686:
212:
25:
375:
366:
357:
348:
339:
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658:, the soles are furrowed with creases deeper and more distinct than in their palms. In the palms, the pattern density is thickest in the central part, but in the sole, the density is thickest near the big toe whilst a large part of the remaining sole is covered by thick, tight, and smooth skin almost without furrows.
578:
provide sensory innervation to the skin of the lateral side of the sole, to the fifth and half the fourth toes, and the nail bed of these toes. They also provide motor innervation to quadratus plantae, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, lateral three lumbricals, adductor hallucis,
444:
The central compartment is shared by the lumbricals, quadratus plantae, flexor digitorum brevis, and adductor hallucis; the medial compartment by abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, and opponens digiti minimi (often considered part of the
590:
provides sensory innervation to the skin of the medial side of the sole, the skin of the medial three and a half toes, and the nail beds of these toes. It also provides motor innervation to abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, flexor digitorum brevis, and the first lumbrical.
558:
from the common plantar digital nerve provides sensory innervation to the plantar surface of the toes as well as the dorsal aspect of the distal interphalangeal phalanges. It also provides motor innervation to flexor hallucis brevis.
534:
provides the sensory innervation of the skin between the first and second toes and the motor innervation of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg and dorsal foot. Damage to the deep fibular nerve can result in
550:
provide sensory innervation to the skin of the plantar aspect of the toes, except for the medial part of the big toe and the lateral part of the little toe and the motor innervation of the first lumbrical.
1075:
669:(i.e. "fingerprints") of the palms and soles is considerably higher than in chimpanzees. Whilst the pattern intensity in the palm is the highest of all species of
629:
In
Thailand, Saudi Arabia, and some Muslim countries, it is considered offensive to sit raising the leg so the uncovered sole of the foot is visible and therefore
235:. The sole contains the thickest layers of skin on the body due to the weight that is continually placed on it. It is crossed by a set of creases that form during
167:
46:
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543:
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563:
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provides sensory innervation to the skin on the lateral side of the foot as well as the skin on the posterior aspect of the lower leg.
33:
427:
396:
is the large central muscle located immediately above the plantar aponeurosis. It flexes the second to fifth toes and is flanked by
617:
provides sensory innervation to the skin of the sole and toes, and the dorsal aspect of the toes. It provides motor innervation to
753:
1010:
266:) by developing a system of "pressure chambers." Each chamber is composed of internal fibrofatty tissue covered by external
422:
joins the muscle's transversal head on the lateral side of the big toe. Medially to adductor hallucis are the two heads of
1130:
567:
200:
445:
former muscle); whilst the lateral compartment is occupied by extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis.
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1036:
989:
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provides sensory innervation to the medial side of the foot as well as the medial side of the leg. Likewise, the
1123:
621:, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus as well as posterior muscles in the leg.
462:
401:
393:
466:
434:
423:
162:
930:
Brehme, H. (March 1975). "Epidermal patterns of the hands and feet of the pygmy
Chimpanzee (Pan paniscus)".
286:
642:
411:, located below flexor digitorum brevis, inserts into the tendon of flexor digitorum longus on which the
438:
458:
981:
Infant
Chimpanzee and Human Child: A Classic 1935 Comparative Study of Ape Emotions and Intelligence
419:
408:
397:
697:
250:
The sole is a sensory organ by which the ground can be perceived while standing and walking. The
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38:
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508:, with as many as 200,000 per sole. This makes them sensitive to surfaces that are walked on,
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174:
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114:
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309:; thus they define the boundaries of the three muscle compartments of the sole (see below).
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Young, Craig C.; Niedfeldt, Mark W.; Morris, George A.; Eerkes, Kevin J. (2005).
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The tendons of the deep foot flexors in the posterior compartment of the leg,
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in the sole has adapted to deal with the high local compressive forces on the
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First, second, and third muscle layers, and the dorsal and plantar interossei
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are located between and below the metatarsal bones and act as antagonists.
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673:, in the sole, the density decreases and is comparable to other apes.
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523:, the testing of which can be painful due to the sole's sensitivity.
470:
317:
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Thieme Atlas of
Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System
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of the foot. The arches might collapse later in life, resulting in
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Terrestrial animals using their soles for locomotion are called
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found elsewhere on the body, and it has a high concentration of
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on the lateral side can be mistaken for one of the interossei.
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The intrinsic muscles in the sole are grouped in four layers:
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The tendons of several extrinsic foot muscle reach the sole:
274:(internal walls) of these chambers are permeated by numerous
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similarly passes behind the lateral malleolus into the sole.
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extends to the supporting bones and gives two divisions–the
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Lumsden, Gay; Lumsden, Donald; Weithoff, Carolyn (2009).
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978:
Ladygina-Kohts, N.N. (2002). de Waal, Frans B.M. (ed.).
998:
889:
1027:
Ross, Lawrence M.; Lamperti, Edward D., eds. (2006).
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Communicating in Groups and Teams: Sharing
Leadership
500:The soles of the feet are extremely sensitive to
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282:, or blood-enriched, regions in the human body.
1069:. University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences.
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1076:"Clinical Examination of the Foot and Ankle"
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722:The sole is subject to many skin diseases.
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961:Complete Idiot's Guide to Sensual Massage
519:Medically, the soles are the site of the
237:the early stages of embryonic development
754:Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism
676:
488:
418:In the third layer, the oblique head of
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49:of all important aspects of the article.
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853:
579:and the dorsal and plantar interossei.
312:The bones underlying the sole form the
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624:
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
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1005:. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 223.
