Solar water heating

1819: 1786: 774: 786: 1313:(CHS) system is similar to an ICS system, except the storage tank and collector are physically separated and transfer between the two is driven by convection. CHS systems typically use standard flat-plate type or evacuated tube collectors. The storage tank must be located above the collectors for convection to work properly. The main benefit of CHS systems over ICS systems is that heat loss is largely avoided since the storage tank can be fully insulated. Since the panels are located below the storage tank, heat loss does not cause convection, as the cold water stays at the lowest part of the system. 1799:

welded (or similarly connected) to thin absorber fins. Heat-transfer fluid (water or water/antifreeze mix) is pumped from the hot water storage tank or heat exchanger into the collectors' bottom header, and it travels up the risers, collecting heat from the absorber fins, and then exits the collector out of the top header. Serpentine flat plate collectors differ slightly from this "harp" design, and instead use a single pipe that travels up and down the collector. However, since they cannot be properly drained of water, serpentine flat plate collectors cannot be used in drainback systems.

2913: 2851: 2479: 3130: 2407: 3788: 1291: 2004:

50% of the pool's surface area. This is for areas where pools are used in the summer season only. Adding solar collectors to a conventional outdoor pool, in a cold climate, can typically extend the pool's comfortable usage by months and more if an insulating pool cover is used. When sized at 100% coverage most solar hot water systems are capable of heating a pool anywhere from as little as 4 °C for a wind-exposed pool, to as much as 10 °C for a wind-sheltered pool covered consistently with a solar pool blanket.

1161:, or the solar heat exchanger will replace the lower heating element and the upper element will remain to provide for supplemental heat. However, the primary need for central heating is at night and in winter when solar gain is lower. Therefore, solar water heating for washing and bathing is often a better application than central heating because supply and demand are better matched. In many climates, a solar hot water system can provide up to 85% of domestic hot water energy. This can include domestic non-electric 3958: 2443: 6664: 3754: 2820: 3924: 2515: 3822: 3001: 47: 1146: 2371: 6670: 7979: 7466: 638: 4298: 2020: 4473: 652: 4400: 1953:

size defines the degree to which the water can be heated by the sun. Cylindrical objects such as the tank in an ICS collector have an inherently small surface-to-volume ratio. Collectors attempt to increase this ratio for efficient warming of the water. Variations on this basic design include collectors that combine smaller water containers and evacuated glass tube technology, a type of ICS system known as an Evacuated Tube Batch (ETB) collector.

7989: 4196: 4060: 4128: 3720: 4264: 4094: 4026: 4332: 4162: 3856: 3516: 3259: 6676: 4487: 988: 4366: 3890: 3345: 3087: 3550: 3302: 2957: 20: 2247:

than for flat plate collectors because the absorbers are narrower than the tubes and the tubes have space between them, resulting in a significantly larger percentage of inactive overall collector area. Some methods of comparison calculate the efficiency of evacuated tube collectors based on the actual absorber area and not on the space occupied as has been done in the above table. Efficiency is reduced at higher temperatures.

1191: 4230: 3482: 3044: 1709: 1699: 1684: 1674: 1664: 1654: 1635: 1619: 1609: 1594: 1584: 1572: 1562: 1552: 1537: 1527: 1517: 1507: 1488: 1478: 1468: 1458: 1439: 1429: 1419: 1409: 1898:

flow. The bubbles are separated from the hot fluid and condensed at the highest point in the circuit, after which the fluid flows downward toward the heat exchanger caused by the difference in fluid levels. The HTF typically arrives at the heat exchanger at 70 °C and returns to the circulating pump at 50 °C. Pumping typically starts at about 50 °C and increases as the sun rises until equilibrium is reached.

3992: 3686: 3173: 2335: 3652: 3584: 3618: 3216: 7478: 957: 905: 1949:

reflective surface on the inside. This reflects heat lost from the tank back towards the tank. In a simple way one could consider an ICS solar water heater as a water tank that has been enclosed in a type of 'oven' that retains heat from the sun as well as heat of the water in the tank. Using a box does not eliminate heat loss from the tank to the environment, but it largely reduces this loss.

1358:

unless the pump is operating and returns there (emptying the collector) when the pump is switched off. The collector system, including piping, must drain via gravity into the drainback tank. Drainback systems are not subject to freezing or overheating. The pump operates only when appropriate for heat collection, but not to protect the HTF, increasing efficiency and reducing pumping costs.

2579:

the energy savings by about 8% and the carbon savings of the solar by about 20%. However, low power pumps operate with 1-20W. Assuming a solar collector panel delivering 4 kWh/day and a pump running intermittently from mains electricity for a total of 6 hours during a 12-hour sunny day, the potentially negative effect of such a pump can be reduced to about 3% of the heat produced.

1827:

withstand a vacuum, the vacuum is created between two concentric tubes. Typically, the water piping in an ETC is therefore surrounded by two concentric tubes of glass separated by a vacuum that admits heat from the sun (to heat the pipe) but that limits heat loss. The inner tube is coated with a thermal absorber. Vacuum life varies from collector to collector, from 5 years to 15 years.

1154:

when the water in the tank falls below a minimum temperature setting, ensuring that hot water is always available. The combination of solar water heating and back-up heat from a wood stove chimney can enable a hot water system to work all year round in cooler climates, without the supplemental heat requirement of a solar water heating system being met with fossil fuels or electricity.

1117:. The volume of this tank needs to be larger with solar heating systems to compensate for bad weather and because the optimum final temperature for the solar collector is lower than a typical immersion or combustion heater. The heat transfer fluid (HTF) for the absorber may be water, but more commonly (at least in active systems) is a separate loop of fluid containing 1885: 1306:. They are simple and less costly than plate and tube collectors, but they may require bracing if installed on a roof (to support 400–700 lb (180–320 kg) lbs of water), suffer from significant heat loss at night since the side facing the sun is largely uninsulated and are only suitable in moderate climates. 1835:, failing given roughly golf ball -sized particles. ETCs made from "coke glass", which has a green tint, are stronger and less likely to lose their vacuum, but efficiency is slightly reduced due to reduced transparency. ETCs can gather energy from the sun all day long at low angles due to their tubular shape. 2635:

emissions, a large fraction of the emissions saved is dependent on the degree to which gas or electricity is used to supplement the sun. Using the Eco-indicator 99 points system as a yardstick (i.e. the yearly environmental load of an average European inhabitant) in Greece, a purely gas-driven system

2578:

The source of electricity in an active SWH system determines the extent to which a system contributes to atmospheric carbon during operation. Active solar thermal systems that use mains electricity to pump the fluid through the panels are called 'low carbon solar'. In most systems the pumping reduces

1054:

The minimum requirements of the system are typically determined by the amount or temperature of hot water required during winter, when a system's output and incoming water temperature are typically at their lowest. The maximum output of the system is determined by the need to prevent the water in the

2246:

scenario this is sufficient to heat 200 litres of water by some 17 °C. In the tropical scenario the equivalent heating would be by some 33 °C. Many thermosiphon systems have comparable energy output to equivalent active systems. The efficiency of evacuated tube collectors is somewhat lower

1999:

is used to direct the water to the panels or heat exchanger either by turning a valve or operating the pump. Once the pool water has reached the required temperature, a diverter valve is used to return water directly to the pool without heating. Many systems are configured as drainback systems where

1948:

ICS or batch collectors reduce heat loss by thermally insulating the tank. This is achieved by encasing the tank in a glass-topped box that allows heat from the sun to reach the water tank. The other walls of the box are thermally insulated, reducing convection and radiation. The box can also have a

1798:

Flat plate collectors are an extension of the idea to place a collector in an 'oven'-like box with glass directly facing the Sun. Most flat plate collectors have two horizontal pipes at the top and bottom, called headers, and many smaller vertical pipes connecting them, called risers. The risers are

1338:

Systems without drainback tanks must circulate the HTF – regardless of the temperature of the storage tank – to prevent the HTF from degrading. Excessive temperatures in the tank cause increased scale and sediment build-up, possible severe burns if a tempering valve is not installed, and if used for

2627:

By contrast the energy payback time in the UK is reported as only 2 years. This figure was for a direct system, retrofitted to an existing water store, PV pumped, freeze tolerant and of 2.8 sqm aperture. For comparison, a PV installation took around 5 years to reach energy payback, according to the

2623:

In terms of energy consumption, some 60% goes into the tank, with 30% towards the collector (thermosiphon flat plate in this case). In Italy, some 11 giga-joules of electricity are used in producing SWH equipment, with about 35% goes toward the tank, with another 35% towards the collector. The main

2260:

costs, but not life-cycle costs. The biggest single consideration is therefore the large initial financial outlay of solar water heating systems. Offsetting this expense can take years. The payback period is longer in temperate environments. Since solar energy is free, operating costs are small. At

2047:

Below is a table that gives a rough indication of the specifications and energy that could be expected from a solar water heating system involving some 2 m of absorber area of the collector, demonstrating two evacuated tube and three flat plate solar water heating systems. Certification information

1994:

water is mildly corrosive due to chlorine. Water is circulated through the panels using the existing pool filter or supplemental pump. In mild environments, unglazed plastic collectors are more efficient as a direct system. In cold or windy environments evacuated tubes or flat plates in an indirect

1952:

Standard ICS collectors have a characteristic that strongly limits the efficiency of the collector: a small surface-to-volume ratio. Since the amount of heat that a tank can absorb from the sun is largely dependent on the surface of the tank directly exposed to the sun, it follows that the surface

1357:

is an active indirect system where the HTF (usually pure water) circulates through the collector, driven by a pump. The collector piping is not pressurized and includes an open drainback reservoir that is contained in conditioned or semi-conditioned space. The HTF remains in the drainback reservoir

1153:

Residential solar thermal installations fall into two groups: passive (sometimes called "compact") and active (sometimes called "pumped") systems. Both typically include an auxiliary energy source (electric heating element or connection to a gas or fuel oil central heating system) that is activated

2003:

The collector panels are usually mounted on a nearby roof, or ground-mounted on a tilted rack. Due to the low temperature difference between the air and the water, the panels are often formed collectors or unglazed flat plate collectors. A simple rule-of-thumb for the required panel area needed is

1916:

senses temperature differences between water leaving the solar collector and the water in the storage tank near the heat exchanger. The controller starts the pump when the water in the collector is sufficiently about 8–10 °C warmer than the water in the tank, and stops it when the temperature

1897:

A bubble pump (also known as geyser pump) is suitable for flat panel as well as vacuum tube systems. In a bubble pump system, the closed HTF circuit is under reduced pressure, which causes the liquid to boil at low temperature as the sun heats it. The steam bubbles form a geyser, causing an upward

1776:

Heat is lost more rapidly if the temperature difference between a hot object and its environment is larger. Heat loss is predominantly governed by the thermal gradient between the collector surface and the ambient temperatures. Conduction, convection and radiation all occur more rapidly over large

2296:

Payback times can vary greatly due to regional sun, extra cost due to frost protection needs of collectors, household hot water use etc. For instance in central and southern Florida the payback period could easily be 7 years or less rather than the 12.6 years indicated on the chart for the United

1092:

Some active systems deliberately cool the water in the storage tank by circulating hot water through the collector at times when there is little sunlight or at night, losing heat. This is most effective in direct or thermal store plumbing and is virtually ineffective in systems that use evacuated

2549:

The payback period is shorter given greater insolation. However, even in temperate areas, solar water heating is cost effective. The payback period for photovoltaic systems has historically been much longer. Costs and payback period are shorter if no complementary/backup system is required. thus

1925:

The simplest collector is a water-filled metal tank in a sunny place. The sun heats the tank. This was how the first systems worked. This setup would be inefficient due to the equilibrium effect: as soon as heating of the tank and water begins, the heat gained is lost to the environment and this

1141:

The 'drain-back' is another lower-maintenance concept. No anti-freeze is required; instead, all the piping is sloped to cause water to drain back to the tank. The tank is not pressurized and operates at atmospheric pressure. As soon as the pump shuts off, flow reverses and the pipes empty before

