Soil mechanics - Knowledge

43: 4986:. If one considers the energy required to shear an assembly of particles there is energy input by the shear force, T, moving a distance, x and there is also energy input by the normal force, N, as the sample expands a distance, y. Due to the extra energy required for the particles to dilate against the confining pressures, dilatant soils have a greater peak strength than contractive soils. Furthermore, as dilative soil grains dilate, they become looser (their void ratio increases), and their rate of dilation decreases until they reach a critical void ratio. Contractive soils become denser as they shear, and their rate of contraction decreases until they reach a critical void ratio. 5871:

stress is determined with regard to the maximum allowable settlement. It is important during construction and design stage of a project to evaluate the subgrade strength. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test is commonly used to determine the suitability of a soil as a subgrade for design and construction. The field Plate Load Test is commonly used to predict the deformations and failure characteristics of the soil/subgrade and modulus of subgrade reaction (ks). The Modulus of subgrade reaction (ks) is used in foundation design, soil-structure interaction studies and design of highway pavements.

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dried soil, with clods broken down to individual particles, is put into the top of a stack of sieves arranged from coarse to fine. The stack of sieves is shaken for a standard period of time so that the particles are sorted into size bins. This method works reasonably well for particles in the sand and gravel size range. Fine particles tend to stick to each other, and hence the sieving process is not an effective method. If there are a lot of fines (silt and clay) present in the soil it may be necessary to run water through the sieves to wash the coarse particles and clods through.

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relationships in soil mechanics that to date have simply been taken for granted, for example, why normalized undrained peak shear strengths vary with the log of the over consolidation ratio and why stress–strain curves normalize with the initial effective confining stress; and why in one-dimensional consolidation the void ratio must vary with the log of the effective vertical stress, why the end-of-primary curve is unique for static load increments, and why the ratio of the creep value Cα to the compression index Cc must be approximately constant for a wide range of soils.

5844:). There are three coefficients: at-rest, active, and passive. At-rest stress is the lateral stress in the ground before any disturbance takes place. The active stress state is reached when a wall moves away from the soil under the influence of lateral stress, and results from shear failure due to reduction of lateral stress. The passive stress state is reached when a wall is pushed into the soil far enough to cause shear failure within the mass due to increase of lateral stress. There are many theories for estimating lateral earth stress; some are 4790:, if the water pressure is negative, the effective stress may be positive, even on a free surface (a surface where the total normal stress is zero). The negative pore pressure pulls the particles together and causes compressive particle to particle contact forces. Negative pore pressures in clayey soil can be much more powerful than those in sand. Negative pore pressures explain why clay soils shrink when they dry and swell as they are wetted. The swelling and shrinkage can cause major distress, especially to light structures and roads. 4269:. The shear resistance of soil is provided by friction and interlocking of the particles. The friction depends on the intergranular contact stresses between solid particles. The normal stresses, on the other hand, are shared by the fluid and the particles. Although the pore air is relatively compressible, and hence takes little normal stress in most geotechnical problems, liquid water is relatively incompressible and if the voids are saturated with water, the pore water must be squeezed out in order to pack the particles closer together. 31: 5643:

pore water; in some cases cementitious material accumulates at particle-particle contacts. Mechanical behavior of soil is affected by the density of the particles and their structure or arrangement of the particles as well as the amount and spatial distribution of fluids present (e.g., water and air voids). Other factors include the electrical charge of the particles, chemistry of pore water, chemical bonds (i.e. cementation -particles connected through a solid substance such as recrystallized calcium carbonate)

4854: 4746:, is negative above the water table. Hence, hydrostatic water pressures are negative above the water table. The thickness of the zone of capillary saturation depends on the pore size, but typically, the heights vary between a centimeter or so for coarse sand to tens of meters for a silt or clay. In fact the pore space of soil is a uniform fractal e.g. a set of uniformly distributed D-dimensional fractals of average linear size L. For the clay soil it has been found that L=0.15 mm and D=2.7. 8573: 8426: 51: 8472: 8385: 8373: 4990: 8484: 5802:: Refers to the arrangement of particles within the soil mass; the manner in which the particles are packed or distributed. Features such as layers, joints, fissures, slickensides, voids, pockets, cementation, etc., are part of the structure. Structure of soils is described by terms such as: undisturbed, disturbed, remolded, compacted, cemented; flocculent, honey-combed, single-grained; flocculated, deflocculated; stratified, layered, laminated; isotropic and anisotropic. 5652: 8535: 8460: 8361: 206:) may be broken down into small particles to create soil. Weathering mechanisms are physical weathering, chemical weathering, and biological weathering Human activities such as excavation, blasting, and waste disposal, may also create soil. Over geologic time, deeply buried soils may be altered by pressure and temperature to become metamorphic or sedimentary rock, and if melted and solidified again, they would complete the geologic cycle by becoming igneous rock. 457: 8245: 7880: 4832: 4927: 4185: 513: 8234: 4820: 8508: 8261: 4235:

