Air conditioning - Knowledge

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Premature mortality in NYC is projected to grow between 47% and 95% in 30 years, with lower-income and vulnerable populations most at risk. Studies on the correlation between heat-related mortality and hospitalizations and living in low socioeconomic locations can be traced in Phoenix, Arizona, Hong Kong, China, Japan, and Italy. Additionally, costs concerning health care can act as another barrier, as the lack of private health insurance during a 2009 heat wave in Australia, was associated with heat-related hospitalization.

2043: 761: 834: 1911:, which leads to the association of specific marginalized communities with lower economic status, poorer health, residing in hotter neighborhoods, engaging in physically demanding labor, and experiencing limited access to cooling technologies such as air conditioning. A study overlooking Chicago, Illinois, Detroit, and Michigan found that black households were half as likely to have central air conditioning units when compared to their white counterparts. Especially in cities, Redlining creates 80: 845: 825: 1118: 1642:(also called an Inverter) to control the speed of the compressor. The refrigerant flow rate is changed by the change in the speed of the compressor. The turn down ratio depends on the system configuration and manufacturer. It modulates from 15 or 25% up to 100% at full capacity with a single inverter from 12 to 100% with a hybrid tandem. This method is the most efficient way to modulate an air conditioner's capacity. It is up to 58% more efficient than a fixed speed system. 1986: 854: 687:(COP) of an air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to the work required. Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs. The COP usually exceeds 1; however, the exact value is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute temperature and relative temperature between sink and system, and is often graphed or averaged against expected conditions. Air conditioner equipment power in the U.S. is often described in terms of " 393: 1975: 9087: 1783:(IEA), it was revealed that the energy consumption for cooling in the United States, involving 328 million Americans, surpasses the combined energy consumption of 4.4 billion people in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia (excluding China). A 2020 survey found that an estimated 88% of all US households use AC, increasing to 93% when solely looking at homes built between 2010 and 2020. 236: 533: 1298:(PTAC), through-the-wall, and window air conditioners are similar. These units are installed on a window frame or on a wall opening. The unit usually has an internal partition separating its indoor and outdoor sides, which contain the unit's condenser and evaporator, respectively. PTAC systems may be adapted to provide heating in cold weather, either directly by using an electric strip, 307:, may not have been present at the demonstration, but in a book published later the same year, he described it as "experiment of artificial freezing" and said that "Nitre (or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or ice intensifies the cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its cold, but the salt by supplying activity to the cold of the snow." 2082: 629:, because it moves energy from air or groundwater to the heated space and the heat from purchased electrical energy. When the heat pump is in heating mode, the indoor evaporator coil switches roles and becomes the condenser coil, producing heat. The outdoor condenser unit also switches roles to serve as the evaporator and discharges cold air (colder than the ambient outdoor air). 2021:. Wind driven ventilation arises from the different pressures created by wind around a building or structure, and openings being formed on the perimeter which then permit flow through the building. Buoyancy-driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results from temperature differences between the interior and exterior. 505:. Between 1995 and 2004, the proportion of urban households in China with air conditioners increased from 8% to 70%. As of 2015, nearly 100 million homes, or about 87% of US households, had air conditioning systems. In 2019, it was estimated that 90% of new single-family homes constructed in the US included air conditioning (ranging from 99% in the 342:. They lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to −14 °C (7 °F) while the ambient temperature was 18 °C (64 °F). Franklin noted that soon after they passed the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), a thin film of ice formed on the surface of the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about 6 mm ( 3462: 3622: 1125:

Ductless systems (often mini-split, though there are now ducted mini-split) typically supply conditioned and heated air to a single or a few rooms of a building, without ducts and in a decentralized manner. Multi-zone or multi-split systems are a common application of ductless systems and allow up to

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Evaporative coolers tend to feel as if they are not working during times of high humidity, when there is not much dry air with which the coolers can work to make the air as cool as possible for dwelling occupants. Unlike other types of air conditioners, evaporative coolers rely on the outside air to

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effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates. Evaporative cooling

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Most air source heat pumps become less efficient in outdoor temperatures lower than 4 °C or 40 °F. This is partly because ice forms on the outdoor unit's heat exchanger coil, which blocks air flow over the coil. To compensate for this, the heat pump system must temporarily switch back into

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to transfer heat. The vapor-compression cycle can occur within a unitary, or packaged piece of equipment; or within a chiller that is connected to terminal cooling equipment (such as a fan coil unit in an air handler) on its evaporator side and heat rejection equipment such as a cooling tower on its

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to the air in his textile mill. Cramer coined the term "air conditioning" in a patent claim which he filed that year, where he suggested that air conditioning was analogous to "water conditioning", then a well-known process for making textiles easier to process. He combined moisture with ventilation

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for later use in cooling. This technique is over 3,700 years old in the Middle East. Harvesting outdoor ice during winter and transporting and storing for use in summer was practiced by wealthy Europeans in the early 1600s, and became popular in Europe and the Americas towards the end of the 1600s.

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Packaged air conditioners (also known as self-contained units) are central systems that integrate into a single housing all the components of a split central system, and deliver air, possibly through ducts, to the spaces to be cooled. Depending on their construction they may be outdoors or indoors,

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and a lower structural impact, while also allowing for more individual and independent temperature control of spaces. The outdoor and indoor units can be spread across the building. Variable refrigerant flow indoor units can also be turned off individually in unused spaces. The lower start-up power

371:. He hoped to eventually use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings. He envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities. Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851, but following the death of his main backer, he was not able to realize his invention. In 1851, 804:

to relay commands from a remote control to the air conditioner. The output of the infrared LED (like that of any infrared remote) is invisible to the human eye because its wavelength is beyond the range of visible light (940 nm). This controller is commonly used on mini-split air conditioners

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In 1931, H.H. Schultz and J.Q. Sherman developed what would become the most common type of individual room air conditioner: one designed to sit on a window ledge. The units went on sale in 1932 at US$ 10,000 to $ 50,000 (the equivalent of $ 200,000 to $ 1,100,000 in 2023.) A year later, the first

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Passive techniques remained widespread until the 20th century when they fell out of fashion and were replaced by powered air conditioning. Using information from engineering studies of traditional buildings, passive techniques are being revived and modified for 21st-century architectural designs.

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groups with a household income below around $ 10,000 tend to have a low air conditioning adoption, which worsens heat-related mortality. The lack of cooling can be hazardous, as areas with lower use of air conditioning correlate with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.

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This compressor use two very closely meshing spiral rotors to compress the gas. The gas enters at the suction side and moves through the threads as the screws rotate. The meshing rotors force the gas through the compressor, and the gas exits at the end of the screws. The working area is the

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Though he did not actually invent air-conditioning nor did he take the first documented scientific approach to applying it, Willis Carrier is credited with integrating the scientific method, engineering, and business of this developing technology and creating the industry we know today as

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Newer models have improved cold-weather performance, with efficient heating capacity down to −14 °F (−26 °C). However, there is always a chance that the humidity that condenses on the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit could freeze, even in models that have improved cold-weather

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buildings to be created and have allowed people to live comfortably in hotter parts of the world, but have now come under criticism for contributing significantly to climate-change due to their high electricity consumption and the warming of their immediate surroundings in large cities.

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Several compressors can be installed in the system to provide the peak cooling capacity. Each compressor can run or not in order to stage the cooling capacity of the unit. The turn down capacity is either 0/33/66 or 100% for a trio configuration and either 0/50 or 100% for a tandem.

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to the condenser coil, to heat up and defrost. Therefore, some heat pump systems will have electric resistance heating in the indoor air path that is activated only in this mode to compensate for the temporary indoor air cooling, which would otherwise be uncomfortable in the winter.

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Stafoggia, Massimo; Forastiere, Francesco; Agostini, Daniele; Biggeri, Annibale; Bisanti, Luigi; Cadum, Ennio; Caranci, Nicola; de'Donato, Francesca; De Lisio, Sara; De Maria, Moreno; Michelozzi, Paola; Miglio, Rossella; Pandolfi, Paolo; Picciotto, Sally; Rognoni, Magda (2006).

1915:, increasing temperatures in certain parts of the city. This is due to materials heat-absorbing building materials and pavements and lack of vegetation and shade coverage. There have been initiatives that provide cooling solutions to low-income communities, such as public 661:, which is used instead of or in addition to the heat pump during harsher winter temperatures. In this case, the heat pump is used efficiently during milder temperatures, and the system is switched to the conventional heat source when the outdoor temperature is lower. 591:

but incorporates both the evaporator and the condenser into the same air path; the air first passes over the evaporator coil, where it is cooled and dehumidified before passing over the condenser coil, where it is warmed again before it is released back into the room.

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First designed to benefit targeted industries such as the press as well as large factories, the invention quickly spread to public agencies and administrations with studies with claims of increased productivity close to 24% in places equipped with air conditioning.

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be channeled through cooler pads that cool the air before it reaches the inside of a house through its air duct system; this cooled outside air must be allowed to push the warmer air within the house out through an exhaust opening such as an open door or window.

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Since the internal heat gains which create temperature differences between the interior and exterior are created by natural processes, including the heat from people, and wind effects are variable, naturally ventilated buildings are sometimes called "breathing

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Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) dissipates terrestrial heat to the extremely cold outer space without using any energy input or producing pollution. It has the potential to simultaneously alleviate the two major problems of energy crisis and global

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resulted in approximately 15,000 deaths, where 80% of the victims were over 75 years old. In response, the French government required all retirement homes to have at least one air-conditioned room at 25 °C (77 °F) per floor during heatwaves.

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This compressor uses two interleaving scrolls to compress the refrigerant. it consists of one fixed and one orbiting scrolls. This type of compressor is more efficient because it has 70 percent less moving parts than a reciprocating compressor.

442:. It is, however, possible that the considerable device (c. 2.1 m × 1.8 m × 6.1 m; 7 ft × 6 ft × 20 ft) was never used, as the house remained uninhabited (Gates had already died in October 1913.) 4423: 2409: 2393: 1268:

type re-evaporates the water, discharges it through the ducted hose, and can run continuously. Many but not all portable units draw indoor air and expel it outdoors through a single duct, negatively impacting their overall cooling efficiency.

2181:, PDRC application on roofs can potentially lower energy costs by 26% to 46%. PDRCs are predicted to show a market size of ~$ 27 billion for indoor space cooling by 2025 and have undergone a surge in research and development since the 2010s. 383:

system in 1855 that produced three tons of ice per day. In 1860, Harrison established a second ice company. He later entered the debate over competing against the American advantage of ice-refrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom.

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mass flow circulating with the system is reduced, and thus the cooling capacity. This naturally causes the compressor to run uselessly during the periods when the bypass is operating. The turn down capacity varies between 0 and 100%.

2436: 3409: 1153:, eliminate the need for large cool air ducts, air handlers, and chillers; instead cool refrigerant is transported through much smaller pipes to the indoor units in the spaces to be conditioned, thus allowing for less space above 1306:. They may be installed in a wall opening with the help of a special sleeve on the wall and a custom grill that is flush with the wall and window air conditioners can also be installed in a window, but without a custom grill. 5576: 4123: 1612:, the two scroll set move apart stopping the compression for a given time period. This method varies refrigerant flow by changing the average time of compression, but not the actual speed of the motor. Despite an excellent 6893: 5775: 1228:

near or in the spaces to be cooled which then duct or deliver cold air into the spaces to be conditioned, rather than ducting cold air directly to these spaces from the plant, which is not done due to the low density and

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can sometimes be selected when the external air is cooler than the internal air. Therefore, the compressor does not need to be used, resulting in high cooling efficiencies for these times. This may also be combined with

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Space cooling including air conditioning accounted globally for 2021 terawatt-hours of energy usage in 2016 with around 99% in the form of electricity, according to a 2018 report on air-conditioning efficiency by the

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are the most lethal type of weather phenomenon in the United States. A 2020 study found that areas with lower use of air conditioning correlated with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations. The

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Zhang, Chen; Kazanci, Ongun Berk; Levinson, Ronnen; Heiselberg, Per; Olesen, Bjarne W.; Chiesa, Giacomo; Sodagar, Behzad; Ai, Zhengtao; Selkowitz, Stephen; Zinzi, Michele; Mahdavi, Ardeshir (November 15, 2021).

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Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1989: Testimony of public witnesses, energy programs, Institute of Museum Services, National Endowment for the Arts, National Endowment for the

352: in) thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching −14 °C (7 °F). Franklin concluded: "From this experiment, one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day." 2733: 411:. His invention controlled both the temperature and humidity, which helped maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment at the printing plant. Later, together with six other employees, Carrier formed 1149:(which can be thought of as larger multi-split systems) were also invented by Daikin in 1982. Both were first sold in Japan. Variable refrigerant flow systems when compared with central plant cooling from an 2666:. The Seventh International Conference of Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development (SAUD 2010). Amman, Jordan: The Center for the Study of Architecture in Arab Region (CSAAR Press). pp. 247–266. 582:

Most modern air-conditioning systems feature a dehumidification cycle during which the compressor runs. At the same time, the fan is slowed to reduce the evaporator temperature and condense more water. A

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predicted in 2018 that the number of air conditioning units would grow to around 4 billion units by 2050 and that the total cooling capacity would grow to around 23,000 GW, with the biggest increases in

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to "condition" and change the air in the factories; thus, controlling the humidity that is necessary in textile plants. Willis Carrier adopted the term and incorporated it into the name of his company.