1088:

When no hot water has been used for a day or two, the fluid in the collectors and storage can reach high temperatures in all non-"drainback" systems. When the storage tank in a "drainback" system reaches its desired temperature, the pumps stop, ending the heating process and thus preventing the

1826:

Evacuated tube collectors (ETC) are a way to reduce the heat loss, inherent in flat plates. Since heat loss due to convection cannot cross a vacuum, it forms an efficient isolation mechanism to keep heat inside the collector pipes. Since two flat glass sheets are generally not strong enough to

930:

built the first prototype Israeli solar water heater and in 1953 he launched the NerYah Company, Israel's first commercial manufacturer of solar water heating. Solar water heaters were used by 20% of the population by 1967. Following the energy crisis in the 1970s, in 1980 Israel required the

1809:

Unglazed or formed collectors are similar to flat-plate collectors, except they are not thermally insulated nor physically protected by a glass panel. Consequently, these types of collectors are much less efficient when water temperature exceeds ambient air temperatures. For pool heating

726:-driven). They use water only, or both water and a working fluid. They are heated directly or via light-concentrating mirrors. They operate independently or as hybrids with electric or gas heaters. In large-scale installations, mirrors may concentrate sunlight into a smaller collector. 2713:

Above 45 degrees latitude, roof mounted sun-facing collectors tend to outproduce wall-mounted collectors. However, arrays of wall-mounted steep collectors can sometimes produce more useful energy because gains in used energy in winter can offset the loss of unused (excess) energy in

1830:

Flat plate collectors are generally more efficient than ETC in full sunshine conditions. However, the energy output of flat plate collectors is reduced slightly more than ETCs in cloudy or extremely cold conditions. Most ETCs are made out of annealed glass, which is susceptible to

1966:

ETSCs can be more useful than other solar collectors during winter season. ETCs can be used for heating and cooling purposes in industries like pharmaceutical and drug, paper, leather and textile and also for residential houses, hospitals, nursing home, hotels, swimming pool etc.

1917:

difference reaches 3–5 °C. This ensures that stored water always gains heat when the pump operates and prevents the pump from excessive cycling on and off. (In direct systems the pump can be triggered with a difference around 4 °C because they have no heat exchanger.)

1856:. To ensure proper pump performance and longevity, the (DC) pump and PV panel must be suitably matched. Although a PV-powered pump does not operate at night, the controller must ensure that the pump does not operate when the sun is out but the collector water is not hot enough. 974:(US$ 235), around 80% less than in Western countries for a given collector size. At least 30 million Chinese households have one. The popularity is due to efficient evacuated tubes that allow the heaters to function even under gray skies and at temperatures well below freezing. 2659:, considering all the components of manufacture, use and disposal. Maintenance was identified as an emissions-costly activity when the heat transfer fluid (glycol-based) was replaced. However, the emissions cost was recovered within about two years of use of the equipment. 2689:

The amount of hot water consumed each day must be replaced and heated. In a solar-only system, consuming a high fraction of the water in the reservoir implies significant reservoir temperature variations. The larger the reservoir the smaller the daily temperature

804:

Records of solar collectors in the United States date to before 1900, involving a black-painted tank mounted on a roof. In 1896 Clarence Kemp of Baltimore enclosed a tank in a wooden box, thus creating the first 'batch water heater' as they are known today.

1075:

In some direct systems, collectors can be manually drained when freezing is expected. This approach is common in climates where freezing temperatures do not occur often but can be less reliable than an automatic system as it relies on an operator.

1887: 1137:

because of its high heat conductivity, atmospheric and water corrosion resistance, sealing and joining by soldering and mechanical strength. Copper is used both in receivers and primary circuits (pipes and heat exchangers for water tanks).

1888: 2255:

In sunny, warm locations, where freeze protection is not necessary, an ICS (batch type) solar water heater can be cost effective. In higher latitudes, design requirements for cold weather add to system complexity and cost. This increases

1764:

and radiation. Efficiency (the proportion of heat energy retained for a predefined time period) is directly related to heat loss from the collector surface. Convection and radiation are the most important sources of heat loss.

1281:

Active systems have controllers with features such as interaction with a backup electric or gas-driven water heater, calculation and logging of the energy saved, safety functions, remote access and informative displays.

5954: 1259:

systems rely on heat-driven convection or heat pipes to circulate the working fluid. Passive systems cost less and require low or no maintenance, but are less efficient. Overheating and freezing are major concerns.

2039:

areas. Even at the same latitude average insolation can vary a great deal from location to location due to differences in local weather patterns and the amount of overcast. Calculators are available for estimating

1889: 2706:

The most efficient PV pumps start slowly in low light levels, so they may cause a small amount of unwanted circulation while the collector is cold. The controller must prevent stored hot water from this cooling

1063:

Freeze protection measures prevent damage to the system due to the expansion of freezing transfer fluid. Drainback systems drain the transfer fluid from the system when the pump stops. Many indirect systems use

2241:

The figures are fairly similar between the above collectors, yielding some 4 kWh/day in a temperate climate and some 8 kWh/day in a tropical climate when using a collector with a 2 m absorber. In the

4779:"The Samuel Neaman Institute for Advanced Studies in Science and Technology – Publications – Solar energy for the production of heat Summary and recommendations of the 4th assembly of the energy forum at SNI" 1348:

Even though the HTF contains glycol to prevent freezing, it circulates hot water from the storage tank into the collectors at low temperatures (e.g. below 40 °F (4 °C)), causing substantial heat

1079:

The third type of freeze protection is freeze-tolerance, where low-pressure water pipes made of silicone rubber simply expand on freezing. One such collector now has European Solar Keymark accreditation.

1810:

applications, the water to be heated is often colder than the ambient roof temperature, at which point the lack of thermal insulation allows additional heat to be drawn from the surrounding environment.

1223:

The advent of freeze-tolerant designs expanded the market for SWH to colder climates. In freezing conditions, earlier models were damaged when the water turned to ice, rupturing one or more components.

6203:

G. Tsilingiridis, G. Martinopoulos & N. Kyriakis (2004). "Life cycle environmental impact of a thermosyphonic domestic solar hot water system in comparison with electrical and gas water heating".

1243:. After heating in the panels, the HTF travels to the heat exchanger, where its heat is transferred to the potable water. Indirect systems offer freeze protection and typically overheat protection. 2261:

higher latitudes, solar heaters may be less effective due to lower insolation, possibly requiring larger and/or dual-heating systems. In some countries government incentives can be significant.

1366:

Plans for solar water heating systems are available on the Internet. DIY SWH systems are usually cheaper than commercial ones, and they are used both in the developed and developing world.

715:. A variety of configurations are available at varying cost to provide solutions in different climates and latitudes. SWHs are widely used for residential and some industrial applications. 1239:

systems use a heat exchanger to transfer heat from the "heat-transfer fluid" (HTF) fluid to the potable water. The most common HTF is an antifreeze/water mix that typically uses non-toxic

7516: 2605:(LCA). LCA considers the financial and environmental costs of acquisition of raw materials, manufacturing, transport, using, servicing and disposal of the equipment. Elements include: 4778: 1987:

Pool covering systems, whether solid sheets or floating disks, act as insulation and reduce heat loss. Much heat loss occurs through evaporation, and using a cover slows evaporation.

1157:

When a solar water heating and hot-water central heating system are used together, solar heat will either be concentrated in a pre-heating tank that feeds into the tank heated by the

926:

Flat plate solar systems were perfected and used on a large scale in Israel. In the 1950s a fuel shortage led the government to forbid heating water between 10 pm and 6 am.

2636:

may have fewer emissions than a solar system. This calculation assumes that the solar system produces about half of the hot water requirements of a household. But because methane (CH

1973:

ETCs higher operational temperature range (up to 200 °C (392 °F)) makes them suitable for industrial applications such as steam generation, heat engine and solar drying.

935:

with 85% of households using solar thermal systems (3% of the primary national energy consumption), estimated to save the country 2 million barrels (320,000 m) of oil a year.

4947: 4689: 1752:

Solar thermal collectors capture and retain heat from the sun and use it to heat a liquid. Two important physical principles govern the technology of solar thermal collectors:

1886: 931:

installation of solar water heaters in all new homes (except high towers with insufficient roof area). As a result, Israel became the world leader in the use of solar energy

2662:

In Australia, life cycle emissions were also recovered. The tested SWH system had about 20% of the impact of an electrical water heater and half that of a gas water heater.

824:

Flat-plate collectors for solar water heating were used in Florida and Southern California in the 1920s. Interest grew in North America after 1960, but especially after the

5958: 5182: 1093:

tube collectors, due to their superior insulation. Any collector type may still overheat. High pressure, sealed solar thermal systems ultimately rely on the operation of

4905: 1806:. Such glass can withstand significant hail without breaking, which is one of the reasons that flat-plate collectors are considered the most durable collector type. 7541: 7525: 5060: 2301:

Costs and payback periods for residential SWH systems with savings of 200 kWh/month (using 2010 data), ex maintenance costs, subsidies and installation costs

7509: 6260:

S.R. Allen, G.P. Hammond, H. Harajli1, C.I. Jones, M.C. McManus and A.B. Winnett (2008). "Integrated appraisal of micro-generators: Methods and applications".

5716:

ISO 9806-2:1995. Test methods for solar collectors – Part 2: Qualification test procedures. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland

1302:(ICS or batch heater) system uses a tank that acts as both storage and collector. Batch heaters are thin rectilinear tanks with a glass side facing the Sun at 1134: 1930:

The storage tank can be situated lower than the collectors, allowing increased freedom in system design and allowing pre-existing storage tanks to be used.

6233:

F. Ardente; G. Beccali; M. Cellura (2005). "Life cycle assessment of a solar thermal collector: Sensitivity analysis, energy and environmental balances".

5096: 8018: 6472: 6441: 5937: 7502: 6559: 6535: 5758:

R. H. Crawford; G. J. Treloar; B. D. Ilozor; P. E. D. Love (2003). "Comparative greenhouse emissions analysis of domestic solar hot water systems".

6305: 2732:

EN 1717: Protection against pollution of potable water in water installations and general requirements of devices to prevent pollution by backflow.

5387:

Sabiha, M. A.; Saidur, R.; Mekhilef, Saad; Mahian, Omid (1 November 2015). "Progress and latest developments of evacuated tube solar collectors".

2652:

e) from gas-driven systems are vastly greater than for solar heaters, especially if supplemental electricity is also from carbon-free generation.

6309: 5868: 5541:

M. Souliotis; S. Kalogirou; Y. Tripanagnostopoulos (2009). "Modelling of an ICS solar water heater using artificial neural networks and TRNSYS".

2703:

Equipment components must be insulated to achieve full system benefits. The installation of efficient insulation significantly reduces heat loss.

2031:

The amount of heat delivered by a solar water heating system depends primarily on the amount of heat delivered by the sun at a particular place (

1335:

If the HTF gets too hot the glycol degrades into acid and then provides no freeze protection and begins to dissolve the solar loop's components.

5435: 4883: 2710:

Evacuated tube collector arrays can be adjusted by removing/adding tubes or their heat pipes, allowing customization during/after installation.

4585: 2806:

All relevant participants of the Large-scale Renewable Energy Target and Small-scale Renewable Energy Scheme must comply with the above Acts.

2048:

or figures calculated from those data are used. The bottom two rows give estimates for daily energy production (kWh/day) for a tropical and a

6394: 5476:

C. Schmidt; A. Goetzberger A. (1990). "Single-tube integrated collector storage systems with transparent insulation and involute reflector".

5278: 5980: 5333:

Yong Kim; Taebeom Seo (2007). "Thermal performances comparisons of the glass evacuated tube solar collectors with shapes of absorber tube".

4782: 1278:

Pumped systems are more expensive to purchase and to operate. However, they operate at higher efficiency and can be more easily controlled.

1194:

Direct systems: (A) Passive CHS system with tank above collector. (B) Active system with pump and controller driven by a photovoltaic panel.

