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136:). Unlike the whole-house battery system, though, these batteries only run the air conditioner. The advantage of these systems is that, with enough solar and battery capacity, they can run at night or when it’s cloudy. Another mini split version allows the solar panels to be plugged directly to the outside part of the unit, uses a 310v DC power bus, and offers optional 120v plug-in backup grid power (
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quality could cause damage to the coils in the heat pump and shorten the life of the equipment. Another method is a closed loop system, in which a loop of tubing is run down a well or wells, or in trenches in the lawn, to cool an intermediate fluid. When wells are used, they are back-filled with bentonite grout or another grout material to ensure good thermal conductivity to the earth.
285:" (often using silica gel) to reduce the cost of heating ventilated air in the winter by transferring heat from the warm inside air being exhausted to the fresh (but cold) supply air. In the summer, the inside air cools the warmer incoming supply air to reduce ventilation cooling costs. This low-energy fan-and-motor ventilation system can be cost-effectively powered by
525:
chillers requiring high temperature heat input at the generator, in a range (120 ÷ 180 °C) which can only be satisfied by concentrating solar collectors. Moreover, several industrial applications require both cooling and steam for processes, and concentrating solar collectors can be very advantageous in the sense that their use is maximized
164:
Airport Las Vegas Nevada). In dry arid climates with relative humidity below 45% (about 40% of the continental U.S.) indirect evaporative coolers can achieve a SEER above 20, and up to SEER 40. A 29 kW (100,000 BTU/h) indirect evaporative cooler would only need enough photovoltaic power for the circulation fan (plus a water supply).
423:
Active solar cooling uses solar thermal collectors to provide solar energy to thermally driven chillers (usually adsorption or absorption chillers). Solar energy heats a fluid that provides heat to the generator of an absorption chiller and is recirculated back to the collectors. The heat provided to
311:
Active solar cooling wherein solar thermal collectors provide input energy for a desiccant cooling system. There are several commercially available systems that blow air through a desiccant impregnated medium for both the dehumidification and the regeneration cycle. The solar heat is one way that the
195:
has reduced heating-and-cooling load on 5.5 million low-income affordable homes an average of 31%. A hundred million
American buildings still need improved weatherization. Careless conventional construction practices are still producing inefficient new buildings that need weatherization when they are
234:
In the past the fluid of choice was a 50/50 mixture of propylene glycol because it is non-toxic unlike ethylene glycol (which is used in car radiators). Propylene glycol is viscous, and would eventually gum up some parts in the loop(s), so it has fallen out of favor. Today , the most common transfer
451:
These projects have shown that flat plate solar collectors specially developed for temperatures over 200 °F (93 °C) (featuring double glazing, increased backside insulation, etc.) can be effective and cost-efficient. Where water can be heated well above 190 °F (88 °C), it can be
438:
only produce about 160 °F (71 °C) water. High temperature flat plate, concentrating (CSP) or evacuated tube collectors are needed to produce the higher temperature transfer fluids required. In large scale installations there are several projects successful both technical and economical in
524:
Concerning industrial applications, several studies in the recent years highlighted that there is a high potential for refrigeration (temperatures below 0 °C) in different areas of the globe (e.g., the
Mediterranean, Central America). However, this can be achieved by ammonia/ water absorption
316:
of the air and the liquid desiccant but are not normally employed in commercially available machines. Preheating of the air is shown to greatly enhance desiccant regeneration. The packed column yields good results as a dehumidifier/regenerator, provided pressure drop can be reduced with the use of
238:
Ambient earth temperature is much lower than peak summer air temperature, and much higher than the lowest extreme winter air temperature. Water is 25 times more thermally conductive than air, so it is much more efficient than an outside air heat pump, (which becomes less effective when the outside
163:
There are also new non-compressor-based electrical air conditioning systems with a SEER above 20 coming on the market. New versions of phase-change indirect evaporative coolers use nothing but a fan and a supply of water to cool buildings without adding extra interior humidity (such as at McCarran
144:
technology, with high-efficiency variable-speed DC motors and compressors to require very little run power, and both also offer heat in addition to air conditioning. A third type of unit is available for larger, usually commercial, buildings and offers both grid and battery backup as well as
127:
Off-grid solar arrays instead use batteries to supply whole-house or whole-building solar. Such systems employ a voltage controller to manage battery charging, and then the battery power is inverted to provide alternating current for the home or building. Since they’re not grid tied or
123:
power into a dead grid when the grid’s down. And, now, air conditioners, like many home appliances (e.g., TVs, computers) are beginning to run on DC power. So, whole-building solar for such units needs to be inverted to alternating current, and then rectified back to direct current, further
107:(AC) to run the appliances in the house or building, including the air conditioner(s). The advantage of this is the air conditioners don’t need any special electronics to accommodate solar, so it’s a simple implementation. The disadvantage is that these air conditioners usually have a
102:
can provide either indirect solar air conditioning power or, now, directly power to air conditioners. Indirect photovoltaic power for air conditioners consists of whole-house or whole-building solar which, traditionally for most users, has also meant net metering to the grid. Solar in
171:
for air conditioning (and other uses). With
American state government subsidies of $ 2.50 to US$ 5.00 per photovoltaic watt, the amortized cost of PV-generated electricity can be below $ 0.15 per kWh. This is currently cost effective in some areas where power company electricity is now $ 0.15 or
131:
More recently, true solar-powered photovoltaic air conditioners heat pumps have been developed. Such units run using DC power, and, as such, they can and do make use of the inherent DC power generated by photovoltaic solar panels. One mini split version of this units employs a 48v DC
430:
can be used to efficiently cool in the summer, and also heat domestic hot water and buildings in the winter. Single, double or triple iterative absorption cooling cycles are used in different solar-thermal-cooling system designs. The more cycles, the more efficient they are. Absorption chillers
230:
uses ambient earth temperature to improve SEER for heat and cooling. A deep well recirculates water to extract ambient earth temperature, typically at 8 litres (2 US gal) of water per metric ton per minute. These "open loop" systems were the most common in early systems, however water
149:, but unlike them, there’s an option to run heating in one part of the building and air conditioning in another part, making use of one outside/condensing unit and multiple inside/evaporative units located in different areas of the building to condition that areas based on specific user needs.