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and the IEA found that if air conditioners could be twice as effective as now, 460 billion tons of GHG could be cut over 40 years. The UNEP and IEA also recommended legislation to decrease the use of

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built what is considered the first modern electrical air conditioning unit. In 1902, he installed his first air-conditioning system, in the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing & Publishing Company in

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Sampson, Natalie R.; Gronlund, Carina J.; Buxton, Miatta A.; Catalano, Linda; White-Newsome, Jalonne L.; Conlon, Kathryn C.; O’Neill, Marie S.; McCormick, Sabrina; Parker, Edith A. (April 1, 2013).

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inter-lobe volume between the male and female rotors. It is larger at the intake end, and decreases along the length of the rotors until the exhaust port. This change in volume is the compression.

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The icing problem becomes much more severe with lower outdoor temperatures, so heat pumps are sometimes installed in tandem with a more conventional form of heating, such as an electrical heater, a

2764: 2633: 2067:), rather than mechanical systems to dissipate heat. Therefore, natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design of the building but on how the site's natural resources are used as 1319:), draw the air to be conditioned from inside or outside a building and be water or air-cooled. Often, outdoor units are air-cooled while indoor units are liquid-cooled using a cooling tower. 243:

Air conditioners allow the building's indoor environment to remain relatively constant, largely independent of changes in external weather conditions and internal heat loads. They also enable

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with low or no energy consumption. This approach works either by preventing heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling).

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treatment), these health hazards can be avoided or reduced. The state of New York has codified requirements for registration, maintenance, and testing of cooling towers to protect against

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atmosphere in hospital operating rooms and other environments where proper atmosphere is critical to patient safety and well-being. It is sometimes recommended for home use by people with

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the air before attempting to cool it can reduce subsequent cooling costs by as much as 90 percent. Thus, reducing dehumidifying costs can materially affect overall air conditioning costs.

625:, thus heating instead of cooling the indoor environment. They are also commonly referred to as "reverse cycle air conditioners". The heat pump is significantly more energy-efficient than 3401: 1249:

A portable system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit (such as a ductless split air conditioner).

470:, invented a portable, in-window air conditioner that cooled, heated, humidified, dehumidified, and filtered the air. The first inverter air conditioners were released in 1980–1981. 5693: 4723: 4115: 2573: 6633:

Bijarniya, Jay Prakash; Sarkar, Jahar; Maiti, Pralay (November 2020). "Review on passive daytime radiative cooling: Fundamentals, recent researches, challenges and opportunities".

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Raman, Aaswath P.; Anoma, Marc Abou; Zhu, Linxiao; Rephaeli, Eden; Fan, Shanhui (November 2014). "Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight".

5802:"Cooling Emissions and Policy Synthesis Report: Benefits of cooling efficiency and the Kigali Amendment, United Nations Environment Programme - International Energy Agency, 2020" 2667: 3782: 5039: 6676:

Mokhtari, Reza; Ulpiani, Giulia; Ghasempour, Roghayeh (July 2022). "The Cooling Station: Combining hydronic radiant cooling and daytime radiative cooling for urban shelters".

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Hot gas bypass involves injecting a quantity of gas from discharge to the suction side. The compressor will keep operating at the same speed, but due to the bypass, the

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Air conditioning equipment will reduce the absolute humidity of the air processed by the system if the surface of the evaporator coil is significantly cooler than the

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from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior temperature (sometimes referred to as 'comfort cooling') and in some cases also strictly controlling the

1884:, passive solar cooling, natural ventilation, operating shades to reduce solar gain, using trees, architectural shades, windows (and using window coatings) to reduce 1808:

attributable to space cooling will double: 1,135 million tons (2016) to 2,070 million tons. There is some push to increase the energy efficiency of air conditioners.

2371: 3643: 2071:(i.e. everything that absorbs or dissipates heat). Examples of on-site heat sinks are the upper atmosphere (night sky), the outdoor air (wind), and the earth/soil. 212:

Air conditioning dates back to prehistory. Double-walled living quarters, with a gap between the two walls to encourage air flow, were found in the ancient city of

5013: 5801: 5066: 2159:, which emerged through a study by Raman et al. (2014). PDRCs can come in a variety of forms, including paint coatings and films, that are designed to be high in 4981: 3866: 322:, conducted experiments applying the principle of evaporation as a means to cool an object rapidly. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that the evaporation of highly 872:

A wired controller, also called a "wired thermostat," is a device that controls an air conditioner by switching heating or cooling on or off. It uses different

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Air Filters Used in Air Conditioning and General Ventilation Part 1: Methods of Test for Atmospheric Dust Spot Efficiency and Synthetic Dust Weight Arrestance

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in the plant, which uses a refrigeration cycle to cool water, often transferring its heat to the atmosphere even in liquid-cooled chillers through the use of

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systems with lower energy demands. While tens of air changes per hour, and cooling of tens of degrees, can be achieved with passive methods, site-specific

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eight rooms (zones or locations) to be conditioned independently from each other, each with its indoor unit and simultaneously from a single outdoor unit.

1302:, or other heaters, or by reversing the refrigerant flow to heat the interior and draw heat from the exterior air, converting the air conditioner into a 4297: 2756: 2107:). In the absence of wind, the circulation can be driven with evaporative cooling in the inlet (which is also designed to catch dust). In the center, a 4578: 579:

of the surrounding air. An air conditioner designed for an occupied space will typically achieve a 30% to 60% relative humidity in the occupied space.

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Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment, combined with the architectural design of building components (e.g.

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Many techniques can be used to increase comfort and reduce the temperature in buildings. These include evaporative cooling, selective shading, wind,

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The spread of the use of air conditioning acts as a main driver for the growth of global demand of electricity. According to a 2018 report from the

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rooms because they are permanently installed into a wall and hard-wired directly into the air conditioner unit, eliminating the need for batteries.

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Cooling in traditional air conditioner systems is accomplished using the vapor-compression cycle, which uses a refrigerant's forced circulation and

59: 5110: 3460:, Carrier, Willis H., "Apparatus for treating air", published January 2, 1906, issued January 2, 1906 and Buffalo Forge Company 1804:. The report predicts an increase of electricity usage due to space cooling to around 6200 TWh by 2050, and that with the progress currently seen, 3218: 880:, converting a temperature change into mechanical displacement, to actuate control of the air conditioner. Electronic thermostats, instead, use a 9211: 3972: 6398:

Leo Samuel, D.G.; Shiva Nagendra, S.M.; Maiya, M.P. (August 2013). "Passive alternatives to mechanical air conditioning of building: A review".

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Ng, Chris Fook Sheng; Ueda, Kayo; Takeuchi, Ayano; Nitta, Hiroshi; Konishi, Shoko; Bagrowicz, Rinako; Watanabe, Chiho; Takami, Akinori (2014).

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contained 30% of the total US population while it was inhabited by 24% of Americans at the beginning of the 20th century. Moreover, the summer

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Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces are high in solar reflectance and heat emittance, cooling with zero energy use or pollution.

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Combined Heating, Cooling & Power Handbook: Technologies & Applications : an Integrated Approach to Energy Resource Optimization

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Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Convention of the American Cotton Manufacturers Association Held at Asheville, North Carolina May 16-17, 1906

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Buildings designed with passive air conditioning are generally less expensive to construct and maintain than buildings with conventional

5163:"Extreme Weather: A Guide to Surviving Flash Floods, Tornadoes, Hurricanes, Heat Waves, Snowstorms Tsunamis and Other Natural Disasters" 4461: 3527: 3371: 1854:, and hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants such as R-410a and R-404a, which were designed to replace CFCs and HCFCs, are instead exacerbating 9201: 7826: 7075: 5219:"Adapting to Extreme Heat: Social, Atmospheric, and Infrastructure Impacts of Air-Conditioning in Megacities—The Case of New York City" 4241: 3836: 3493: 3026: 1928: 143: 5529:"Projected global demand for air conditioning associated with extreme heat and implications for electricity grids in poorer countries" 3809: 3774: 3004: 1862:

refrigerants, used in some if not most new equipment, solve both issues with an ozone damage potential (ODP) of zero and a much lower

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is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor

334:) could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They experimented with the bulb of a 2902:

In our method I shall observe what our ancestors have said; then I shall show by my own experience, whether they be true or false

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was lower in the spring than during other seasons until the 1970s but this difference then declined since then. As of 2007, the

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Air conditioning caused various shifts in demography, notably that of the United States starting from the 1970s. In the US, the

9380: 3241: 2869: 1877:, the increase of global temperatures by 2100 due to hydrofluorocarbons is predicted to be around 0.06 °C (0.1 °F). 3086: 2266:

or in winter, heat storage is used. Heat may be stored in earth or masonry; air is drawn past the masonry to heat or cool it.

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ANSI/AHRI 210/240-2008: 2008 Standard for Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning & Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment

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Agencies, United States Congress House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Dept of the Interior and Related (1988).

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Innovations in the latter half of the 20th century allowed more ubiquitous air conditioner use. In 1945, Robert Sherman of

3349: 2488: 2367: 9395: 5594:"Benchmarking cooling and heating energy demands considering climate change, population growth and cooling device uptake" 3636: 1869:

Hydrofluorocarbons would have raised global temperatures by around 0.3–0.5 °C (0.5–0.9 °F) by 2100 without the

6959:. Illustrated by Marjorie C. Leggitt (illustrated, revised ed.). Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing. p. 62. 5006: 3705:

Davis, Lucas; Gertler, Paul; Jarvis, Stephen; Wolfram, Catherine (July 2021). "Air conditioning and global inequality".

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Air conditioning (including filtration, humidification, cooling and disinfection) can be used to provide a clean, safe,

8116: 6964: 6833: 6795: 6249: 5820:"Neighborhood Effects on Heat Deaths: Social and Environmental Predictors of Vulnerability in Maricopa County, Arizona" 5785: 5725: 5078: 4974: 4630: 3157: 3132: 2972: 2832: 1186:. Floor standing air conditioners are similar to this type of air conditioner but sit within spaces that need cooling. 6435:"BIB 08: An Annotated Bibliography: Passive Cooling Technology for Office Buildings in Hot Dry and Temperate Climates" 3858: 134:

of internal air. Air conditioning can be achieved using a mechanical 'air conditioner' or by other methods, including

9782: 8158: 7871: 7407: 7136: 3620:, Sherman, Robert S., "Air conditioning apparatus", published January 6, 1948, issued January 6, 1948 3438: 2221:

for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and manually powered by prisoners. In 747,

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or other semiconductor sensor, processing temperature change as electronic signals to control the air conditioner.

9400: 9362: 9282: 7227: 3457: 1664: 1280: 710: 674: 4051: 161:, range in size from small units used in vehicles or single rooms to massive units that can cool large buildings. 8936: 8308: 8122: 7502: 1141:. In 1969, the first mini-split air conditioner was sold in the US. Multi-zone ductless systems were invented by 600: 527: 473:

Air conditioner adoption tends to increase above around $ 10,000 annual household income in warmer areas. Global

380: 158: 17: 3942: 2818: 1137:, where small home sizes motivated their development. The Mitsubishi model was the first air conditioner with a 7066: 6471: 6226:

Simulation and Analysis of Ventilation Flow Through a Room Caused by a Two-sided Windcatcher Using a LES Method

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The 19th century included many developments in compression technology. In 1820, English scientist and inventor

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A roof turbine ventilator, colloquially known as a 'Whirly Bird' is an application of wind driven ventilation.

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explains around 85% of increased air condition adoption by 2050, while the remaining 15% can be explained by

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Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 4: Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering

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buildings also used a wide variety of passive air-conditioning techniques. These became widespread from the

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As of 2016 an estimated 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used worldwide, with over half of them in

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Barreca, Alan; Clay, Karen; Deschenes, Olivier; Greenstone, Michael; Shapiro, Joseph S. (February 2016).

2338: 1801: 1780: 626: 493: 447: 177: 5101: 2757:"Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning Systems, Part of Indoor Air Quality Design Tools for Schools" 367:

used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients in his hospital in

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for cooling during the daytime. Daytime radiative cooling became possible with the ability to suppress

2008: 1943: 1776:

in the US, which had been higher in regions subject to a heat wave during the summer, also evened out.

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Domestic air conditioning soon took off. In 1914, the first domestic air conditioning was installed in

97:

There are various types of air conditioners. Popular examples include: Window-mounted air conditioner (

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Chan, Emily Ying Yang; Goggins, William B; Kim, Jacqueline Jakyoung; Griffiths, Sian M (April 2012).

5818:

Harlan, Sharon L.; Declet-Barreto, Juan H.; Stefanov, William L.; Petitti, Diana B. (February 2013).

4145: 3431: 3108: 2074: 1660: 1406: 1175: 1146: 423: 372: 270: 189: 6059:"Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Heat-Related Health Effects and Their Mechanisms: a Review" 5670: 5644:"Climate-friendly cooling could cut years of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and save US$ trillions: UN". 4539: 805:

because it is simple and portable. Some window and ducted central air conditioners uses it as well.

9812: 8447: 8423: 8245: 7941: 7541: 7320: 7211: 7196: 6224: 4847: 4009: 3742: 2222: 2077: – reducing dependency on energy-intensive air conditioning in warming environments. 1863: 1805: 1741: 1639: 1497: 262: 109:, 2020); and ceiling-mounted console (Also called ceiling suspended) air conditioner (China, 2023). 42: 31: 6496:

Ford, Brian (September 2001). "Passive downdraught evaporative cooling: principles and practice".

4944: 4079: 2694:

Ford, Brian (September 2001). "Passive downdraught evaporative cooling: principles and practice".