942:

electricity generation in new buildings, and the second (after Israel) to require the installation of solar water heating systems, in 2006.

4520: 817:

to power a 45 to 52 kilowatts (60 to 70 horsepower) engine that pumped 23,000 litres (6,000 US gal) of water per minute from the

683: 2624:

energy-related impact is emissions. The energy used in manufacturing is recovered within the first 2–3 years of use (in southern Europe).

7739: 5704: 1970:

An ETC can operate at a range of temperatures from medium to high for solar hot water, swimming pool, air conditioning and solar cooker.

5657: 4633:

Brian Norton (2011) Solar Water Heaters: A Review of Systems Research and Design Innovation, Green. 1, 189–207, ISSN (Online) 1869-8778

6547: 5909: 2763: 1105:

Simple designs include a simple glass-topped insulated box with a flat solar absorber made of dark-colored sheet metal, attached to

5896: 8013: 2768: 2562: 6132: 5186: 7850: 7699: 7686: 7159: 6602: 5161: 4843: 2758: 178: 7897: 7835: 5236: 4739: 6323: 7982: 7923: 7918: 4931: 4909: 2697:

in collector and tank costs. Thus the most economically efficient scale meets 100% of the heating needs of the application.

1005: 7764: 7654: 6381: 6101: 5200: 5071: 4510: 2035:). In the tropics insolation can be relatively high, e.g. 7 kWh/m per day, versus e.g., 3.2 kWh/m per day in 1818: 7270: 7061: 6931: 6172: 1027: 875: 785: 505: 325: 46: 7576: 7066: 6941: 6059: 1345:

Some jurisdictions require more-expensive, double-walled heat exchangers even though propylene glycol is low-toxic.

879: 738: 676: 113: 6511: 7928: 7594: 7451: 7131: 5820: 1170: 369: 6259: 5568:

Y. Tripanagnostopoulos; M. Souliotis; T. Nousia (1999). "Solar ICS systems with two cylindrical storage tanks".

5139: 5106: 2593:

Alternative non-electrical pumping systems may employ thermal expansion and phase changes of liquids and gases.

7882: 7754: 7629: 7599: 7571: 7001: 6622: 1009: 6448: 5934: 8033: 8023: 7949: 7913: 7749: 7649: 7624: 7482: 7275: 7149: 6701: 6158: 5414: 4869: 4802: 4714: 1785: 198: 1926:

continues until the water in the tank reaches ambient temperature. The challenge is to limit the heat loss.

967:

Australia has a variety of national and state and regulations for solar thermal starting with MRET in 1997.

7964: 7887: 7855: 7774: 7664: 7644: 7634: 7551: 4545: 2738:

UNE 94002:2005 Thermal solar systems for domestic hot water production. Calculation method for heat demand.

1770: 2792:

Renewable Energy (Electricity) Regulations 2001 - STC Calculation Methodology for Solar Water Heaters and

2055:

With most solar water heating systems, the energy output scales linearly with the collector surface area.

8028: 7845: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7734: 7724: 7714: 7709: 7694: 7669: 7566: 7561: 7036: 7026: 5631: 4755: 2729:

EN 806: Specifications for installations inside buildings conveying water for human consumption. General.

2011:

energy system analysis program may be used to optimize the solar pool heating system before it is built.

1162: 1109:, or a set of metal tubes surrounded by an evacuated (near vacuum) glass cylinder. In industrial cases a 1097:. Low pressure, open vented heaters have simpler, more reliable safety controls, typically an open vent. 797: 669: 2582:

However, PV-powered active solar thermal systems typically use a 5–30 W PV panel and a small, low power

1342:

The glycol/water HTF must be replaced every 3–8 years, depending on the temperatures it has experienced.

7954: 7933: 7892: 7877: 7840: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7784: 7769: 7729: 7719: 7659: 7609: 7604: 7533: 7296: 7006: 6778: 6595: 2700:

Direct systems (and some indirect systems using heat exchangers) can be retrofitted to existing stores.

539: 5872: 4978: 1205:

systems circulate potable water through the collectors. They are relatively cheap. Drawbacks include:

8038: 7959: 7779: 7759: 7744: 7639: 7619: 7614: 7556: 7546: 6843: 6361: 4500: 2558:

Australia operates a system of Renewable Energy Credits, based on national renewable energy targets.

1995:

configuration are used in conjunction with a heat exchanger. This reduces corrosion. A fairly simple

1756:

Any hot object ultimately returns to thermal equilibrium with its environment, due to heat loss from

1130: 1106: 642: 218: 7704: 6274: 5432: 1328:(almost always low-toxic propylene glycol) and water mix for HTF in order to prevent freeze damage. 7586: 7379: 6981: 6901: 6873: 6793: 5360:

Shi Yueyan; Yang Xiaoji (1999). "Selective absorbing surface for evacuated solar collector tubes".

5120:

Lane, T. & Olson, K. (2002). "Solar hot water for cold climates: Part II – Drainback systems".

4695:. Environment California Research and Policy Center. Archived from the original on October 21, 2007 4589: 4560: 2855: 2645: 835: 591: 529: 203: 158: 148: 78: 6401: 5290: 4646: 7992: 7087: 7046: 7016: 7011: 6868: 6632: 6627: 6002: 4675: 4550: 4478: 1747: 998: 863: 712: 656: 534: 524: 228: 163: 7446: 7126: 7056: 7031: 7021: 6996: 6991: 6946: 6936: 6911: 6906: 6896: 6891: 6883: 6751: 6706: 6269: 6045: 5033: 4525: 1114: 867: 847: 620: 429: 414: 362: 223: 143: 6024: 5799: 773: 7470: 7332: 7301: 7121: 7051: 6986: 6976: 6961: 6951: 6921: 6916: 6588: 6299: 4729: 2673:

impact of 337 kg, which is around half the environmental impact reported in the Ardente

2602: 891: 855: 839: 742: 464: 409: 399: 238: 153: 7494: 6080: 5661: 5511:

M. Smyth; P.C. Eames; B. Norton (2006). "Integrated collector storage solar water heaters".

4844:"Renewables Global Status Report: Energy Transformation Continues Despite Economic Slowdown" 4610: 1936:

The storage tank can be placed in conditioned or semi-conditioned space, reducing heat loss.

1165:

systems. In many northern European countries, combined hot water and space heating systems (

7071: 7041: 6971: 6966: 6956: 6926: 6858: 6693: 5485: 4990: 4943: 4555: 2793: 970:

Solar water heating systems are popular in China, where basic models start at around 1,500

951: 899: 895: 871: 859: 851: 843: 734: 598: 493: 337: 243: 103: 6175:[Laing ITT Ecocirc pump nominated for prestigious VSK award in heating category]. 5955:"Premies voor energiebesparende maatregelen | Vlaanderen.be: uw link met de overheid" 5913: 5617: 8: 7116: 6863: 6767: 6761: 6324:

http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/howarth/documents/Howarth_methane-Biogeo-lecture_2019-0301.pdf

6060:"Solar water heating systems explained – benefits, costs, savings, earnings, suitability" 5463: 4967:

2011 global status report by Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21)

4805:, edited by Gershon Grossman, Faculty of Mechanical Energy, Technion, Haifa; Final draft. 2850: 2735:

EN 60335: Specification for safety of household and similar electrical appliances. (2–21)

2052:

scenario. These estimates are for heating water to 50 °C above ambient temperature.

1122: 1110: 1094: 419: 285: 268: 213: 68: 56: 6335: 6081:"Electricity Running Cost Calculator | Electricity Prices | Electricity Costs" 5833: 5489: 4994: 2833:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2665:

Analysing their lower impact retrofit freeze-tolerant solar water heating system, Allen

2063:.h) of five solar thermal systems. The evac tube systems used below both have 20 tubes. 7254: 6848: 6756: 6287: 6046:"Average Retail Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector, by State" 5775: 5070:, IDEA/CDEA District Energy/CHP 2011 Conference, Toronto, pp. 1–30, archived from 5014: 4565: 2694: 1766: 1757: 1040:

The type, complexity and size of a solar water heating system is mostly determined by:

723: 300: 128: 38: 5581: 5373: 1290: 722:

that passes into a storage system for later use. SWH are active (pumped) and passive (

7988: 7416: 7374: 7280: 7180: 6811: 6291: 6152: 5779: 5497: 5232: 5006: 4863: 4735: 4708: 4535: 1212:

They offer little or no freeze protection, unless the collectors are freeze-tolerant.

1166: 374: 290: 5757: 5018: 1981: 1866:

Excess PV output can be used for household electricity use or put back into the grid

7421: 6806: 6653: 6484: 6430:

EurObserv'ER Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 197, 5/2010

6279: 6242: 6212: 5767: 5735: 5577: 5550: 5520: 5493: 5396: 5369: 5342: 4998: 2802:

Renewable Energy (Electricity) Amendment (Transitional Provisions) Regulations 2009

2587: 1907: 1240: 1174: 1069: 814: 481: 476: 310: 295: 256: 208: 183: 123: 5002: 2799:

Renewable Energy (Electricity) Amendment (Transitional Provision) Regulations 2010

2590:

to circulate the water. This reduces the operational carbon and energy footprint.

6246: 6216: 5941: 5834:

Solar Water Heating as a Climate Protection Strategy: The Role for Carbon Finance

5554: 5439: 5346: 5226: 4815: 2786:

Renewable Energy (Electricity) (Small-scale Technology Shortfall Charge) Act 2010

2783:

Renewable Energy (Electricity) (Large-scale Generation Shortfall Charge) Act 2000

1803: 1331:

Though effective at preventing freeze damage, antifreeze systems have drawbacks:

1158: 825: 233: 188: 118: 6663: 4776: 1209:

They offer little or no overheat protection unless they have a heat export pump.

7154: 6839: 6746: 6283: 5524: 5400: 4690:"Solar Water Heating (How California Can Reduce Its Dependence on Natural Gas)" 4530: 4515: 2769:

SRCC Standard 600 (Minimum standard for solar thermal concentrating collectors)

2583: 2520: 1126: 938:

In 2005, Spain became the world's first country to require the installation of

923:

leaders in the use of solar water heating systems supporting 30%–40% of homes.

793: 603: 576: 549: 517: 500: 379: 168: 138: 6575: 6427: 5771: 5739: 5540: 5451: 2292:

Savings in maintenance of conventional (electric/gas/oil) water heating system

1173:, large scale solar heating can provide 50-97% of annual heat consumption for 8007: 7337: 7195: 7190: 7185: 6834: 6816: 6736: 6711: 6202: 5010: 4687: 4505: 4492: 2640:) emissions from the natural gas fuel cycle dwarf the greenhouse impact of CO 2484: 1991: 1135:

Copper is an important component in solar thermal heating and cooling systems

719: 704: 615: 581: 488: 471: 352: 342: 193: 5101: 1044:

Changes in ambient temperature and solar radiation between summer and winter

7395: 7358: 7234: 7226: 7164: 6726: 6611: 5567: 4540: 2376: 2008: 1849: 1802:

The type of glass used in flat plate collectors is almost always low-iron,

1169:) are used to provide 15 to 25% of home heating energy. When combined with 1050:

Possibility of the potable water or collector fluid overheating or freezing

939: 909: 810: 806: 789: 554: 439: 108: 73: 1145: 7400: 7221: 6772: 6684: 6669: 1118: 927: 831: 559: 434: 384: 347: 330: 315: 133: 4977:

Botpaev, R.; Louvet, Y.; Perers, B.; Furbo, S.; Vajen, K. (2016-04-01).

7342: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7244: 7239: 6853: 6783: 6716: 6473:

Solar Heat Worldwide Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply 2010

6122:

C. Martin and M. Watson (2001). DTI publication URN 01/1292. London, UK

4955: 2041: 2032: 2024: 2019: 1761: 1325: 1303: 1065: 1012: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 569: 394: 389: 357: 320: 305: 88: 7249: 6801: 2412: 2268:

Price of solar water heater (more complex systems are more expensive)

2243: 2184: 2049: 2036: 1853: 1271:

systems use one or more pumps to circulate water and/or heating fluid

1190: 913: 424: 404: 173: 83: 6675: 5635: 4472: 2601:

Recognised standards can be used to deliver robust and quantitative

2000:

the water drains into the pool when the water pump is switched off.