effective stress becomes zero within the layer when the upward hydraulic gradient is equal to the critical gradient. At zero effective stress soil has very little strength and layers of relatively impermeable soil may heave up due to the underlying water pressures. The loss in strength due to upward seepage is a common contributor to levee failures. The condition of zero effective stress associated with upward seepage is also called

8561: 8549: 262: 8585: 2935: 4943:. One may define the peak shear strength as the peak of a stress–strain curve, or the shear strength at critical state as the value after large strains when the shear resistance levels off. If the stress–strain curve does not stabilize before the end of shear strength test, the "strength" is sometimes considered to be the shear resistance at 15–20% strain. The shear strength of soil depends on many factors including the 8496: 7056: 59: 8609: 8525: 8448: 4966: 4543: 2841: 4808: 8349: 6922: 8597: 8397: 5880: 4252: 129:. Soil mechanics is used to analyze the deformations of and flow of fluids within natural and man-made structures that are supported on or made of soil, or structures that are buried in soils. Example applications are building and bridge foundations, retaining walls, dams, and buried pipeline systems. Principles of soil mechanics are also used in related disciplines such as 5356:. However, use of a friction angle greater than the critical state value for design requires care. The peak strength will not be mobilized everywhere at the same time in a practical problem such as a foundation, slope or retaining wall. The critical state friction angle is not nearly as variable as the peak friction angle and hence it can be relied upon with confidence. 4908:, (OCR) is the ratio of the maximum past vertical effective stress to the current vertical effective stress. The OCR is significant for two reasons: firstly, because the compressibility of normally consolidated soil is significantly larger than that for overconsolidated soil, and secondly, the shear behavior and dilatancy of clayey soil are related to the OCR through 4935:

wall. It is important to distinguish between failure of a soil element and the failure of a geotechnical structure (e.g., a building foundation, slope or retaining wall); some soil elements may reach their peak strength prior to failure of the structure. Different criteria can be used to define the "shear strength" and the "

472:, a #4 sieve (4 openings per inch) having 4.75 mm opening size separates sand from gravel and a #200 sieve with an 0.075 mm opening separates sand from silt and clay. According to the British standard, 0.063 mm is the boundary between sand and silt, and 2 mm is the boundary between sand and gravel. 484:, not by their grain size. If it is important to determine the grain size distribution of fine-grained soils, the hydrometer test may be performed. In the hydrometer tests, the soil particles are mixed with water and shaken to produce a dilute suspension in a glass cylinder, and then the cylinder is left to sit. A 4243:, or a boiling condition. Quicksand was so named because the soil particles move around and appear to be 'alive' (the biblical meaning of 'quick' – as opposed to 'dead'). (Note that it is not possible to be 'sucked down' into quicksand. On the contrary, you would float with about half your body out of the water.) 4973:

Soil is an assemblage of particles that have little to no cementation while rock (such as sandstone) may consist of an assembly of particles that are strongly cemented together by chemical bonds. The shear strength of soil is primarily due to interparticle friction and therefore, the shear resistance

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When stress is removed from a consolidated soil, the soil will rebound, drawing water back into the pores and regaining some of the volume it had lost in the consolidation process. If the stress is reapplied, the soil will re-consolidate again along a recompression curve, defined by the recompression

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states that the volume of flow of the pore fluid through a porous medium per unit time is proportional to the rate of change of excess fluid pressure with distance. The constant of proportionality includes the viscosity of the fluid and the intrinsic permeability of the soil. For the simple case of a

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The tendency for a soil to dilate or contract depends primarily on the confining pressure and the void ratio of the soil. The rate of dilation is high if the confining pressure is small and the void ratio is small. The rate of contraction is high if the confining pressure is large and the void ratio

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Due to surface tension, water will rise up in a small capillary tube above a free surface of water. Likewise, water will rise up above the water table into the small pore spaces around the soil particles. In fact the soil may be completely saturated for some distance above the water table. Above the