80:
is used in recreational vehicle absorption chiller refrigerators. Hot water solar thermal energy collectors can also be used as the modern "free energy" heat source. A National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) sponsored report in 1976 surveyed solar energy system applications of air
242:
The same type of geothermal well can be used without a heat pump but with greatly diminished results. Ambient earth temperature water is pumped through a shrouded radiator (like an automobile radiator). Air is blown across the radiator, which cools without a compressor-based air conditioner.
211:
can take advantage of the ambient temperature of the earth to reduce or eliminate conventional air conditioning requirements. In many climates where the majority of humans live, they can greatly reduce the buildup of undesirable summer heat, and also help remove heat from the interior of the
243:
Photovoltaic solar electric panels produce electricity for the water pump and fan, eliminating conventional air-conditioning utility bills. This concept is cost-effective, as long as the location has ambient earth temperature below the human thermal comfort zone (not the tropics).
520:
The main reasons for employing concentrating collectors in solar cooling systems are: high efficient air-conditioning through coupling with double/triple effect chillers; and solar refrigeration serving industrial end-users, possibly in combination with process heat and steam.
698:
San, J. Y., Lavan, Z., Worek, W. M., Jean-Baptiste
Monnier, Franta, G. E., Haggard, K., Glenn, B. H., Kolar, W. A., Howell, J. R. (1982). "Exergy analysis of solar powered desiccant cooling system". Proc. of the American Section of the Intern. Solar Energy Society:
140:) to be leveraged to fill in any lack of solar power available. The advantage of these inverter DC air conditioners is the lower cost, while the disadvantage is that they have no way to run without solar unless they're plugged in. Both of these systems make use
128:
net metered, they can operate after a storm or other event brings down grid power. However, the power, once again, must be converted from DC from the solar panels and batteries to AC by inversion to run power remotely to the appliances.
75:
and water is also in common use. One end of the system of expansion/condensation pipes is heated, and the other end gets cold enough to make ice. Originally, natural gas was used as a heat source in the late 19th century. Today,
497:
For 150 years, absorption chillers have been used to make ice (before the electric light bulbs were invented). This ice can be stored and used as an "ice battery" for cooling when the sun is not shining, as it was in the 1995
443:
in Lisbon with 1,579 square metres (17,000 sq ft) solar collectors and 545 kW cooling power or on the
Olympic Sailing Village in Qingdao/China. In 2011 the most powerful plant at Singapore's new constructed
223:-powered fan can be used to exhaust undesired heat and draw in cooler, dehumidified air that has passed by ambient Earth temperature surfaces. Control of humidity and condensation are important design issues.
308:
can be mixed with water to create a recirculating waterfall that dehumidifies a room using solar thermal energy to regenerate the liquid, and a PV-powered low-rate water pump to circulate liquid.
152:
Photovoltaic can be combined with geothermal technology, too. An efficient geothermal air conditioning system would require a smaller, less-expensive photovoltaic system. A high-quality
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is much easier to achieve in new construction than by adapting existing buildings. There are many design specifics involved in passive solar cooling. It is a primary element of designing a
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49:
of 2007 created 2008 through 2012 funding for a new solar air conditioning research and development program, which should develop and demonstrate multiple new technology innovations and
362:
For example, a sign of poor thermal design is an attic that gets hotter in summer than the peak outside air temperature. This can be significantly reduced or eliminated with a
115:) solar to AC even before it reaches the air conditioners. Another disadvantage is that these air conditioners cannot run when the grid is down, since, in effect, the
841:
336:
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Earth cooling tubes are not cost effective in hot humid tropical environments where the ambient Earth temperature approaches human temperature comfort zone. A
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3507:
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in Los
Angeles has an example solar air conditioning installation, which failed fairly soon after commissioning and is no longer being maintained. The
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the generator drives a cooling cycle that produces chilled water. The chilled water produced is used for large commercial and industrial cooling.