987: 956: 651: 6517:. International Energy Agency Solar Heating & Cooling Programme 5250: 5248: 4688:

Del Chiaro, Bernadette & Telleen-Lawton, Timothy (April 2007).

2280:

Price of water heating fuel (e.g. gas or electricity) saved per kWh

971: 746: 708: 564: 449: 444: 98: 93: 63: 19: 2764:

CAN/CSA-F379 Series 09 (Packaged solar domestic hot water systems)

5910:"AER issues report on high electricity prices in South Australia" 4884:"5 Star Housing – Performance Based Building Regulation Delivers" 4486: 2448: 1216: 750: 729:

As of 2017, global solar hot water (SHW) thermal capacity is 472

586: 544: 280: 263: 6384:. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit. ren21.net 6109: 5245: 2565:

offers subsidies for the purchase of solar water heating units.

1996: 16:

Use of sunlight for water heating with a solar thermal collector

6580: 6510:

Mauthner, Franz; Weiss, Werner; Spörk-Dür, Monika (June 2015).

6364:. Australian Government, Clean Energy Regulator. 2 January 2013 6336:"Solar Rating & Certification Corporation – System Ratings" 4951: 2340: 1769:

is used to slow heat loss from a hot object. This follows the

762: 758: 754: 275: 6232: 6228: 6226: 6025:"Federal Tax Credits for Energy Efficiency : ENERGY STAR" 1990:

STCs for nonpotable pool water use are often made of plastic.

904: 7524: 4932:

The Economics of the Mandatory Renewable Energy Target (MRET)

4850:. 13 May 2009. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010 4650: 2568: 1219:

in hard water areas, unless an ion-exchange softener is used.

510: 24: 4586:"Solar Collectors ...Behind the Glass | Home Power Magazine" 2854:

Solar hot water system installed on low cost housing in the

2748:

OG-300: OG-300 Certification of Solar Water Heating Systems.

6223: 6198: 6196: 6194: 5510: 5475: 1875:

Avoids the carbon consumption from using grid-powered pumps

1832: 818: 730: 608: 6439: 5386: 1789:

Flat-plate solar thermal collector, viewed from roof-level

1275:

This permits a much wider range of system configurations.

1113:

can concentrate sunlight on the tube. Heat is stored in a

6648: 5846: 4803:

Israeli Section of the International Solar Energy Society

4756:"Israel's Solar Industry: Reclaiming a Legacy of Success" 4681: 1047:

Changes in ambient temperature during the day-night cycle

6191: 5821:

Simplified Residential Solar Hot Water System Calculator

5658:"A Performance Calculator for Grid-Connected PV Systems" 5618:"How Much Will A Solar Pool Heating System Heat My Pool" 5159: 4976: 2680: 960:

New solar hot water installations during 2009, worldwide

5684:"National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Home Page" 4934:, Department of Economics Monash University, Australia. 4727: 2655:

A test system in Italy produced about 700 kg of CO

2289:

Maintenance cost (e.g. antifreeze or pump replacements)

809:

built the world's first solar thermal power station in

6509: 5683: 4777:

Minicy Catom Software Engineering Ltd. www.catom.com.

2863:

Top countries using solar thermal power, worldwide (GW

5892: 5890: 5598:

D. Lane (2003). "Solar pool heating basics, Part 2".

5359: 5314:

D. Lane (2003). "Solar pool heating basics, Part 1".

4908:. Environment.gov.au. 1 November 2010. Archived from 6485:

Solar thermal and concentrated solar power barometer

5869:"Hills Solar Evacuated Tube Solar Hot Water Systems" 4468: 5797: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5332: 2027:

with panels on the roof providing hot washing water

6560:Solar thermal market grows strongly in Europe 2008 6548:Solar thermal market grows strongly in Europe 2009 5887: 5800:"PV vs. Solar Water Heating: Simple Solar Payback" 765:are the leading countries by capacity per person. 5728:Cogeneration & Distributed Generation Journal 5634:. Sunbird.jrc.it. 30 October 2008. Archived from 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5162:"DIY solar water heating in the developing world" 5119: 8005: 6139:. Archived from the original on January 19, 2010 5746: 5097:"Verdens største damvarmelager indviet i Vojens" 4944:Energy-Hungry China Warms to Solar Water Heaters 5836:. Green Markets International. Arlington MA, US 5593: 5591: 2789:Renewable Energy (Electricity) Regulations 2001 2596: 2550:extending the payback period of such a system. 6440:Werner Weiss & Franz Mauthner (May 2011). 5261: 5254:W.M. Rohsenow, J.P. Harnett, Y.I. Cho (1998). 5113: 2686:Most SWH installations require backup heating. 2264:Cost factors (positive and negative) include: 7510: 6596: 5088: 4838: 4836: 4676:Solar Evolution – The History of Solar Energy 1984:and separate STCs are used for pool heating. 677: 6304:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5725: 5588: 4641: 4639: 4521:Renewable Energy Certificate (United States) 1893:The bubble separator of a bubble-pump system 1863:Simpler/cheaper installation and maintenance 1294:An integrated collector storage (ICS) system 964:After 1960, systems were marketed in Japan. 6382:Renewables Global Status Report 2009 Update 5726:H. M. Healey (2007). "Economics of Solar". 4985:. Special issue: Progress in Solar Energy. 4979:"Drainback solar thermal systems: A review" 3441:Solar thermal heating in European Union (MW 2286:Initial and/or recurring government subsidy 1848:One way to power an active system is via a 1822:Evacuated tube solar water heater on a roof 8019:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 7517: 7503: 6603: 6589: 6538:Trends and Market Statistics, ESTIF 6/2011 6505: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6308:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6003:"SRP EarthWise Solar Energy for your home" 5995: 5912:. Aer.gov.au. 4 March 2008. Archived from 5309: 5307: 4833: 2569:Energy footprint and life cycle assessment 2214:– Insolation 6.5 kWh/m/day (tropical) 1316: 684: 670: 45: 7526:Renewable energy by country and territory 6273: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5276: 4636: 2759:CAN/CSA-F378 Series 11 (Solar collectors) 1933:The storage tank can be hidden from view. 1859:PV pumps offer the following advantages: 1285: 1028:Learn how and when to remove this message 5513:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 5389:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 5140:"DMOZ DIY Solar water heating collector" 4796: 2849: 2018: 1883: 1817: 1784: 1729:Solar Water Heating Basics—homepower.com 1289: 1189: 1144: 1100: 955: 903: 792:'s sunengine on the March 1916 cover of 784: 772: 18: 6490: 6423: 6421: 6354: 5597: 5313: 5304: 5094: 2780:Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 2563:Toronto Solar Neighbourhoods Initiative 1361: 8006: 7160:Financial incentives for photovoltaics 6395:"Renewables Global Status Report 2010" 6322:"Howarth methane Biogeo lecture 2019" 5786: 5224: 5052: 4930:Israel del Mundo and Ian Wills (2005) 4678:, John Perlin, California Solar Center 1095:temperature and pressure relief valves 1083: 977: 912:) solar water heaters on a rooftop in 179:List of low-energy building techniques 7498: 6584: 6478: 5871:. Enviro-friendly.com. Archived from 5823:, Florida Solar Energy Center (2007). 5536: 5534: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4458:* = estimation, = France as a whole 2681:System specification and installation 1645:Retrofit potential to existing store 1339:storage, possible thermostat failure. 7477: 6418: 5279:"Solar collectors: Behind the glass" 5058: 2813: 2014: 1694:Space saving: no extra storage tank 1125:delivers heat to the tank through a 1058: 1010:adding citations to reliable sources 981: 23:Solar water collectors installed in 6536:Solar thermal market in Europe 2010 6428:Solar thermal energy barometer 2010 5832:Milton S. & Kaufman S. (2005). 5760:Building Research & Information 5031: 4721: 2573: 1997:differential temperature controller 1961: 1793: 1727:Comparison of SWH systems. Source: 13: 5531: 4664: 4511:Renewable energy commercialization 1149:How a solar hot water system works 919:Israel, Cyprus and Greece are the 14: 8050: 7271:Building-integrated photovoltaics 6569: 6487:. EurObserv'ER n° 209 (May 2012). 5415:"Getting into Hot Water — Part 1" 5256:Handbook of heat transfer 3rd Ed. 5034:"Heating water with a wood stove" 4647:"Renewables Global Status Report" 3435: 2283:Amount of water heating fuel used 2183:– Insolation 3.2 kWh/m/day ( 1976: 1943: 1872:Can operate during a power outage 1813: 7987: 7978: 7977: 7542:Democratic Republic of the Congo 7476: 7465: 7464: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6610: 6471:Werner Weiss and Franz Mauthner 5660:. Rredc.nrel.gov. Archived from 4728:John Christopher Bacher (2000). 4485: 4471: 4398: 4364: 4330: 4296: 4262: 4228: 4194: 4160: 4126: 4092: 4058: 4024: 3990: 3956: 3922: 3888: 3854: 3820: 3786: 3752: 3718: 3684: 3650: 3616: 3582: 3548: 3514: 3480: 3343: 3300: 3257: 3214: 3171: 3128: 3085: 3042: 2999: 2955: 2911: 2818: 2809: 2742: 2513: 2477: 2441: 2405: 2369: 2333: 1707: 1697: 1682: 1672: 1662: 1652: 1633: 1617: 1607: 1592: 1582: 1570: 1560: 1550: 1535: 1525: 1515: 1505: 1486: 1476: 1466: 1456: 1437: 1427: 1417: 1407: 1180: 986: 885: 650: 637: 636: 114:Energy efficiency implementation 6576:Parts of a solar heating system 6553: 6541: 6529: 6465: 6433: 6387: 6375: 6328: 6316: 6262:Proceedings of the ICE - Energy 6253: 6165: 6125: 6116: 6094: 6073: 6052: 6038: 6017: 5973: 5957:. Vlaanderen.be. Archived from 5947: 5928: 5902: 5861: 5839: 5826: 5814: 5719: 5710: 5698: 5676: 5650: 5624: 5610: 5561: 5504: 5469: 5457: 5444: 5425: 5407: 5380: 5353: 5326: 5218: 5193: 5175: 5153: 5132: 5095:Wittrup, Sanne (14 June 2015). 5061:"Drake Landing Solar Community" 5025: 4970: 4961: 4937: 4924: 4898: 4876: 4808: 4781:. Neaman.org.il. Archived from 1956: 1089:storage tank from overheating. 997:needs additional citations for 733:and the market is dominated by 718:A Sun-facing collector heats a 370:Ocean thermal energy conversion 8014:Residential heating appliances 5897:Energy Efficient Homes Package 5798:C. Marken; J. Sanchez (2008). 5452:Autogeneous solar water heater 5160:Technical Information Online. 4948:China Himin Solar Energy Group 4770: 4748: 4627: 4603: 4578: 2693:SWH systems offer significant 1982:Floating pool covering systems 1879: 1072:) in the heat transfer fluid. 1055:system from becoming too hot. 1: 7276:Passive solar building design 6702:Passive solar building design 5944:vlaanderen.be, 30 April 2008. 5582:10.1016/S0960-1481(98)00248-1 5431:A van Houten (Sunnovations), 5374:10.1016/S0960-1481(98)00240-7 5068:Drake Landing Solar Community 5003:10.1016/j.solener.2015.10.050 4954:. Reuters article, posted on 4571: 2669:(qv) reported a production CO 1901: 1777:thermal gradients (the delta- 1736: 1604:Simple: no ancillary control 1369: 1246: 199:Passive solar building design 6247:10.1016/j.renene.2004.05.006 6217:10.1016/j.renene.2003.12.007 6027:. Energystar.gov. 2012-01-03 5555:10.1016/j.renene.2008.09.007 5498:10.1016/0038-092X(90)90033-9 5450:Wilfried C. Sorensen (1985) 5347:10.1016/j.renene.2006.03.016 5201:"Solar Water Heating Basics" 5059:Wong, Bill (June 28, 2011), 5040:. Wood Heat Organization Inc 4588:. 2013-01-28. Archived from 4546:Solar hot water in Australia 2774: 2718: 2597:Life cycle energy assessment 2553: 2277:Electricity used for pumping 2179:Energy production (kWh/day): 1939:Drainback tanks can be used. 1771:Second law of thermodynamics 1741: 1311:convection heat storage unit 1300:integrated collector storage 1131:copper heat exchanger tubing 7: 5981:"No aspx | Electrabel" 5705:SRCC Certification Programs 5686:. Nrel.gov. 6 February 2012 5258:. McGraw-Hill, Chicago, US. 4464: 2059:Daily energy production (kW 1869:Can dehumidify living space 1773:(the 'equilibrium effect'). 1227: 1163:concentrating solar thermal 1107:copper heat exchanger pipes 821:to adjacent cotton fields. 798:The Electrical Experimenter 657:Renewable energy portal 375:Renewable energy transition 10: 8055: 6779:Photovoltaic power station 6284:10.1680/ener.2008.161.2.73 6062:. Energysavingtrust.org.uk 5525:10.1016/j.rser.2004.11.001 5401:10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.016 4906:"Buildings – Think Change" 2324:Electricity savings/month 1905: 1843: 1745: 1498:Survives freezing weather 1251: 949: 889: 768: 7973: 7942: 7906: 7870: 7793: 7685: 7678: 7585: 7532: 7460: 7439: 7409: 7388: 7367: 7351: 7325: 7289: 7263: 7220: 7213: 7173: 7142: 7109: 7100: 7080: 6882: 6844:artificial photosynthesis 6825: 6792: 6735: 6692: 6683: 6660: 6641: 6618: 6157:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5935:WAT kost een zonneboiler? 5772:10.1080/09613210210160800 5740:10.1080/15453660709509122 4868:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4713:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4501:Concentrating solar power 4457: 2827:This section needs to be 2752: 2723: 2609:Financial costs and gains 1726: 1263: 1185: 219:Sustainable refurbishment 7380:Solar water disinfection 6874:Thermoelectric generator 5466:at bubbleactionpumps.com 4561:Solar water disinfection 2856:Kouga Local Municipality 2628:same comparative study. 2250: 2192:e.g. Zurich, Switzerland 1400:Low profile-unobtrusive 204:Sustainable architecture 159:Glass in green buildings 149:Environmental technology 79:Compact fluorescent lamp 7088:Solar Shade Control Act 6869:Space-based solar power 6400:. REN21. Archived from 6173:"Nominaties VSK Awards" 5464:Bubble pump description 5433:How a Geyser Pump works 5289:: 70–76. Archived from 4734:. Dundurn. p. 70. 4551:Solar thermal collector 4479:Renewable energy portal 1920: 1914:differential controller 1838: 1748:Solar thermal collector 1317:Active indirect systems 945: 777:An advertisement for a 713:solar thermal collector 525:Human-powered transport 229:Tropical green building 164:Green building and wood 7452:Solar power by country 7127:Thermal energy storage 6752:Nanocrystal solar cell 6707:Solar air conditioning 6512:"Solar Heat Worldwide" 6442:"Solar Heat Worldwide" 6179:(in Dutch). 2009-11-25 5225:Norton, Brian (2013). 5142:. Dmoz.org. 2010-05-03 4526:Solar air conditioning 2859: 2603:life cycle assessments 2028: 1894: 1823: 1790: 1449:Lightweight collector 1322:Pressurized antifreeze 1295: 1286:Passive direct systems 1215:Collectors accumulate 1195: 1150: 1115:hot water storage tank 961: 916: 801: 782: 621:Personal rapid transit 363:Tidal stream generator 224:Thermal energy storage 144:Environmental planning 27: 7333:Salt evaporation pond 7302:Hybrid solar lighting 7122:Phase-change material 5961:on September 27, 2011 5421:. September 12, 2012. 5228:Harnessing Solar Heat 5164:. Practicalaction.org 4611:"Solar Water Heating" 2853: 2321:Electricity cost/kWh 2022: 1892: 1821: 1788: 1324:systems use a mix of 1293: 1193: 1148: 1101:Structure and working 959: 907: 892:Solar power in Israel 788: 776: 465:Sustainable transport 410:Floating wind turbine 239:Zero heating building 154:Fossil fuel phase-out 22: 8034:Sustainable building 8024:Solar thermal energy 6859:Solar thermal rocket 5899:. environment.gov.au 5454:, US Patent 4607688. 5419:GreenBuildingAdvisor 5077:on 10 September 2016 4556:Solar thermal energy 2794:air source heat pump 2646:greenhouse emissions 1362:Do-it-yourself (DIY) 1142:freezing can occur. 1129:(commonly a coil of 1006:improve this article 952:Solar power in China 900:Solar power in Spain 896:Solar power in Italy 599:Personal transporter 494:Wind-powered vehicle 338:Marine current power 244:Zero-energy building 104:Efficient energy use 7427:Solar water heating 7201:Solar water heating 7117:Grid energy storage 6864:Solar updraft tower 6773:Photovoltaic module 6768:Photovoltaic effect 6722:Solar water heating 5875:on 17 February 2012 5664:on January 18, 2012 5490:1990SoEn...45...93S 5109:on 19 October 2015. 4995:2016SoEn..128...41B 4785:on February 9, 2012 3446: 2868: 2619:and other emissions 2302: 2098:Thermosiphon 2064: 1383:Thermosiphon 1123:corrosion inhibitor 1084:Overheat protection 978:Design requirements 697:Solar water heating 286:Carbon-neutral fuel 214:Sustainable habitat 69:Building insulation 57:Energy conservation 33:Part of a series on 8029:Sustainable energy 7255:Solar-powered pump 6849:Solar-pumped laser 6762:Photovoltaic array 6757:Organic solar cell 6740:and related topics 6454:on August 12, 2011 6407:on August 20, 2010 5940:2009-11-04 at the 5707:. solar-rating.org 5632:"interactive maps" 5438:2011-01-14 at the 5277:C. Marken (2009). 5122:Homepower Magazine 4566:Sustainable design 3440: 2862: 2860: 2612:Energy consumption 2327:Payback period(y) 2300: 2157:Maximum efficiency 2058: 2029: 1895: 1824: 1791: 1767:Thermal insulation 1296: 1196: 1167:solar combisystems 1151: 1133:within the tank). 962: 917: 802: 783: 779:Solar Water Heater 301:Geothermal heating 129:Energy saving lamp 39:Sustainable energy 28: 8001: 8000: 7866: 7865: 7492: 7491: 7435: 7434: 7417:Solar combisystem 7375:Soil solarization 7281:Urban heat island 7209: 7208: 7181:Electric aircraft 7096: 7095: 6812:Solar power tower 6112:on July 19, 2011. 