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The Liquid Limit is the water content at which the soil behavior transitions from a plastic solid to a liquid. The Plastic Limit is the water content at which the soil behavior transitions from that of a plastic solid to a brittle solid. The Shrinkage Limit corresponds to a water content below which

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an associate professor at the Soil Mechanics Department of Harvard University, who built off a hypothesis that Arthur Casagrande was formulating towards the end of his career. The steady state condition is not the same as the "critical state" condition. It differs from the critical state in that it

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The surface tension of water explains why the water does not drain out of a wet sand castle or a moist ball of clay. Negative water pressures make the water stick to the particles and pull the particles to each other, friction at the particle contacts make a sand castle stable. But as soon as a wet

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apparatus may be used to measure the liquid limit. The undrained shear strength of remolded soil at the liquid limit is approximately 2 kPa. The Plastic Limit is the water content below which it is not possible to roll by hand the soil into 3 mm diameter cylinders. The soil cracks or breaks up

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Physical weathering includes temperature effects, freeze and thaw of water in cracks, rain, wind, impact and other mechanisms. Chemical weathering includes dissolution of matter composing a rock and precipitation in the form of another mineral. Clay minerals, for example can be formed by weathering

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In addition to the friction and interlocking (dilatancy) components of strength, the structure and fabric also play a significant role in the soil behavior. The structure and fabric include factors such as the spacing and arrangement of the solid particles or the amount and spatial distribution of

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is applied to a soil that causes the soil particles to pack together more tightly, therefore reducing volume. When this occurs in a soil that is saturated with water, water will be squeezed out of the soil. The time required to squeeze the water out of a thick deposit of clayey soil layer might be

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Geotechnical engineers classify the soil particle types by performing tests on disturbed (dried, passed through sieves, and remolded) samples of the soil. This provides information about the characteristics of the soil grains themselves. Classification of the types of grains present in a soil does

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and the soil which will cause shear failure in the soil. Allowable bearing stress is the bearing capacity divided by a factor of safety. Sometimes, on soft soil sites, large settlements may occur under loaded foundations without actual shear failure occurring; in such cases, the allowable bearing

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The shear strength and stiffness of soil determines whether or not soil will be stable or how much it will deform. Knowledge of the strength is necessary to determine if a slope will be stable, if a building or bridge might settle too far into the ground, and the limiting pressures on a retaining

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Seepage in an upward direction reduces the effective stress within the soil. When the water pressure at a point in the soil is equal to the total vertical stress at that point, the effective stress is zero and the soil has no frictional resistance to deformation. For a surface layer, the vertical

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The size distribution of gravel and sand particles are typically measured using sieve analysis. The formal procedure is described in ASTM D6913-04(2009). A stack of sieves with accurately dimensioned holes between a mesh of wires is used to separate the particles into size bins. A known volume of

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DSSM provides for very close fits to stress–strain curves, including for sands. Because it tracks conditions on the failure plane, it also provides close fits for the post failure region of sensitive clays and silts something that other theories are not able to do. Additionally DSSM explains key

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Many systems in nature reach steady-states and dynamical systems theory is used to describe such systems. Soil shear can also be described as a dynamical system. The physical basis of the soil shear dynamical system is a Poisson process in which particles move to the steady-state at random shear

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of a particular soil specimen is defined as the difference between the Liquid Limit and the Plastic Limit of the specimen; it is an indicator of how much water the soil particles in the specimen can absorb, and correlates with many engineering properties like permeability, compressibility, shear

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But in addition to friction, soil derives significant shear resistance from interlocking of grains. If the grains are densely packed, the grains tend to spread apart from each other as they are subject to shear strain. The expansion of the particle matrix due to shearing was called dilatancy by

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or kaolin. These minerals tend to form in sheet or plate like structures, with length typically ranging between 10 m and 4x10 m and thickness typically ranging between 10 m and 2x10 m, and they have a relatively large specific surface area. The specific surface area (SSA) is

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Silts, sands and gravels are classified by their size, and hence they may consist of a variety of minerals. Owing to the stability of quartz compared to other rock minerals, quartz is the most common constituent of sand and silt. Mica, and feldspar are other common minerals present in sands and

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As seen to the right, earthen slopes can develop a cut-spherical weakness zone. The probability of this happening can be calculated in advance using a simple 2-D circular analysis package. A primary difficulty with analysis is locating the most-probable slip plane for any given situation. Many