755:
778:
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In this type of cooling solar thermal energy is not used directly to create a cold environment or drive any direct cooling processes. Instead,
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918:"HH General Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and Deputy Supreme Commander of UAE Armed Forces visit to Masdar"
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Otanicar, Todd; Taylor, Robert A.; Phelan, Patrick E. (2012). "Prospects for solar cooling – an economic and environmental assessment".
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A less-expensive partial-power photovoltaic system can reduce (but not eliminate) the monthly amount of electricity purchased from the
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Co. (The Gas
Company) is also testing the practicality of solar thermal cooling systems at their Energy Resource Center (ERC) in
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into a building in the summer, and improving the removal of unwanted heat. It involves a good understanding of the mechanisms of
899:
502:
in Japan. Mathematical models are available in the public domain for ice-based thermal energy storage performance calculations.
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in the range of 20 (±). A 29 kW (100,000 BTU/h) SEER 20 air conditioner would require less than 5 kW while operating.
708:
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788:
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and
Cogenra were installed on the rooftop at the ERC and are producing cooling for the building's air conditioning system.
434:
Efficient absorption chillers nominally require water of at least 190 °F (88 °C). Common, inexpensive flat-plate
46:
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technologies that can significantly reduce, or eliminate, net annual energy bills. The supreme achievement is the totally
1932:
1049:
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263:) or liquid desiccants (like lithium bromide/chloride) to draw moisture from the air to allow an efficient mechanical or
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building. They increase construction cost, but reduce or eliminate the cost of conventional air conditioning equipment.
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with a compact and efficient design to produce ice with no fuel or electric input, as well as with no moving parts.
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system can power a low-energy air circulation fan, and a motor to slowly rotate a large disk filled with desiccant.
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operate with less noise and vibration than compressor-based chillers, but their capital costs are relatively high.
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and an air gap below the roof will block about 97% of downward radiation from roof cladding heated by the sun.
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systems provide a controlled way of ventilating a home while minimizing energy loss. Air is passed through an "
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860:"10 Ton Solar Air Conditioning at the Debs Park Audubon Environmental Center in Los Angeles (6-minute video)"
590:
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uses a solar thermal air conditioning system to feed cool air into truck trailers parked at loading doors.
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conditioning. Techniques discussed included both solar powered (absorption cycle and heat engine /
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1981:
1963:
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The ISAAC Solar
Icemaker is an intermittent solar ammonia-water absorption cycle. The ISAAC uses a
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parabolic trough collectors, Mirroxx Fresnel array and TVP Solar high-vacuum solar thermal panels.
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in many locations, which can reduce or eliminate annual net electricity purchase requirement. (See
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Closed-loop air conditioning commonly uses the following materials for water-based absorption:
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of cooling requirement, leading-edge solar air conditioning will be an increasingly important
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1996:
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to dehumidify, in a cost-effective, low-energy-consumption, continuously repeating cycle. A
85:) and solar related (heat pump) along with an extensive bibliography of related literature.
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value of 14 or less, and the supplied solar has some loss from the power conversion of DC (
38:
940:"Masdar City Testing TVP Solar High-Vacuum Flat Solar Thermal Panels for Air Conditioning"
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that does not have to be connected to utility companies. In hot climates with significant
8:
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887:"Solar-Thermal HVAC Technology Debuts in Los Angeles at new Audubon Urban Nature Center "
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more. Excess PV power generated when air conditioning is not required can be sold to the
104:
64:
In the late 19th century, the most common fluid for absorption cooling was a solution of
917:
817:
624:
370:, which can reduce the roof surface temperature by 70 °F (40 °C) in summer. A
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can be designed into new construction (or retrofitted to existing buildings). Since the
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A packed bed dehumidifier/regenerator for solar air conditioning with liquid desiccants
674:"Improvement Of Thermal Conductivity Of Grout Mixture For Geothermal Heat Pump Systems"
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An alternative to water-based systems is to use methanol with activated carbon.
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1097:"Solar Cooling Systems Utilizing Concentrating Solar Collectors - An Overview"
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power bus and a 48v battery array, usually 4 x 12v batteries in series (e.g.,
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regeneration cycle is powered. In theory packed towers can be used to form a
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ed home or building is a node on the grid, and utilities need to prevent
27:
997:. U.S. DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). Archived from
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3280:
3211:
3180:
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3025:
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2905:
2875:
2860:
2835:
2740:
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1189:
Cooling with Solar Heat: Growing Interest in Solar Air Conditioning
720:
Liquid Desiccant Waterfall for attractive building dehumidification
439:
operation worldwide including, for example, at the headquarters of
145:
optional net metering. Like the two smaller units, these units are
2810:
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2176:
864:
402:
260:
77:
72:
69:
65:
1201:
648:"Application of Solar Energy to Air Conditioning Systems (1976)"
3487:
3239:
3045:
2795:
1095:
Ayadi, Osama; Aprile, Marcello; Motta, Mario (1 January 2012).