5238:978-94-007-7275-5 4816:"Solar Hot Water" 4741:978-0-88866-956-8 4536:Solar combisystem 4531:Solar air heating 4462: 4461: 3433: 3432: 2848: 2847: 2547: 2546: 2274:Installation cost 2239: 2238: 2219:e.g. Phoenix, USA 2135:Absorber size (m) 2015:Energy production 1890: 1734: 1733: 1059:Freeze protection 1038: 1037: 1030: 815:parabolic troughs 694: 693: 291:Geothermal energy 8046: 8039:Renewable energy 7991: 7981: 7980: 7924:French Polynesia 7683: 7682: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7496: 7495: 7480: 7479: 7468: 7467: 7422:Solar controller 7218: 7217: 7107: 7106: 6807:Parabolic trough 6690: 6689: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6654:Solar irradiance 6605: 6598: 6591: 6582: 6581: 6563: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6516: 6507: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6453: 6447:. Archived from 6446: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6412: 6406: 6399: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6362:"RET Compliance" 6358: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6340:solar-rating.org 6332: 6326: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6303: 6295: 6277: 6268:(2): 5, Fig. 1. 6257: 6251: 6250: 6235:Renewable Energy 6230: 6221: 6220: 6205:Renewable Energy 6200: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6156: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6137:lainginc.itt.com 6133:"DC Solar Pumps" 6129: 6123: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6108:. Archived from 6098: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6032: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6010: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5951: 5945: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5916:on March 3, 2012 5906: 5900: 5894: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5843: 5837: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5795: 5784: 5783: 5755: 5744: 5743: 5723: 5717: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5595: 5586: 5585: 5576:(1–4): 665–668. 5570:Renewable Energy 5565: 5559: 5558: 5543:Renewable Energy 5538: 5529: 5528: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5448: 5442: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5368:(1–4): 632–634. 5362:Renewable Energy 5357: 5351: 5350: 5335:Renewable Energy 5330: 5324: 5323: 5311: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5274: 5259: 5252: 5243: 5242: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5185:. Archived from 5179: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5147: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5105:. Archived from 5092: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5076: 5065: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5029: 5023: 5022: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4959: 4941: 4935: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4867: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4840: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4827: 4820:Project Drawdown 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4790: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4712: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4694: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4643: 4634: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4621: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4582: 4495: 4490: 4489: 4481: 4476: 4475: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4370: 4368: 4367: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4234: 4232: 4231: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4132: 4130: 4129: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4064: 4062: 4061: 4030: 4028: 4027: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3962: 3960: 3959: 3928: 3926: 3925: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3860: 3858: 3857: 3826: 3824: 3823: 3792: 3790: 3789: 3758: 3756: 3755: 3724: 3722: 3721: 3690: 3688: 3687: 3656: 3654: 3653: 3622: 3620: 3619: 3588: 3586: 3585: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3520: 3518: 3517: 3486: 3484: 3483: 3447: 3439: 3349: 3347: 3346: 3306: 3304: 3303: 3263: 3261: 3260: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3091: 3089: 3088: 3048: 3046: 3045: 3005: 3003: 3002: 2961: 2959: 2958: 2917: 2915: 2914: 2869: 2861: 2843: 2840: 2834: 2822: 2821: 2814: 2588:centrifugal pump 2574:Energy footprint 2519: 2517: 2516: 2483: 2481: 2480: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2411: 2409: 2408: 2375: 2373: 2372: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2303: 2299: 2113:Overall size (m) 2104:Indirect active 2101:Indirect active 2065: 2057: 2023:A laundromat in 1908:Solar controller 1891: 1794:Flat plate solar 1714: 1711: 1710: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1547:Low maintenance 1542: 1539: 1538: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1392:Drainback 1389:Active indirect 1374: 1373: 1355:drainback system 1241:propylene glycol 1175:district heating 1111:parabolic mirror 1070:propylene glycol 1033: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1013: 990: 982: 794:Hugo Gernsback's 686: 679: 672: 659: 655: 654: 645: 640: 639: 477:Electric vehicle 326:Run-of-the-river 311:Hydroelectricity 296:Geothermal power 257:Renewable energy 209:Sustainable city 184:Low-energy house 124:Energy recycling 49: 30: 29: 8054: 8053: 8049: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8044: 8043: 8004: 8003: 8002: 7997: 7969: 7938: 7902: 7862: 7789: 7674: 7581: 7528: 7523: 7493: 7488: 7456: 7431: 7405: 7384: 7363: 7347: 7321: 7285: 7259: 7224: 7205: 7169: 7138: 7102: 7092: 7076: 6878: 6827: 6821: 6788: 6739: 6731: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6658: 6637: 6614: 6609: 6572: 6567: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6546: 6542: 6534: 6530: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6508: 6491: 6483: 6479: 6470: 6466: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6444: 6438: 6434: 6426: 6419: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6397: 6393: 6392: 6388: 6380: 6376: 6367: 6365: 6360: 6359: 6355: 6345: 6343: 6334: 6333: 6329: 6321: 6317: 6297: 6296: 6275:10.1.1.669.9412 6258: 6254: 6231: 6224: 6201: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6171: 6170: 6166: 6150: 6149: 6142: 6140: 6131: 6130: 6126: 6121: 6117: 6102:"Breaking News" 6100: 6099: 6095: 6086: 6084: 6083:. Ukpower.co.uk 6079: 6078: 6074: 6065: 6063: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6030: 6028: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6008: 6006: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5986: 5984: 5983:. Electrabel.be 5979: 5978: 5974: 5964: 5962: 5953: 5952: 5948: 5942:Wayback Machine 5933: 5929: 5919: 5917: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5895: 5888: 5878: 5876: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5852: 5850: 5845: 5844: 5840: 5831: 5827: 5819: 5815: 5796: 5787: 5756: 5747: 5724: 5720: 5715: 5711: 5703: 5699: 5689: 5687: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5667: 5665: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5641: 5639: 5638:on 19 July 2012 5630: 5629: 5625: 5616: 5615: 5611: 5596: 5589: 5566: 5562: 5539: 5532: 5509: 5505: 5474: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5449: 5445: 5440:Wayback Machine 5430: 5426: 5413: 5412: 5408: 5385: 5381: 5358: 5354: 5331: 5327: 5312: 5305: 5296: 5294: 5275: 5262: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5223: 5219: 5209: 5207: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5167: 5165: 5158: 5154: 5145: 5143: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5118: 5114: 5093: 5089: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5063: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5032:Gulland, John. 5030: 5026: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4942: 4938: 4929: 4925: 4915: 4913: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4861: 4860: 4853: 4851: 4842: 4841: 4834: 4825: 4823: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4788: 4786: 4775: 4771: 4761: 4759: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4726: 4722: 4706: 4705: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4665: 4655: 4653: 4645: 4644: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4619: 4617: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4595: 4593: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4467: 4434: 4399: 4397: 4365: 4363: 4331: 4329: 4297: 4295: 4263: 4261: 4229: 4227: 4195: 4193: 4161: 4159: 4127: 4125: 4093: 4091: 4059: 4057: 4025: 4023: 3991: 3989: 3957: 3955: 3923: 3921: 3889: 3887: 3855: 3853: 3821: 3819: 3787: 3785: 3753: 3751: 3719: 3717: 3685: 3683: 3651: 3649: 3617: 3615: 3583: 3581: 3549: 3547: 3515: 3513: 3481: 3479: 3444: 3438: 3388: 3344: 3342: 3301: 3299: 3258: 3256: 3215: 3213: 3172: 3170: 3129: 3127: 3086: 3084: 3043: 3041: 3000: 2998: 2956: 2954: 2912: 2910: 2866: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2823: 2819: 2812: 2777: 2755: 2745: 2726: 2721: 2695:scale economies 2683: 2672: 2658: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2618: 2599: 2576: 2571: 2556: 2514: 2512: 2478: 2476: 2442: 2440: 2406: 2404: 2370: 2368: 2334: 2332: 2318:Effective cost 2309:Currency 2253: 2216: 2189: 2181: 2062: 2017: 1979: 1964: 1959: 1946: 1923: 1910: 1904: 1884: 1882: 1846: 1841: 1816: 1796: 1750: 1744: 1739: 1712: 1708: 1702: 1698: 1687: 1683: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1663: 1657: 1653: 1638: 1634: 1622: 1618: 1612: 1608: 1597: 1593: 1587: 1583: 1575: 1571: 1565: 1561: 1555: 1551: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1526: 1520: 1516: 1510: 1506: 1491: 1487: 1481: 1477: 1471: 1467: 1461: 1457: 1442: 1438: 1432: 1428: 1422: 1418: 1412: 1408: 1377:Characteristic 1372: 1364: 1319: 1288: 1266: 1254: 1249: 1230: 1188: 1183: 1159:central heating 1103: 1086: 1061: 1034: 1023: 1017: 1014: 1003: 991: 980: 954: 948: 902: 888: 826:1973 oil crisis 771: 690: 649: 648: 635: 628: 627: 467: 457: 456: 259: 249: 248: 234:Waste-to-energy 189:Microgeneration 119:Energy recovery 59: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8052: 8042: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7995: 7985: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7946: 7944: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7910: 7908: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7874: 7872: 7868: 7867: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7860: 7859: 7858: 7851:United Kingdom 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7700:Czech Republic 7697: 7691: 7689: 7687:European Union 7680: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7591: 7589: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7538: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7522: 7521: 7514: 7507: 7499: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7474: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7454: 7449: 7443: 7441: 7437: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7413: 7411: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7403: 7398: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7377: 7371: 7369: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7361: 7355: 7353: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7329: 7327: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7293: 7291: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7267: 7265: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7231: 7229: 7215: 7211: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7177: 7175: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7155:Feed-in tariff 7152: 7150:Cost by source 7146: 7144: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7124: 7119: 7113: 7111: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7090: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7062:United Kingdom 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6932:Czech Republic 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6888: 6886: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6840:Solar chemical 6837: 6831: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6798: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6770: 6765: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6747:Floating solar 6743: 6741: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6698: 6696: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6608: 6607: 6600: 6593: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6571: 6570:External links 6568: 6565: 6564: 6552: 6540: 6528: 6489: 6477: 6475:. iea-shc.org 6464: 6432: 6417: 6386: 6374: 6353: 6327: 6315: 6252: 6222: 6190: 6164: 6124: 6115: 6093: 6072: 6051: 6037: 6016: 5994: 5972: 5946: 5927: 5901: 5886: 5860: 5838: 5825: 5813: 5785: 5745: 5718: 5709: 5697: 5675: 5649: 5623: 5609: 5587: 5560: 5530: 5503: 5468: 5456: 5443: 5424: 5406: 5379: 5352: 5325: 5303: 5260: 5244: 5237: 5217: 5192: 5189:on 2011-02-07. 