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and stiffness of soils. The shear strength of soils is primarily derived from friction between the particles and interlocking, which are very sensitive to the effective stress. The article concludes with some examples of applications of the principles of soil mechanics such as slope stability,

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Dilation of the voids causes negative water pressures that draw fluid into the pores, and contraction of the voids causes positive pore pressures to push the water out of the pores. If the rate of shearing is very large compared to the rate that water can be sucked into or squeezed out of the

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Soils consist of a mixture of particles of different size, shape and mineralogy. Because the size of the particles obviously has a significant effect on the soil behavior, the grain size and grain size distribution are used to classify soils. The grain size distribution describes the relative

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is powerful enough to pick up large rocks and boulders as well as soil; soils dropped by melting ice can be a well graded mixture of widely varying particle sizes. Gravity on its own may also carry particles down from the top of a mountain to make a pile of soil and boulders at the base; soil

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is the unit weight of the overlying layer. If there are multiple layers of soil or water above the point of interest, the vertical stress may be calculated by summing the product of the unit weight and thickness of all of the overlying layers. Total stress increases with increasing depth in

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can occur because of the frictional drag exerted on the soil particles. Vertically upwards seepage is a source of danger on the downstream side of sheet piling and beneath the toe of a dam or levee. Erosion of the soil, known as "soil piping", can lead to failure of the structure and to

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As the transitions from one state to another are gradual, the tests have adopted arbitrary definitions to determine the boundaries of the states. The liquid limit is determined by measuring the water content for which a groove closes after 25 blows in a standard test. Alternatively, a

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Consolidation analogy. The piston is supported by water underneath and a spring. When a load is applied to the piston, water pressure increases to support the load. As the water slowly leaks through the small hole, the load is transferred from the water pressure to the spring force.

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of the soil, terms that describe compactness of the particles and patterns in the arrangement of particles in a load carrying framework as well as the pore size and pore fluid distributions. Engineering geologists also classify soils based on their genesis and depositional history.

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The basis of DSSM is that soils (including sands) can be sheared till they reach a steady-state condition at which, under conditions of constant strain-rate, there is no change in shear stress, effective confining stress, and void ratio. The steady-state was formally defined by

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years. For a layer of sand, the water may be squeezed out in a matter of seconds. A building foundation or construction of a new embankment will cause the soil below to consolidate and this will cause settlement which in turn may cause distress to the building or embankment.

281:. Water carries particles of different size depending on the speed of the water, thus soils transported by water are graded according to their size. Silt and clay may settle out in a lake, and gravel and sand collect at the bottom of a river bed. Wind blown soil deposits ( 343:

The minerals of soils are predominantly formed by atoms of oxygen, silicon, hydrogen, and aluminum, organized in various crystalline forms. These elements along with calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and carbon constitute over 99 per cent of the solid mass of soils.

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defined as the ratio of the surface area of particles to the mass of the particles. Clay minerals typically have specific surface areas in the range of 10 to 1,000 square meters per gram of solid. Due to the large surface area available for chemical, electrostatic, and

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at a point can be different in different directions. In soil mechanics, compressive stresses and pressures are considered to be positive and tensile stresses are considered to be negative, which is different from the solid mechanics sign convention for stress.

3208:-direction). The above equation works well for a horizontal tube, but if the tube was inclined so that point b was a different elevation than point a, the equation would not work. The effect of elevation is accounted for by replacing the pore pressure by 4200:. One set of lines in the flownet are in the direction of the water flow (flow lines), and the other set of lines are in the direction of constant total head (equipotential lines). Flownets may be used to estimate the quantity of seepage under 5734:

and the strength is very sensitive to the effective stress. It follows then that the undrained shear strength of a soil may be smaller or larger than the drained shear strength depending upon whether the soil is contractive or dilative.

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proportions of particles of various sizes. The grain size is often visualized in a cumulative distribution graph which, for example, plots the percentage of particles finer than a given size as a function of size. The median grain size,

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strains. Joseph generalized this—particles move to their final position (not just steady-state) at random shear-strains. Because of its origins in the steady state concept DSSM is sometimes informally called "Harvard soil mechanics."

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If the pores are saturated with water, water must be sucked into the dilating pore spaces to fill the expanding pores (this phenomenon is visible at the beach when apparently dry spots form around feet that press into the wet sand).

