5484:The present temple is a 5071:1299 invasion of Gujarat 5054:After being exhorted by 4819:. Thus the mythology of 1262:, sacrifice, and charity 12616:Gorthiya Mahadev Temple 12245:Sadh Belo Island Mandir 11929:Ganga Talao (Mauritius) 11924:Bhadreshwaram (Vietnam) 11416:Apatsahayesvarar Temple 11148:Copper/Thamiram, Nellai 10428:Shivagraham (Indonesia) 10408:Koneshwaram (Sri Lanka) 10383:Ganga Talao (Mauritius) 10373:Bhadreshwaram (Vietnam) 10165:Thiruvanaikaval (Water) 10132:Copper/Thamiram, Nellai 9153:. Motilal Banarsidass. 9138:Henry, Cousens (1931), 9129:Cousens, Henry (1931), 8986:. Motilal Banarsidass. 8930:Sankalia, H.D. (1987). 8919:Sankalia, H.D. (1941). 8831:. Thames & Hudson. 8825:George Michell (2000). 8804:George Michell (1989). 8783:George Michell (1977). 8772:George Michell (2001). 8548:. Motilal Banarsidass. 8445:. Motilal Banarsidass. 8418:James C. Harle (1994). 8305:. Munshiram Manoharlal. 8110:Contemporary South Asia 7853:10.3406/paleo.1996.4637 7147:Yagnik & Sheth 2005 7135:Yagnik & Sheth 2005 7052:Early Chauhān Dynasties 6999:The Chahamanas of Jalor 6971:Yagnik & Sheth 2005 6959:Yagnik & Sheth 2005 6694:Yagnik & Sheth 2005 6075:Yagnik & Sheth 2005 5811:Kashi Vishwanath Temple 5643: 5609:proto-Nagari and Nagari 5500:and 212 relief panels. 5354:Pre-11th century temple 5297:contested the accession 5154:pilgrims were noted by 5021:Translated by M.S. Khan 4720:state Prabhasa to be a 3440:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 2653:Timeline of Hindu texts 2558:Siddharameshwar Maharaj 1586:Pumsavana Simantonayana 1241:Śabda (word, testimony) 479:Epic-Puranic chronology 447:Dravidian folk religion 232:20.888028°N 70.401389°E 11436:Nagannathaswamy Temple 11094:Ekambareswarar (Earth) 9756:Tiruvanaikaval (Water) 8537:. Motilal Banarsidass. 8361:Banaras, city of light 8358:Eck, Diana L. (1999), 8329:(1). Springer: 51–81. 8040:The Curriculum Journal 7188:"Battle of Kabul 1842" 6652:Rosa Maria Cimino 1977 6602:, p. 32 cited in 6541:Eck, Diana L. (2012). 6522:Wendy Doniger (2015), 6316:Eck, Diana L. (1981). 6255:, pp. Chapter 11. 6065:, pp. 1934, 2113. 6011:Rosa Maria Cimino 1977 5789:Somnath Temple at dawn 5762:Somnath Temple in 2012 5750:Somnath Temple in 1957 5703:First Anglo-Afghan war 5679:Pakistan and West Asia 5590:Archaeological studies 5512: 5477: 5456: 5437: 5424: 5351: 5280: 5227:6th Jat Light Infantry 5206: 5125:and Jinaprabha Suri's 5043: 5024: 4988: 4911: 4650: 4405:(IAST: somanātha) or 3405:Eighteen Greater Texts 3034:Brahma Vaivarta Purana 2463:Krishnananda Saraswati 1702:Vijayadashami-Dussehra 1216:Pratyakṣa (perception) 1076:Titiksha (forbearance) 210:Geographic coordinates 196:Somnath temple (India) 12413:Ambika Temple, Girnar 12225:Mansehra Shiva Temple 12114:Pura Ulun Danu Bratan 11964:Thewasathan Bot Phram 11944:Mount Kailash (Tibet) 11259:Chamundeshwari Temple 11254:Kamakshi Amman Temple 11163:Silver/Velli, Madurai 11106:Jambukeswarar (Water) 10733:Six Abodes of Murugan 10591:Ramanathaswamy Temple 10453:Thewasathan Bot Phram 10423:Pashupatinath (Nepal) 10160:Tiruvannamalai (Fire) 10127:Silver/Velli, Madurai 9751:Tiruvannamalai (Fire) 8378:Gwynne, Paul (2009), 8170:, pp. Chapter 7. 7293:George Smith (1878). 6817:Malik, Jamal (2008). 6784:Stuurman, S. (2017). 6590:, pp. 18, 23–24. 6568:Mishra & Ray 2016 6477:Mishra & Ray 2016 6380:, p. 68, footnote 19. 6365:, pp. 54, 74–75. 6280:Mishra & Ray 2016 6265:Mishra & Ray 2016 6040:Mishra & Ray 2016 5898:Ramanathaswamy Temple 5578:The Somnath-Prabhasa 5506: 5461: 5445: 5426: 5422: 5337: 5278: 5200: 5170:and later founder of 5041: 5013: 4963: 4909: 4846:The 5th century poem 4636: 4490:Deputy Prime Minister 3521:Varna-related topics: 3412:Eighteen Lesser Texts 2985:Devi Bhagavata Purana 1876:Svabhavika Bhedabheda 1862:Achintya Bheda Abheda 1794:Philosophical schools 1096:Ahamkara (attachment) 1056:Vairagya (dispassion) 984:Mokṣa-related topics: 12652:Gir Somnath district 12109:Pura Ulun Danu Batur 12104:Pura Penataran Sasih 11996:Tribhuvanamāhesvaram 11954:Sthūlādri (Thailand) 11934:Iraivan temple (USA) 11484:Paadal Petra Sthalam 11401:Kailasanathar Temple 11312:Haridwar Kumbha Mela 11244:Kalighat Kali Temple 10438:Sthūlādri (Thailand) 10393:Katas Raj (Pakistan) 10388:Iraivan temple (USA) 10170:Chidambaram (Ether) 10147:Panchabhuta Sthalams 9733:Pancha Bhuta Sthalam 9043:Vivekananda, Swami. 8980:Rao, T.A.G. (1985). 8789:. Harper & Row. 7876:"Sa'di's Somnatiyah" 7713:. pp. 314–315. 6322:History of Religions 5701:In 1842, during the 5574:Tirtha and festivals 5377:(entrance hall) and 5128:Vividha-tirtha-kalpa 5123:Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi 4788:, a site where Lord 4669:– chapter 13 of the 3920:Siddhanta Shikhamani 3880:Scriptures and texts 3653:Hinduism and Jainism 2583:Vethathiri Maharishi 2488:Nisargadatta Maharaj 1051:Viveka (discernment) 426:(500/200 BCE–300 CE) 286:by The Somnath Trust 263:(Many constructions) 237:20.888028; 70.401389 168:Shown within Gujarat 12551:Camp Hanuman Temple 12531:Ahmedabad Kali Bari 12513:Sun Temple, Modhera 12503:Shiva Temple, Bavka 12220:Nagarparkar Temples 12099:Pura Luhur Ulu Watu 11341:Prayaga Kumbha Mela 11279:Mangla Gauri Temple 11082:Chidambaram (Ether) 11062:Panchabootha Lingas 10695:Pancharama Kshetras 10418:Mt. Kailash (Tibet) 10223:Jyotirlinga Sthalas 10175:Srikalahasthi (Air) 10155:Kanchipuram (Earth) 10071:Pancharama Kshetras 9761:Kanchipuram (Earth) 9746:Tirukalahasti (Air) 9741:Chidambaram (Ether) 9442:Shivarahasya Purana 9001:Rocher, L. (1986). 8481:Adam Hardy (1995). 8460:Adam Hardy (2007). 8046:(1). Wiley: 50–51. 7923:, pp. 298–299. 7788:Geographical Review 7398:, pp. 197–198. 6885:Cynthia Talbot 2007 6745:Deming, D. (2014). 6654:, pp. 381–382. 6630:, pp. 285–287. 6395:, pp. 222–227. 6267:, pp. 234–241. 6187:Gopal, Ram (1994). 6105:India before Europe 5872:in Madhya Pradesh, 5327:Temple architecture 5091:(15th century) and 5088:Kanhadade Prabandha 5005:Kadamba king of Goa 4805:Pancavimsa Brahmana 4653:Scriptural mentions 4366:Hinduism portal 3711:Hinduism portal 3590:Hinduism by country 3426:Iraiyanar Akapporul 3370:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 2453:Dayananda Saraswati 2438:Bhaktivinoda Thakur 2344:Sripada Srivallabha 2284:Raghunatha Siromani 2249:Narasimha Saraswati 2149:Santadas Kathiababa 1221:Anumāṇa (inference) 289:(Present structure) 228: / 171:Show map of Gujarat 106:Shree Somnath Trust 48:Somnath Jyotirlinga 12498:Shiva Temple, Kera 12473:Ranakdevi's Temple 12448:Kaleshwari temples 12423:Dwarkadhish Temple 12343:Thirukkovil Temple 11703:Katra Vaishno Devi 11406:Vaitheeswaran Koil 11353:Ujjain kumbha Mela 11284:Vishalakshi Temple 11264:Mahalakshmi Temple 11118:Srikalahasti (Air) 10567:Dwarkadhish Temple 10471:Sukhothai province 9860:Kailash Mansarovar 9565:Pashupata Shaivism 9543:Hara Hara Mahadeva 9251:7 May 2020 at the 9124:. Bharata Manisha. 