1858:. Both issues happen due to the venting of refrigerant to the atmosphere, such as during repairs. 1791: 9638: 8744: 8418: 8343: 8265: 8194: 8138: 8070: 7966: 7881: 7791: 7756: 7232: 5987:"Vulnerability to Heat-Related Mortality: A Multicity, Population-Based, Case-Crossover Analysis" 4914: 3402:"Carrier Becomes Independent, Publicly Traded Company, Begins Trading on New York Stock Exchange" 2964: 2269:

In areas that are below freezing at night in winter, snow and ice can be collected and stored in

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There are several ways to modulate the cooling capacity in refrigeration or air conditioning and

1556: 541: 319: 5362: 4775: 3668: 2254:(960–1279), written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used. 706:. Residential central air systems are usually from 1 to 5 tons (3.5 to 18 kW) in capacity. 458:

became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars in 1939.

363:

could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate. In 1842, Florida physician

9608: 9577: 9557: 9517: 9322: 8865: 8855: 8408: 8370: 8250: 7961: 7392: 4355:"Cutting-Edge Technology Could Massively Reduce the Amount of Energy Used for Air Conditioning" 4041:"Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) Technology Development and Major Applications in Europe" 1963: 1736: 1715: 1159: 506: 323: 5649: 4603: 3549: 9542: 9415: 9410: 8860: 8689: 8612: 8428: 8106: 8065: 7781: 7452: 7272: 7044: 7038: 6744:

Miranda, Nicole D.; Renaldi, Renaldi; Khosla, Radhika; McCulloch, Malcolm D. (October 2021).

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This internal mechanical capacity modulation is based on periodic compression process with a

1133:

in Japan, and the first wall-mounted mini-split air conditioner was sold in 1968 in Japan by

695:(2,000 pounds (910 kg) of ice melting in a 24-hour period. The value is equal to 12,000 510: 439: 368: 315: 304: 4252: 3832: 3741: 2147:(PDRC) surfaces reflect incoming solar radiation and heat back into outer space through the 2136: 1823:

Refrigerants have also caused and continue to cause serious environmental issues, including

876:

to measure temperatures and actuate control operations. Mechanical thermostats commonly use

9717: 9673: 9643: 9405: 9312: 8230: 8220: 8164: 8101: 7996: 7576: 7525: 7091: 6927: 6757: 6685: 6642: 6596: 6407: 6347: 6302: 6171: 5605: 3805: 3714: 3000: 2270: 1908: 1904: 1896: 1655: 801: 696: 688: 622: 565: 162: 4387: 4186: 1200: 68: 8: 9736: 9712: 9537: 9440: 9425: 9347: 9317: 8953: 8929: 8903: 8627: 8568: 8096: 8086: 8060: 7846: 7508: 7417: 7387: 7287: 7257: 7151: 7111: 6697: 1993: 1956: 1866:(GWP) in the single or double digits vs. the three or four digits of hydrofluorocarbons. 1817: 1631: 1465: 1158:

of VRF's DC inverter compressors and their inherent DC power requirements also allow VRF

1134: 618: 467: 403:

Electricity made the development of effective units possible. In 1901, American inventor

327: 139: 46: 6956:

Greenhouse Gardener's Companion: Growing Food and Flowers in Your Greenhouse Or Sunspace

6931: 6761: 6689: 6646: 6600: 6411: 6351: 6306: 6175: 6160:"Staying cool in a changing climate: Reaching vulnerable populations during heat events" 5609: 3718: 2957: 2915: 9690: 9663: 9582: 8818: 8759: 8642: 8359: 8303: 8240: 8017: 7896: 7891: 7681: 7492: 7477: 7059: 6939: 6918:

Bahadori, Mehdi N. (February 1978). "Passive Cooling Systems in Iranian Architecture".

6658: 6565: 6521: 6237: 6200: 6159: 6132: 6107: 6083: 6058: 6032: 6016: 6003: 5986: 5961: 5937:"Sociogeographic Variation in the Effects of Heat and Cold on Daily Mortality in Japan" 5936: 5912: 5879: 5852: 5819: 5750: 5558: 5513: 5477: 5452: 5428: 5393: 5268:"The effects of central air conditioning on pollen, mold, and bacterial concentrations" 5248: 4424:"エアコンの歴史とヒミツ | 調べよう家電と省エネ | キッズ版省エネ家電 de スマートライフ（一般財団法人家電製品協会）学ぼう！スマートライフ" 3292: 2343: 2301: 2287: 1996:

is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space without using

1840: 1617: 1575: 784: 201: 193: 5267: 3152: 1272:

Many portable air conditioners come with heat as well as a dehumidification function.

1233:

of air, which would require impractically large ducts. The chilled water is cooled by

9357: 9342: 9221: 9086: 9071: 8776: 8719: 8531: 8514: 7931: 7886: 7641: 7636: 7566: 7462: 7298: 7101: 6970: 6960: 6885: 6839: 6829: 6801: 6791: 6662: 6612: 6569: 6544:"Passive daytime radiative cooling: Fundamentals, material designs, and applications" 6525: 6513: 6453: 6378: 6320: 6255: 6245: 6205: 6187: 6137: 6088: 6024: 6008: 5966: 5917: 5899: 5857: 5839: 5781: 5754: 5721: 5623: 5562: 5550: 5482: 5433: 5415: 5344: 5336: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5252: 5240: 5182: 5045: 4663: 4636: 4362: 3922: 3895: 3557: 3519: 3487: 3296: 3284: 3184: 3176: 3166: 3128: 2978: 2968: 2916:"Things Magical in the collections of the Rare Book and Special Collections Division" 2878: 2838: 2828: 2727: 2661: 2605: 2442: 2415: 2171: 2164: 2160: 2068: 2064: 2013: 1912: 1859: 1836: 1813: 1539: 1178:) from which heat is rejected to the environment and an internal heat exchanger (the 311: 296: 274: 225: 88: 6183: 6036: 5592:

Mutschler, Robin; Rüdisüli, Martin; Heer, Philipp; Eggimann, Sven (April 15, 2021).

5581:(Withdrawn Standard). British Standards Institution. March 29, 1985. BS 6540-1:1985. 3726: 1616:– from 10 to 100% of the cooling capacity, mechanically modulated scrolls have high 9726: 9623: 9332: 9026: 8803: 8637: 8617: 8592: 8398: 8153: 8148: 7731: 7437: 7335: 7330: 7325: 6935: 6819: 6765: 6724: 6693: 6650: 6604: 6555: 6505: 6419: 6415: 6359: 6355: 6310: 6195: 6179: 6127: 6119: 6078: 6070: 5998: 5956: 5948: 5907: 5891: 5847: 5831: 5746: 5645: 5618: 5613: 5593: 5540: 5509: 5472: 5464: 5423: 5405: 5326: 5279: 5230: 5174: 4287: 3722: 3276: 3078: 2703: 2660:

Mohamed, Mady A.A. (January 2010). Lehmann, S.; Waer, H.A.; Al-Qawasmi, J. (eds.).

2528: 2333: 2292: 1874: 1870: 1832: 1671: 1121:

Evaporator, indoor unit, or terminal, side of a ductless split-type air conditioner

877: 750: 556: 419: 415:, a business that in 2020 employed 53,000 people and was valued at $ 18.6 billion. 288: 6713:"Passive daytime radiative cooling: Principle, application, and economic analysis" 6315: 6290: 5741:

Corberan, J.M. (2016). "New trends and developments in ground-source heat pumps".

5545: 5528: 2732:. 26th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture (PLEA2009). Quebec City. 2729:

Designing the Malqaf for Summer Cooling in Low-Rise Housing, an Experimental Study

772: 760: 142:. Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques that provide 9683: 9678: 9658: 9648: 9603: 9587: 9562: 9512: 9468: 9420: 9337: 9327: 8882: 8877: 8786: 8714: 8622: 8602: 8393: 8365: 8007: 7921: 7916: 7861: 7851: 7841: 7771: 7711: 7626: 7611: 7432: 7427: 7402: 7397: 7267: 7191: 7028: 6954: 6823: 4657: 2822: 2148: 2057: 2053: 2042: 2035: 1936: 1881: 1824: 1675: 1359: 1154: 719:

Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment

658: 569: 545: 537: 399:, who is credited with building the first modern electrical air conditioning unit 356: 283: 278: 151: 135: 41:"a/c" redirects here. For the abbreviation used in banking and book-keeping, see 2305:

also makes the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate.

1820:, and more sustainable temperature-controlled food supply chains going forward. 454:

introduced the first practical semi-portable air conditioning unit in 1935, and

239:

An array of air conditioner condenser units outside a commercial office building

9668: 9653: 9618: 9547: 9527: 9502: 9487: 9390: 9066: 8986: 8922: 8898: 8850: 8840: 8830: 8813: 8791: 8647: 8607: 8597: 8575: 8504: 8470: 8143: 8040: 7816: 7796: 7761: 7696: 7616: 7457: 7447: 7356: 7206: 7176: 7131: 7126: 6769: 6654: 5500:

Glaeser, Edward L.; Tobio, Kristina (January 2008). "The Rise of the Sunbelt".

5331: 5314: 5162: 3341: 2480: 2118: 1916: 1855: 1828: 1773: 1723: 1702: 1613: 1609: 1571: 1171: 1138: 746: 549: 478: 412: 404: 396: 292: 185: 181: 173: 7018: 7011: 6509: 6074: 5468: 5178: 3587: 3280: 2707: 9761: 9522: 9473: 9352: 9166: 9046: 8739: 8662: 8652: 8536: 8521: 8225: 8076: 7971: 7936: 7706: 7701: 7656: 7651: 7497: 7472: 7467: 7442: 7412: 7282: 7181: 7161: 7141: 7052: 7003: 6974: 6889: 6843: 6805: 6517: 6324: 6291:"Resilient cooling strategies – A critical review and qualitative assessment" 6259: 6241: 6191: 6012: 5903: 5895: 5843: 5627: 5554: 5453:"Maybe next month? Temperature shocks and dynamic adjustments in birth rates" 5419: 5340: 5291: 5266:

Spiegelman, Jay; Friedman, Herman; Blumstein, George I. (September 1, 1963).

5244: 5186: 4366: 4292: 3561: 3523: 3288: 3180: 2982: 2842: 2218: 2152: 1978: 1667: 1525: 1238: 1230: 1225: 1217: 833: 729: 300: 221: 6123: 5410: 3188: 2516: 2174:

have demonstrated significant decreases in energy consumption and costs. In

844: 9552: 9532: 9435: 9251: 9041: 8996: 8808: 8754: 8734: 8558: 8548: 8541: 8499: 8403: 8081: 7981: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7876: 7811: 7691: 7661: 7601: 7596: 7571: 7482: 7361: 7277: 7201: 7186: 7171: 6746:"Bibliometric analysis and landscape of actors in passive cooling research" 6616: 6209: 6141: 6092: 6028: 5970: 5952: 5921: 5861: 5486: 5437: 5348: 5299: 3434:

U.S. Patent no. 852,823 (filed: April 18, 1906 ; issued: May 7,1907).

2567:

The Future of Cooling - Opportunities for energy-efficient air conditioning

2395:

Dissertation Abstracts International: The humanities and social sciences. A

2348: 2323: 2251: 2226: 2123: 2114: 1932: 1706: 1695: 1355: 1117: 595: 584: 3669:"Inverter Air Conditioners, 1980–1981 IEEE Milestone Celebration Ceremony" 2000:. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of 1985: 824: 9507: 9445: 9385: 9298: 9241: 9226: 9196: 9151: 9121: 9076: 9061: 9016: 8976: 8966: 8872: 8835: 8825: 8766: 8667: 8553: 8494: 8413: 8055: 8012: 7986: 7926: 7906: 7901: 7776: 7736: 7721: 7666: 7591: 7561: 7556: 7372: 7237: 7156: 3445:. Charlotte, North Carolina, USA: Queen City Publishing Co. pp. 182-211. 2214: 2190: 2086: 1851: 1843: 1691: 1687: 1587: 1521: 1316: 1221: 1183: 1150: 853: 728:

Efficiency is strongly affected by the humidity of the air to be cooled.

650: 646: 435: 364: 339: 266: 197: 180:(IEA) 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used globally in 2016. The 6729: 6712: 6608: 6542:

Chen, Meijie; Pang, Dan; Chen, Xingyu; Yan, Hongjie; Yang, Yuan (2022).

6020: 5835: 4716:"Through-the-Wall Versus PTAC Air Conditioners: A Guide for New Yorkers" 3918:

Energy Audit of Building Systems: An Engineering Approach, Third Edition

633:

the regular air conditioning mode to switch the outdoor evaporator coil

79: 9707: 9572: 9492: 9256: 9216: 9186: 9146: 9036: 9011: 8991: 8971: 8749: 8704: 8694: 8677: 8672: 8587: 8563: 8526: 8169: 8091: 8022: 7991: 7866: 7836: 7766: 7716: 7686: 7671: 7646: 7551: 7351: 7247: 7166: 7106: 6560: 6543: 6457: 4776:"LSWU/LSWD Vertical Water-Cooled Self-Contained Unit Engineering Guide" 4040: 3312:"Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning, And Refrigerating Engineering" 2318: 2247: 2243: 2199: 2047: 1885: 1850:, respectively, used within air conditioners have caused damage to the 1765: 1749: 1513: 1509: 1179: 881: 814: 568:

shares many components with an air conditioning system, but includes a

147: 5235: 5218: 2435:

Enteria, Napoleon; Sawachi, Takao; Saito, Kiyoshi (January 31, 2023).

392: 9695: 9567: 9430: 9111: 9006: 8699: 8657: 8489: 8128: 7806: 7801: 7751: 7726: 7581: 7377: 6871:"Comfort from a Block of Ice: A History of Comfort Cooling Using Ice" 6472:"Cooling: The hidden threat for climate change and sustainable goals" 6112:

Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine

5065:

Ghanbariannaeeni, Ali; Ghazanfarihashemi, Ghazalehsadat (June 2012).

