762:. When operated in heating mode, a heat pump is typically more efficient than an electrical resistance heater. This is because a space heater can convert only the input electrical energy directly to output heat energy, while a heat pump transfers heat from outdoors. In heating mode, the coefficient of performance is the ratio of heat provided to the energy used by the unit. An ideal resistance heater converting 100% of its input electricity to output heat would have COP = 1, equivalent to a 3.4 EER. The heat pump becomes less efficient as the outside temperature decreases, and its performance may become comparable to a resistance heater. For a heat pump with the minimum 13 SEER cooling efficiency, this is typically below −10 °F (−23 °C).
745:
therefore will not be able to achieve such efficiencies. Moreover, the ARI rating scheme for ground-source heat pumps allows them to largely ignore required pump power in their ratings, making the achievable SEER values often practically lower than the highest efficiency air-source equipment—particularly for air cooling. There are a variety of technologies that will allow SEER and EER ratings to increase further in the near future. Some of these technologies include rotary compressors, inverters, DC brushless motors, variable-speed drives, and integrated systems such as those found in
766:
optimize efficiency below 0 °F (−18 °C). As of 2023 heat pumps are marketed that will extract heat from outdoor temperatures as low as −40 °F (−40 °C). In the case of cold climates, water or ground-source heat pumps are often the most efficient solution. They use the relatively constant temperature of ground water or of water in a large buried loop to moderate the temperature differences in summer and winter and improve performance year round. The heat pump cycle is reversed in the summer to act as an air conditioner.
567:
Similarly, split-system central air conditioners installed in the
Southwestern Region must be a minimum 14 SEER and 12.2 EER beginning on January 1, 2015. The Southwestern Region consists of Arizona, California, Nevada, and New Mexico. Split-system central air conditioners installed in all other states outside the Southeastern and Southwestern regions must continue to be a minimum of 13 SEER, which is the current national requirement.
157:
indoor temperature, but over a range of outside temperatures from 65 °F (18 °C) to 104 °F (40 °C), with a certain specified percentage of time in each of 8 bins spanning 5 °F (2.8 °C). There is no allowance for different climates in this rating, which is intended to give an indication of how the EER is affected by a range of outside temperatures over the course of a cooling season.
473:
583:. New M1 testing procedure is designed to better reflect current field conditions. DOE increases systems' external static pressure from current SEER (0.1 in. of water) to SEER2 (0.5 in. of water). These pressure conditions were devised to consider ducted systems that would be seen in the field. With this change, new nomenclature will be used to denote M1 ratings (including EER2 and HSPF2).
559:(DOE) revised energy conservation rules to impose elevated minimum standards and regional standards for residential HVAC systems. The regional approach recognizes the differences in cost-optimization resulting from regional climate differences. For example, there is little cost benefit in having a very high SEER air conditioning unit in Maine, a state in the northeast US.
149:, with the primary difference being that the COP of a cooling device is unit-less, because the numerator and denominator are expressed in the same units. The EER uses mixed units, so it does not have an immediate physical sense and is obtained by multiplying the COP by the conversion factor from BTUs to watt-hours: EER = 3.41214 × COP (see
765:
Lower temperatures may cause a heat pump to operate below the efficiency of a resistance heater, so conventional heat pumps often include heater coils or auxiliary heating from LP or natural gas to prevent low efficiency operation of the refrigeration cycle. "Cold climate" heat pumps are designed to
566:
installed in the
Southeastern Region of the United States of America must be at least 14 SEER. The Southeastern Region includes Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.
524:
But when either replacing equipment, or specifying new installations, a variety of SEERs are available. For most applications, the minimum or near-minimum SEER units are most cost effective, but the longer the cooling seasons, the higher the electricity costs, and the longer the purchasers will own
156:
The seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) is also the COP (or EER) expressed in BTU/watt-hour, but instead of being evaluated at a single operating condition, it represents the expected overall performance for a typical year's weather in a given location. The SEER is thus calculated with the same
740:
launched a 42 SEER ductless air conditioner during 2018 Consumer electronic Show (CES), held in Las Vegas. Traditional AC systems with ducts have maximum SEER ratings slightly below these levels. Also, practically, central systems will have an achieved energy efficiency ratio 10–20% lower than the
455:
The maximum EER decreases as the difference between the inside and outside air temperature increases, and vice versa. In a desert climate where the outdoor temperature is 120 °F (49 °C), the maximum COP drops to 13, or an EER of 46 (for an indoor temperature of 80 °F (27 °C)).