8075:Strategic Analysis 7688:on 30 October 2011 7219:on 11 January 2012 7192:britishbattles.com 5564:Luna Vasahi temple 5513: 5425: 5281: 5241:store-room of the 5207: 5044: 4989: 4912: 4693:Kothirudra Samhita 4689:Shatarudra Samhita 4628:Henry Miers Elliot 4482:Māru-Gurjara style 4413:temple located in 4137:Non - Saiddhantika 3605:Caribbean Shaktism 3324:Kanakadhara Stotra 2573:U. G. Krishnamurti 2553:Satyadhyana Tirtha 2144:Gangesha Upadhyaya 1802:Six Astika schools 1046:Ānanda (happiness) 1025:Anātman (non-self) 12629: 12628: 12433:Galteshwar Temple 12359: 12358: 12355: 12354: 12351: 12350: 12215:Kalat Kali Temple 12205:Katas Raj Temples 12200:Multan Sun Temple 12124:Singhasari temple 11896: 11895: 11572:Prasanthi Nilayam 11421:Agniswarar Temple 11388:Navagraha temples 11274:Alopi Devi Mandir 11249:Koneswaram Temple 11234:Taratarini Temple 11158:Gold/Pon, Thillai 10776:Trilinga Kshetras 10756:Thiruparankundram 10490: 10489: 10122:Gold/Pon, Thillai 10005:Trilinga Kshetras 9963: 9962: 9893: 9892: 9232:, Vol 70, no. 1, 9208:978-90-04-10236-1 9184:978-0-391-04173-8 9160:978-81-208-3878-9 9113:978-0-14-400038-8 9014:978-3-447-02522-5 8993:978-81-208-0878-2 8943:978-81-215-0049-4 8911:978-1-317-19374-6 8838:978-0-500-20337-8 8817:978-0-14-008144-2 8810:. Penguin Books. 8796:978-0-06-435750-0 8764:978-81-7304-225-6 8743:978-0-691-04094-3 8701:978-81-7304-436-6 8680:978-81-86526-00-2 8659:978-0-8122-7992-4 8617:978-90-04-15814-6 8596:978-0-226-34054-8 8555:978-81-208-0224-7 8494:978-81-7017-312-0 8473:978-0-470-02827-8 8452:978-81-208-3617-4 8431:978-0-300-06217-5 8410:978-81-208-1450-9 8391:978-1-4051-6702-4 8280:978-90-04-07173-5 8239:978-1-000-17012-2 8218:978-0-674-39189-5 8197:978-1-4438-6734-4 8024:978-1-4008-7778-2 7997:978-0-7914-5598-2 7720:978-1-78023-468-7 7668:, pp. 13–14. 7656:, pp. 11–13. 7518:, pp. 11–28. 7468:en.wikisource.org 7382:978-81-250-0828-6 7177:, pp. 68–69. 7022:Kishori Saran Lal 6861:en.wikisource.org 6830:978-90-04-16859-6 6797:978-0-674-97751-8 6758:978-0-7864-5642-0 6696:, pp. 39–40. 6680:978-81-241-1064-5 6618:, pp. 23–24. 6554:978-0-385-53191-7 6479:, pp. 22–23. 6455:, pp. 58–72. 6443:, pp. 92–95. 6143:, pp. 15–18. 6092:, pp. 36–37. 5972:on 28 August 2017 5966:"Somnath darshan" 5707:Lord Ellenborough 5301:Vallabhbhai Patel 5172:Gujarat Sultanate 4985:Gurjara-Pratihara 4920:Gurjara-Pratihara 4807:were modified to 4681:Varanasi Mahatmya 4549:Junagadh district 4522:Porbandar airport 4494:Vallabhbhai Patel 4476:in January 1026. 4400: 4399: 3747: 3746: 3598:Balinese Hinduism 3097:Markandeya Purana 2334:Satyanatha Tirtha 2289:Raghuttama Tirtha 2279:Raghavendra Swami 2119:Ramdas Kathiababa 1200:Sources of dharma 1066:Dama (temperance) 1061:Sama (equanimity) 427: 365: 364: 343: 334: 325: 315: 287: 281: 272: 261: 199:Show map of India 16:(Redirected from 12679: 12386: 12379: 12372: 12363: 12362: 12265: 12264: 12235:Jagannath Temple 11979: 11978: 11904: 11558:Panchaganga Ghat 11070:Annamalai (Fire) 10746:Pazhamudircholai 10645:Yamunotri Temple 10633:Kedarnath Temple 10616:Badrinath Temple 10579:Jagannath Temple 10555:Badrinath Temple 10538: 10537: 10517: 10510: 10503: 10494: 10493: 10477:Hx Phar Ishvaran 10261:Kashi Vishvanath 9990: 9983: 9976: 9967: 9966: 9953: 9943: 9942: 9653: 9652: 9597:Siddha Siddhanta 9560:Shaiva Siddhanta 9487:Om Namah Shivaya 9419: 9282: 9275: 9268: 9259: 9258: 9212: 9188: 9164: 9143: 9134: 9125: 9116: 9094: 9082: 9068: 9066: 9052: 9039: 9018: 8997: 8976: 8947: 8926: 8915: 8894: 8885:(1/4): 381–382. 8873: 8853: 8852:. Penguin Books. 8842: 8821: 8800: 8779: 8768: 8747: 8726: 8705: 8684: 8663: 8642: 8621: 8600: 8579: 8559: 8538: 8527: 8498: 8477: 8456: 8435: 8414: 8394: 8374: 8354: 8317: 8306: 8295: 8284: 8263: 8243: 8222: 8201: 8171: 8165: 8159: 8158: 8145:The Dancing Girl 8140: 8134: 8133: 8105: 8099: 8098: 8070: 8064: 8063: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8008: 8002: 8001: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7951:Social Scientist 7946: 7940: 7930: 7924: 7918: 7912: 7911: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7836: 7830: 7827: 7821: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7783: 7774: 7771: 7765: 7759: 7753: 7747: 7734: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7704: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7678: 7669: 7663: 7657: 7651: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7593: 7584: 7578: 7577: 7572: 7532: 7519: 7513: 7502: 7496: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7474: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7441: 7421: 7408: 7405: 7399: 7393: 7384: 7366: 7360: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7320: 7314: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7290: 7284: 7283: 7269: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7184: 7178: 7172: 7163: 7158:Satish Chandra, 7156: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7126: 7125: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7086:Temples of India 7081: 7075: 7074: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7018: 7012: 7011: 6993: 6987: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6913: 6907: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6870: 6868: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6834: 6814: 6803: 6801: 6781: 6775: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6742: 6736: 6730: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6607: 6597: 6591: 6585: 6579: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6538: 6527: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6497: 6494:Hiltebeitel 2001 6491: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6441:Venugopalam 2003 6438: 6432: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6381: 6375: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6268: 6262: 6256: 6253:Chakravarti 2020 6250: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6144: 6138: 6132: 6131:, pp. 68–69 6126: 6120: 6119: 6099: 6093: 6087: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6060: 6051: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6014: 6008: 5999: 5993: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5962: 5946: 5942:Madhusudan Dhaky 5937: 5931: 5924: 5918: 5911: 5905: 5858: 5852: 5845: 5839: 5832: 5786: 5771: 5759: 5747: 5735: 5711:Mahmud of Ghazni 5616:M. K. Dhavalikar 5475: 5454: 5435: 5434:Alexander Burnes 5414:Alexander Burnes 5349: 5291:was part of the 5219:Mahmud of Ghazni 5203:Mahmud of Ghazni 5109:texts including 5077:'s army, led by 5056:Bhava Brihaspati 5022: 4997:Mahmud of Ghazni 4969:Ghaznavid Empire 4965:Mahmud of Ghazni 4932: 4930: 4748:already mention 4746:Vedic literature 4717:Bhagavata Purana 4648: 4624:Mahmud of Ghazni 4460:Bhagavata Purana 4392: 4385: 4378: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4143:Kashmir Shaivism 3937:Three Components 3772: 3749: 3748: 3739: 3732: 3725: 3709: 3708: 3707: 3669:and Christianity 3639:Pilgrimage sites 3569:Reform movements 3447:Vinayagar Agaval 3398:Five Great Epics 3347:Tamil literature 3246:Sushruta Samhita 3041:Bhavishya Purana 3027:Brahmanda Purana 2978:Bhagavata Purana 2906:Other scriptures 2468:Mahavatar Babaji 2043:Satyakama Jabala 1714:Ganesh Chaturthi 1568:Rites of passage 1081:Shraddha (faith) 499:Major traditions 425: 390: 367: 366: 361: 358: 338: 329: 320: 313:Mahmud of Ghazni 310: 285: 276: 267: 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9302: 9291: 9286: 9253:Wayback Machine 9242: 9220: 9218:Further reading 9215: 9209: 9185: 9161: 9114: 9091: 9015: 8994: 8965:10.2307/1522666 8944: 8912: 8871: 8839: 8818: 8797: 8765: 8744: 8723: 8702: 8681: 8660: 8639: 8618: 8597: 8577: 8556: 8516:10.2307/1580658 8495: 8474: 8453: 8432: 8411: 8392: 8372: 8281: 8261: 8240: 8219: 8198: 8179: 8174: 8166: 8162: 8155: 8141: 8137: 8106: 8102: 8071: 8067: 8036: 8032: 8025: 8009: 8005: 7998: 7982: 7978: 7963:10.2307/3520346 7947: 7943: 7931: 7927: 7919: 7915: 7880:Iranian Studies 7872: 7868: 7837: 7833: 7828: 7824: 7819: 7815: 7784: 7777: 7772: 