480:
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is also testing a double-effect absorption cooling plant using
468:
2263:
1050:"Development of a thermal energy storage model for EnergyPlus"
3502:
2935:
297:- the downward incoming air flow would be forced convection (
1156:"Solar cooling in the food industry in Mexico: A case study"
3010:
2930:
157:
709:
EERE Consumer's Guide: Energy Recovery Ventilation Systems
235:
agent is a mixture of water and ethyl alcohol (ethanol).
516:
Solar cooling systems utilizing concentrating collectors
137:
965:"Solar Thermal Tech Keeps Trucks and Team Members Cool"
387:
22:, or "solar-powered air conditioning", refers to any
1634:
803:
567:
621:"U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007"
267:cycle. The desiccant is then regenerated by using
88:
1153:
1024:"Ice-cooling System Reduces Environmental Burden"
990:Gearoid Foley; Robert DeVault; Richard Sweetser.
247:Solar open-loop air conditioning using desiccants
3630:
1094:
992:"The Future of Absorption Technology in America"
776:
1918:
45:conversion (sunlight to electricity). The U.S.
900:"SoCalGas Tests Unusual Solar Air Conditioner"
2249:
2111:List of countries by photovoltaics production
1788:Solar-Powered Aircraft Developments Solar One
1217:
452:stored and used when the sun is not shining.
1154:Pilatowsky, ISAAC; Scoccia, Rossano (2013).
1593:Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector
889:, EnergyPulse, 2.3.04, Accessed 2 July 2014
646:Nash, J.M.; Harstad, A.J. (November 1976).
645:
3644:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
3016:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
2265:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
2256:
2242:
1466:Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells
1224:
1210:
1112:
735:Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
3450:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
1928:Grid-connected photovoltaic power system
857:
528:
455:The Audubon Environmental Center at the
320:
1895:Victorian Model Solar Vehicle Challenge
1890:Hunt-Winston School Solar Car Challenge
3631:
613:
3323:Programmable communicating thermostat
2237:
1205:
848:www.solid.at. Accessed on 1 July 2008
448:will be commissioned (1500 kW).
359:, the latter primarily from the sun.
251:Air can be passed over common, solid
199:
68:and water. Today, the combination of
3445:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
2216:
1172:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.12.036
733:(by Factor, H. M. and Grossman, G.,
388:Solar closed-loop absorption cooling
47:Energy Independence and Security Act
16:Cooling system that uses solar power
1933:List of photovoltaic power stations
671:
13:
3306:Minimum efficiency reporting value
1949:Rooftop photovoltaic power station
1352:Polycrystalline silicon (multi-Si)
1301:Third-generation photovoltaic cell
1030:. New Otani Co., Ltd. 28 June 2000
14:
3670:
3348:Standard temperature and pressure
3061:Packaged terminal air conditioner
2597:Passive daytime radiative cooling
2326:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
1954:Building-integrated photovoltaics
1451:Carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics
1357:Monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si)
1231:
1182:
1135:
193:Weatherization Assistance Program
2417:Absorption-compression heat pump
2215:
2204:
2203:
1326:Polarizing organic photovoltaics
748:"Solar Powered Air Conditioning"
570:
3312:Normal temperature and pressure
2692:Vapor-compression refrigeration
1461:Cadmium telluride photovoltaics
1342:List of semiconductor materials
1147:
1129:
1088:
1074:
1042:
1016:
983:
957:
932:
910:
892:
879:
851:
832:
797:
89:Photovoltaic (PV) solar cooling
1573:Incremental conductance method
1367:Copper indium gallium selenide
1316:Thermodynamic efficiency limit
770:
740:
724:
713:
702:
692:
665:
639:
239:temperature drops in winter).
1:
3460:Testing, adjusting, balancing
3404:Building information modeling
3399:Building services engineering
2976:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
2504:Demand controlled ventilation
2452:Building insulation materials
1880:South African Solar Challenge
826:10.1016/j.solener.2012.01.020
652:NASA Technical Reports Server
606:
591:Passive solar building design
3021:High-pressure cut-off switch
2572:Ice storage air conditioning
2493:Dedicated outdoor air system
1527:Photovoltaic mounting system
1114:10.1016/j.egypro.2012.11.099
457:Ernest E. Debs Regional Park
339:aims at slowing the rate of
7:
3364:Thermostatic radiator valve
3166:Thermostatic radiator valve
2677:Underfloor air distribution
2612:Radiant heating and cooling
2530:Energy recovery ventilation
2442:Automobile air conditioning
2306:Domestic energy consumption
1532:Maximum power point tracker
1160:Applied Thermal Engineering
563:
279:Energy recovery ventilation
191:was created in 1977, their
124:increasing inefficiencies.
26:(cooling) system that uses
10:
3675:
3513:Institute of Refrigeration
3394:Architectural technologist
2866:Electrostatic precipitator
1783:Solar panels on spacecraft
1630:Solar-powered refrigerator
1588:Concentrated photovoltaics
1568:Perturb and observe method
1347:Crystalline silicon (c-Si)
945:. Masdar. 16 February 2012
783:. MIT Press. p. 682.