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890:Lumsden, Lumsden & Weithoff 2009
877:
680:
18:
243:, the sweat pores of the sole lack
199:is anatomically referred to as the
13:
278:, making the sole one of the most
223:on the sole of the foot lacks the
14:
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1048:The Sex Life of the Foot and Shoe
880:, Nerves of the Sole of the Foot
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512:and some people find them to be
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299:central component of this tissue
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665:, the pattern intensity of the
504:due to a high concentration of
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287:longitudinal arches of the foot
37:may be too short to adequately
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47:provide an accessible overview
1:
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7:
1083:Prim Care Clin Office Pract
984:. Oxford University Press.
830:"nerve endings - barefootr"
725:
643:Comparative foot morphology
469:, passes behind the medial
428:flexor digiti minimi brevis
10:
1592:
1046:Rossi, William A. (1993).
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715:
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262:(between the toes and the
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1095:10.1016/j.pop.2004.11.002
1065:Tank, Patrick W. (2006).
433:In the fourth layer. the
407:In the second layer, the
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817:Ross & Lamperti 2006
805:Ross & Lamperti 2006
793:Ross & Lamperti 2006
772:Ross & Lamperti 2006
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392:In the first layer, the
270:connective tissue. The
215:Deep anatomy of the sole
959:Brittan, Patti (2003).
944:10.1002/ajpa.1330420214
496:of the sole of the foot
463:flexor digitorum longus
394:flexor digitorum brevis
291:thick connective tissue
1147:Human regional anatomy
1050:. Kreiger Publishing.
819:, pp. 433, 436–37
732:anatomical terminology
544:plantar digital nerves
497:
467:flexor hallucis longus
424:flexor hallucis brevis
402:abductor digiti minimi
216:
175:Anatomical terminology
677:Clinical significance
641:Further information:
572:lateral plantar nerve
494:Cutaneous innervation
492:
214:
718:Diseases of the foot
584:medial plantar nerve
556:proper plantar nerve
548:medial plantar nerve
532:common fibular nerve
239:. Like those of the
932:Am J Phys Anthropol
902:Ladygina-Kohts 2002
774:, pp. 418, 486
625:Society and culture
289:are supported by a
252:subcutaneous tissue
16:Bottom part of foot
1067:"Sole of the Foot"
730:This article uses
696:. You can help by
528:deep fibular nerve
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459:tibialis posterior
439:plantar interossei
217:
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1012:978-0-495-57046-2
807:, pp. 438–40
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420:adductor hallucis
409:quadratus plantae
398:abductor hallucis
307:lateral component
285:The sole and the
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34:lead section
914:Brehme 1975
656:chimpanzees
649:plantigrade
604:sural nerve
564:superficial
415:originate.
233:sweat pores
121:Identifiers
1454:Fingernail
1031:. Thieme.
923:References
916:, Abstract
413:lumbricals
1370:Genitalia
878:Tank 2006
744:Footprint
619:plantaris
613:from the
598:from the
586:from the
574:from the
546:from the
537:foot drop
530:from the
471:malleolus
449:Extrinsic
329:Intrinsic
318:flat feet
207:Structure
55:July 2024
39:summarize
1570:Category
1499:Buttocks
1419:Shoulder
1254:Mandible
1187:Forehead
1103:15831315
1018:June 14,
739:Barefoot
726:See also
705:May 2018
510:ticklish
268:collagen
258:and the
1544:Toenail
1434:Forearm
1380:Scrotum
1326:Midriff
1316:Abdomen
1309:(Trunk)
1259:Occiput
1202:Eyebrow
952:1119549
663:bonobos
570:of the
324:Muscles
195:of the
79:Part of
74:Details
1479:Little
1469:Middle
1449:Finger
1424:Axilla
1365:Pelvis
1358:Nipple
1353:Breast
1348:Thorax
1292:Throat
1269:Temple
1232:Tongue
1212:Eyelid
1101:
1054:
1035:
1009:
988:
967:
950:
465:, and
435:dorsal
297:. The
293:, the
132:planta
90:Artery
1529:Ankle
1509:Thigh
1464:Index
1459:Thumb
1439:Wrist
1429:Elbow
1402:Limbs
1385:Vulva
1375:Penis
1331:Navel
1321:Waist
1307:Torso
1264:Scalp
1237:Tooth
1222:Mouth
1192:Cheek
1079:(PDF)
839:2 May
760:Notes
631:taboo
502:touch
272:septa
179:[
168:25000
127:Latin
106:Nerve
1576:Foot
1549:Sole
1534:Heel
1524:Foot
1519:Calf
1514:Knee
1474:Ring
1444:Hand
1392:Anus
1343:Back
1297:Nape
1279:Neck
1217:Nose
1197:Chin
1182:Face
1177:Hair
1169:Head
1161:Skin
1155:Body
1099:PMID
1052:ISBN
1033:ISBN
1020:2011
1007:ISBN
986:ISBN
965:ISBN
948:PMID
841:2018
671:apes
609:The
594:The
582:The
566:and
562:The
554:The
542:The
526:The
437:and
400:and
314:arch
305:and
264:arch
260:ball
256:heel
241:palm
227:and
225:hair
219:The
197:foot
193:sole
139:TA98
83:Foot
69:Sole
1539:Toe
1504:Hip
1491:Leg
1411:Arm
1249:Jaw
1244:Ear
1227:Lip
1207:Eye
1091:doi
940:doi
700:.
661:In
654:In
163:FMA
156:337
151:TA2
1572::
1097:.
1087:32
1085:.
1081:.
946:.
936:42
934:.
860:^
832:.
779:^
651:.
633:.
539:.
516:.
461:,
404:.
320:.
247:.
203:.
113:,
97:,
1139:e
1132:t
1125:v
1105:.
1093::
1060:.
1041:.
1022:.
994:.
973:.
954:.
942::
843:.
734:.
707:)
703:(
183:]
57:)
53:(
43:.
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