7768: 7760: 7756: 7748: 7737: 7732: 7728: 7721: 7705: 7701: 7691: 7689: 7680: 7679: 7672: 7664: 7660: 7652: 7648: 7636: 7594: 7587: 7575: 7533: 7522: 7514: 7505: 7497: 7482: 7472: 7470: 7462: 7461: 7457: 7449: 7445: 7426:Social Research 7422: 7411: 7406: 7402: 7394: 7387: 7367: 7363: 7358: 7354: 7346: 7342: 7332: 7330: 7322: 7321: 7317: 7312: 7308: 7291: 7287: 7270: 7266: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7236: 7232: 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3239:Charaka Samhita 3218:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 3176:Shilpa Shastras 3155: 3108: 2992:Naradiya Purana 2964: 2959: 2934: 2908: 2867: 2731: 2663: 2647: 2616: 2608: 2598: 2597: 2543:Shirdi Sai Baba 2538:Sathya Sai Baba 2518:Ramana Maharshi 2422: 2389:Vadiraja Tirtha 2384:Vācaspati Miśra 2264:Srinivasacharya 2244:Narahari Tirtha 2224:Matsyendranatha 2209:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa 2174:Jagannatha Dasa 2164:Haridasa Thakur 2078: 1957: 1949: 1939: 1938: 1894: 1855:Vishishtadvaita 1804: 1796: 1786: 1785: 1739:Makar Sankranti 1719:Vasant Panchami 1682:Maha Shivaratri 1666: 1570: 1479: 1413: 1382: 1263: 1254: 1246: 1245: 1210: 1104: 1041:Prajña (wisdom) 1037: 1014: 978: 952: 921: 890: 888:Meaning of life 875:God in Hinduism 864: 828: 826:Supreme reality 803:Subtle elements 792: 773: 767: 757: 756: 612: 581: 555: 547: 537: 536: 533: 500: 494: 484: 483: 428: 423:Hindu synthesis 419: 414: 355: 332:Muzaffar Shah I 316: 288: 262: 236: 234: 230: 227: 222: 219: 217: 215: 214: 204: 203: 202: 201: 198: 197: 194: 193: 192: 175: 174: 173: 170: 169: 166: 165: 164: 49: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12685: 12675: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12627: 12626: 12624: 12623: 12621:Santram Mandir 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12527: 12525: 12519: 12518: 12516: 12515: 12510: 12508:Somnath Temple 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12483:Rudra Mahalaya 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12409: 12407: 12401: 12400: 12389: 12388: 12381: 12374: 12366: 12357: 12356: 12353: 12352: 12349: 12348: 12346: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12309: 12307: 12303: 12302: 12300: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12273: 12271: 12269:Pancheshwarams 12262: 12256: 12255: 12253: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12186: 12184: 12178: 12177: 12175: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12153: 12151: 12145: 12144: 12142: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12024:Candi Surawana 12021: 12019:Besakih Temple 12016: 12010: 12008: 12002: 12001: 11999: 11998: 11993: 11987: 11985: 11976: 11975: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11915: 11913: 11907: 11906: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11893: 11891: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11843:Thrippunithura 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11767:Triveni Sangam 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11584: 11582: 11578: 11577: 11575: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11525: 11523: 11515: 11514: 11512: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11450: 11448: 11442: 11441: 11439: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11396:Suryanar Kovil 11392: 11390: 11384: 11383: 11381: 11380: 11375: 11373:Deo Sun Temple 11369: 11367: 11361: 11360: 11358: 11357: 11356: 11355: 11345: 11344: 11343: 11332: 11331: 11330: 11316: 11315: 11314: 11303: 11301: 11295: 11294: 11292: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11225: 11223: 11217: 11216: 11214: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11177: 11175: 11169: 11168: 11166: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11139: 11137: 11131: 11130: 11128: 11127: 11126: 11125: 11115: 11114: 11113: 11103: 11102: 11101: 11091: 11090: 11089: 11079: 11078: 11077: 11075:Tiruvannamalai 11066: 11064: 11058: 11057: 11055: 11054: 11053: 11052: 11042: 11041: 11040: 11030: 11029: 11028: 11018: 11017: 11016: 11006: 11005: 11004: 11002:Ramanathaswamy 10994: 10993: 10992: 10982: 10981: 10980: 10970: 10969: 10968: 10958: 10957: 10956: 10946: 10945: 10944: 10934: 10933: 10932: 10922: 10921: 10920: 10909: 10907: 10901: 10900: 10898: 10897: 10896: 10895: 10887: 10886: 10885: 10883:Siddhivinayaka 10875: 10874: 10873: 10863: 10862: 10861: 10851: 10850: 10849: 10841: 10840: 10839: 10831: 10830: 10829: 10819: 10818: 10817: 10808: 10806: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10780: 10778: 10772: 10771: 10769: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10737: 10735: 10729: 10728: 10726: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10699: 10697: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10661: 10659: 10653: 10652: 10650: 10649: 10648: 10647: 10637: 10636: 10635: 10625: 10620: 10619: 10618: 10607: 10605: 10599: 10598: 10596: 10595: 10594: 10593: 10583: 10582: 10581: 10571: 10570: 10569: 10559: 10558: 10557: 10546: 10544: 10535: 10529: 10528: 10520: 10519: 10512: 10505: 10497: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10484: 10474: 10464: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10369: 10367: 10361: 10360: 10358: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10310:Brihadeeswaram 10307: 10301: 10299: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10227: 10225: 10219: 10218: 10216: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10189: 10187: 10185:Pancheshwarams 10181: 10180: 10178: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10151: 10149: 10143: 10142: 10140: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10113: 10111: 10105: 10104: 10102: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10075: 10073: 10067: 10066: 10064: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10037: 10035: 10033:Pancha Kedaras 10029: 10028: 10026: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10009: 10007: 10001: 10000: 9993: 9992: 9985: 9978: 9970: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9957: 9947: 9936: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9913: 9912: 9901: 9899: 9898:Related topics 9895: 9894: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9855:Brihadeeswarar 9852: 9846: 9844: 9840: 9839: 9837: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9814:Ramanathaswamy 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9775: 9773: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9737: 9735: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9699: 9697: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9661: 9659: 9650: 9644: 9643: 9641: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9619: 9617: 9613: 9612: 9610: 9609: 9607:Shaiva Smartas 9604: 9599: 9594: 9592:Veera Shaivism 9589: 9587:Trika Shaivism 9584: 9583: 9582: 9577: 9567: 9562: 9556: 9554: 9550: 9549: 9547: 9546: 9539: 9532: 9525: 9518: 9511: 9504: 9497: 9490: 9482: 9480: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9466: 9459: 9452: 9445: 9438: 9430: 9428: 9422: 9421: 9414: 9412: 9410: 9409: 9404: 9403: 9402: 9397: 9387: 9382: 9381: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9360: 9359: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9312: 9310: 9304: 9303: 9296: 9293: 9292: 9285: 9284: 9277: 9270: 9262: 9256: 9255: 9241: 9240:External links 9238: 9237: 9236: 9226: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9213: 9207: 9201:. E.J. Brill. 