744:
Additionally, there are ground-source residential AC units with SEER ratings up to 75. However, ground-source heat pump effective efficiency is reliant on the temperature of the ground or water source used. Hot climates have a much higher ground or surface water temperature than cold climates and
706:
A residence near
Chicago has an air conditioner with a cooling capacity of 4 tons and an SEER rating of 10. The unit is operated 120 days each year for 8 hours per day (960 hours per year), and the electric energy cost is $ 0.10 per kilowatt-hour. What is its annual cost of operation in terms of
546:
Beginning in
January 2006 a minimum SEER 13 was required. The United States requires that residential systems manufactured after 2005 have a minimum SEER rating of 13. ENERGY STAR qualified Central Air Conditioners must have a SEER of at least 14.5. Window units are exempt from this law so their
451:
Assuming an outdoor temperature of 95 °F (35 °C) and an indoor temperature of 80 °F (27 °C), the above equation gives (when temperatures are converted to the Kelvin or
Rankine scales) a COP of 36, or an EER of 120. This is about 10 times more efficient than a typical home air
642:
Electric power is usually measured in kilowatts (kW). Electric energy is usually measured in kilowatt-hours (kW·h). For example, if an electric load that draws 1.5 kW of electric power is operated for 8 hours, it uses 12 kW·h of electric energy. In the United States, a residential
643:
electric customer is charged based on the amount of electric energy used. On the customer bill, the electric utility states the amount of electric energy, in kilowatt-hours (kW·h), that the customer used since the last bill, and the cost of the energy per kilowatt-hour (kW·h).
1061:
67:
The SEER rating of a unit is the cooling output during a typical cooling-season divided by the total electric energy input during the same period. The higher the unit's SEER rating the more energy efficient it is. In the U.S., the SEER is the ratio of cooling in
570:
There have been many new advances in efficient technology over the past 10 years which have enabled manufacturers to increase their SEER ratings dramatically in order to stay above the required minimums set by the United States department of energy.
510:
SEER rating reflects overall system efficiency on a seasonal basis and EER reflects the system's energy efficiency at one specific operating condition. Both ratings are useful when choosing products, but the same rating must be used for comparisons.
692:
An air-conditioning unit rated at 72,000 BTU/h (21 kW) (6 tons), with a SEER rating of 10, operates 1000 hours per year at an electric energy cost of $ 0.12 per kilowatt-hour (kW·h). What is the annual cost of the electric energy it uses?
137:
electrical energy (in watt-hours) at a given operating point. EER is generally calculated using a 95 °F (35 °C) outside temperature and an inside (actually return-air) temperature of 80 °F (27 °C) and 50% relative humidity.
537:
In 1987 legislation taking effect in 1992 was passed requiring a minimum SEER rating of 10. It is rare to see systems rated below SEER 9 in the United States because aging, existing units are being replaced with new, higher efficiency units.
80:
For example, consider a 5000 BTU/h (1465-watt cooling capacity) air-conditioning unit, with a SEER of 10 BTU/(W·h), operating for a total of 1000 hours during an annual cooling season (e.g., 8 hours per day for 125 days).
757:
A refrigeration cycle can be operated as a heat pump to move heat from outdoors into a warmer house. A heat pump with a higher SEER rating for cooling mode would also usually be more efficient in heating mode, rated using
446:
281:
521:
is considered, retaining existing units rather than proactively replacing them may be the most cost effective. However, the efficiency of air conditioners can degrade significantly over time.
529:
of SEER 20 or more are now available. The higher SEER units typically have larger coils and multiple compressors, with some also having variable refrigerant flow and variable supply air flow.
650:, where 1 ton of cooling equals 12,000 BTU/h (3.5 kW). 1 ton of cooling equals the amount of power that needs to be applied continuously over a 24-hour period to melt 1 ton of ice.
174:
A SEER of 13 is approximately equivalent to an EER of 11, and a COP of 3.2, which means that 3.2 units of heat are removed from indoors per unit of energy used to run the air conditioner.
846:
960:
514:
Substantial energy savings can be obtained from more efficient systems. For example, by upgrading from SEER 9 to SEER 13, the power consumption is reduced by 30% (equal to 1 − 9/13).
1036:
1130:
338:
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49:
842:
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732:
units available with SEER ratings up to 42. During the 2014 AHR Expo, Mitsubishi unveiled a new mini-split ductless AC unit with a SEER rating of 30.5.