596:Solar powered refrigerator
391:
324:
92:
59:
3575:
3566:Volatile organic compound
3541:
3468:
3425:Environmental engineering
3389:Architectural engineering
3372:
3220:
3191:Ultra-low particulate air
2776:Automatic balancing valve
2723:
2704:Variable refrigerant flow
2556:Heat recovery ventilation
2499:Deep water source cooling
2409:
2271:
2199:
2119:
2103:
2094:
1972:
1941:
1907:
1827:
1811:
1765:
1724:
1622:
1615:
1560:
1489:
1481:Heterojunction solar cell
1456:Dye-sensitized solar cell
1416:
1405:
1380:
1334:
1296:Multi-junction solar cell
1286:Nominal power (Watt-peak)
1246:
1239:
1138:"Solar energy cools milk"
777:George O. G. Löf (1993).
189:U.S. Department of Energy
142:variable refrigerant flow
103:this case is inverted to
33:This can be done through
3613:Template:Home automation
3435:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
3131:Solar-assisted heat pump
2731:Air conditioner inverter
2510:Displacement ventilation
2401:Vapour pressure of water
2386:Thermal destratification
1964:Strasskirchen Solar Park
1855:American Solar Challenge
1701:Solar-powered flashlight
1688:Solar-powered calculator
1683:Solar cell phone charger
1372:Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
920:. Zawya. 20 October 2011
601:
467:. Solar Collectors from
441:Caixa Geral de Depósitos
436:solar thermal collectors
353:convective heat transfer
289:, with enhanced natural
156:installation can have a
95:Photovoltaic electricity
3608:World Refrigeration Day
3455:Refrigerant reclamation
3384:Architectural acoustics
3328:Programmable thermostat
3260:Clean air delivery rate
3156:Thermal expansion valve
3071:Pressurisation ductwork
2981:Ground source heat pump
2422:Absorption refrigerator
1870:Frisian Solar Challenge
1840:List of solar car teams
1598:Space-based solar power
1578:Constant voltage method
1507:Solar charge controller
1393:Timeline of solar cells
1388:Growth of photovoltaics
578:Renewable energy portal
558:critical success factor
461:Southern California Gas
3598:Glossary of HVAC terms
3560:Sick building syndrome
3440:Mechanical engineering
3151:Smoke exhaust ductwork
2582:Mixed-mode ventilation
1860:Formula Sun Grand Prix
1692:Solar-powered fountain
1635:Solar air conditioning
1436:Quantum dot solar cell
1426:Nanocrystal solar cell
1321:Sun-free photovoltaics
1082:"ISAAC Solar Icemaker"
1055:. 2004. Archived from
20:Solar air conditioning
3618:Template:Solar energy
3296:Intelligent buildings
3255:Carbon dioxide sensor
2642:Room air distribution
2462:Central solar heating
1850:World Solar Challenge
1673:Photovoltaic keyboard
1603:PV system performance
1476:Perovskite solar cell
1274:Solar cell efficiency
535:zero-energy buildings
529:Zero-energy buildings
500:Hotel New Otani Tokyo
378:Passive solar cooling
337:solar building design
321:Passive solar cooling
3654:Solar thermal energy
3420:Duct leakage testing
3410:Deep energy retrofit
3354:Thermographic camera
3291:Infrared thermometer
2766:Air source heat pump
2715:Water heat recycling
2281:Air changes per hour
2120:Individual producers
1828:Solar vehicle racing
1517:Solar micro-inverter
1446:Plasmonic solar cell
1291:Thin-film solar cell
1259:Photoelectric effect
1194:7 April 2010 at the
780:Active solar systems
490:sorting facility in
477:United Arab Emirates
446:United World College
428:Solar thermal energy
394:Absorption heat pump
382:zero energy building
314:counter-current flow
269:solar thermal energy
228:geothermal heat pump
178:Zero-energy building
154:geothermal heat pump
39:solar thermal energy
3286:HVAC control system
3276:Home energy monitor
3250:Building automation
3036:Inverter compressor
2698:Variable air volume
2607:Passive ventilation
2577:Kitchen ventilation
2477:Constant air volume
2447:Autonomous building
1716:Solar traffic light
1696:Solar-powered radio
1663:Solar-powered watch
1471:Printed solar panel
1306:Solar cell research
1062:on 11 February 2012
1004:on 28 November 2007
844:6 July 2011 at the
818:2012SoEn...86.1287O
752:machine-history.com
680:. Purdue University
550:autonomous building
265:evaporative cooling
209:earth cooling tubes
105:alternating current
3649:Solar architecture
3639:Chemical processes
3549:Indoor air quality
3493:ASTM International
3430:Hydronic balancing
3207:Wood-burning stove
3086:Radiator reflector
2871:Evaporative cooler
2682:Underfloor heating
2667:Thermal insulation
1752:The Quiet Achiever
1711:Solar street light
1658:Solar-powered pump
1431:Organic solar cell
1311:Thermophotovoltaic
1279:Quantum efficiency
1028:The New Otani News
758:on 14 October 2013
672:Maatouk, Chantal.