9189: 9183: 9165: 9159: 9144: 9135: 9126: 9117: 9112: 9097: 9096: 9095: 9089: 9073:Thapar, Romila 9057:Thapar, Romila 9053: 9051:. Vol. 4. 9040: 9019: 9013: 8998: 8992: 8977: 8948: 8942: 8927: 8916: 8910: 8895: 8874: 8869: 8854: 8843: 8837: 8822: 8816: 8801: 8795: 8780: 8769: 8763: 8748: 8742: 8727: 8721: 8706: 8700: 8685: 8679: 8664: 8658: 8643: 8637: 8622: 8616: 8601: 8595: 8580: 8575: 8560: 8554: 8539: 8528: 8499: 8493: 8478: 8472: 8457: 8451: 8436: 8430: 8415: 8409: 8396: 8390: 8375: 8370: 8355: 8318: 8307: 8296: 8294:. John Murray. 8285: 8279: 8264: 8259: 8244: 8238: 8223: 8217: 8202: 8196: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8172: 8160: 8153: 8135: 8100: 8065: 8030: 8023: 8003: 7996: 7976: 7957:(7/8): 63–78. 7941: 7925: 7913: 7886:(1/2): 31–50. 7866: 7831: 7822: 7813: 7800:10.2307/212564 7775: 7766: 7754: 7735: 7726: 7719: 7699: 7670: 7658: 7646: 7585: 7520: 7503: 7480: 7455: 7453:, p. 199. 7443: 7409: 7400: 7385: 7361: 7352: 7340: 7315: 7306: 7285: 7264: 7250: 7230: 7204: 7179: 7164: 7151: 7139: 7127: 7120: 7100: 7076: 7061: 7041: 7013: 6988: 6982:Eaton (2000), 6975: 6963: 6951: 6939: 6908: 6896: 6877: 6848: 6836: 6829: 6804: 6796: 6776: 6764: 6757: 6737: 6722: 6710: 6698: 6686: 6679: 6656: 6644: 6632: 6620: 6608: 6592: 6580: 6560: 6553: 6528: 6515: 6498: 6481: 6469: 6457: 6445: 6433: 6421: 6409: 6397: 6382: 6367: 6355: 6334:10.1086/462878 6308: 6306:, p. 291. 6296: 6284: 6269: 6257: 6245: 6233: 6226: 6206: 6199: 6179: 6160: 6145: 6133: 6121: 6114: 6094: 6079: 6067: 6052: 6032: 6015: 6000: 5983: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5932: 5919: 5906: 5894:Aundha Nagnath 5886:Tryambakeshwar 5853: 5840: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5788: 5781: 5779: 5773: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5698: 5695: 5680: 5677: 5663: 5660: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5591: 5588: 5575: 5572: 5528: 5525: 5490:Sompura Salats 5482: 5481: 5480:Present temple 5471: 5453:Thomas Postans 5450: 5431: 5409: 5408: 5355: 5352: 5342: 5328: 5325: 5312:Mahatma Gandhi 5293:Junagadh State 5272: 5269: 5261:Wilkie Collins 5194: 5191: 5018: 4931: 805–833 4889:Triveni Sangam 4884: 4881: 4835:site when the 4801:tirtha rituals 4654: 4651: 4641: 4620: 4617: 4564: 4561: 4505: 4502: 4498:Mahatma Gandhi 4431:Tirtha Kshetra 4403:Somnath temple 4398: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4387: 4380: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4355: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4275:Manikkavacakar 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4192: 4191: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4134: 4133: 4122: 4121: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4062: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3978: 3972: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3959:Three bondages 3956: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3863:Forms of Shiva 3860: 3855: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3765: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3741: 3734: 3727: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3713: 3700: 3699: 3694: 3686: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3675: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3585: 3580: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3542:Discrimination 3538: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3443: 3436: 3433:Abirami Antati 3429: 3422: 3415: 3408: 3401: 3394: 3387: 3380: 3373: 3366: 3359: 3351: 3350: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3334: 3327: 3319: 3318: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3298: 3291: 3284: 3281:Ramcharitmanas 3277: 3270: 3263: 3256: 3249: 3242: 3235: 3232:Pramana Sutras 3228: 3221: 3214: 3207: 3204:Mimamsa Sutras 3200: 3197:Samkhya Sutras 3193: 3186: 3179: 3172: 3165: 3162:Dharma Shastra 3157: 3156: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3132: 3125: 3118: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3093: 3086: 3079: 3072: 3065: 3058: 3051: 3044: 3037: 3030: 3023: 3016: 3009: 3002: 2995: 2988: 2981: 2974: 2966: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2944: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2927: 2926: 2918: 2910: 2909: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2852: 2845: 2837: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2822: 2814: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2799: 2796:Shvetashvatara 2792: 2785: 2778: 2771: 2768:Brihadaranyaka 2763: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2748: 2740: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2687: 2680: 2673: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2609: 2604: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2578:Upasni Maharaj 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2404:Vedanta Desika 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2324:Samarth Ramdas 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2274:Purandara Dasa 2271: 2266: 2261: 2259:Nimbarkacharya 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2179:Jayanta Bhatta 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1950: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1879: 1872: 1865: 1858: 1851: 1844: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1800: 1797: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1709:Raksha Bandhan 1706: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1591:Simantonnayana 1588: 1583: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1540:Carnatic music 1537: 1532: 1527: 1525:Bhagavata Mela 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1469:Kundalini yoga 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 987: 986: 980: 979: 974: 971: 970: 965: 960: 954: 953: 948: 945: 944: 939: 934: 929: 923: 922: 919:Stages of life 917: 914: 913: 908: 903: 898: 892: 891: 886: 883: 882: 880:God and gender 877: 872: 866: 865: 862: 859: 858: 853: 848: 847: 846: 841: 830: 829: 824: 821: 820: 815: 813:Gross elements 810: 805: 800: 794: 793: 790: 787: 786: 781: 775: 774: 771: 768: 763: 762: 759: 758: 755: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 688: 687: 681: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 624: 623: 614: 613: 603: 600: 599: 594: 589: 583: 582: 577: 574: 573: 568: 563: 557: 556: 551: 548: 543: 542: 539: 538: 535: 534: 527: 524: 523: 518: 513: 508: 502: 501: 498: 495: 490: 489: 486: 485: 482: 481: 476: 471: 469:Itihasa-Purana 460: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 415: 412: 411: 408: 407: 406: 405: 400: 392: 391: 383: 382: 376: 375: 363: 362: 352: 351: 347: 346: 345: 344: 335: 326: 317: 305: 301: 300: 297: 293: 292: 291: 290: 282: 273: 264: 254: 250: 249: 245: 244: 212: 206: 205: 195: 186: 185: 179: 178: 177: 176: 167: 158: 157: 151: 150: 149: 148: 147: 144: 143: 138: 134: 133: 128: 124: 123: 118: 114: 113: 109: 108: 103: 102:Governing body 99: 98: 93: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 71: 65: 64: 60: 59: 51: 50: 47: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12684: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12639: 12637: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12528: 12526: 12520: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12428:Firangi Deval 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12410: 12408: 12402: 12398: 12394: 12393:Hindu Temples 12387: 12382: 12380: 12375: 