2328: 2210: 2156: 1968: 1710: 1505: 1303: 1264:

type collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops when full. The

863: 692: 654: 612: 576: 244: 35: 6377:(1st ed.). London: James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd. 6338:

Linden, P. F. (1999). "The Fluid Mechanics of Natural Ventilation".

4884:"What is Packaged Air Conditioner? Types of Packged Air Condtioners" 1974: 1744:. As long as the cooling tower is kept clean (usually by means of a 572:, which allows the unit to be used to heat as well as cool a space. 30:

This article is about cooling of air. For the Curved Air album, see

9745: 9701: 9613: 9478: 9231: 9031: 8981: 8798: 8709: 8632: 8111: 8045: 7546: 7346: 7146: 7121: 7096: 6828:(2nd ed.). Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. p. 91. 5817: 5217:

Gamarro, Harold; Ortiz, Luis; González, Jorge E. (August 1, 2020).

5132: 2532: 2481:"Earth Tubes: Providing the freshest possible air to your building" 2438:

Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems: Advances and Applications of VRF

2275: 2195: 2175: 2096: 2001: 1769: 1745: 798: 451: 427: 408: 213: 131: 98: 8439: 5983: 9633: 9497: 9116: 9021: 8845: 8771: 8684: 8509: 7621: 7293: 5064: 2100: 2073:

Passive cooling is an important tool for design of buildings for

1727: 1234: 1213: 1195: 1130: 455: 376: 360: 166: 5223:

ASME Journal of Engineering for Sustainable Buildings and Cities

2882: 1670:

carriage. Air conditioning has become increasingly prevalent on

34:. For a similar device capable of both cooling and heating, see 9482: 9236: 9181: 9176: 9126: 8729: 8298: 8050: 7856: 7606: 4330:. Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute. 2012. 2203: 2095:) used in traditional architecture; wind is forced down on the 1517: 1284:

Through-the-wall PTAC units, University Motor Inn, Philadelphia

1142: 873: 560: 9267: 7074: 6287: 4087:

Minnesota Department of Commerce, Division of Energy Resources

2514: 536:

A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle: 1)

299:

with an apparatus of troughs and vats. Drebbel's contemporary

9722: 9628: 9246: 9161: 9141: 9131: 9106: 8313: 7746: 6743: 6397: 6157: 5591: 4685:"Portable Vs Split System Air Conditioning | Pros & Cons" 4629:

Kreith, Frank; Wang, Shan K.; Norton, Paul (April 20, 2018).

3743:"The World Wants Air-Conditioning. That Could Warm the World" 3124:

It Happened in Florida: Remarkable Events That Shaped History

1795:

Air conditioner farm in the facade of a building in Singapore

888: 691:", with each approximately equal to the cooling power of one 502: 498: 485: 331: 235: 217: 106: 102: 6366: 4242:"Unpotted HP-199-1.4-0.8 at a hot-side temperature of 25 °C" 2787:"Air conditioners fuel the climate crisis. Can nature help?" 2202:. Large human-powered fans built into buildings include the 9741: 9206: 9171: 9001: 8945: 8781: 7821: 7741: 6331: 5265: 3637:"IEEE milestones (39) Inverter Air Conditioners, 1980–1981" 3310:

Gulledge III, Charles; Knight, Dennis (February 11, 2016).

2564: 2274:

This practice was replaced by mechanical compression-cycle

1997: 1731: 703: 642:

performance, requiring a defrosting cycle to be performed.

532: 228:

through North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern India.

127: 5451:

Barreca, Alan; Deschenes, Olivier; Guldi, Melanie (2018).

5038:

Lun, Y. H. Venus; Tung, S. L. Dennis (November 13, 2019).

154:

to allow them both to heat and to cool an enclosed space.

6675: 5394:"Geography and macroeconomics: New data and new findings" 3704: 2081: 1299: 709:

The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the

489: 8914: 6372: 3518:. Vol. 123, no. 5. November 1933. p. 30. 2485:

Earth Rangers Centre for Sustainable Technology Showcase

1907:

and access to air conditioning are connected by some to

1204:

Industrial air conditioners on top of the shopping mall

1092:* where the typical capacity is in kilowatt as follows: 492:, and a total cooling capacity of 11,675 gigawatts. The 150:

are similar in many ways to air conditioners, but use a

6391: 5877: 5527:

Sherman, Peter; Lin, Haiyang; McElroy, Michael (2018).

3161:. Vol. 1. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 3109:"Improved process for the artificial production of ice" 192:

and for the use of alternatives, like passive cooling,

169:, are becoming increasingly common in cooler climates. 6441: 4277:

Newell, David B.; Tiesinga, Eite, eds. (August 2019).

2626:"Air-conditioning found at 'oldest city in the world'" 6586: 6223:

Niktash, Amirreza; Huynh, B. Phuoc (July 2–4, 2014).

5450: 5067:"Bypass Method For Recip Compressor Capacity Control" 1170:

Split-system central air conditioners consist of two

1112: 715:

Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute

338:

as their object. They used a bellows to speed up the

6632: 5216: 4146:"Heat Pumps: A Practical Solution for Cold Climates" 3556:. Vol. 63, no. 6. June 1935. p. 885. 2108: 2090: 1603: 1275: 5934: 5777:

Geothermal Energy Utilization and Technologies 2020

3831:Cornish, Cheryl; Cooper, Stephen; Jenkins, Salima. 2434: 2046:A traditional Iranian solar cooling design using a 1880:Alternatives to continual air conditioning include 1565: 375:created the first mechanical ice-making machine in 101:, 1955); Ceiling-mounted cassette air conditioner ( 6628: 6626: 5100: 4286:. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 3550:"Room-size air conditioner fits under window sill" 3309: 3267:Simha, R. V. (February 2012). "Willis H Carrier". 2956: 2726:Attia, Shady; Herde, André de (June 22–24, 2009). 2246:fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising 1212:Large central cooling plants may use intermediate 6234:Lecture Notes in Engineering and Computer Science 5526: 5313:Portnoy, Jay M.; Jara, David (February 1, 2015). 3775:"How America became addicted to air conditioning" 3242:"Global Cooling: The History of Air Conditioning" 2663:Traditional Ways of Dealing with Climate in Egypt 1831:, as several countries have not yet ratified the 1578:(also called digital), and inverter technology. 144:heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) 9759: 6781: 6779: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 5133:"Weather Related Fatality and Injury Statistics" 4628: 3830: 3474:. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019 1129:The first mini-split system was sold in 1961 by 6623: 6541: 6153: 6151: 5398:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4515:"The Duct Free Zone: History of the Mini Split" 3496:) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2469:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 629. 2250:of water from fountains. During the subsequent 1678:, and to ensure passenger comfort and drivers' 1260:, are vented to the outside via air ducts. The 413:The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America 6669: 6537: 6535: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5041:Heat Pumps for Sustainable Heating and Cooling 4659:Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration 4632:Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering 4571:"The Emergence of VRF as a Viable HVAC Option" 4276: 617:Some air conditioning systems can reverse the 291:demonstrated "Turning Summer into Winter" for 9283: 8930: 8455: 7060: 6776: 6043: 4212:"Coefficient of Performance (COP) heat pumps" 3372:"Carrier Reports First Quarter 2020 Earnings" 3150: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2233: 2121:below while allowing hot air rise out of it ( 1981:are designed to maximise natural ventilation. 1686:In hot weather, air conditioning can prevent 6452:. California Energy Resources Conservation. 6447: 6222: 6148: 5884:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 5873: 5871: 5773: 5499: 3739: 3432:"Humidifying and air conditioning apparatus" 3244:. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 2565:International Energy Agency (May 15, 2018). 2398:. University Microfilms. 2005. p. 3600. 2131: 1835:to reduce the consumption and production of 1623: 176:due to higher temperature. According to the 6785: 6532: 6373:Santamouris, M.; Asimakoupolos, D. (1996). 6105: 5743:Advances in Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems 5639: 5637: 5312: 5205: 4682: 4074: 4072: 3314:. National Institute of Building Sciences. 3111:U.S. Patent no. 8080 (Issued: May 6, 1851). 2812: 2810: 2808: 2604:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 367. 1810:United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 1705:, in addition to other problems related to 1309: 1162:to be run using DC-providing solar panels. 778:The infrared transmitting LED on the remote 359:discovered that compressing and liquefying 165:, which can be used for heating as well as 9290: 9276: 8937: 8923: 8462: 8448: 7827:High efficiency glandless circulating pump 7076:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 7067: 7053: 6825:Mari and Karana: Two Old Babylonian Cities 6704: 5686:"How your fridge is heating up the planet" 5392:Nordhaus, William D. (February 10, 2010). 5319:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 3127:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 13–. 3114: 3033: 2725: 2648: 2238:) built in the imperial palace, which the 2004:differences arising from natural forces. 1594: 740: 184:called for the technology to be made more 6868: 6728: 6710: 6559: 6314: 6199: 6131: 6082: 6002: 5960: 5911: 5868: 5851: 5683: 5650:10.1163/9789004322714_cclc_2020-0252-0973 5617: 5544: 5476: 5427: 5409: 5330: 5234: 4746:"Self-Contained Air Conditioning Systems" 4683:Hleborodova, Veronika (August 14, 2018). 4291: 4048:Toronto and Region Conservation Authority 3049:"The Cool History of the Air Conditioner" 2816: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2510: 2508: 2506: 1935:must be taken into account, complicating 1241:. Chillers may be air- or liquid-cooled. 1165: 723:European seasonal energy efficiency ratio 679:European seasonal energy efficiency ratio 8261:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation 6917: 6750:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 6635:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 6448:Niles, Philip; Kenneth, Haggard (1980). 6056: 5774:Roselli, Carlo; Sasso, Maurizio (2021). 5740: 5684:Gerretsen, Isabelle (December 8, 2020). 5634: 5391: 4975:"Water Cooled Packaged Air Conditioners" 4069: 4038: 4007: 3887: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3439:"Recent development in air conditioning" 2998: 2805: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2461: 2291: 2170:PDRC applications on building roofs and 2135: 2080: 2041: 1984: 1973: 1962: 1790: 1786: 1654: 1279: 1199: 1189: 1116: 531: 391: 379:, and was granted a patent for an ether 256: 234: 5037: 3859:"Central Air Conditioning Buying Guide" 3835:(Report). United States Census Bureau. 3772: 3616: 3456: 3239: 3208: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2659: 2601:Air Conditioning & Heating Practice 1740:, the infectious agent responsible for 1322: 521: 105:, 2023); Wall-mounted air conditioner ( 14: 9760: 6818: 6711:Yang, Yuan; Zhang, Yifan (July 2020). 6337: 6057:Gronlund, Carina J. (September 2014). 4894:from the original on February 22, 2018 4713: 4606:. United States Department of Energy. 4598: 4596: 4512: 4434:from the original on September 7, 2022 4280:The International System of Units (SI) 3953:from the original on February 22, 2019 3914: 3808:. United States Department of Energy. 3803: 3754:from the original on February 16, 2021 3568:from the original on November 22, 2016 3492:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3412:from the original on February 25, 2021 3352:from the original on February 27, 2021 3146: 3144: 3120: 3025:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3007:from the original on February 25, 2021 2954: 2824:Absolute zero and the conquest of cold 2754: 2539: 2503: 2281: 1949: 887:These controllers are usually used in 461: 265:described a method of chilling ice to 157:Air conditioners, which typically use 9271: 8918: 8443: 8134:Programmable communicating thermostat 7048: 6952: 6850:from the original on January 29, 2021 6498:Arq: Architectural Research Quarterly 5367:New York Codes, Rules and Regulations 5193:from the original on January 21, 2024 5113:from the original on January 29, 2021 4925:from the original on January 15, 2021 4912: 4756:from the original on October 30, 2020 4726:from the original on January 15, 2021 4610:from the original on January 30, 2021 4581:from the original on December 3, 2020 3740:Pierre-Louis, Kendra (May 15, 2018). 3693: 3681:from the original on January 21, 2024 3649:from the original on January 21, 2024 3382:from the original on January 24, 2021 3266: 3221:from the original on January 16, 2021 3046: 2963:. Columbia University Press. p. 2923:Library of Congress Quarterly Journal 2867: 2827:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2714: 2636:from the original on December 8, 2023 2491:from the original on January 28, 2021 295:, chilling part of the Great Hall of 8256:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing 6869:Nagengast, Bernard (February 1999). 6786:Needham, Joseph; Wang, Ling (1991). 6698:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118493 6495: 5143:from the original on August 24, 2022 4655: 4568: 4352: 4096:from the original on January 2, 2022 3437:See also: Cramer, Stuart W. (1906) 2999:Franklin, Benjamin (June 17, 1758). 2913: 2693: 2682: 2597: 2257: 1967:The ventilation system of a regular 8469: 6432: 6269:from the original on April 26, 2018 4848:"Packaged Rooftop Air Conditioners" 4593: 4513:Wagner, Gerry (November 30, 2021). 4404:from the original on March 18, 2021 4334:from the original on March 29, 2018 4303:from the original on April 22, 2021 4156:from the original on March 31, 2022 4126:from the original on April 10, 2022 4080:"Cold Climate Air Source Heat Pump" 4039:Snijders, Aart L. (July 30, 2008). 4008:Perryman, Oliver (April 19, 2021). 3915:Krarti, Moncef (December 1, 2020). 3894:. The Fairmont Press. p. 737. 3839:from the original on April 11, 2021 3785:from the original on March 13, 2021 3530:from the original on April 26, 2021 3318:from the original on April 20, 2021 3141: 3089:from the original on March 13, 2021 3059:from the original on April 10, 2021 2987:Cornelius Drebbel air conditioning. 2936:from the original on March 24, 2021 1922: 1755: 808: 717:in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, 27:Cooling of air in an enclosed space 24: 8117:Minimum efficiency reporting value 6940:10.1038/SCIENTIFICAMERICAN0278-144 6004:10.1097/01.ede.0000208477.36665.34 5751:10.1016/B978-0-08-100311-4.00013-3 5514:10.1002/j.2325-8012.2008.tb00856.x 4987:from the original on June 19, 2018 4695:from the original on March 9, 2021 4656:Wang, Shan K. (November 7, 2000). 4569:Feit, Justin (December 20, 2017). 4494:from the original on March 8, 2021 4464:from the original on March 9, 2021 4057:from the original on March 8, 2021 4010:"Dehumidifier vs Air Conditioning" 3773:Carroll, Rory (October 26, 2015). 3598:from the original on June 18, 2017 3248:from the original on March 8, 2021 3209:Palermo, Elizabeth (May 1, 2014). 3158:Australian Dictionary of Biography 2868:Porta, Giambattista Della (1584). 2579:from the original on June 26, 2024 2411:1993 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals 2028: 1113:Mini-split and multi-split systems 25: 9824: 8159:Standard temperature and pressure 7872:Packaged terminal air conditioner 7408:Passive daytime radiative cooling 7137:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle 7039:The Presidential Cold Air Machine 6996: 6981:from the original on May 13, 2021 6899:from the original on May 13, 2021 6232:. World Congress on Engineering. 5824:Environmental Health Perspectives 5696:from the original on May 10, 2021 5373:from the original on May 13, 2021 5019:from the original on May 13, 2021 4955:from the original on May 13, 2021 4913:Evans, Paul (November 11, 2018). 4864:from the original on May 13, 2021 4828:from the original on May 13, 2021 4792:from the original on May 13, 2021 4714:Kamins, Toni L. (July 15, 2013). 4550:from the original on June 5, 2020 4020:from the original on May 13, 2021 3812:from the original on June 5, 2020 3047:Green, Amanda (January 1, 2015). 2914:Beck, Leonard D. (October 1974). 2892:from the original on May 13, 2021 2849:from the original on May 13, 2021 2767:from the original on July 5, 2022 2736:from the original on May 13, 2021 2670:from the original on May 13, 2021 2209:The 2nd-century Chinese inventor 2145:Passive daytime radiative cooling 1891: 1650: 1604:Mechanically modulated compressor 1581: 1296:packaged terminal air conditioner 1290:Packaged terminal air conditioner 1276:Window unit and packaged terminal 1244: 1147:variable refrigerant flow systems 735: 448:air conditioning systems for cars 303:, like della Porta a believer in 126:(UK), is the process of removing 9401:Failure of electronic components 9085: 7228:Absorption-compression heat pump 6946: 6911: 6862: 6812: 6737: 6580: 6489: 6464: 6426: 6340:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 6281: 6216: 6099: 5977: 5928: 5811: 5794: 5767: 5734: 5708: 4222:from the original on May 3, 2021 4185:. March 14, 2012. Archived from 4050:. Arnhem: IFTech International. 3869:from the original on May 9, 2021 3588:"Michigan Fast Facts and Trivia" 3408:(Press release). April 3, 2020. 3211:"Who Invented Air Conditioning?" 2755:US EPA, OAR (October 17, 2014). 2696:Architectural Research Quarterly 2374:from the original on May 3, 2022 2034:This section is an excerpt from 1955:This section is an excerpt from 1665:Osaka Municipal Subway 10 series 1620:as the motor continuously runs. 1566:Capacity modulation technologies 1489: 1405:Commercial and central systems, 852: 843: 832: 823: 797:This type of controller uses an 790:The infrared receiver on the A/C 783: 771: 759: 713:(SEER), which is defined by the 711:seasonal energy efficiency ratio 675:Seasonal energy efficiency ratio 387: 87: 78: 67: 58: 9297: 8123:Normal temperature and pressure 7503:Vapor-compression refrigeration 6717:MRS Energy & Sustainability 6184:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.12.011 6106:O'Neill, M. S. (May 11, 2005). 5677: 5585: 5569: 5520: 5493: 5444: 5385: 5355: 5306: 5259: 5155: 5125: 5093: 5058: 5044:. Springer Nature. p. 25. 5031: 4999: 4967: 4945:"water-cooled – Johnson Supply" 4937: 4906: 4876: 4840: 4804: 4768: 4738: 4707: 4676: 4649: 4622: 4562: 4532: 4506: 4476: 4446: 4416: 4380: 4346: 4315: 4270: 4234: 4204: 4168: 4138: 4108: 4032: 4001: 3965: 3935: 3908: 3881: 3851: 3824: 3797: 3766: 3733: 3727:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102299 3661: 3629: 3610: 3580: 3542: 3504: 3450: 3424: 3394: 3364: 3334: 3303: 3260: 3233: 3202: 3101: 3071: 2992: 2948: 2907: 2861: 2779: 2748: 2618: 2441:. Springer Nature. p. 46. 2179:single-family residential areas 2007:There are two types of natural 601:seasonal thermal energy storage 528:Vapor-compression refrigeration 381:vapor-compression refrigeration 318:, a chemistry professor at the 159:vapor-compression refrigeration 7031:", 28 August 1880, p. 138 6790:. Cambridge University Press. 6420:10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.04.016 6360:10.1146/annurev.fluid.31.1.201 5619:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116636 5363:"Subpart 4-1 – Cooling Towers" 4980:. Japan: Daikin. May 2, 2003. 4540:"History of Daikin Innovation" 3833:Characteristics of New Housing 3804:Lester, Paul (July 20, 2015). 3378:(Press release). May 8, 2020. 3240:Varrasi, John (June 6, 2011). 3163:Australian National University 2591: 2473: 2455: 2428: 2402: 2386: 2360: 1680:occupational safety and health 1504:This compressor consists of a 664: 251: 13: 1: 8271:Testing, adjusting, balancing 8215:Building information modeling 8210:Building services engineering 7787:Ground-coupled heat exchanger 7315:Demand controlled ventilation 7263:Building insulation materials 6433:M.j, Limb (January 1, 1998). 6316:10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111312 5546:10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112198 4915:"RTU Rooftop Units explained" 3806:"History of Air Conditioning" 3153:"Harrison, James (1816–1893)" 3151:Bruce-Wallace, L. G. (1966). 2354: 2229:(618–907) had the Cool Hall ( 277:(then called "nitre") in his 9396:List of emerging electronics 7832:High-pressure cut-off switch 7383:Ice storage air conditioning 7304:Dedicated outdoor air system 7041:", 6 August 1881, p. 84 6375:Passive cooling of buildings 6063:Current Epidemiology Reports 5717:Encyclopedia of Energy: Ph-S 5284:10.1016/0021-8707(63)90007-8 5102:"Heat Stroke (Hyperthermia)" 5007:"Water Cooled Packaged Unit" 3512:"First Air-Conditioned Auto" 3342:"Willis Carrier – 1876–1902" 2521:Journal of Political Economy 1362:, portable air conditioners 1074:Packaged RTU (Rooftop Unit) 766:A wireless remote controller 721:. A similar standard is the 516: 426:, was exploring ways to add 336:mercury-in-glass thermometer 172:Air conditioners can reduce 7: 9778:Ancient Egyptian technology 8725:Instant hot water dispenser 8175:Thermostatic radiator valve 7977:Thermostatic radiator valve 7488:Underfloor air distribution 7423:Radiant heating and cooling 7341:Energy recovery ventilation 7253:Automobile air conditioning 7117:Domestic energy consumption 6678:Applied Thermal Engineering 6164:Global Environmental Change 5173:(8): 41. October 19, 2012. 