5174: 5152: 5131: 5112: 5087: 5051: 5024: 4969: 4960: 4936: 4923: 4912:on May 7, 2010 4897: 4875: 4832: 4807: 4795: 4769: 4747: 4740: 4720: 4680: 4663: 4635: 4626: 4602: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4516:Renewable heat 4513: 4508: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4482: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4395: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4259: 4255: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4055: 4051: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4021: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3987: 3983: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3953: 3949: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3885: 3881: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3851: 3847: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3783: 3779: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3759:Czech Republic 3749: 3745: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3545: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3511: 3507: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3442: 3437: 3436:European Union 3434: 3431: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3297: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3211: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3125: 3121: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2908: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2864: 2858:, South Africa 2846: 2845: 2826: 2824: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2776: 2773: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2749: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2679: 2670: 2656: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2631:In terms of CO 2621: 2620: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2598: 2595: 2584:diaphragm pump 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2555: 2552: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2521:United Kingdom 2509: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2437: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2401: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2365: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2252: 2249: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2210: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2175: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2107:Direct active 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2095:Direct active 2093: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2060: 2016: 2013: 1978: 1977:Swimming pools 1975: 1963: 1962:Evacuated tube 1960: 1958: 1955: 1945: 1944:Insulated tank 1942: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1922: 1919: 1906:Main article: 1903: 1900: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1815: 1814:Evacuated tube 1812: 1804:tempered glass 1795: 1792: 1783: 1782: 1774: 1746:Main article: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1705: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1680: 1670: 1660: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1615: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1590: 1580: 1578: 1568: 1558: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1533: 1523: 1513: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1484: 1474: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1435: 1425: 1415: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1386:Active direct 1384: 1381: 1378: 1371: 1368: 1363: 1360: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1318: 1315: 1287: 1284: 1265: 1262: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1229: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1213: 1210: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1127:heat exchanger 1102: 1099: 1085: 1082: 1060: 1057: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1036: 1035: 994: 992: 985: 979: 976: 947: 944: 887: 884: 876:United Kingdom 781:dating to 1902 770: 767: 692: 691: 689: 688: 681: 674: 666: 663: 662: 661: 660: 646: 630: 629: 626: 625: 624: 623: 613: 612: 611: 604:Rail transport 601: 596: 595: 594: 589: 584: 579: 577:Roller skating 574: 573: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 550:Cycle rickshaw 547: 537: 532: 522: 521: 520: 515: 514: 513: 506:Human-electric 501:Hybrid vehicle 498: 497: 496: 491: 486: 485: 484: 468: 463: 462: 459: 458: 455: 454: 453: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 392: 387: 382: 380:Renewable heat 377: 372: 367: 366: 365: 360: 355: 345: 340: 335: 334: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 272: 271: 260: 255: 254: 251: 250: 247: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 169:Green building 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 139:Energy storage 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 60: 55: 54: 51: 50: 42: 41: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8051: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8009: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7984: 7976: 7975: 7972: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7943:South America 7941: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7905: 7899: 7898:United States 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7871:North America 7869: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7584: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7520: 7515: 7513: 7508: 7506: 7501: 7500: 7497: 7485: 7484: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7463: 7462: 7459: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7447:Photovoltaics 7445: 7444: 7442: 7438: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7410:Water heating 7408: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7387: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7350: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7338:Solar furnace 7336: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7324: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7288: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7262: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7212: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7196:Solar vehicle 7194: 7192: 7191:Solar balloon 7189: 7187: 7186:Electric boat 7184: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7172: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7141: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7105: 7099: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7067:United States 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6835:Magnetic sail 6833: 6832: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6817:Solar tracker 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6791: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775:(solar panel) 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764:(and systems) 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6737:Photovoltaics 6734: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6712:Solar chimney 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6606: 6601: 6599: 6594: 6592: 6587: 6586: 6583: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6561: 6556: 6549: 6544: 6537: 6532: 6513: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6486: 6481: 6474: 6468: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6424: 6422: 6403: 6396: 6390: 6383: 6378: 6363: 6357: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6256: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6229: 6227: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6178: 6177:bouwwereld.nl 6174: 6168: 6160: 6154: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6097: 6082: 6076: 6061: 6055: 6047: 6041: 6026: 6020: 6004: 5998: 5982: 5976: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5931: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5898: 5893: 5891: 5874: 5870: 5864: 5848: 5842: 5835: 5829: 5822: 5817: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5722: 5713: 5706: 5701: 5685: 5679: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5619: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5592: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5564: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5535: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5507: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5460: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5428: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5402: 5398: 5395:: 1038–1054. 5394: 5390: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5321: 5317: 5310: 5308: 5293:on 2013-01-28 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5257: 5251: 5249: 5240: 5234: 5230: 5229: 5221: 5206: 5205:homepower.com 5202: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5163: 5156: 5141: 5135: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5098: 5091: 5073: 5069: 5062: 5055: 5039: 5035: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4964: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4933: 4927: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4886:. Docstoc.com 4885: 4879: 4871: 4865: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4837: 4821: 4817: 4811: 4804: 4799: 4784: 4780: 4773: 4758:. Climate.org 4757: 4751: 4743: 4737: 4733: 4732: 4724: 4716: 4710: 4691: 4684: 4677: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4640: 4630: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4592:on 2013-01-28 4591: 4587: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4506:Passive solar 4504: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4493:Energy portal 4488: 4483: 4480: 4474: 4469: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3546: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3006:United States 2997: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2857: 2852: 2842: 2830: 2825: 2816: 2815: 2810:Worldwide use 2807: 2801: 2798: 2796:Water Heaters 2795: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2747: 2746: 2743:United States 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2678: 2676: 2668: 2663: 2660: 2653: 2647: 2629: 2625: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2566: 2564: 2559: 2551: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2485:United States 2475: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2298: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2248: 2245: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2091:Configuration 2089: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2045: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2021: 2012: 2010: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1954: 1950: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1918: 1915: 1909: 1899: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1836: 1834: 1828: 1820: 1811: 1807: 1805: 1800: 1787: 1780: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1730: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1706: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1681: 1671: 1661: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1616: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1591: 1581: 1579: 1569: 1559: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1534: 1524: 1514: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1485: 1475: 1465: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1436: 1426: 1416: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1367: 1359: 1356: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1314: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1292: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1261: 1258: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1225: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1192: 1181:Heat transfer 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1098: 1096: 1090: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1056: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1032: 1029: 1021: 1011: 1007: 1001: 1000: 995:This section 993: 989: 984: 983: 975: 973: 968: 965: 958: 953: 943: 941: 936: 934: 929: 924: 922: 915: 911: 906: 901: 897: 893: 886:Mediterranean 883: 881: 880:United States 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 834:is in use in 833: 829: 827: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 800: 799: 795: 791: 787: 780: 775: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 739:United States 736: 732: 727: 725: 721: 720:working fluid 716: 714: 710: 706: 705:heating water 702: 698: 687: 682: 680: 675: 673: 668: 667: 665: 664: 658: 653: 647: 644: 634: 633: 632: 631: 622: 619: 618: 617: 616:Rapid transit 614: 610: 607: 606: 605: 602: 600: 597: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 582:Skateboarding 580: 578: 575: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 542: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 527: 526: 523: 519: 516: 512: 509: 508: 507: 504: 503: 502: 499: 495: 492: 490: 489:Solar vehicle 487: 483: 480: 479: 478: 475: 474: 473: 472:Green vehicle 470: 469: 466: 461: 460: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 397: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 353:Tidal barrage 351: 350: 349: 346: 344: 343:Marine energy 341: 339: 336: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 308: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 270: 267: 266: 265: 262: 261: 258: 253: 252: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 194:Passive house 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 65: 62: 61: 58: 53: 52: 48: 44: 43: 40: 37: 36: 32: 31: 26: 21: 7919:Cook Islands 7577:South Africa 7481: 7469: 7426: 7396:Desalination 7389:Desalination 7368:Disinfection 7359:Solar cooker 7326:Process heat 7227:horticulture 7214:Applications 7200: 7174:Applications 7165:Net metering 7101:Distribution 7037:South Africa 7027:Saudi Arabia 6828:and proposed 6826:Experimental 6794:Concentrated 6727:Thermal mass 6721: 6612:Solar energy 6562:ESTIF 5/2009 6555: 6543: 6531: 6519:. Retrieved 6480: 6467: 6456:. Retrieved 6449:the original 6435: 6409:. Retrieved 6402:the original 6389: 6377: 6366:. Retrieved 6356: 6344:. Retrieved 6339: 6330: 6318: 6300:cite journal 6265: 6261: 6255: 6238: 6234: 6208: 6204: 6181:. Retrieved 6176: 6167: 6141:. Retrieved 6136: 6127: 6118: 6110:the original 6105: 6096: 6085:. Retrieved 6075: 6064:. Retrieved 6054: 6040: 6029:. Retrieved 6019: 6007:. Retrieved 6005:. Srpnet.com 5997: 5985:. Retrieved 5975: 5963:. Retrieved 5959:the original 5949: 5930: 5918:. Retrieved 5914:the original 5904: 5877:. Retrieved 5873:the original 5863: 5851:. Retrieved 5841: 5828: 5816: 5807: 5803: 5763: 5759: 5734:(3): 35–49. 5731: 5727: 5721: 5712: 5700: 5688:. Retrieved 5678: 5666:. Retrieved 5662:the original 5652: 5640:. Retrieved 5636:the original 5626: 5612: 5603: 5599: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5546: 5542: 5516: 5512: 5506: 5481: 5478:Solar Energy 5477: 5471: 5459: 5446: 5427: 5418: 5409: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5319: 5315: 5295:. Retrieved 5291:the original 5286: 5282: 5255: 5231:. Springer. 