12373: 12368: 12367: 12364: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12310: 12308: 12304: 12298: 12297:Thondeshwaram 12295: 12293: 12292:Naguleshwaram 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12277:Ketheeshwaram 12275: 12274: 12272: 12270: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12257: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12195:Sharada Peeth 12193: 12191: 12188: 12187: 12185: 12183: 12179: 12173: 12172:Pashupatinath 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12152: 12150: 12146: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12044:Dieng Plateau 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12011: 12009: 12007: 12003: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11988: 11986: 11984: 11980: 11973: 11969: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11916: 11914: 11912: 11908: 11903: 11889: 11888:Yadagirigutta 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11768: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11633:Chottanikkara 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11585: 11583: 11579: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11526: 11524: 11522: 11521: 11516: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11474:Kudalasangama 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11451: 11449: 11447: 11443: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11393: 11391: 11389: 11385: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11370: 11368: 11366: 11362: 11354: 11351: 11350: 11349: 11346: 11342: 11339: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11329: 11326: 11325: 11324: 11320: 11317: 11313: 11310: 11309: 11308: 11305: 11304: 11302: 11300: 11296: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11269:Biraja Temple 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11229:Vimala Temple 11227: 11226: 11224: 11222: 11221:Shakti Peeths 11218: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11178: 11176: 11174: 11170: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11136: 11135:Pancha Sabhas 11132: 11124: 11121: 11120: 11119: 11116: 11112: 11109: 11108: 11107: 11104: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11095: 11092: 11088: 11085: 11084: 11083: 11080: 11076: 11073: 11072: 11071: 11068: 11067: 11065: 11063: 11059: 11051: 11048: 11047: 11046: 11043: 11039: 11038:Mahakaleshwar 11036: 11035: 11034: 11031: 11027: 11026:Trimbakeshwar 11024: 11023: 11022: 11019: 11015: 11012: 11011: 11010: 11007: 11003: 11000: 10999: 10998: 10995: 10991: 10988: 10987: 10986: 10983: 10979: 10976: 10975: 10974: 10973:Prabhas Patan 10971: 10967: 10964: 10963: 10962: 10959: 10955: 10952: 10951: 10950: 10947: 10943: 10940: 10939: 10938: 10935: 10931: 10928: 10927: 10926: 10923: 10919: 10916: 10915: 10914: 10911: 10910: 10908: 10906: 10902: 10893: 10892: 10891: 10888: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10879: 10876: 10872: 10869: 10868: 10867: 10864: 10860: 10859:Ballaleshwara 10857: 10856: 10855: 10852: 10848: 10845: 10844: 10842: 10838: 10835: 10834: 10832: 10828: 10827:Varadvinayaka 10825: 10824: 10823: 10820: 10815: 10814: 10813: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10805: 10804:Ashtavinayaka 10801: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10777: 10773: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10738: 10736: 10734: 10730: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10700: 10698: 10696: 10692: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10662: 10660: 10658: 10654: 10646: 10643: 10642: 10641: 10638: 10634: 10631: 10630: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10617: 10614: 10613: 10612: 10609: 10608: 10606: 10604: 10600: 10592: 10589: 10588: 10587: 10584: 10580: 10577: 10576: 10575: 10572: 10568: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10560: 10556: 10553: 10552: 10551: 10548: 10547: 10545: 10543: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10530: 10525: 10518: 10513: 10511: 10506: 10504: 10499: 10498: 10495: 10482: 10478: 10475: 10472: 10468: 10465: 10462: 10458: 10457:sao ching cha 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10370: 10368: 10366: 10362: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10330:Kudalasangama 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10298: 10294: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10267:Trimbakeshwar 10265: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10241:Mahakaleshwar 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10228: 10226: 10224: 10220: 10214: 10213:Thondeshwaram 10211: 10209: 10208:Naguleshwaram 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10186: 10182: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10152: 10150: 10148: 10144: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10110: 10109:Pancha Sabhas 10106: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10076: 10074: 10072: 10068: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10030: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9997:Shiva temples 9991: 9986: 9984: 9979: 9977: 9972: 9971: 9968: 9956: 9952: 9948: 9946: 9938: 9937: 9934: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9911: 9908: 9907: 9906: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9896: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9841: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9824:Trimbakeshwar 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9799:Mahakaleshwar 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9776: 9774: 9772: 9768: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9738: 9736: 9734: 9730: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9698: 9696: 9695:Pancha Sabhai 9692: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9648:Shiva temples 9645: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9620: 9618: 9614: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9602:Shiva Advaita 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9572: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9557: 9555: 9551: 9545: 9544: 9540: 9538: 9537: 9536:Shiva Mahimna 9533: 9531: 9530: 9526: 9524: 9523: 9519: 9517: 9516: 9512: 9510: 9509: 9508:Shiva Tandava 9505: 9503: 9502: 9498: 9496: 9495: 9491: 9489: 9488: 9484: 9483: 9481: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9465: 9464: 9460: 9458: 9457: 9453: 9451: 9450: 9446: 9444: 9443: 9439: 9437: 9436: 9432: 9431: 9429: 9427: 9423: 9418: 9408: 9405: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9392: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9365: 9364: 9361: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9326:Dakshinamurti 9324: 9322: 9319: 9318: 9317: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9300: 9294: 9290: 9283: 9278: 9276: 9271: 9269: 9264: 9263: 9260: 9254: 9250: 9247: 9244: 9243: 9235: 9231: 9230:Artibus Asiae 9227: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9210: 9204: 9200: 9199: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9180: 9176: 9175: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9156: 9152: 9151: 9145: 9141: 9136: 9132: 9127: 9123: 9118: 9115: 9109: 9105: 9104: 9098: 9092: 9090:1-84467-020-1 9086: 9081: 9080: 9074: 9070: 9069: 9065: 9064: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9020: 9016: 9010: 9006: 9005: 8999: 8995: 8989: 8985: 8984: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8949: 8945: 8939: 8935: 8934: 8928: 8924: 