627:on 15 January 2016
492:Davenport, Florida
465:Downey, California
384:in a hot climate.
317:suitable packing.
200:Geothermal cooling
54:economies of scale
3626:
3625:
3542:Health and safety
3121:Scroll compressor
3076:Process duct work
2831:Convection heater
2826:Condensing boiler
2756:Air-mixing plenum
2652:Solar combisystem
2488:Cross ventilation
2291:Building envelope
2231:
2230:
2195:
2194:
2090:
2089:
1903:
1902:
1778:Mauro Solar Riser
1773:Electric aircraft
1706:Solar-powered fan
1611:
1610:
1502:Balance of system
1490:System components
1441:Hybrid solar cell
1401:
1400:
1362:Cadmium telluride
971:. 18 January 2021
904:Los Angeles Times
790:978-0-262-12167-5
357:thermal radiation
304:A desiccant like
185:energy efficiency
3666:
3659:Renewable energy
3588:Building science
3343:Smart thermostat
3338:Room temperature
2921:Fireplace insert
2627:Radon mitigation
2525:Electric heating
2520:District heating
2515:District cooling
2432:Air conditioning
2258:
2251:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2219:
2218:
2207:
2206:
2101:
2100:
1942:Building-mounted
1920:PV power station
1916:
1915:
1845:Solar challenges
1835:Solar car racing
1803:Solar Challenger
1793:Gossamer Penguin
1620:
1619:
1414:
1413:
1264:Solar irradiance
1244:
1243:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1176:
1175:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1061:
1054:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1003:
996:
987:
981:
980:
978:
976:
961:
955:
954:
952:
950:
944:
936:
930:
929:
927:
925:
914:
908:
907:
896:
890:
885:Gregory Wright,
883:
877:
876:
874:
872:
855:
849:
839:"Solar Cooling".
836:
830:
829:
812:(5): 1287–1299.
801:
795:
794:
774:
768:
767:
765:
763:
754:. Archived from
744:
738:
728:
722:
717:
711:
706:
700:
696:
690:
689:
687:
685:
669:
663:
662:
660:
658:
643:
637:
636:
634:
632:
623:. Archived from
617:
580:
575:
574:
507:parabolic trough
410:Lithium Chloride
306:calcium chloride
205:Earth sheltering
196:first occupied.
41:conversion, and
24:air conditioning
3674:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3583:ASHRAE Handbook
3571:
3555:Passive smoking
3537:
3470:
3464:
3376:
3374:
3368:
3222:
3216:
3197:Whole-house fan
3111:Run-around coil
3106:Reversing valve
3051:Mechanical room
3041:Kerosene heater
3031:Infrared heater
2961:Gasoline heater
2901:Fan filter unit
2816:Condensate pump
2801:Centrifugal fan
2719:
2622:Radiant heating
2617:Radiant cooling
2592:Passive cooling
2587:Microgeneration
2457:Central heating
2405:
2381:Thermal comfort
2273:
2267:
2262:
2232:
2227:
2191:
2115:
2086:
1968:
1937:
1910:
1899:
1823:
1812:Water transport
1807:
1761:
1747:Solar golf cart
1720:
1678:Solar road stud
1607:
1561:System concepts
1556:
1485:
1408:
1397:
1376:
1330:
1235:
1230:
1196:Wayback Machine
1185:
1180:
1179:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1101:Energy Procedia
1093:
1089:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1005:
1001:
994:
988:
984:
974:
972:
963:
962:
958:
948:
946:
942:
938:
937:
933:
923:
921:
916:
915:
911:
898:
897:
893:
884:
880:
870:
868:
856:
852:
846:Wayback Machine
837:
833:
802:
798:
791:
775:
771:
761:
759:
746:
745:
741:
729:
725:
718:
714:
707:
703:
697:
693:
683:
681:
670:
666:
656:
654:
644:
640:
630:
628:
619:
618:
614:
609:
604:
576:
569:
566:
531:
518:
510:solar collector
407:Lithium Bromide
396:
390:
372:radiant barrier
349:heat conduction
333:
327:Passive cooling
325:Main articles:
323:
249:
202:
97:
91:
62:
51:mass production
17:
12:
11:
5:
3672:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3552:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3333:Psychrometrics
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:Air flow meter
3226:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3006:Heating system
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2986:Heat exchanger
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2951:Gas compressor
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2886:Expansion tank
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2806:Ceramic heater
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2647:Solar air heat
2644:
2639:
2637:Renewable heat
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2548:
2546:Forced-air gas
2543:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2396:Thermodynamics
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2366:Psychrometrics
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2321:Gas compressor
2318:
2316:Fluid dynamics
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2213:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2157:Solar Frontier
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2132:Hanwha Q CELLS
2129:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2077:United Kingdom
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2012:Czech Republic
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
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1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1798:Qinetiq Zephyr
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
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1728:
1726:
1725:Land transport
1722:
1721:
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1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
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1665:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1650:Solar backpack
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1552:Synchronverter
1549:
1544:
1542:Solar shingles
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1512:Solar inverter
1509:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
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1433:
1428:
1422:
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1411:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1378:
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1374:
1369:
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1338:
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1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1271:
1269:Solar constant
1266:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1184:
1183:External links
1181:
1178:
1177:
1146:
1136:Ayadi, Osama.