4454:"Air conditioner | History" 4388:"M-Series Contractor Guide" 3943:"What is a Reversing Valve" 3707:Global Environmental Change 2339:Energy recovery ventilation 2312: 2109: 2091: 2019:buoyancy-driven ventilation 1802:International Energy Agency 1781:International Energy Agency 1716:August 2003 France heatwave 1252:Hose systems, which can be 862:Several wired controllers ( 627:electric resistance heating 494:International Energy Agency 178:International Energy Agency 10: 9829: 8324:Institute of Refrigeration 8205:Architectural technologist 7677:Electrostatic precipitator 6770:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111406 6655:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110263 5332:10.1016/j.anai.2014.10.004 4604:"Central Air Conditioning" 3921:. CRC Press. p. 370. 2300:In dry, hot climates, the 2285: 2188: 2033: 1954: 1629: 1554: 1537: 1495: 1368:very low (small capacity) 1287: 1193: 967:Residential, remote areas 812: 744: 685:coefficient of performance 671:coefficient of performance 668: 610: 606: 525: 207: 40: 29: 9596: 9454: 9371: 9305: 9094: 9083: 8952: 8944: 8891: 8477: 8386: 8377:Volatile organic compound 8352: 8279: 8236:Environmental engineering 8200:Architectural engineering 8183: 8031: 8002:Ultra-low particulate air 7587:Automatic balancing valve 7534: 7515:Variable refrigerant flow 7367:Heat recovery ventilation 7310:Deep water source cooling 7220: 7082: 7007:Carrier's original patent 6510:10.1017/S1359135501001312 6075:10.1007/s40471-014-0014-4 5502:Southern Economic Journal 5469:10.1007/s13524-018-0690-7 5179:10.1108/09504121211278322 4662:. McGraw-Hill Education. 3281:10.1007/s12045-012-0014-y 3121:Wright, E. Lynne (2009). 3003:. Letter to John Lining. 2708:10.1017/S1359135501001312 2234: 2132:Daytime radiative cooling 2117:vent), used to shade the 2075:climate change adaptation 1663:unit fitted on top of an 1645: 1624:Variable-speed compressor 1531: 424:Charlotte, North Carolina 9783:Ancient Roman technology 8424:Template:Home automation 8246:Kitchen exhaust cleaning 7942:Solar-assisted heat pump 7542:Air conditioner inverter 7321:Displacement ventilation 7212:Vapour pressure of water 7197:Thermal destratification 6400:Building and Environment 5896:10.1136/jech.2008.085167 5315:"Mold allergy revisited" 5137:National Weather Service 5071:Pipeline and Gas Journal 4293:10.6028/NIST.SP.330-2019 3618:US patent US2433960A 2598:Laub, Julian M. (1963). 2370:. Cambridge Dictionary. 2011:occurring in buildings: 1909:institutionalized racism 1864:global warming potential 1806:greenhouse gas emissions 1640:variable-frequency drive 1550: 1498:Reciprocating compressor 1385:Residential mini splits 1370:medium (large capacity) 1310:Packaged air conditioner 1160:solar-powered heat pumps 1001:Residential, commercial 984:Residential, commercial 894: 263:Giambattista della Porta 43:Account (disambiguation) 32:Air Conditioning (album) 9639:Electromagnetic warfare 8745:Laundry-folding machine 8419:World Refrigeration Day 8266:Refrigerant reclamation 8195:Architectural acoustics 8139:Programmable thermostat 8071:Clean air delivery rate 7967:Thermal expansion valve 7882:Pressurisation ductwork 7792:Ground source heat pump 7233:Absorption refrigerator 6236:. Vol. 2. London. 5941:Journal of Epidemiology 5411:10.1073/pnas.0509842103 4919:The Engineering Mindset 4812:"Packaged Rooftop Unit" 4750:Daikin Applied Americas 4484:"1920s–1970s | History" 4176:"TEM Instruction Sheet" 3888:Petchers, Neil (2003). 3458:US patent US808897A 3083:Encyclopædia Britannica 2955:Laszlo, Pierre (2001). 2817:Shachtman, Tom (1999). 2184: 2099:side and leaves on the 2014:wind driven ventilation 1595:Manifold configurations 1557:Rotary-screw compressor 1174:, an outside unit (the 741:Wireless remote control 450:were offered for sale. 320:University of Cambridge 190:mitigate climate change 118:, often abbreviated as 9609:Automotive electronics 9558:Robotic vacuum cleaner 9518:Information technology 9323:Electronic engineering 8409:Glossary of HVAC terms 8371:Sick building syndrome 8251:Mechanical engineering 7962:Smoke exhaust ductwork 7393:Mixed-mode ventilation 6450:Passive Solar Handbook 5953:10.2188/jea.JE20130051 5665:Cite journal requires 4888:Bright Hub Engineering 3973:"Humidity and Comfort" 3085:. September 29, 2020. 2297: 2141: 2128: 2050: 1990: 1982: 1971: 1796: 1737:Legionella pneumophila 1683: 1674:vehicles as a form of 1285: 1209: 1166:Ducted central systems 1122: 1096:very small: <1.5 kW 552: 400: 240: 45:. For other uses, see 9543:Portable media player 9416:Molecular electronics 9411:Low-power electronics 9102:Air conditioning unit 8613:Electric water boiler 8429:Template:Solar energy 8107:Intelligent buildings 8066:Carbon dioxide sensor 7453:Room air distribution 7273:Central solar heating 7019:U.S. patent 2,363,294 7012:U.S. patent 1,172,429 6953:Smith, Shane (2000). 6124:10.1093/jurban/jti043 4218:. November 18, 2020. 4152:. December 10, 2020. 2296:An evaporative cooler 2295: 2139: 2084: 2045: 1988: 1977: 1966: 1794: 1787:Environmental effects 1742:Legionnaires' disease 1700:electrolyte disorders 1658: 1576:mechanical modulation 1283: 1203: 1190:Central plant cooling 1120: 1108:very large: >14 kW 689:tons of refrigeration 535: 440:Charles Gilbert Gates 395: 369:Apalachicola, Florida 305:science communication 257:Preceding discoveries 238: 196:, selective shading, 163:Air source heat pumps 9737:Terahertz technology 9718:Open-source hardware 9674:Consumer electronics 9644:Electronics industry 9406:Flexible electronics 9313:Analogue electronics 8231:Duct leakage testing 8221:Deep energy retrofit 8165:Thermographic camera 8102:Infrared thermometer 7577:Air source heat pump 7526:Water heat recycling 7092:Air changes per hour 6295:Energy and Buildings 5745:. pp. 359–385. 5533:Energy and Buildings 4890:. January 13, 2010. 2242:describes as having 2225:(r. 712–762) of the 1946:, and heat storage. 1905:socioeconomic status 1335:Common applications 1323:Types of compressors 992:medium – very large 972:Ducted (individual) 916:Typical application 623:air source heat pump 566:air source heat pump 522:Operating principles 9788:Building automation 9773:American inventions 9713:Nuclear electronics 9538:Networking hardware 9441:Quantum electronics 9426:Organic electronics 9348:Printed electronics 9318:Digital electronics 8904:Appliance recycling 8628:Electric toothbrush 8097:HVAC control system 8087:Home energy monitor 8061:Building automation 7847:Inverter compressor 7509:Variable air volume 7418:Passive ventilation 7388:Kitchen ventilation 7288:Constant air volume 7258:Autonomous building 7035:Scientific American 7025:Scientific American 7004:U.S. patent 808,897 6932:1978SciAm.238b.144B 6920:Scientific American 6762:2021RSERv.14911406M 6730:10.1557/mre.2020.18 6690:2022AppTE.21118493M 6647:2020RSERv.13310263B 6609:10.1038/nature13883 6601:2014Natur.515..540R 6412:2013BuEnv..66...54S 6352:1999AnRFM..31..201L 6307:2021EneBu.25111312Z 6176:2013GEC....23..475S 5836:10.1289/ehp.1104625 5610:2021ApEn..28816636M 5109:. January 2, 2019. 5077:(6). Archived from 4488:Mitsubishi Electric 4192:on January 24, 2013 4014:Dehumidifier Critic 3719:2021GEC....6902299D 2959:Salt: Grain of Life 2302:evaporative cooling 2282:Evaporative cooling 2198:have existed since 2157:photonic structures 1994:Passive ventilation 1957:Passive ventilation 1950:Passive ventilation 1638:This system uses a 1632:Inverter compressor 1471:Commercial chiller 1448:Commercial chiller 1428:Commercial chiller 1328: 1135:Mitsubishi Electric 975:small – very large 958:very small – small 941:very small – small 900: 702:per hour, or 3,517 619:refrigeration cycle 589:refrigeration cycle 564:condenser side. An 468:Lynn, Massachusetts 462:Further development 194:evaporative cooling 140:ventilative cooling 9798:Cooling technology 9793:Chinese inventions 9768:1902 introductions 9691:Marine electronics 9664:Integrated circuit 9583:Video game console 9381:2020s in computing 9363:Thermal management 8760:Robotic lawn mower 8643:Evaporative cooler 8360:Indoor air quality 8304:ASTM International 8241:Hydronic balancing 8018:Wood-burning stove 7897:Radiator reflector 7682:Evaporative cooler 7493:Underfloor heating 7478:Thermal insulation 6561:10.1002/eom2.12153 5720:. Elsevier. 2004. 5272:Journal of Allergy 5081:on August 12, 2014 4855:Trane Technologies 4258:on January 7, 2009 3748:The New York Times 3674:. March 16, 2021. 3430:Cramer, Stuart W. 3021:cite press release 2819:"Winter in Summer" 2344:Indoor air quality 2298: 2288:Evaporative cooler 2262:In areas that are 2142: 2129: 2051: 1998:mechanical systems 1991: 1983: 1972: 1944:thermal convection 1837:hydrofluorocarbons 1816:, better building 1814:hydrofluorocarbons 1797: 1684: 1618:energy consumption 1327: 1286: 1210: 1123: 1102:medium: 4.2–7.1 kW 1006:Ceiling suspended 907:Typical Capacity* 899: 653:, or wood-burning 553: 409:Brooklyn, New York 401: 377:Geelong, Australia 293:James I of England 273:by mixing it with 241: 202:thermal insulation 9755: 9754: 9732:Radio electronics 9358:Schematic capture 9343:Power electronics 9265: 9264: 8912: 8911: 8532:Coffee percolator 8515:Immersion blender 8437: 8436: 8353:Health and safety 7932:Scroll compressor 7887:Process duct work 7642:Convection heater 7637:Condensing boiler 7567:Air-mixing plenum 7463:Solar combisystem 7299:Cross ventilation 7102:Building envelope 6820:Dalley, Stephanie 6595:(7528): 540–544. 6384:978-1-873936-47-4 5760:978-0-08-100311-4 5404:(10): 3510–3517. 5236:10.1115/1.4048175 5167:Reference Reviews 5051:978-3-030-31387-6 4857:. November 2006. 4785:. April 6, 2018. 4720:Brick Underground 4669:978-0-07-068167-5 4642:978-1-351-46783-4 4428:shouene-kaden.net 4395:Mitsubishipro.com 4353:Baraniuk, Chris. 3928:978-1-000-25967-4 3901:978-0-88173-433-1 3865:. March 3, 2021. 3554:Popular Mechanics 3329:air-conditioning. 3172:978-0-522-84459-7 3053:Popular Mechanics 2632:. June 24, 2000. 2611:978-0-03-011225-6 2448:978-981-19-6833-4 2421:978-0-910110-97-6 2258:Thermal buffering 2165:thermal emittance 2161:solar reflectance 2105:cross-ventilation 2065:building envelope 1846:such as R-12 and 1540:Scroll compressor 1487: 1486: 1338:Typical capacity 1332:Compressor types 1184:ventilation ducts 1099:small: 1.5–3.5 kW 1090: 1089: 989:Ducted (central) 878:bimetallic strips 405:Willis H. Carrier 312:Benjamin Franklin 297:Westminster Abbey 275:potassium nitrate 226:Iberian Peninsula 16:(Redirected from 9820: 9808:Gas technologies 9803:Dutch inventions 9727:Radio navigation 9624:Data acquisition 9333:Microelectronics 9292: 9285: 9278: 9269: 9268: 9089: 9027:Half-hipped roof 8939: 8932: 8925: 8916: 8915: 8720:Induction cooker 8690:Garbage disposer 8638:Espresso machine 8593:Electric blanket 8464: 8457: 8450: 8441: 8440: 8399:Building science 8154:Smart thermostat 8149:Room temperature 7732:Fireplace insert 7438:Radon mitigation 7336:Electric heating 7331:District heating 7326:District cooling 7243:Air conditioning 7069: 7062: 7055: 7046: 7045: 7021: 7014: 7006: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6898: 6875: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6783: 6774: 6773: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6630: 6621: 6620: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6563: 6539: 6530: 6529: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6445: 6439: 6438: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6335: 6329: 6328: 6318: 6285: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6268: 6231: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6203: 6155: 6146: 6145: 6135: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6086: 6054: 6041: 6040: 6006: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5964: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5915: 5875: 5866: 5865: 5855: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5668: 5663: 5661: 5653: 5641: 5632: 5631: 5621: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5548: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5480: 5463:(4): 1269–1293. 5448: 5442: 5441: 5431: 5413: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5369:. June 7, 2016. 5359: 5353: 5352: 5334: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5238: 5214: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5104: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5018: 5011: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4986: 4979: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4863: 4852: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4827: 4816: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4791: 4783:Johnson Controls 4780: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4600: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4403: 4392: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4329: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4302: 4295: 4285: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4257: 4251:. 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Archived from 3977: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3863:Consumer Reports 3855: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3745: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3702: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3680: 3673: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3648: 3641: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3491: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3473: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3448: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3325: 3323: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3148: 3139: 3138: 3118: 3112: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3044: 3031: 3030: 3024: 3016: 3014: 3012: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2962: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2935: 2920: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2897: 2891: 2876: 2871:Magiae naturalis 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2814: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2723: 2712: 2711: 2691: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2657: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2578: 2571: 2562: 2537: 2536: 2512: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2414:. ASHRAE. 1993. 2406: 2400: 2399: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2364: 2334:Crankcase heater 2237: 2236: 2223:Emperor Xuanzong 2112: 2094: 2085:A pair of short 1923:Other techniques 1875:Kigali Amendment 1871:Kigali Amendment 1833:Kigali Amendment 1756:Economic effects 1672:public transport 1329: 1326: 1208:in Linz, Austria 1155:dropped ceilings 1105:large: 7.2–14 kW 1063:Direct / Ducted 1046:Direct / Ducted 1029:Direct / Ducted 961:Direct / Ducted 901: 898: 856: 847: 836: 827: 809:Wired controller 787: 775: 763: 751:Infrared blaster 559:between gas and 420:Stuart W. Cramer 351: 350: 346: 324:volatile liquids 289:Cornelis Drebbel 222:Ancient Egyptian 116:Air conditioning 91: 82: 71: 62: 21: 9828: 9827: 9823: 9822: 9821: 9819: 9818: 9817: 9813:Home appliances 9758: 9757: 9756: 9751: 9684:Small appliance 9679:Major appliance 9659:Home automation 9649:Embedded system 9604:Audio equipment 9592: 9588:Washing machine 9513:Home theater PC 9469:Central heating 9464:Air conditioner 9456: 9450: 9421:Nanoelectronics 9373: 9367: 9338:Optoelectronics 9328:Instrumentation 9301: 9296: 9266: 9261: 9090: 9081: 8948: 8943: 8913: 8908: 8887: 8883:Washing machine 8878:Water dispenser 8804:Pressure cooker 8787:Convection oven 8715:Ice cream maker 8623:Electric shaver 8618:Electric heater 8603:Electric kettle 8485:Air conditioner 8473: 8471:Home appliances 8468: 8438: 8433: 8394:ASHRAE Handbook 8382: 8366:Passive smoking 8348: 8281: 8275: 8187: 8185: 8179: 8033: 8027: 8008:Whole-house fan 7922:Run-around coil 7917:Reversing valve 7862:Mechanical room 7852:Kerosene heater 7842:Infrared heater 7772:Gasoline heater 7712:Fan filter unit 7627:Condensate pump 7612:Centrifugal fan 7530: 7433:Radiant heating 7428:Radiant cooling 7403:Passive cooling 7398:Microgeneration 7268:Central heating 7216: 7192:Thermal comfort 7084: 7078: 7073: 7029:Artificial Cold 7017: 7010: 7002: 6999: 6994: 6984: 6982: 6967: 6951: 6947: 6916: 6912: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6873: 6867: 6863: 6853: 6851: 6836: 6817: 6813: 6798: 6784: 6777: 6742: 6738: 6709: 6705: 6674: 6670: 6631: 6624: 6585: 6581: 6540: 6533: 6494: 6490: 6480: 6478: 6470: 6469: 6465: 6446: 6442: 6431: 6427: 6396: 6392: 6385: 6371: 6367: 6336: 6332: 6286: 6282: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6252: 6229: 6221: 6217: 6156: 6149: 6104: 6100: 6055: 6044: 5982: 5978: 5933: 5929: 5876: 5869: 5816: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5772: 5768: 5761: 5739: 5735: 5728: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5682: 5678: 5666: 5664: 5655: 5654: 5643: 5642: 5635: 5590: 5586: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5525: 5521: 5498: 5494: 5449: 5445: 5390: 5386: 5376: 5374: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5311: 5307: 5264: 5260: 5215: 5206: 5196: 5194: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5146: 5144: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5084: 5082: 5063: 5059: 5052: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5009: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4968: 4958: 4956: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4928: 4926: 4911: 4907: 4897: 4895: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4759: 4757: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4729: 4727: 4712: 4708: 4698: 4696: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4654: 4650: 4643: 4627: 4623: 4613: 4611: 4602: 4601: 4594: 4584: 4582: 4567: 4563: 4553: 4551: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4511: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4467: 4465: 4458:Toshiba Carrier 4452: 4451: 4447: 4437: 4435: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4390: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4351: 4347: 4337: 4335: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4283: 4275: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4223: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4043: 4037: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4006: 4002: 3992: 3990: 3989:on May 16, 2018 3986: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3870: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3842: 3840: 3829: 3825: 3815: 3813: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3781:. Los Angeles. 