8923: 8917: 8913: 8907: 8903: 8902: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8879:East and West 8875: 8872: 8870:81-8056-373-1 8866: 8862: 8861: 8855: 8851: 8850: 8844: 8840: 8834: 8830: 8829: 8823: 8819: 8813: 8809: 8808: 8802: 8798: 8792: 8788: 8787: 8781: 8777: 8776: 8770: 8766: 8760: 8756: 8755: 8749: 8745: 8739: 8735: 8734: 8728: 8724: 8722:9780691040530 8718: 8714: 8713: 8707: 8703: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8686: 8682: 8676: 8672: 8671: 8665: 8661: 8655: 8651: 8650: 8644: 8640: 8638:9780691040530 8634: 8630: 8629: 8623: 8619: 8613: 8609: 8608: 8602: 8598: 8592: 8588: 8587: 8581: 8578: 8576:0-8239-3179-X 8572: 8568: 8567: 8561: 8557: 8551: 8547: 8546: 8540: 8536: 8535: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8500: 8496: 8490: 8486: 8485: 8479: 8475: 8469: 8465: 8464: 8458: 8454: 8448: 8444: 8443: 8437: 8433: 8427: 8423: 8422: 8416: 8412: 8406: 8402: 8397: 8393: 8387: 8383: 8382: 8376: 8373: 8371:0-231-11447-8 8367: 8363: 8362: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8319: 8315: 8314: 8308: 8304: 8303: 8297: 8293: 8292: 8286: 8282: 8276: 8272: 8271: 8265: 8262: 8260:81-7182-721-7 8256: 8252: 8251: 8245: 8241: 8235: 8231: 8230: 8224: 8220: 8214: 8210: 8209: 8203: 8199: 8193: 8189: 8188: 8182: 8181: 8169: 8164: 8156: 8154:9789814311687 8150: 8146: 8139: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8104: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8069: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8034: 8026: 8020: 8016: 8015: 8007: 7999: 7993: 7989: 7988: 7980: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7945: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7922: 7921:Shokoohy 2012 7917: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7870: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7835: 7826: 7817: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7782: 7780: 7770: 7764:, p. 17. 7763: 7758: 7752:, p. 16. 7751: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7730: 7722: 7716: 7712: 7711: 7703: 7687: 7683: 7677: 7675: 7667: 7662: 7655: 7650: 7643: 7642:public domain 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7592: 7590: 7582: 7581:public domain 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7517: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7500: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7469: 7465: 7459: 7452: 7447: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7404: 7397: 7392: 7390: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7374:81-250-0828-4 7371: 7365: 7356: 7350:, p. 170 7349: 7344: 7329: 7325: 7319: 7310: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7289: 7281: 7277: 7276: 7268: 7253: 7247: 7243: 7242: 7234: 7218: 7214: 7208: 7193: 7189: 7183: 7176: 7171: 7169: 7161: 7155: 7149:, p. 50. 7148: 7143: 7137:, p. 49. 7136: 7131: 7123: 7121:9780691125947 7117: 7113: 7112: 7104: 7088: 7087: 7080: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7062:9780842606189 7058: 7054: 7053: 7045: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7028: 7023: 7017: 7009: 7005: 7001: 7000: 6992: 6985: 6979: 6973:, p. 47. 6972: 6967: 6961:, p. 40. 6960: 6955: 6949:, p. 79. 6948: 6943: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6912: 6905: 6900: 6892: 6886: 6881: 6874: 6862: 6858: 6852: 6845: 6840: 6832: 6826: 6822: 6821: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6799: 6793: 6789: 6788: 6780: 6773: 6768: 6760: 6754: 6750: 6749: 6741: 6734: 6729: 6727: 6719: 6714: 6708:, p. 75. 6707: 6702: 6695: 6690: 6682: 6676: 6672: 6671: 6666: 6660: 6653: 6648: 6641: 6636: 6629: 6624: 6617: 6612: 6605: 6601: 6596: 6589: 6584: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6564: 6556: 6550: 6546: 6545: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6525: 6519: 6512: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6495: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6478: 6473: 6466: 6461: 6454: 6449: 6442: 6437: 6430: 6425: 6419:, p. 24. 6418: 6413: 6406: 6401: 6394: 6389: 6387: 6379: 6374: 6372: 6364: 6359: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6312: 6305: 6300: 6293: 6288: 6281: 6276: 6274: 6266: 6261: 6254: 6249: 6242: 6237: 6229: 6227:1-85065-170-1 6223: 6219: 6218: 6210: 6202: 6200:81-85880-26-3 6196: 6192: 6191: 6183: 6175: 6169: 6164: 6157: 6152: 6150: 6142: 6137: 6130: 6125: 6117: 6115:9781139915618 6111: 6107: 6106: 6098: 6091: 6086: 6084: 6076: 6071: 6064: 6059: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6036: 6029: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6012: 6007: 6005: 5997: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5957: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5923: 5916: 5910: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5850: 5844: 5837: 5831: 5827: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5785: 5780: 5777: 5770: 5765: 5758: 5753: 5746: 5741: 5734: 5729: 5728: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5659: 5657: 5652: 5636: 5634: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5557: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5515:The temple's 5510: 5505: 5501: 5499: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5479: 5478: 5474:Henry Cousens 5470: 5467: 5460: 5449: 5444: 5441: 5430: 5421: 5417: 5415: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5398: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5362: 5348: 5341: 5336: 5334: 5324: 5322: 5316: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5277: 5268: 5266: 5265:Romila Thapar 5262: 5258: 5257: 5256:The Moonstone 5251: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5199: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5179: 5177: 5176:Mahmud Begada 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5095: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5052: 5048: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5017: 5012: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4908: 4904: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4744:layer of the 4743: 4742: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4685:Skanda Purana 4682: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4647: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4630:in his book 4629: 4625: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4475: 4474:Mahmud Ghazni 4470: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4415:Prabhas Patan 4412: 4408: 4404: 4393: 4388: 4386: 4381: 4379: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4370: 4367: 4357: 4356: 4349: 4348:Shiva Temples 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4255:Abhinavagupta 4253: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4138: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4082: 4081: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3982:other aspects 3981: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3740: 3735: 3733: 3728: 3726: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3717: 3712: 3702: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3680: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3612:Hindu culture 3610: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3564:Organisations 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3290: 3289: 3288:Yoga Vasistha 3285: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3255: 3254: 3253:Natya Shastra 3250: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3192: 