1128:
1087:
1073:
1041:
1015:
982:
956:
931:
909:
906:. 25 May 2012.
891:
878:
858:Les Hamasaki.
850:
831:
796:
789:
769:
739:
723:
712:
701:
691:
664:
638:
611:
610:
608:
605:
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588:
582:
581:
565:
562:
543:green building
530:
527:
517:
514:
418:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
392:Main article:
389:
386:
322:
319:
283:enthalpy wheel
248:
245:
201:
198:
134:Hotspot Energy
113:direct current
93:Main article:
90:
87:
61:
58:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3671:
3660:
3657:
3655:
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3619:
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3606:
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3479:
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3473:
3471:organizations
3467:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3415:Duct cleaning
3413:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
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3292:
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3287:
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3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3266:Control valve
3264:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
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3225:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
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3192:
3189:
3187:
3186:Turning vanes
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:Thermal wheel
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3126:Solar chimney
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
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3079:
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2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:Fan coil unit
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:Cooling tower
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
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2716:
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2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:Vapor barrier
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:Solar heating
2660:
2658:
2657:Solar cooling
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:Refrigeration
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2602:Passive house
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
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2573:
2570:
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2544:
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2534:
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2528:
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2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:Chilled water
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
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2397:
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2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:Sensible heat
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2351:Noise control
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:Heat transfer
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
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2240:
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2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
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1985:
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1975:
1971:
1965:
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1766:Air transport
1764:
1758:
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1742:Solar roadway
1740:
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1732:Solar vehicle
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1645:Solar charger
1643:
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1537:Solar tracker
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1270:
1267:
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1260:
1257:
1255:
1254:Photovoltaics
1252:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:Photovoltaics
1227:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1213:
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1207:
1204:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1187:
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1150:
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1132:
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1120:
1115:
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941:
935:
919:
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895:
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867:
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843:
840:
835:
827:
823:
819:
815:
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800:
792:
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782:
781:
773:
757:
753:
749:
743:
736:
732:
727:
721:
716:
710:
705:
695:
679:
678:Purdue e-Pubs
675:
668:
653:
649:
642:
626:
622:
616:
612:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
586:Passive house
584:
583:
579:
573:
568:
561:
559:
555:
551:
548:
544:
540:
536:
526:
522:
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375:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:heat transfer
342:
341:heat transfer
338:
332:
331:Passive solar
328:
318:
315:
309:
307:
302:
300:
296:
295:solar chimney
293:exhaust up a
292:
288:
287:photovoltaics
284:
280:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:
224:
222:
218:
217:solar chimney
213:
210:
206:
197:
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190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
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165:
161:
159:
155:
150:
148:
143:
139:
135:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
100:Photovoltaics
96:
86:
84:
83:Rankine cycle
79:
74:
71:
67:
57:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
35:passive solar
31:
29:
25:
21:
3593:Fireproofing
3377:and services
3373:Professions,
3271:Gas detector
3171:Trickle vent
3146:Smoke damper
3141:Smoke canopy
3136:Space heater
3066:Plenum space
3001:Heating film
2881:Exhaust hood
2851:Dehumidifier
2791:Blast damper
2786:Barrier pipe
2761:Air purifier
2672:Thermosiphon
2551:Free cooling
2467:Chilled beam
2391:Thermal mass
2376:Stack effect
2361:Particulates
2341:Infiltration
2272:Fundamental
2221:
2208:
2187:Yingli Solar
2167:Sungen Solar
2142:Motech Solar
2096:PV companies
2057:South Africa
1875:Solar Splash
1616:Applications
1547:Solar mirror
1407:Photovoltaic
1163:
1159:
1149:
1131:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1076:
1064:. Retrieved
1057:the original
1044:
1032:. Retrieved
1027:
1018:
1006:. Retrieved
999:the original
985:
973:. Retrieved
968:
959:
947:. Retrieved
934:
922:. Retrieved
912:
903:
894:
881:
869:. Retrieved
863:
853:
834:
809:
806:Solar Energy
805:
799:
779:
772:
760:. Retrieved
756:the original
751:
742:
726:
715:
704:
694:
682:. Retrieved
677:
667:
655:. Retrieved
651:
641:
629:. Retrieved
625:the original
615:
547:off-the-grid
532:
523:
519:
504:
496:
488:FedEx Ground
485:
454:
450:
433:
426:
422:
419:
397:
377:
376:
361:
334:
310:
303:
277:
273:photovoltaic
250:
241:
237:
233:
225:
221:photovoltaic
214:
203:
182:
166:
162:
151:
130:
126:
98:
63:
43:photovoltaic
32:
19:
18:
3603:Warm Spaces
3245:Blower door
3223:and control
3221:Measurement
3202:Windcatcher
3176:Trombe wall
3116:Sail switch
3096:Refrigerant
3091:Recuperator
2966:Grease duct
2926:Freeze stat
2911:Fire damper
2781:Back boiler
2751:Air ionizer
2746:Air handler
2710:Ventilation
2562:Hybrid heat
2427:Air barrier
2346:Latent heat
2182:Trina Solar
2127:First Solar
2067:Switzerland
2047:Netherlands
1885:Tour de Sol
1583:Fill factor
1522:Solar cable
1497:Solar panel
1418:Solar cells
1166:(2): 1447.