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will occur. For steady state seepage, the seepage velocities are not varying with time. If the water tables are changing levels with time, or if the soil is in the process of consolidation, then steady state conditions do not apply.

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The mechanism of transport also has a major effect on the particle shape. For example, low velocity grinding in a river bed will produce rounded particles. Freshly fractured colluvium particles often have a very angular shape.

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The field of slope stability encompasses the analysis of static and dynamic stability of slopes of earth and rock-fill dams, slopes of other types of embankments, excavated slopes, and natural slopes in soil and soft rock.

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There are a variety of parameters used to describe the relative proportions of air, water and solid in a soil. This section defines these parameters and some of their interrelationships. The basic notation is as follows:

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height of capillary saturation, the soil may be wet but the water content will decrease with elevation. If the water in the capillary zone is not moving, the water pressure obeys the equation of hydrostatic equilibrium,

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formation. Seeping water removes soil, starting from the exit point of the seepage, and erosion advances upgradient. The term "sand boil" is used to describe the appearance of the discharging end of an active soil pipe.

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predominantly work on problems that involve water and predominantly work on problems on earth (in earth's gravity). For this class of problems, civil engineers will often write Darcy's law in a much simpler form:

1124:, are different names for the density of the mixture, i.e., the total mass of air, water, solids divided by the total volume of air water and solids (the mass of air is assumed to be zero for practical purposes): 488:

is used to measure the density of the suspension as a function of time. Clay particles may take several hours to settle past the depth of measurement of the hydrometer. Sand particles may take less than a second.

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fully developed the three-dimensional soil consolidation theory, extending the one-dimensional model previously developed by Terzaghi to more general hypotheses and introducing the set of basic equations of

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directly, so in practice the vertical effective stress is calculated from the pore pressure and vertical total stress. The distinction between the terms pressure and stress is also important. By definition,

3026: 2651: 1601: 3560: 5690:. During undrained shear, the water pressure u changes depending on volume change tendencies. From the effective stress equation, the change in u directly effects the effective stress by the equation: 5354: 4265:

To understand the mechanics of soils it is necessary to understand how normal stresses and shear stresses are shared by the different phases. Neither gas nor liquid provide significant resistance to

2116: 2038: 5796:, effective normal stress and shear stress (stress history). State can be describe by terms such as: loose, dense, overconsolidated, normally consolidated, stiff, soft, contractive, dilative, etc. 1016: 4974:

on a plane is approximately proportional to the effective normal stress on that plane. The angle of internal friction is thus closely related to the maximum stable slope angle, often called the

3861: 5988: 5763:; there are numerous other devices and variations on these devices used in practice today. Tests conducted to characterize the strength and stiffness of the soils in the ground include the 1526:

is the ratio of mass of water to mass of solid. It is easily measured by weighing a sample of the soil, drying it out in an oven and re-weighing. Standard procedures are described by ASTM.

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is located at the depth where the water pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure. For hydrostatic conditions, the water pressure increases linearly with depth below the water table:

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provides the theoretical basis to calculate the relationship between sedimentation velocity and particle size. ASTM provides the detailed procedures for performing the Hydrometer test.

225:, which has the chemical name silicon dioxide. The reason that feldspar is most common in rocks but silica is more prevalent in soils is that feldspar is much more soluble than silica. 5729: 4319: 3733: 4788: 3142: 2502: 2201: 1957: 4128: 4168: 2164: 5112: 3291: 956: 6633:

Poulos, S. J. 1989. Advance Dam Engineering for Design, Construction, and Rehabilitation: Liquefaction Related Phenomena. Ed. Jansen, R.B, Van Nostrand Reinhold, pages 292–297.

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interaction, the mechanical behavior of clay minerals is very sensitive to the amount of pore fluid available and the type and amount of dissolved ions in the pore fluid.