3771: 3767: 3757: 3755: 3738: 3734: 3703: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3571: 3569: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3533: 3531: 3516:Popular Science 3510: 3509: 3505: 3485: 3484: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3469:"Archived copy" 3467: 3463: 3455: 3451: 3429: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3355: 3353: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3321: 3319: 3308: 3304: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3215:livescience.com 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3173: 3149: 3142: 3135: 3119: 3115: 3106: 3102: 3092: 3090: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3045: 3034: 3018: 3017: 3010: 3008: 3001:"Archived copy" 2997: 2993: 2975: 2953: 2949: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2918: 2912: 2908: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2835: 2815: 2806: 2796: 2794: 2793:. June 30, 2023 2785: 2784: 2780: 2770: 2768: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2724: 2715: 2692: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2658: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2630:The Independent 2624: 2623: 2619: 2612: 2596: 2592: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2569: 2563: 2540: 2513: 2504: 2494: 2492: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2433: 2429: 2422: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2377: 2375: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2315: 2290: 2284: 2260: 2193: 2187: 2149:infrared window 2134: 2079: 2078: 2058:thermal comfort 2054:Passive cooling 2039: 2036:Passive cooling 2031: 2029:Passive cooling 2026: 2025: 1960: 1952: 1937:building design 1925: 1903:Disparities in 1894: 1882:passive cooling 1825:ozone depletion 1789: 1758: 1694:from excessive 1676:climate control 1653: 1648: 1634: 1626: 1606: 1597: 1584: 1572:heating systems 1568: 1559: 1553: 1542: 1534: 1500: 1492: 1431:medium – large 1360:Walk-in freezer 1325: 1312: 1292: 1278: 1247: 1198: 1192: 1172:heat exchangers 1168: 1115: 1043:medium – large 1040:Floor standing 1026:medium – large 1009:medium – large 897: 870: 869: 868: 867: 859: 858: 857: 849: 848: 839: 838: 837: 829: 828: 817: 811: 795: 794: 793: 792: 791: 788: 780: 779: 776: 768: 767: 764: 753: 745:Main articles: 743: 738: 700: 681: 669:Main articles: 667: 659:central heating 615: 609: 570:reversing valve 546:evaporator coil 542:expansion valve 538:condensing coil 530: 524: 519: 464: 452:Chrysler Motors 438:in the home of 390: 357:Michael Faraday 348: 344: 343: 279:popular science 259: 254: 210: 174:mortality rates 152:reversing valve 136:passive cooling 113: 112: 111: 110: 94: 93: 92: 84: 83: 74: 73: 72: 64: 63: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 18:Air conditioner 15: 12: 11: 5: 9826: 9816: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9749: 9748:Communications 9739: 9734: 9729: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9699: 9693: 9688: 9687: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9669:Home appliance 9666: 9661: 9656: 9654:Home appliance 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9619:Control system 9616: 9611: 9606: 9600: 9598: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9528:Microwave oven 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9460: 9458: 9452: 9451: 9449: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9391:Bioelectronics 9388: 9383: 9377: 9375: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9309: 9307: 9303: 9302: 9295: 9294: 9287: 9280: 9272: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9098: 9096: 9092: 9091: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8987:Butterfly roof 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8958: 8956: 8950: 8949: 8942: 8941: 8934: 8927: 8919: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8899:Appliance plug 8895: 8893: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8869: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8851:Vacuum cleaner 8848: 8843: 8841:Television set 8838: 8833: 8831:Sewing machine 8828: 8823: 8822: 8821: 8816: 8814:Crisper drawer 8806: 8801: 8796: 8795: 8794: 8792:Microwave oven 8789: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8763: 8762: 8757: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8681: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8650: 8648:Food processor 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8608:Electric knife 8605: 8600: 8598:Electric drill 8595: 8590: 8585: 8584: 8583: 8576:Domestic robot 8573: 8572: 8571: 8569:drying cabinet 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8545: 8544: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8518: 8517: 8507: 8505:Barbecue grill 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8481: 8479: 8475: 8474: 8467: 8466: 8459: 8452: 8444: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8390: 8388: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8380: 8374: 8368: 8363: 8356: 8354: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8285: 8283: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8191: 8189: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8144:Psychrometrics 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8120: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8041:Air flow meter 8037: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7817:Heating system 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7797:Heat exchanger 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7762:Gas compressor 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7697:Expansion tank 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7617:Ceramic heater 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7538: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7512: 7506: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7458:Solar air heat 7455: 7450: 7448:Renewable heat 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7364: 7359: 7357:Forced-air gas 7354: 7349: 7344: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7312: 7307: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7224: 7222: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7207:Thermodynamics 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7177:Psychrometrics 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7132:Gas compressor 7129: 7127:Fluid dynamics 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7088: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7072: 7071: 7064: 7057: 7049: 7043: 7042: 7032: 7022: 7015: 7008: 6998: 6997:External links 6995: 6993: 6992: 6966:978-1555914509 6965: 6945: 6926:(2): 144–154. 6910: 6878:ASHRAE Journal 6861: 6835:978-1931956024 6834: 6811: 6797:978-0521058032 6796: 6775: 6736: 6703: 6668: 6622: 6579: 6531: 6504:(3): 271–280. 6488: 6463: 6440: 6425: 6390: 6383: 6365: 6330: 6280: 6251:978-9881925350 6250: 6215: 6170:(2): 475–484. 6147: 6118:(2): 191–197. 6098: 6069:(3): 165–173. 6042: 5997:(3): 315–323. 5976: 5927: 5890:(4): 322–327. 5867: 5830:(2): 197–204. 5810: 5793: 5787:978-3036507040 5786: 5766: 5759: 5733: 5727:978-0121764821 5726: 5707: 5676: 5667:|journal= 5633: 5598:Applied Energy 5584: 5568: 5519: 5508:(3): 609–643. 5492: 5443: 5384: 5354: 5305: 5278:(5): 426–431. 5258: 5204: 5154: 5124: 5107:Harvard Health 5092: 5057: 5050: 5030: 4998: 4966: 4936: 4905: 4875: 4839: 4819:Carrier Global 4803: 4767: 4737: 4706: 4675: 4668: 4648: 4641: 4621: 4592: 4561: 4531: 4505: 4475: 4460:. April 2016. 4445: 4415: 4397:. p. 19. 4379: 4345: 4314: 4269: 4233: 4203: 4167: 4137: 4107: 4068: 4031: 4000: 3964: 3934: 3927: 3907: 3900: 3880: 3850: 3823: 3796: 3765: 3732: 3692: 3660: 3642:. March 2021. 3628: 3609: 3579: 3541: 3503: 3449: 3447: 3446: 3423: 3406:Carrier Global 3393: 3376:Carrier Global 3363: 3346:Carrier Global 3333: 3302: 3275:(2): 117–138. 3259: 3232: 3201: 3171: 3140: 3134:978-0762761692 3133: 3113: 3100: 3070: 3032: 2991: 2974:978-0231121989 2973: 2947: 2906: 2860: 2834:978-0395938881 2833: 2804: 2778: 2747: 2713: 2702:(3): 271–280. 2681: 2647: 2617: 2610: 2590: 2538: 2533:10.1086/684582 2527:(1): 105–159. 2502: 2472: 2454: 2447: 2427: 2420: 2401: 2385: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2314: 2311: 2286:Main article: 2283: 2280: 2259: 2256: 2189:Main article: 2186: 2183: 2133: 2130: 2040: 2032: 2030: 2027: 1979:Dogtrot houses 1961: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1924: 1921: 1917:cooling spaces 1893: 1892:Social effects 1890: 1856:climate change 1841:CFCs and HCFCs 1829:climate change 1788: 1785: 1774:mortality rate 1757: 1754: 1724:hypoallergenic 1703:kidney failure 1652: 1651:Health effects 1649: 1647: 1644: 1636: 1635: 1630:Main article: 1625: 1622: 1614:turndown ratio 1605: 1602: 1596: 1593: 1583: 1582:Hot gas bypass 1580: 1567: 1564: 1555:Main article: 1552: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1538:Main article: 1533: 1530: 1502: 1501: 1496:Main article: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1366: 1365:small – large 1363: 1353: 1352:Reciprocating 1349: 1348: 1347:Repairability 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1324: 1321: 1311: 1308: 1288:Main article: 1277: 1274: 1246: 1245:Portable units 1243: 1239:cooling towers 1226:fan coil units 1191: 1188: 1167: 1164: 1139:cross-flow fan 1114: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1003: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 986: 985: 982: 979: 976: 973: 969: 968: 965: 962: 959: 956: 952: 951: 948: 945: 942: 939: 935: 934: 931: 928: 925: 924:small – large 922: 918: 917: 914: 911: 908: 905: 896: 893: 861: 860: 851: 850: 842: 841: 840: 831: 830: 822: 821: 820: 819: 818: 813:Main article: 810: 807: 789: 782: 781: 777: 770: 769: 765: 758: 757: 756: 755: 754: 747:Remote control 742: 739: 737: 736:Control system 734: 698: 666: 663: 621:and act as an 611:Main article: 608: 605: 587:uses the same 526:Main article: 523: 520: 518: 515: 509:to 62% in the 479:climate change 463: 460: 397:Willis Carrier 389: 386: 373:James Harrison 271:freezing point 269:far below its 258: 255: 253: 250: 209: 206: 182:United Nations 96: 95: 86: 85: 77: 76: 75: 66: 65: 57: 56: 55: 54: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9825: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9765: 9763: 9747: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9703: 9700: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9671: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9601: 9599: 9595: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9474:Clothes dryer 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9453: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9370: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9353:Semiconductor 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9293: 9288: 9286: 9281: 9279: 9274: 9273: 9270: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9212:Roof sheeting 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9167:Lightning rod 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9099: 9097: 9095:Roof elements 9093: 9088: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9067:Sawtooth roof 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9047:Pavilion roof 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8959: 8957: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8940: 8935: 8933: 8928: 8926: 8921: 8920: 8917: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8890: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8853: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8811: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8784: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8740:Kitchen stove 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8582: 8579: 8578: 8577: 8574: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8543: 8540: 8539: 8538: 8537:Clothes dryer 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8522:Bread machine 8520: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8465: 8460: 8458: 8453: 8451: 8446: 8445: 8442: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8385: 8378: 8375: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8351: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8282:organizations 8278: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8226:Duct cleaning 8224: 8222: 8219: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8182: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8124: 8121: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8077:Control valve 8075: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8030: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7997:Turning vanes 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7972:Thermal wheel 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7937:Solar chimney 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7707:Fan coil unit 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7652:Cooling tower 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7533: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7507: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7498:Vapor barrier 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7473:Solar heating 7471: 7469: 7468:Solar cooling 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7443:Refrigeration 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7413:Passive house 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7283:Chilled water 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7182:Sensible heat 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7162:Noise control 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7142:Heat transfer 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7081: 7077: 7070: 7065: 7063: 7058: 7056: 7051: 7050: 7047: 7040: 7036: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7023: 7020: 7016: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 7000: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6962: 6958: 6957: 6949: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6914: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6872: 6865: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6831: 6827: 6826: 6821: 6815: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6793: 6789: 6782: 6780: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6740: 6731: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6707: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6672: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6629: 6627: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6571: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6538: 6536: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6492: 6481:September 18, 6477: 6473: 6467: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6444: 6436: 6429: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6394: 6386: 6380: 6376: 6369: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6334: 6326: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6284: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6228: 6227: 6219: 6211: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6154: 6152: 6143: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6094: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5931: 5923: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5872: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5803: 5797: 5789: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5770: 5762: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5737: 5729: 5723: 5719: 5718: 5711: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5672: 5659: 5651: 5647: 5640: 5638: 5629: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5580: 5579: 5572: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5496: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5447: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5158: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5096: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5053: 5047: 5043: 5042: 5034: 5015: 5008: 5002: 4983: 4976: 4970: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4879: 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CRC Press. 