3191: 3190:Brahma Sutras 3187: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3136:Sthapatyaveda 3133: 3131: 3130: 3129:Gandharvaveda 3126: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3092: 3091: 3090:Varaha Purana 3087: 3085: 3084: 3083:Skanda Purana 3080: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3022: 3021: 3020:Brahma Purana 3017: 3015: 3014: 3013:Garuda Purana 3010: 3008: 3007: 3006:Matsya Purana 3003: 3001: 3000: 2999:Vāmana Purana 2996: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2973: 2972: 2971:Vishnu Purana 2968: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2917: 2916: 2915:Bhagavad Gita 2912: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2602: 2601: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2498:Radhakrishnan 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2478:Narayana Guru 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2458:Jaggi Vasudev 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2448:Chinmayananda 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2309:Ramprasad Sen 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2159:Gorakshanatha 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2099:Allama Prabhu 2097: 2095: 2094:Akka Mahadevi 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2084:Abhinavagupta 2082: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2033:Prashastapada 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1943: 1942: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1893:Other schools 1891: 1890: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1871: 1870: 1869:Shuddhadvaita 1866: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1790: 1789: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1550:Kalaripayattu 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1485:Bharatanatyam 1483: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1364:Nritta-Nritya 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 988: 985: 982: 981: 977: 973: 972: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 955: 951: 947: 946: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 924: 920: 916: 915: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 893: 889: 885: 884: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 867: 861: 860: 857: 854: 852: 849: 845: 842: 840: 837: 836: 835: 832: 831: 827: 823: 822: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 795: 789: 788: 785: 782: 780: 777: 776: 770: 769: 766: 761: 760: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 689: 686: 683: 682: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 625: 622: 620: 616: 615: 611: 607: 602: 601: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 584: 580: 576: 575: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 558: 554: 550: 549: 546: 541: 540: 532: 531: 526: 525: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 503: 497: 496: 493: 488: 487: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 466: 465: 464: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 424: 421: 420: 418: 410: 409: 404: 401: 399: 396: 395: 394: 393: 389: 385: 384: 381: 378: 377: 373: 369: 368: 360: 353: 348: 342: 336: 333: 327: 324: 318: 314: 308: 307: 306: 302: 298: 294: 283: 280: 274: 271: 265: 257: 256: 255: 251: 246: 241: 213: 211: 207: 183: 155: 145: 142: 139: 135: 132: 129: 125: 122: 119: 115: 110: 107: 104: 100: 97: 94: 92: 88: 85: 82: 78: 75: 72: 70: 66: 61: 57: 52: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 12642:Jyotirlingas 12507: 12478:Roda temples 12287:Munneshwaram 12162:Janakpurdham 12074:Kidal Temple 12054:Gedong Songo 11968:Sao Chingcha 11911:Out of India 11910: 11807: 11798:Shakti Pitha 11678:Indraprastha 11653:Dharmasthala 11618:Bhadrachalam 11598:Ambalappuzha 11518: 11445: 11123:Srikalahasti 10990:Bhimashankar 10985:Rajgurunagar 10977: 10942:Grishneshwar 10937:Ellora Caves 10871:Mahaganapati 10837:Mayureshwara 10365:Out of India 10364: 10296: 10287:Grishneshwar 10256:Bhimashankar 10230: 10203:Munneshwaram 10193:Kethishwaram 9880:Tiruchengode 9818: 9784:Grishneshwar 9779:Bhimashankar 9771:Jyotirlingas 9623:Kanwar Yatra 9541: 9534: 9527: 9520: 9513: 9506: 9499: 9494:Rudrashtakam 9492: 9485: 9461: 9454: 9449:Shiva Purana 9447: 9440: 9433: 9297: 9234:academia.edu 9229: 9197: 9173: 9149: 9139: 9130: 9121: 9102: 9078: 9062: 9048: 9027: 9023: 9003: 8982: 8956: 8952: 8932: 8925:. Natwarlal. 8921: 8900: 8882: 8878: 8859: 8848: 8827: 8806: 8785: 8774: 8753: 8732: 8711: 8690: 8669: 8648: 8627: 8606: 8585: 8565: 8544: 8533: 8507: 8503: 8483: 8462: 8441: 8420: 8400: 8380: 8360: 8326: 8322: 8316:. J. Murray. 8312: 8301: 8290: 8269: 8249: 8228: 8207: 8186: 8177:Bibliography 8163: 8144: 8138: 8113: 8109: 8103: 8078: 8074: 8068: 8043: 8039: 8033: 8013: 8006: 7986: 7979: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7928: 7916: 7883: 7879: 7869: 7844: 7840: 7834: 7825: 7816: 7791: 7787: 7769: 7762:Cousens 1931 7757: 7750:Cousens 1931 7729: 7709: 7702: 7690:. Retrieved 7686:the original 7666:Cousens 1931 7661: 7654:Cousens 1931 7649: 7605: 7601: 7544: 7540: 7516:Cousens 1931 7471:. Retrieved 7467: 7458: 7446: 7429: 7425: 7403: 7364: 7355: 7343: 7331:. Retrieved 7327: 7318: 7309: 7295: 7288: 7274: 7267: 7255:. Retrieved 7240: 7233: 7221:. Retrieved 7217:the original 7207: 7195:. Retrieved 7191: 7182: 7159: 7154: 7142: 7130: 7110: 7103: 7091:. Retrieved 7085: 7079: 7051: 7044: 7026: 7016: 6998: 6991: 6978: 6966: 6954: 6942: 6925: 6921: 6911: 6899: 6880: 6872: 6865:. Retrieved 6863:. p. 98 6860: 6851: 6846:, Chapter 3. 6839: 6819: 6786: 6779: 6767: 6747: 6740: 6713: 6701: 6689: 6669: 6659: 6647: 6635: 6623: 6611: 6606:, p. 23 6595: 6583: 6575: 6571: 6563: 6543: 6518: 6472: 6460: 6448: 6436: 6424: 6412: 6400: 6378:Fleming 2009 6363:Fleming 2009 6358: 6325: 6321: 6311: 6299: 6287: 6260: 6248: 6236: 6216: 6209: 6189: 6182: 6168:Shakshi 2012 6163: 6141:Cousens 1931 6136: 6124: 6104: 6097: 6070: 6047: 6043: 6035: 5974:. Retrieved 5970:the original 5960: 5935: 5928:jyotirlingas 5927: 5922: 5914: 5909: 5902:Grishneshwar 5878:Bhimashankar 5866:Mahakaleswar 5862:Mallikarjuna 5856: 5849:Jnanasamhita 5848: 5843: 5835: 5830: 5776:mukhamandapa 5775: 5700: 5691: 5685: 5682: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5650: 5647: 5631:(Kutch) and 5624:Indus Valley 5613: 5597:B. K. Thapar 5593: 5583: 5579: 5577: 5560: 5548: 5534: 5530: 5514: 5508: 5494: 5483: 5465: 5462: 5457: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5427: 5410: 5401: 5396: 5394: 5385: 5383: 5379:gudhamandapa 5378: 5375:mukhamandapa 5374: 5368: 5364: 5361:vastu sastra 5360: 5357: 5338: 5330: 5317: 5308:K. M. Munshi 5306:When Patel, 5305: 5285:independence 5282: 5254: 5252: 5223:William Nott 5214: 5208: 5180: 5156:Amir Khusrow 5143: 5133: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5111:Amir Khusrau 5096: 5093: 5086: 5068: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5025: 5016:serving it." 5014: 5009: 5000: 4990: 4954: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4924:Nagabhata II 4915: 4913: 4900: 4896: 4888: 4886: 4878: 4873: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4841:Shalya Parva 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4817:Shalya Parva 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4794: 4785: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4699: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4677:jyotirlingas 4676: 4672:Shiva Purana 4670: 