5227: 5220: 5208:. Retrieved 5204: 5195: 5187:the original 5177: 5166:. Retrieved 5155: 5144:. Retrieved 5134: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5107:the original 5100: 5090: 5079:, retrieved 5072:the original 5067: 5054: 5042:. Retrieved 5038:woodheat.org 5037: 5027: 4986: 4983:Solar Energy 4982: 4972: 4963: 4939: 4926: 4914:. Retrieved 4910:the original 4900: 4888:. Retrieved 4878: 4852:. Retrieved 4847: 4824:. Retrieved 4822:. 2020-02-06 4819: 4810: 4798: 4787:. Retrieved 4783:the original 4772: 4760:. Retrieved 4750: 4731:Petrotyranny 4730: 4723: 4699:29 September 4697:. Retrieved 4683: 4654:. Retrieved 4629: 4618:. Retrieved 4615:www.nrel.gov 4614: 4605: 4594:. Retrieved 4590:the original 4580: 4541:Solar energy 4303:Luxembourg * 3791: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3384: 2953: 2836: 2828: 2805: 2677:(qv) study. 2674: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2654: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2600: 2592: 2581: 2577: 2560: 2557: 2548: 2377:South Africa 2312:System cost 2295: 2263: 2257: 2254: 2240: 2218: 2213: 2191: 2182: 2178: 2156: 2134: 2112: 2090: 2068: 2054: 2046: 2030: 2009:active solar 2006: 2002: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1957:Applications 1951: 1947: 1924: 1913: 1911: 1896: 1858: 1850:photovoltaic 1847: 1829: 1825: 1808: 1801: 1797: 1778: 1751: 1728: 1395:Bubble pump 1380:ICS (Batch) 1365: 1354: 1352: 1330: 1321: 1320: 1310: 1308: 1299: 1297: 1280: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1256: 1255: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1222: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1156: 1152: 1140: 1104: 1091: 1087: 1078: 1074: 1062: 1053: 1039: 1024: 1018:January 2016 1015: 1004:Please help 999:verification 996: 969: 966: 963: 940:photovoltaic 937: 932: 925: 920: 918: 910:thermosiphon 830: 823: 811:Maadi, Egypt 807:Frank Shuman 803: 796: 790:Frank Shuman 778: 728: 717: 700: 696: 695: 555:Kick scooter 540:Land vehicle 109:Energy audit 74:Cogeneration 7929:New Zealand 7836:Switzerland 7765:Netherlands 7655:Philippines 7595:Afghanistan 7401:Solar still 7297:Daylighting 7235:Agrivoltaic 7222:Agriculture 7007:New Zealand 7002:Netherlands 6685:Solar power 6211:(8): 1277. 6106:Toronto.com 6009:10 February 5987:10 February 5965:10 February 5920:10 February 5879:10 February 5853:10 February 5690:10 February 5668:10 February 5642:10 February 5549:(5): 1333. 4916:10 February 4890:10 February 4762:10 February 4431:EU27+Sw (GW 4405:Lithuania * 3827:Netherlands 3793:Switzerland 2315:Subsidy(%) 2079:Flat plate 2076:Flat plate 2073:Flat plate 2044:at a site. 1880:Bubble pump 1237:closed loop 1119:anti-freeze 928:Levi Yissar 832:Solar power 560:Quadracycle 415:Forecasting 348:Tidal power 331:Small hydro 316:Micro hydro 269:Sustainable 134:Energy Star 8008:Categories 7883:Costa Rica 7755:Luxembourg 7630:Kazakhstan 7600:Bangladesh 7572:Seychelles 7343:Solar pond 7317:Solar Tuki 7312:Solar lamp 7307:Light tube 7245:Polytunnel 7240:Greenhouse 6884:By country 6854:Solar sail 6784:Solar cell 6717:Solar pond 6550:ESTIF 2010 6458:2012-06-23 6411:2012-06-23 6368:2014-09-25 6241:(2): 109. 6183:5 November 6143:5 November 6087:2012-06-23 6066:2012-06-23 6031:2012-06-23 5519:(6): 503. 5341:(5): 772. 5297:2013-04-22 5168:2012-06-23 5146:2012-06-23 5102:Ingeniøren 4956:Planet Ark 4946:discusses 4826:2020-12-05 4789:2012-06-23 4620:2023-10-05 4596:2022-08-04 4572:References 4201:Bulgaria * 2690:variation. 2644:, the net 2271:Efficiency 2069:Technology 2042:insolation 2033:insolation 2025:California 1902:Controller 1762:convection 1758:conduction 1737:Components 1370:Comparison 1326:antifreeze 1247:Propulsion 1066:antifreeze 950:See also: 933:per capita 921:per capita 890:See also: 819:Nile River 724:convection 711:, using a 592:Watercraft 570:Velomobile 530:Helicopter 358:Tidal farm 321:Pico hydro 306:Hydropower 89:Eco-cities 7950:Argentina 7914:Australia 7750:Lithuania 7650:Palestine 7625:Indonesia 7250:Row cover 6982:Lithuania 6902:Australia 6802:Heliostat 6292:110151825 6270:CiteSeerX 5804:HomePower 5780:111202685 5766:: 34–47. 5600:HomePower 5484:(2): 93. 5316:HomePower 5283:HomePower 5210:August 1, 5183:"archive" 5011:0038-092X 4989:: 41–60. 4848:ren21.net 4269:Finland * 4167:Romania * 3385:World (GW 3135:Australia 2775:Australia 2719:Standards 2554:Subsidies 2413:Australia 2244:temperate 2185:temperate 2050:temperate 2037:temperate 1742:Collector 1203:open loop 914:Jerusalem 908:Passive ( 836:Australia 535:Hydrofoil 400:Community 174:Heat pump 84:Eco hotel 7983:Category 7965:Colombia 7888:Honduras 7856:Scotland 7775:Portugal 7665:Thailand 7645:Pakistan 7635:Malaysia 7552:Ethiopia 7471:Category 7440:See also 7290:Lighting 7264:Building 7143:Adoption 7132:seasonal 7103:and uses 7047:Thailand 7017:Portugal 7012:Pakistan 6642:Concepts 6633:Timeline 6346:June 23, 6153:cite web 5938:Archived 5810:: 40–45. 5606:: 60–67. 5436:Archived 5322:: 70–77. 5128:: 62–70. 5081:21 April 5044:29 March 5019:55264769 4864:cite web 4709:cite web 4465:See also 4371:Latvia * 4337:Estonia* 4133:Slovakia 4065:Slovenia 3725:Portugal 3453:Country 2875:Country 2839:May 2019 2306:Country 2297:States. 1781:effect). 1233:Indirect 1228:Indirect 878:and the 864:Portugal 813:, using 747:Barbados 709:sunlight 643:Category 565:Tricycle 450:Windpump 445:Windbelt 420:Industry 99:Ecolabel 94:Ecohouse 64:Arcology 7907:Oceania 7846:Ukraine 7816:Iceland 7811:Belarus 7806:Armenia 7801:Albania 7740:Ireland 7735:Hungary 7725:Germany 7715:Finland 7710:Denmark 7695:Austria 7670:Vietnam 7567:Nigeria 7562:Morocco 7483:Commons 7352:Cooking 7110:Storage 7057:Ukraine 7032:Somalia 7022:Romania 6997:Myanmar 6992:Morocco 6947:Germany 6942:Georgia 6937:Denmark 6912:Belgium 6907:Austria 6897:Armenia 6892:Albania 6694:Thermal 6649:The Sun 6628:Outline 6521:6 April 5849:. Eskom 5847:"Eskom" 5486:Bibcode 4991:Bibcode 4099:Hungary 4031:Ireland 3963:Belgium 3861:Denmark 3521:Austria 3505:12,055 3487:Germany 3264:Austria 3049:Germany 2829:updated 2714:summer. 2707:effect. 2449:Belgium 2258:initial 1844:PV pump 1257:Passive 1252:Passive 1171:storage 1068:(e.g., 868:Romania 848:Germany 769:History 751:Austria 587:Walking 545:Bicycle 518:Plug-in 482:Bicycle 440:Turbine 430:Outline 281:Biomass 264:Biofuel 7993:Portal 7955:Brazil 7934:Tuvalu 7893:Mexico 7878:Canada 7841:Turkey 7831:Russia 7826:Norway 7821:Kosovo 7785:Sweden 7770:Poland 7730:Greece 7720:France 7705:Cyprus 7679:Europe 7660:Taiwan 7610:Brunei 7605:Bhutan 7534:Africa 7052:Turkey 6987:Mexico 6977:Kosovo 6962:Israel 6952:Greece 6922:Canada 6917:Brazil 6342:. 2016 6290: 6272: 5778: 5235: 5017: 5009: 4952:Dezhou 4854:20 May 4738: 4656:11 May 4453:31.39 4403: 4369: 4335: 4301: 4267: 4235:Malta* 4233: 4199: 4165: 4131: 4097: 4063: 4029: 3997:Sweden 3995: 3961: 3927: 3895:Cyprus 3893: 3859: 3825: 3757: 3723: 3709:1,040 3691:Poland 3689: 3675:1,802 3657:France 3655: 3641:2,238 3621: 3607:2,590 3587: 3573:2,915 3555:Greece 3553: 3539:3,538 3519: 3502:11,416 3499:10,496 3485: 3350:Israel 3348: 3307:Greece 3305: 3262: 3219: 3178:Brazil 3176: 3133: 3092:Turkey 3090: 3047: 3004: 2960: 2945:262.3 2916: 2753:Canada 2724:Europe 2675:et al. 2667:et al. 2518: 2501:0.1158 2482: 2446: 2410: 2374: 2341:Brazil 2338: 1269:Active 1264:Active 1199:Direct 1186:Direct 1121:and a 898:, and 874:, the 856:Israel 840:Canada 763:Greece 759:Israel 755:Cyprus 743:Turkey 737:, the 641: 435:Rights 276:Biogas 7960:Chile 7794:Other 7780:Spain 7760:Malta 7745:Italy 7640:Nepal 7620:India 7615:China 7557:Kenya 7547:Egypt 7081:Legal 7072:Yemen 7042:Spain 6972:Japan 6967:Italy 6957:India 6927:China 6623:Index 6515:(PDF) 6452:(PDF) 6445:(PDF) 6405:(PDF) 6398:(PDF) 6288:S2CID 5776:S2CID 5075:(PDF) 5064:(PDF) 5015:S2CID 4693:(PDF) 4651:REN21 4450:29.66 4447:25.55 4444:23.49 4441:21,60 4438:19,08 4428:Total 3672:1,691 3669:1,277 3666:1,470 3663:1,287 3660:1,137 3638:2,075 3635:1,659 3632:1,543 3629:1,306 3623:Spain 3604:2,380 3601:2,152 3598:1,753 3595:1,410 3592:1,124 3589:Italy 3570:2,885 3567:2,861 3564:2,855 3561:2,853 3558:2,708 3536:3,448 3533:2,792 3530:3,227 3527:3,031 3524:2,268 3496:9,831 3493:9,036 3490:7,766 3471:2013 3468:2012 3465:2011 3462:2010 3459:2009 3456:2008 3221:Japan 3119:11.0 3076:12.1 3033:16.8 2990:31.4 2936:117.6 2933:101.5 2930:105.0 2918:China 2902:2013 2899:2012 2896:2011 2893:2010 2890:2009 2887:2008 2884:2007 2881:2006 2878:2005 2543:18.2 2507:12.6 2504:23.16 2390:11900 2384:14000 2251:Costs 2223:11.2 2173:0.46 2170:0.57 2167:0.61 2164:0.74 2161:0.68 2151:2.96 2148:2.85 2145:1.72 2142:1.98 2139:2.21 2129:2.97 2126:2.85 2123:1.87 2120:1.98 2117:2.49 1854:panel 1852:(PV) 1349:loss. 1217:scale 872:Spain 860:Japan 852:India 844:China 735:China 703:) is 511:Twike 385:Solar 25:Spain 7587:Asia 7225:and 6842:and 6523:2017 6348:2016 6310:link 6306:link 6185:2010 6159:link 6145:2010 6011:2012 5989:2012 5967:2012 5922:2012 5881:2012 5855:2012 5692:2012 5670:2012 5644:2012 5233:ISBN 5212:2015 5083:2013 5046:2012 5007:ISSN 4958:site 4918:2012 4892:2012 4870:link 4856:2010 4764:2012 4736:ISBN 4715:link 4701:2007 4658:2019 4185:110 4151:113 4117:137 4083:148 4049:196 4015:342 3981:374 3947:475 3913:476 3879:550 3845:616 3777:681 3743:717 3377:2.9 3334:2.9 3291:3.5 3248:3.2 3205:6.7 3162:5.8 3073:11.4 3070:10.5 3024:15.3 3021:14.4 2987:29.7 2984:25.6 2981:23.5 2978:22.8 2975:20.0 2972:15.5 2969:13.5 2966:11.2 2927:84.0 2924:67.9 2921:55.5 2561:The 2537:0.11 2534:4800 2528:4800 2498:3500 2492:5000 2471:8.3 2462:2000 2456:4000 2435:6.9 2429:0.18 2426:3000 2420:5000 2399:5.5 2363:4.2 2357:0.25 2354:2500 2348:2500 2235:8.4 2232:9.9 2229:7.1 2226:8.8 2208:4.0 2205:4.8 2202:3.3 2199:3.9 2196:5.3 2085:ETC 2082:ETC 1992:Pool 1921:Tank 1839:Pump 1833:hail 1304:noon 972:yuan 946:Asia 761:and 741:and 609:Tram 425:Lens 405:Farm 395:Wind 390:Wave 6280:doi 6266:161 6243:doi 6213:doi 5808:127 5768:doi 5736:doi 5578:doi 5551:doi 5521:doi 5494:doi 5397:doi 5370:doi 5343:doi 5287:133 4999:doi 4987:128 4950:in 4389:12 4355:12 4321:27 4287:33 4253:35 4219:59 4148:108 4145:100 4114:125 4111:120 4108:105 4080:142 4077:123 4074:116 4071:111 4046:177 4043:111 4040:106 4012:337 4009:236 4006:227 4003:217 4000:202 3978:334 3975:226 3972:230 3969:204 3966:188 3944:455 3941:460 3938:374 3935:333 3932:270 3910:486 3907:499 3904:491 3901:490 3898:485 3876:499 3873:409 3870:379 3867:339 3864:293 3842:605 3839:332 3836:313 3833:285 3830:254 3802:627 3799:538 3796:416 3774:625 3771:265 3768:216 3765:148 3762:116 3740:677 3737:547 3734:526 3731:395 3728:223 3706:848 3703:637 3700:459 3697:357 3694:254 3626:988 3419:196 3414:172 3409:149 3404:126 3399:105 3368:2.9 3365:2.8 3362:2.6 3359:3.5 3356:3.8 3353:3.3 3331:2.9 3328:2.9 3325:2.9 3322:2.9 3319:2.7 3288:3.4 3285:2.8 3282:3.2 3279:3.0 3276:2.5 3239:4.0 3236:4.3 3233:4.1 3230:4.9 3227:4.7 3224:5.0 3196:4.3 3193:3.7 3190:2.4 3187:2.5 3184:2.2 3181:1.6 3153:5.8 3150:5.0 3147:1.3 3144:1.2 3141:1.3 3138:1.2 3110:9.3 3107:8.4 3104:7.5 3101:7.1 3098:6.6 3095:5.7 3067:9.8 3064:8.9 3061:7.8 3018:2.0 3015:1.7 3012:1.8 3009:1.6 2648:(CO 2586:or 2525:GBP 2489:USD 2465:0.1 2453:EUR 2417:AUD 2396:180 2393:0.9 2381:ZAR 2345:BRL 2007:An 1298:An 1235:or 1201:or 1008:by 707:by 701:SWH 8010:: 6492:^ 6420:^ 6338:. 6302:}} 6298:{{ 6286:. 6278:. 6264:. 6239:30 6237:. 6225:^ 6209:29 6207:. 6193:^ 6155:}} 6151:{{ 6135:. 6104:. 5889:^ 5806:. 5802:. 5788:^ 5774:. 5764:31 5762:. 5748:^ 5732:22 5730:. 5604:95 5602:. 5590:^ 5574:16 5572:. 5547:34 5545:. 5533:^ 5517:10 5515:. 5492:. 5482:45 5480:. 5417:. 5393:51 5391:. 5366:16 5364:. 5339:32 5337:. 5320:94 5318:. 5306:^ 5285:. 5281:. 5263:^ 5247:^ 5203:. 5126:86 5124:. 5099:. 5066:, 5036:. 5013:. 5005:. 4997:. 4981:. 4866:}} 4862:{{ 4846:. 4835:^ 4818:. 4711:}} 4707:{{ 4666:^ 4649:. 4638:^ 4613:. 4433:th 4423:8 4394:28 4386:10 4360:27 4352:10 4326:26 4318:23 4315:25 4312:22 4309:19 4306:16 4292:25 4284:30 4281:23 4278:23 4275:20 4272:18 4258:24 4250:34 4247:36 4244:32 4241:29 4238:25 4224:23 4216:58 4213:81 4210:74 4207:56 4204:22 4190:22 4182:93 4179:74 4176:73 4173:80 4170:66 4156:21 4142:84 4139:73 4136:67 4122:20 4105:59 4102:18 4088:19 4068:96 4054:18 4037:85 4034:52 4020:17 3986:16 3952:15 3929:UK 3918:14 3884:13 3850:12 3816:11 3811:- 3782:10 3450:# 3445:) 3443:th 3429:- 3394:88 3387:th 3339:10 2962:EU 2872:# 2867:) 2865:th 2615:CO 2540:22 2495:30 2468:20 2459:50 2432:36 2423:40 2387:15 2360:50 2217:– 2190:– 2061:th 1912:A 1760:, 1353:A 1309:A 1177:. 894:, 882:. 870:, 866:, 862:, 858:, 854:, 850:, 846:, 842:, 838:, 828:. 757:, 753:, 749:, 745:. 731:GW 7518:e 7511:t 7504:v 6604:e 6597:t 6590:v 6525:. 6461:. 6414:. 6371:. 6350:. 6312:) 6294:. 6282:: 6249:. 6245:: 6219:. 6215:: 6187:. 6161:) 6147:. 6090:. 6069:. 6048:. 6034:. 6013:. 5991:. 5969:. 5924:. 5883:. 5857:. 5782:. 5770:: 5742:. 5738:: 5694:. 5672:. 5646:. 5620:. 5584:. 5580:: 5557:. 5553:: 5527:. 5523:: 5500:. 5496:: 5488:: 5403:. 5399:: 5376:. 5372:: 5349:. 5345:: 5300:. 5241:. 5214:. 5171:. 5149:. 5048:. 5021:. 5001:: 4993:: 4920:. 4894:. 4872:) 4858:. 4829:. 4792:. 4766:. 4744:. 4717:) 4703:. 4660:. 4623:. 4599:. 4435:) 4420:6 4417:3 4414:2 4411:2 4408:1 4383:3 4380:1 4377:1 4374:1 4349:3 4346:1 4343:1 4340:1 3808:- 3805:- 3748:9 3714:8 3680:7 3646:6 3612:5 3578:4 3544:3 3510:2 3476:1 3426:- 3423:- 3389:) 3374:- 3371:- 3316:– 3313:– 3310:– 3296:9 3273:– 3270:– 3267:– 3253:8 3245:- 3242:- 3210:7 3202:- 3199:- 3167:6 3159:- 3156:- 3124:5 3116:- 3113:- 3081:4 3058:– 3055:– 3052:– 3038:3 3030:- 3027:- 2995:2 2950:– 2942:- 2939:- 2907:1 2841:) 2837:( 2831:. 2671:2 2657:2 2650:2 2642:2 2638:4 2633:2 2617:2 2531:0 2351:0 2187:) 1779:t 1713:Y 1703:Y 1688:Y 1678:Y 1668:Y 1658:Y 1639:Y 1623:Y 1613:Y 1598:Y 1588:Y 1576:Y 1566:Y 1556:Y 1541:Y 1531:Y 1521:Y 1511:Y 1492:Y 1482:Y 1472:Y 1462:Y 1443:Y 1433:Y 1423:Y 1413:Y 1273:. 1031:) 1025:( 1020:) 1016:( 1002:. 699:( 685:e 678:t 671:v

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.