1086:
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890:
US Department of Energy
Framework Public Meeting for Residential Central Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps (June 12, 2008) at 35– 36 (transcript)
1101:
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61:
38:
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1179:
Climate
Impacts on Heating Seasonal Performance Factor (HSPF) and Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) for Air Source Heat Pumps
839:"ANSI/AHRI 210/240-2008: 2008 Standard for Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning & Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment"
196:
1116:
160:
Typical EER for residential central cooling units = 0.875 × SEER. SEER is a higher value than EER for the same equipment.
1147:
459:
The maximum SEER can be calculated by averaging the maximum EER over the range of expected temperatures for the season.
556:
483:
1011:
729:
1087:"Most Energy-efficient Ductless Model on Market Provides Significant Heating Capacity in Extreme Cold Climates"
746:
904:"Fact Sheet | Air Conditioner Efficiency Standards: SEER 13 vs. SEER 12 | White Papers | EESI"
170:
Note that this method is used for benchmark modeling only and is not appropriate for all climate conditions.
579:
Effective
January 1, 2023, cooling products will be subject to regional minimum efficiencies, according to
563:
526:
490:
791:
785:
142:
341:
921:
653:
The annual cost of electric energy consumed by an air conditioner may be calculated as follows:
1178:
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31:
316:
289:
150:
69:
55:
17:
961:"Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedures for Central Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps"
8:
518:
697:(72,000 BTU/h) × (1000 h/year) × ($ 0.12/kW·h) ÷ (10 BTU/W·h) ÷ (1000 W/kW) = $ 860/year
637:
37:
This article is about the
American definition of SEER. For the European definition, see
816:
719:(48,000 BTU/h) × (960 h/year) × ($ 0.10/kW·h) ÷ (10 BTU/W·h) ÷ (1000 W/kW) = $ 460/year
525:
the systems, the more that incrementally higher SEER units are justified. Residential
352:. The EER is calculated by multiplying the COP by 3.412 BTU/W⋅h as described above:
780:
939:"DOE Finalizes New Energy Conservation Standards for Residential HVAC Appliances"
775:
129:
The energy efficiency ratio (EER) of a particular cooling device is the ratio of
114:
If your electricity cost is $ 0.20/(kW·h), then your cost per operating hour is:
94:
With a SEER of 10 BTU/(W·h), the annual electrical energy usage would be about:
1062:"9,000 BTU 42 SEER Carrier Single Zone Heat Pump System - 230 Volt - High Wall"
737:
146:
44:
In the United States, the efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the
1131:"Inverter Smart Source Unit Just Released up to 62.5 EER that's up to 75 SEER"
874:
1192:
733:
349:
1117:"Carrier Launches the Most Efficient Air Conditioner You Can Buy in America"
1037:"Carrier Launches the Most Efficient Air Conditioner You Can Buy in America"
875:"U.S. DOE Building America House Simulation Protocols, Revised October 2010"
517:
With existing units that are still functional and well-maintained, when the
187:
27:
Cooling output divided by electricity input, as a standard for HVAC systems
796:
186:. The refrigeration process with the maximum possible efficiency is the
647:
340:
is the outdoor temperature. Both temperatures must be measured using a
1173:
A new measure for the energy efficiency of heating and cooling devices
163:
A more detailed method for converting SEER to EER uses this formula:
801:
638:
Calculating the annual cost of electric energy for an air conditioner
345:
104:
The average power usage may also be calculated more simply by:
441:{\displaystyle EER_{Carnot}=3.412{\frac {T_{C}}{T_{H}-T_{C}}}}
736:
also released a 30.5 SEER rating mini split in 2015 as well.
707:
electric energy? First, we convert tons of cooling to BTU/h:
109:
Average power = (BTU/h) ÷ (SEER) = 5000 ÷ 10 = 500 W = 0.5 kW
811:
806:
759:
190:. The COP of an air conditioner using the Carnot cycle is:
182:
The SEER and EER of an air conditioner are limited by the
52:, a trade association, in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240,
276:{\displaystyle COP_{Carnot}={\frac {T_{C}}{T_{H}-T_{C}}}}
89:
5000 BTU/h × 8 h/day × 125 days/year = 5,000,000 BTU/year
918:"Mike's Heating and Air Conditioning, "13 SEER Mandate""
141:
The EER is related to the coefficient of performance (
124:
50:
986:
843:
Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute
361:
319:
292:
199:
99:
5,000,000 BTU/year ÷ 10 BTU/(W·h) = 500,000 W·h/year
54:Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and
440:
332:
305:
275:
741:nameplate rating due to the duct-related losses.