4667:Jnanasamhita 4666: 4663:jyotirlingas 4662: 4658: 4656: 4637: 4622: 4582: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4555:, Padri and 4542: 4530: 4507: 4478: 4471: 4464: 4463:, mention a 4458: 4452: 4438: 4406: 4402: 4401: 4188: 4148:Pratyabhijna 4136: 4135: 4125:Saiddhantika 4124: 4123: 4118:Mantra marga 4116: 4091: 4041:Panchakshara 3998:Satkaryavada 3915:Svetasvatara 3788: 3784:Parameshvara 3782: 3671: / 3667: / 3663: / 3659: / 3657:and Buddhism 3655: / 3619:Architecture 3582:Other topics 3520: 3503: 3475:Four varnas: 3474: 3445: 3438: 3431: 3424: 3417: 3410: 3403: 3396: 3389: 3382: 3375: 3368: 3361: 3354: 3336: 3329: 3322: 3300: 3293: 3286: 3279: 3272: 3265: 3260:Panchatantra 3258: 3251: 3244: 3237: 3230: 3223: 3216: 3211:Nyāya Sūtras 3209: 3202: 3195: 3188: 3181: 3174: 3169:Artha Śastra 3167: 3160: 3134: 3127: 3120: 3113: 3095: 3088: 3081: 3076:Kūrma Purana 3074: 3069:Linga Purana 3067: 3062:Shiva Purana 3060: 3053: 3048:Padma Purana 3046: 3039: 3032: 3025: 3018: 3011: 3004: 2997: 2990: 2983: 2976: 2969: 2946: 2939: 2924:s (Hinduism) 2921: 2913: 2854: 2847: 2840: 2834:Atharvaveda: 2833: 2824: 2817: 2810: 2801: 2794: 2787: 2780: 2773: 2766: 2759: 2750: 2743: 2736: 2698: 2689: 2682: 2675: 2668: 2548:Shraddhanand 2523:Ravi Shankar 2503:R. D. Ranade 2364:Śyāma Śastri 2359:Swaminarayan 2319:Rupa Goswami 2229:Morya Gosavi 2189:Jiva Goswami 2089:Adi Shankara 1915:Pratyabhijña 1881: 1874: 1867: 1860: 1853: 1846: 1839: 1646:Samavartanam 1626:Vidyāraṃbhaṃ 1611:Annaprashana 1535:Dandiya Raas 1510:Mohiniyattam 1403:Nididhyāsana 1208:Epistemology 1140:Brahmacharya 1020:Ātman (self) 983: 927:Brahmacharya 856:Saccidānanda 808:Panchikarana 684: 617: 608: / 604:Other major 528: 462: 461: 416: 248:Architecture 220:20°53′16.9″N 36: 12230:Lava Mandir 12210:Amb Temples 12157:Chataradham 12139:Tirta Empul 12119:Shivagraham 12069:Jawi Temple 12064:Gunung Kawi 12034:Ceto Temple 11868:Velliangiri 11803:Simhachalam 11733:Mangalagiri 11723:Kurukshetra 11698:Kanyakumari 11623:Chidambaram 11431:Rahu Stalam 11173:Sapta Puris 11099:Kanchipuram 11087:Chidambaram 11014:Mallikājuna 10966:Omkareshwar 10905:Jyotirlinga 10847:Vighneswara 10816:Girijatmaja 10789:Kaleshwaram 10784:Draksharama 10766:Tiruchendur 10713:Ksheerarama 10708:Draksharama 10657:Panch Kedar 10526:holy cities 10297:Significant 10282:Rameshwaram 10246:Omkareshwar 10198:Koneshwaram 10089:Ksheerarama 10084:Daksharamam 10023:Kaleshwaram 10013:Daksharamam 9927:Other names 9809:Omkareshwar 9794:Mallikarjun 9657:Panch Kedar 9529:Shri Rudram 9515:Sahasranama 9193:Wink, André 9169:Wink, Andre 9004:The Purāṇas 8250:Shiv Purana 8232:. Manohar. 8168:Thapar 2004 7608:: 172–175. 7451:Thapar 2004 7396:Thapar 2004 7348:Thapar 2004 7175:Thapar 2004 6947:Thapar 2005 6904:Thapar 2005 6844:Thapar 2005 6706:Thapar 2005 6616:Thapar 2005 6604:Thapar 2005 6588:Thapar 2005 6578:, Ch. 109)" 6572:Mahabharata 6511:Ludvik 2007 6417:Thapar 2004 6393:Rocher 1986 6129:Thapar 2004 6090:Thapar 2005 6050:, Ch. 109)" 6044:Mahabharata 6028:Thapar 2005 5976:19 December 5915:Mahabharata 5870:Omkareshwar 5836:jata-mukuta 5697:Afghanistan 5397:antarapatta 5370:garbhagriha 5235:Deodar wood 5213:issued his 5193:British Raj 5106:Kanhadadeva 5069:During its 5001:jyotirlinga 4860:along with 4825:Mahabharata 4797:Mahabharata 4770:Mahabharata 4762:Mahabharata 4754:Mahabharata 4736:Mahabharata 4732:Mahabharata 4705:Mahabharata 4634:describes 4609:Chidambaram 4578:jyotirlinga 4526:Diu airport 4454:Mahabharata 4443:shrines of 4440:jyotirlinga 4343:Jyotirlinga 4212:Lingayatism 4208:Veerashaiva 4131:Siddhantism 3900:Shivasutras 3665:and Judaism 3661:and Sikhism 3629:Iconography 3554:Nationalism 3547:Persecution 3331:Shiva Stuti 3225:Yoga Sutras 3055:Agni Purana 2957:Other texts 2948:Mahabharata 2691:Atharvaveda 2588:Vivekananda 2513:Rama Tirtha 2508:Ramakrishna 2483:Nigamananda 2473:Mahesh Yogi 2349:Sripadaraja 2339:Siddheshwar 2234:Mukundarāja 2214:Madhusūdana 2204:Kanaka Dasa 2124:Chakradhara 2068:Yajnavalkya 2058:Vishvamitra 1927:Pancharatra 1825:Vaisheshika 1781:Ratha Yatra 1729:Janmashtami 1724:Rama Navami 1641:Ritushuddhi 1616:Chudakarana 1606:Nishkramana 1576:Garbhadhana 1545:Pandav Lila 1454:Bhakti yoga 1339:Prāyaścitta 1110:Niti śastra 958:Bhakti yoga 937:Vānaprastha 752:Vishvakarma 685:Post-Vedic: 521:Vaishnavism 463:Traditional 260:by Unknown 235: / 223:70°24′5.0″E 84:Gir Somnath 69:Affiliation 12636:Categories 12561:Khodaldham 12438:Gop Temple 12404:Structural 12318:Kataragama 12282:Koneswaram 11991:Angkor Wat 11878:Vijayawada 11873:Vemulawada 11858:Tirunavaya 11848:Tiruchanur 11818:Sri Kurmam 11793:Sabarimala 11758:Pandharpur 11718:Kumbakonam 11658:Ettumanoor 11628:Chitrakoot 11608:Arunachala 11539:Tulsi Ghat 11534:Belur Math 11499:Thiruvarur 11337:(Prayaga) 10997:Rameswaram 10930:Nageshvara 10918:Vaidyanath 10894:Chintamani 10866:Ranjangaon 10761:Thiruttani 10751:Swamimalai 10718:Kumararama 10665:Kalpeshwar 10586:Rameswaram 10345:Thiruvarur 10277:Nageshvara 10272:Vaidyanath 10094:Kumararama 10061:Kalpeshwar 9910:Rasalingam 9834:Vishwanath 9829:Vaidyanath 9685:Kalpeshwar 9638:Shiva Puja 9553:Traditions 9351:Tatpurusha 8510:: 86–115. 7841:Paléorient 7692:1 November 7499:Dhaky 1998 7257:16 October 7251:8120617118 7223:1 November 7197:16 October 7093:1 November 6628:Dhaky 1998 6576:Vana Parva 6048:Vana Parva 5953:References 5890:Vaijyanath 5231:Sandalwood 5164:Zafar Khan 5136:Mahipala I 5079:Ulugh Khan 5064:Kumarapala 5028:iconoclasm 4987:territory. 4939:Someshvara 4916:Someshvara 4901:Someshvara 4849:Raghuvamsa 4837:Vana Parva 4813:Vana Parva 4711:Vana Parva 4683:(found in 4613:Tamil Nadu 4605:Rameswaram 4510:Saurashtra 4492:of India, 4265:Utpaladeva 4232:Indonesian 4217:Siddharism 4008:Svatantrya 4003:Abhasavada 3988:36 Tattvas 3932:Philosophy 3816:Virabhadra 3505:Varna-less 3377:Tiruppukal 3338:Vayu Stuti 3302:Panchadasi 3295:Swara yoga 3183:Kama Sutra 3122:Dhanurveda 2782:Taittiriya 2760:Yajurveda: 2752:Kaushitaki 2729:Upanishads 2721:Upanishads 2645:Scriptures 2493:Prabhupada 2409:Vidyaranya 2294:Ram Charan 2269:Prabhākara 2184:Jayatīrtha 2134:Dadu Dayal 2129:Chāngadeva 1988:Bharadwaja 1978:Ashtavakra 1744:Kumbh Mela 1692:Durga Puja 1621:Karnavedha 1601:Nāmakaraṇa 1530:Yakshagana 1459:Karma yoga 1449:Jnana yoga 1444:Hatha yoga 1381:Meditation 1354:Tirthadana 1135:Aparigraha 991:Paramātman 976:Liberation 968:Karma yoga 963:Jnana yoga 692:Dattatreya 492:Traditions 417:Historical 323:Ulugh Khan 304:Demolished 284:1950 - 275:1308 - 270:Kumarapala 266:1169 - 258:Unknown - 12260:Sri Lanka 12250:Kafir Kot 12167:Kathmandu 12134:Tanah Lot 12094:Prambanan 12089:Penataran 12029:Cangkuang 12006:Indonesia 11883:Vrindavan 11828:Srirangam 11813:Sonamukhi 11783:Rishikesh 11753:Nathdwara 11683:Jageshwar 11673:Guruvayur 11603:Annavaram 11554:Gorakhpur 11544:Meherabad 11489:Thanjavur 11469:Khajuraho 11446:Important 11335:Prayagraj 11191:Dwaravati 11009:Srisailam 10954:Kedarnath 10949:Kedarnath 10878:Siddhatek 10794:Srisailam 10703:Amararama 10680:Rudranath 10670:Kedarnath 10640:Yamunotri 10628:Kedarnath 10611:Badrinath 10550:Badrinath 10542:Char Dham 10350:Khajuraho 10251:Kedarnath 10236:Srisailam 10079:Amararama 10051:Rudranath 10041:Kedarnath 10018:Srisailam 9870:Lingaraja 9865:Katas Raj 9804:Nageshvar 9789:Kedarnath 9675:Rudranath 9665:Kedarnath 9463:Tirumurai 9390:Kartikeya 9346:Sadyojata 9177:. Brill. 9083:. Verso. 8466:. Wiley. 8351:145421231 8273:. 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