4634: 4633: 4625: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4597: 4580: 4576: 4575:buildings.com 4572: 4565: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4520: 4519:HPAC Magazine 4516: 4509: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4419: 4400: 4396: 4389: 4383: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4333: 4326: 4325: 4318: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4282: 4281: 4273: 4254: 4250: 4249:TE Technology 4243: 4237: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4188: 4184: 4183:TE Technology 4177: 4171: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4075: 4073: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4035: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4004: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3968: 3952: 3948: 3947:Samsung India 3944: 3938: 3930: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3911: 3903: 3897: 3893: 3892: 3884: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3677: 3670: 3664: 3645: 3638: 3632: 3619: 3613: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3470: 3459: 3453: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3427: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3330: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3147: 3145: 3136: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3117: 3110: 3107:Gorrie, John 3104: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3079:"John Gorrie" 3074: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3028: 3022: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2960: 2951: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2910: 2903: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2873: 2872: 2864: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2735: 2731: 2730: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2613: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2594: 2575: 2568: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2476: 2468: 2467: 2458: 2450: 2444: 2440: 2439: 2431: 2423: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2405: 2397: 2396: 2389: 2373: 2369: 2363: 2359: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2310: 2306: 2303: 2294: 2289: 2279: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2265: 2264:cold at night 2255: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2244:water-powered 2241: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2153:solar heating 2150: 2146: 2138: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2044: 2037: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1987: 1980: 1976: 1970: 1965: 1958: 1947: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1898: 1897:Socioeconomic 1889: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1793: 1784: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1730:, especially 1729: 1725: 1720: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1643: 1641: 1633: 1628: 1627: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610:control valve 1601: 1592: 1589: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1563: 1558: 1548: 1541: 1536: 1535: 1529: 1528:and valves. 1527: 1526:cylinder head 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1499: 1494: 1493: 1490:Reciprocating 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1425:Rotary screw 1424: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1320: 1318: 1317:rooftop units 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1282: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1231:heat capacity 1227: 1223: 1219: 1218:chilled water 1215: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1163: 1161: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1145:in 1973, and 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1119: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 987: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 970: 966: 963: 960: 957: 954: 953: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 936: 932: 929: 926: 923: 920: 919: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 902: 892: 890: 885: 883: 879: 875: 865: 855: 846: 835: 826: 816: 806: 803: 800: 786: 774: 762: 752: 748: 733: 731: 730:Dehumidifying 726: 724: 720: 716: 712: 707: 705: 701: 694: 690: 686: 680: 676: 672: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 643: 639: 636: 630: 628: 624: 620: 614: 604: 602: 597: 593: 590: 586: 580: 578: 573: 571: 567: 562: 558: 551: 547: 543: 539: 534: 529: 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 495: 491: 487: 482: 480: 476: 471: 469: 459: 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space 7812:Heating film 7692:Exhaust hood 7662:Dehumidifier 7602:Blast damper 7597:Barrier pipe 7572:Air purifier 7483:Thermosiphon 7362:Free cooling 7278:Chilled beam 7242: 7202:Thermal mass 7187:Stack effect 7172:Particulates 7152:Infiltration 7083:Fundamental 7034: 7024: 6983:. Retrieved 6955: 6948: 6923: 6919: 6913: 6901:. Retrieved 6881: 6877: 6864: 6852:. Retrieved 6824: 6814: 6787: 6753: 6749: 6739: 6720: 6716: 6706: 6681: 6677: 6671: 6638: 6634: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6573: 6551: 6547: 6501: 6497: 6491: 6479:. Retrieved 6475: 6466: 6449: 6443: 6428: 6403: 6399: 6393: 6374: 6368: 6343: 6339: 6333: 6298: 6294: 6283: 6271:. Retrieved 6233: 6225: 6218: 6167: 6163: 6115: 6111: 6101: 6066: 6062: 5994: 5991:Epidemiology 5990: 5979: 5947:(1): 15–24. 5944: 5940: 5930: 5887: 5883: 5827: 5823: 5813: 5796: 5776: 5769: 5742: 5736: 5716: 5710: 5698:. Retrieved 5689: 5679: 5658:cite journal 5601: 5597: 5587: 5577: 5571: 5536: 5532: 5522: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5460: 5456: 5446: 5401: 5397: 5387: 5375:. Retrieved 5366: 5357: 5325:(2): 83–89. 5322: 5318: 5308: 5275: 5271: 5261: 5226: 5222: 5195:. Retrieved 5170: 5166: 5157: 5145:. Retrieved 5136: 5127: 5115:. Retrieved 5106: 5095: 5083:. Retrieved 5079:the original 5074: 5070: 5060: 5040: 5033: 5021:. Retrieved 5001: 4989:. 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Retrieved 2362: 2349:Particulates 2324:Air purifier 2307: 2299: 2268: 2261: 2252:Song dynasty 2239: 2230: 2227:Tang dynasty 2208: 2194: 2169: 2143: 2124:stack effect 2122: 2115:roof lantern 2104: 2087:windcatchers 2062: 2052: 2018: 2012: 2006: 1992: 1941: 1933:microclimate 1926: 1913:heat islands 1902: 1895: 1879: 1868: 1844:refrigerants 1822: 1798: 1778: 1763: 1759: 1735: 1721: 1707:hyperthermia 1696:perspiration 1685: 1637: 1607: 1598: 1585: 1569: 1560: 1545: 1503: 1468:Centrifugal 1445:Centrifugal 1382:Rotary vane 1369: 1356:Refrigerator 1313: 1293: 1271: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1222:air handlers 1220:pumped into 1211: 1205: 1169: 1128: 1124: 1091: 950:Residential 933:Residential 886: 871: 796: 727: 718: 708: 682: 644: 640: 634: 631: 616: 596:Free cooling 594: 585:dehumidifier 581: 574: 557:phase change 554: 483: 472: 465: 444: 433: 417: 402: 354: 309: 282: 267:temperatures 260: 242: 230: 216:, in modern 211: 198:windcatchers 171: 156: 123: 119: 115: 114: 51: 9704:electronics 9508:Home cinema 9446:Spintronics 9386:Atomtronics 9299:Electronics 9252:Weathervane 9227:Roof window 9197:Roof garden 9192:Roof batten 9122:Collar beam 9077:Tented roof 9062:Saddle roof 9057:Ridged roof 9017:Gablet roof 8977:Bochka roof 8967:Barrel roof 8962:Arched roof 8954:Roof shapes 8873:Waffle iron 8836:Slow cooker 8826:Rice cooker 8767:Leaf blower 8554:Coffeemaker 8495:Air ioniser 8414:Warm Spaces 8056:Blower door 8034:and control 8032:Measurement 8013:Windcatcher 7987:Trombe wall 7927:Sail switch 7907:Refrigerant 7902:Recuperator 7777:Grease duct 7737:Freeze stat 7722:Fire damper 7592:Back boiler 7562:Air ionizer 7557:Air handler 7521:Ventilation 7373:Hybrid heat 7238:Air barrier 7157:Latent heat 6346:: 201–238. 5197:December 9, 5085:February 9, 4524:February 9, 4438:January 21, 4262:February 9, 3685:February 9, 3653:February 9, 2929:: 208–234. 2640:December 9, 2248:jet streams 2217:invented a 2215:Han dynasty 2191:Ceiling fan 2024:buildings". 2009:ventilation 1873:. With the 1852:ozone layer 1692:dehydration 1688:heat stroke 1588:refrigerant 1522:piston ring 1474:very large 1451:very large 1344:Durability 1341:Efficiency 1151:air handler 1086:Commercial 1077:very large 1069:Commercial 1060:very large 1052:Commercial 1035:Commercial 1018:Commercial 921:Mini-split 910:Air supply 665:Performance 651:heating oil 647:natural gas 436:Minneapolis 365:John Gorrie 340:evaporation 316:John Hadley 287:. In 1620, 252:Development 186:sustainable 9762:Categories 9708:Multimedia 9698:technology 9573:Television 9503:Home robot 9493:Dishwasher 9455:Electronic 9257:Wind brace 9222:Roof truss 9217:Roof tiles 9207:Roof ridge 9187:Ridge vent 9147:Green roof 9037:Onion dome 9012:Gable roof 8992:Clerestory 8972:Board roof 8750:Lawn mower 8705:Humidifier 8695:Hair dryer 8673:Fan heater 8588:Deep fryer 8581:comparison 8564:Dishwasher 8527:Bug zapper 8170:Thermostat 8092:Humidistat 8023:Zone valve 7992:TurboSwing 7867:Oil heater 7837:Humidifier 7767:Gas heater 7717:Fan heater 7687:Evaporator 7672:Economizer 7647:Compressor 7552:Air filter 7535:Components 7352:Forced-air 7248:Antifreeze 7221:Technology 7167:Outgassing 7107:Convection 6985:August 25, 6756:: 111406. 6684:: 118493. 6641:: 110263. 6458:B001UYRTMM 6301:: 111312. 5690:BBC Future 5604:: 116636. 5539:: 112198. 5457:Demography 5147:August 24, 5012:. Daikin. 3713:: 102299. 2877:. London. 2572:(Report). 2466:Humanities 2378:January 6, 2355:References 2319:Air filter 2271:ice houses 2240:Tang Yulin 2231:Liang Dian 2219:rotary fan 2200:prehistory 2110:shuksheika 2069:heat sinks 2048:wind tower 1886:solar gain 1818:insulation 1766:birth rate 1750:Legionella 1711:Heat waves 1698:fluid and 1514:piston rod 1510:crankshaft 1483:very hard 1480:very high 1315:on roofs ( 1266:air-to-air 1258:air-to-air 1194:See also: 1180:evaporator 882:thermistor 815:Thermostat 550:compressor 548:, 4) 544:, 3) 540:, 2) 475:GDP growth 148:Heat pumps 9696:Microwave 9568:Telephone 9457:equipment 9431:Photonics 9072:Shed roof 9007:Flat roof 8700:Hair iron 8663:bladeless 8490:Air fryer 8280:Industry 8129:OpenTherm 7807:Heat pump 7802:Heat pipe 7752:Fume hood 7727:Fireplace 7632:Condenser 7582:Attic fan 7378:Hydronics 6975:905564174 6890:0001-2491 6884:(2): 49. 6844:961899663 6806:468144152 6663:224874019 6570:240331557 6526:110209529 6518:1474-0516 6406:: 54–64. 6325:0378-7788 6260:2078-0958 6242:2078-0966 6192:0959-3780 6013:1044-3983 5904:0143-005X 5844:0091-6765 5628:0306-2619 5563:248979815 5555:0378-7788 5420:0027-8424 5341:1081-1206 5292:0021-8707 5253:222121944 5245:2642-6641 5187:0950-4125 4367:1059-1028 4160:March 28, 4130:March 29, 4100:March 29, 3562:0032-4558 3524:0161-7370 3297:116582893 3289:0971-8044 3269:Resonance 3181:1833-7538 2983:785781471 2843:421754998 2797:April 10, 2368:"Air Con" 2329:Cleanroom 2276:icemakers 2211:Ding Huan 2196:Hand fans 2172:envelopes 1969:earthship 1728:allergies 1661:condenser 1506:crankcase 1374:very low 1304:heat pump 1262:monoblock 1254:monoblock 1176:condenser 1057:Packaged 1023:Cassette 955:Portable 913:Mounting 864:Indonesia 725:(ESEER). 693:short ton 655:fireplace 613:Heat pump 577:dew point 517:Operation 418:In 1906, 326:(such as 310:In 1758, 261:In 1558, 245:deep plan 36:heat pump 9746:Wireless 9702:Military 9634:e-health 9614:Avionics 9483:Notebook 9479:Computer 9372:Advanced 9306:Branches 9232:Skylight 9202:Roofline 9137:Flashing 9112:Catslide 9032:Hip roof 8982:Bow roof 8892:See also 8799:Pie iron 8710:Icemaker 8633:Epilator 8387:See also 8112:LonWorks 8046:Aquastat 7912:Register 7892:Radiator 7547:Air door 7347:Firestop 7147:Humidity 7122:Enthalpy 7112:Dilution 7097:Bake-out 7085:concepts 6979:Archived 6894:Archived 6848:Archived 6822:(2002). 6617:25428501 6575:warming. 6476:phys.org 6264:Archived 6210:29375195 6142:15888640 6093:25512891 6037:20283342 6029:16570026 6021:20486220 5971:24317342 5922:20974839 5862:23164621 5780:. MDPI. 5694:Archived 5487:29968058 5438:16473945 5371:Archived 5349:25624128 5300:14066385 5191:Archived 5141:Archived 5139:. 2021. 5111:Archived 5014:Archived 4982:Archived 4953:Archived 4951:. 2000. 4923:Archived 4892:Archived 4859:Archived 4823:Archived 4821:. 2016. 4787:Archived 4754:Archived 4752:. 2015. 4724:Archived 4693:Archived 4608:Archived 4579:Archived 4548:Archived 4492:Archived 4462:Archived 4432:Archived 4399:Archived 4372:July 18, 4332:Archived 4298:Archived 4220:Archived 4216:Grundfos 4154:Archived 4124:Archived 4120:nrel.gov 4091:Archived 4052:Archived 4018:Archived 3980:DriSteem 3951:Archived 3867:Archived 3837:Archived 3810:Archived 3783:Archived 3752:Archived 3676:Archived 3644:Archived 3596:Archived 3566:Archived 3528:Archived 3488:cite web 3410:Archived 3380:Archived 3350:Archived 3316:Archived 3246:Archived 3219:Archived 3189:70677943 3087:Archived 3057:Archived 3005:Archived 2931:Archived 2887:Archived 2883:09023451 2847:Archived 2765:Archived 2734:Archived 2668:Archived 2634:Archived 2574:Archived 2489:Archived 2372:Archived 2313:See also 2176:suburban 2097:windward 2002:pressure 1770:Sun Belt 1746:chlorine 1659:Rooftop 1235:chillers 1216:such as 1083:Rooftop 1032:Ceiling 1015:Ceiling 998:Ceiling 981:Ceiling 799:infrared 428:moisture 214:Hamoukar 132:humidity 122:(US) or 99:Suriname 9498:Freezer 9117:Chimney 8866:robotic 8856:central 8846:Toaster 8772:Lighter 8685:Freezer 8668:ceiling 8510:Blender 8186:trades, 7757:Furnace 7622:Chiller 7294:Coolant 6928:Bibcode 6903:May 13, 6854:May 13, 6758:Bibcode 6686:Bibcode 6643:Bibcode 6597:Bibcode 6408:Bibcode 6348:Bibcode 6303:Bibcode 6273:May 13, 6201:5784212 6172:Bibcode 6133:3456567 6084:4264980 5962:3872520 5913:3292716 5853:3569676 5700:May 13, 5606:Bibcode 5478:7457515 5429:1363683 5377:May 13, 5117:May 13, 5023:May 12, 4991:May 12, 4959:May 12, 4929:May 12, 4898:May 12, 4868:May 12, 4832:May 12, 4796:May 12, 4760:May 12, 4730:May 12, 4699:May 12, 4614:May 12, 4585:May 12, 4554:May 12, 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9152:Gutter 9127:Dormer 8861:manual 8730:Juicer 8678:window 8339:SMACNA 8299:ASHRAE 8119:(MERV) 8073:(CADR) 8051:BACnet 8004:(ULPA) 7857:Louver 7782:Grille 7657:Damper 7607:Boiler 7505:(VCRS) 7306:(DOAS) 6973: 6963: 6888: 6842: 6832: 6804: 6794: 6661: 6615: 6589:Nature 6568: 6548:EcoMat 6524: 6516: 6456: 6381: 6323: 6258: 6248: 6240: 6208: 6198: 6190: 6140: 6130: 6091: 6081: 6035: 6027: 6019: 6011: 5969: 5959: 5920: 5910: 5902: 5860: 5850: 5842: 5784: 5757: 5724: 5626: 5561: 5553: 5485: 5475: 5436: 5426: 5418: 5347: 5339: 5298: 5290: 5251: 5243: 5185: 5048: 4666: 4639: 4544:Daikin 4365: 3925: 3898: 3624: 3560: 3522: 3464: 3295: 3287: 3187: 3179: 3169: 3131: 2981: 2971: 2881: 2841: 2831: 2608: 2445: 2418: 2204:punkah 2155:using 2103:side ( 2092:malqaf 1668:subway 1646:Impact 1532:Scroll 1518:piston 1466:Maglev 1388:small 1143:Daikin 1066:Floor 1049:Floor 964:Floor 904:Types 677:, and 561:liquid 9742:Wired 9723:Radar 9548:Radio 9247:Spire 9162:Joist 9142:Gable 9132:Eaves 9107:Attic 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