1107:: 875–883.
975:19 December
871:23 December
684:10 December
657:26 November
631:23 December
554:degree days
539:sustainable
473:Masdar City
121:backfeeding
28:solar power
3633:Categories
3359:Thermostat
3281:Humidistat
3212:Zone valve
3181:TurboSwing
3056:Oil heater
3026:Humidifier
2956:Gas heater
2906:Fan heater
2876:Evaporator
2861:Economizer
2836:Compressor
2741:Air filter
2724:Components
2541:Forced-air
2437:Antifreeze
2410:Technology
2356:Outgassing
2296:Convection
2104:By country
1974:By country
1909:Generation
1819:Solar boat
1668:Solar Tuki
1654:Solar tree
1640:Solar lamp
1623:Appliances
1247:Technology
1034:8 November
1008:8 November
949:16 January
924:25 October
607:References
413:Silica Gel
368:green roof
291:convection
257:silica gel
253:desiccants
174:power grid
169:power grid
3469:Industry
3318:OpenTherm
2996:Heat pump
2991:Heat pipe
2941:Fume hood
2916:Fireplace
2821:Condenser
2771:Attic fan
2567:Hydronics
1982:Australia
1959:Solar Ark
1865:Solar Cup
1757:Sunmobile
1737:Solar car
1335:Materials
1123:1876-6102
533:Goals of
364:cool roof
299:advection
183:Superior
117:net-meter
3576:See also
3301:LonWorks
3235:Aquastat
3101:Register
3081:Radiator
2736:Air door
2536:Firestop
2336:Humidity
2311:Enthalpy
2301:Dilution
2286:Bake-out
2274:concepts
2210:Category
2172:Sunpower
2162:Solyndra
2137:JA Solar
2072:Thailand
1992:Bulgaria
1240:Concepts
1192:Archived
842:Archived
564:See also
537:include
138:Airspool
37:design,
3375:trades,
2946:Furnace
2811:Chiller
2483:Coolant
2222:Commons
2177:Suntech
2052:Romania
2022:Germany
1987:Belgium
1911:systems
1381:History
1066:6 April
865:YouTube
814:Bibcode
762:8 April
699:567-572
475:in the
416:Zeolite
403:Ammonia
261:zeolite
78:propane
73:bromide
70:lithium
66:ammonia
60:History
3528:SMACNA
3488:ASHRAE
3308:(MERV)
3262:(CADR)
3240:BACnet
3193:(ULPA)
3046:Louver
2971:Grille
2846:Damper
2796:Boiler
2694:(VCRS)
2495:(DOAS)
2027:Greece
2017:France
1997:Canada
1409:system
1121:
787:
481:Sopogy
469:Sopogy
355:, and
255:(like
3568:(VOC)
3562:(SBS)
3551:(IAQ)
3508:CIBSE
3503:BSRIA
3406:(BIM)
3350:(STP)
3314:(NTP)
2936:Freon
2706:(VRF)
2700:(VAV)
2558:(HRV)
2532:(ERV)
2506:(DCV)
2479:(CAV)
2152:Sharp
2062:Spain
2042:Japan
2037:Italy
2032:India
2007:China
2002:Chile
1141:(PDF)
1060:(PDF)
1053:(PDF)
1002:(PDF)
995:(PDF)
969:FedEx
943:(PDF)
602:Notes
366:or a
3523:LEED
3483:AMCA
3478:AHRI
3011:HEPA
2931:Flue
2856:Duct
1119:ISSN
1068:2008
1036:2007
1010:2007
977:2021
951:2012
926:2011
873:2007
785:ISBN
764:2018
686:2021
659:2016
633:2007
329:and
158:SEER
109:SEER
3533:UMC
3518:IIR
3498:BRE
2891:Fan
2147:REC
1168:doi
1109:doi
822:doi
301:).
259:or
219:or
207:or
147:VRF
3635::
2082:US
1164:50
1162:.
1158:.
1117:.
1105:30
1103:.
1099:.
1026:.
967:.
902:.
862:.
820:.
810:86
808:.
750:.
676:.
650:.
560:.
541:,
486:A
351:,
347::
226:A
180:)
56:.
30:.
2257:e
2250:t
2243:v
1225:e
1218:t
1211:v
1198:.
1174:.
1170::
1143:.
1125:.
1111::
1084:.
1070:.
1038:.
1012:.
979:.
953:.
928:.
875:.
828:.
824::
816::
793:.
766:.
737:)
688:.
661:.
635:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.