1190:
1175:– Information from Daikin on seasonal efficiency
1012:"Heat Pump SEER2 Ratings | Heat Pump Efficiency"
933:
931:
711:(4 tons) × (12,000 (BTU/h)/ton) = 48,000 BTU/h.
462:
833:
831:
72:(BTUs) to the energy consumed in watt-hours.
928:
1142:
1140:
715:The annual cost of the electric energy is:
30:"SEER" redirects here. For other uses, see
1199:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
828:
581:Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio 2 (SEER2)
84:The annual total cooling output would be:
646:Air-conditioner sizes are often given as
62:European seasonal energy efficiency ratio
39:European seasonal energy efficiency ratio
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869:
867:
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46:seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER)
14:
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177:
730:mini-split (ductless) air conditioner
564:split-system central air conditioners
1160:Goodman GSH13 Product Specifications
864:
466:
125:Relationship of SEER to EER and COP
24:
25:
1210:
1166:
493:and remove advice or instruction.
168:EER = −0.02 × SEER² + 1.12 × SEER
119:0.5 kW × $ 0.20/(kW·h) = $ 0.10/h
987:"SEER2 New Efficiency Standards"
471:
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344:based at absolute zero such as
342:thermodynamic temperature scale
1004:
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747:solar-powered air conditioning
313:is the indoor temperature and
13:
1:
822:
752:
452:conditioner available today.
1184:What is SEER2 Rating in HVAC
587:New Minimum with M1 Ratings
463:US government SEER standards
133:cooling energy (in BTUs) to
60:. A similar standard is the
7:
769:
547:SEERs are still around 10.
10:
1215:
792:Coefficient of performance
786:Annual fuel use efficiency
562:Starting January 1, 2015,
75:
36:
29:
613:
594:
591:
1148:"How High Will SEER Go?"
48:which is defined by the
1102:"GREE Crown Mini Split"
628:13.8 SEER2 / 11.2 EER2
617:14.3 SEER2 / 11.7 EER2
574:
550:
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845:. 2008. Archived from
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184:laws of thermodynamics
527:split-system AC units
443:
335:
333:{\displaystyle T_{H}}
308:
306:{\displaystyle T_{C}}
278:
70:British thermal units
32:Seer (disambiguation)
724:Maximum SEER ratings
611:AC < 45000 BTU/h
557:Department of Energy
491:rewrite this section
359:
317:
290:
197:
151:British thermal unit
56:Air-Source Heat Pump
1089:. February 4, 2014.
965:federalregister.gov
666:) × (hours per year
588:
519:time value of money
178:Theoretical maximum
145:) commonly used in
967:. January 24, 2023
941:. October 26, 2011
817:Thermal efficiency
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1104:. March 20, 2015.
924:on June 16, 2006.
852:on March 29, 2018
648:"tons" of cooling
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625:AC ≥ 45000 BTU/h
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499:October 2011
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489:Please help
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188:Carnot cycle
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797:Energy star
631:13.8 SEER2
620:14.3 SEER2
614:13.4 SEER2
823:References
753:Heat pumps
702:Example 2.
688:Example 1:
606:Southeast
603:Southwest
991:SEER2.com
802:Heat pump
678:) ÷ (1000
676:, BTU/W·h
674:) ÷ (SEER
672:, $ /kW·h
660:, $ /year
423:−
258:−
64:(ESEER).
58:Equipment
1193:Category
1071:June 12,
1046:June 12,
1021:June 20,
996:June 20,
971:June 20,
770:See also
1150:. 2006.
1133:. 2012.
1041:Carrier
1016:Carrier
945:May 22,
880:. 2010.
856:May 22,
738:Carrier
664:, BTU/h
595:Region
350:Rankine
76:Example
788:(AFUE)
680:, W/kW
600:North
346:Kelvin
286:where
131:output
878:(PDF)
850:(PDF)
658:(Cost
397:3.412
135:input
1106:>
1091:>
1073:2019
1048:2019
1023:2023
998:2023
973:2023
947:2014
858:2014
812:HVAC
807:HSPF
760:HSPF
734:GREE
575:2023
551:2015
542:2006
533:1992
18:SEER
668:, h
348:or
153:).
143:COP
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