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The shear stiffness is important, for example, for evaluation of the magnitude of deformations of foundations and slopes prior to failure and because it is related to the

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developed the theory of one-dimensional consolidation which enables prediction of the amount of settlement and the time required for the settlement to occur. Afterwards,

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Not recognizing the significance of dilatancy, Coulomb proposed that the shear strength of soil may be expressed as a combination of adhesion and friction components:

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is a common example of a residual soil. The common mechanisms of transport are the actions of gravity, ice, water, and wind. Wind blown soils include dune sands and

4744: 4662: 4399: 4060: 3364: 3237: 2919: 2548: 2336: 2301: 1122: 1066: 768: 741: 714: 685: 658: 631: 602: 575: 548: 8487: 5836:. A lateral earth stress coefficient, K, is defined as the ratio of lateral (horizontal) effective stress to vertical effective stress for cohesionless soils (K=σ' 3779: 3166: 5922: 8463: 4493: 4419: 4088: 3909: 3881: 3802: 3677: 3481: 3337: 3313: 3206: 3186: 3093: 3073: 3049: 2740: 1907: 1768: 1627: 1524: 1086: 4196:. Computer programs are available to solve this equation. But traditionally two-dimensional seepage problems were solved using a graphical procedure known as 5786:(basic soil material): mineralogy, grain size and grain size distribution, shape of particles, pore fluid type and content, ions on grain and in pore fluid. 2359:

as it is rolled down to this diameter. Remolded soil at the plastic limit is quite stiff, having an undrained shear strength of the order of about 200 kPa.

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is the depth below the water table. However, if the water table is sloping or there is a perched water table as indicated in the accompanying sketch, then

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sand castle is submerged below a free water surface, the negative pressures are lost and the castle collapses. Considering the effective stress equation,

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Gravel particles are broken pieces of rock in the size range 4.75 mm to 100 mm. Particles larger than gravel are called cobbles and boulders.

8511: 8297: 4280:(i.e., the average intergranular stress between solid particles) may be calculated by a simple subtraction of the pore pressure from the total stress: 250:, silt particle sizes are in the range of 0.002 mm to 0.075 mm and sand particles have sizes in the range of 0.075 mm to 4.75 mm. 8564: 6084: 270: 8042: 5910:. This approach to soil mechanics is referred to as Dynamical Systems based Soil Mechanics (DSSM). DSSM holds simply that soil deformation is a 8451: 8078: 5930:

specifies a statistically constant structure at the steady state. The steady-state values are also very slightly dependent on the strain-rate.

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Lateral earth stress theory is used to estimate the amount of stress soil can exert perpendicular to gravity. This is the stress exerted on

428:. If a soil sample has distinct gaps in the gradation curve, e.g., a mixture of gravel and fine sand, with no coarse sand, the sample may be 9262: 4381:, on average, is the weight of everything above that point per unit area. The vertical stress beneath a uniform surface layer with density 2367:

strength and others. Generally, the clay having high plasticity have lower permeability and also they are also difficult to be compacted.

3372: 2419:. If the Atterberg limits plot in the"hatched" region on the graph near the origin, the soils are given the dual classification 'CL-ML'. 3168:. The negative sign is needed because fluids flow from high pressure to low pressure. So if the change in pressure is negative (in the 6812:

Joseph, Paul G. (2012). "Physical Basis and Validation of a Constitutive Model for Soil Shear Derived from Micro-Structural Changes".

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Soil deposits are affected by the mechanism of transport and deposition to their location. Soils that are not transported are called

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Water is drawn into a small tube by surface tension. Water pressure, u, is negative above and positive below the free water surface.

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the soil will not shrink as it dries. The consistency of fine grained soil varies in proportional to the water content in a soil.

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Moist sand along the shoreline is originally densely packed by the draining water. Foot pressure on the sand causes it to dilate

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velocity. The slope of the initial, nearly linear, portion of a plot of shear stress as a function of shear strain is called the

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Smith, I. (2013) Smith's Elements of Soil Mechanics|Smith's elements of soil mechanics, 8th edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,

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Terzaghi, K., Peck, R.B., Mesri, G. (1996) Soil mechanics in Engineering Practice, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

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The peak strength of the soil may be greater, however, due to the interlocking (dilatancy) contribution. This may be stated:

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After a soil reaches the critical state, it is no longer contracting or dilating and the shear stress on the failure plane

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is zero if the datum for head measurement is chosen at the same elevation as the origin for the depth, z used to calculate

2220:) are classified according to their grain size distribution. For the USCS, gravels may be given the classification symbol 967: 8095: 7297: 6176: 7575: 7107: 5919: 3811: 2376: 2252:. Sands and gravels with a small but non-negligible amount of fines (5–12%) may be given a dual classification such as 2193: 469: 247: 4998:

is large. As a first approximation, the regions of contraction and dilation are separated by the critical state line.

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Darcy's Law applies in one, two or three dimensions. In two or three dimensions, steady state seepage is described by

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Sands and gravels that possess a wide range of particle sizes with a smooth distribution of particle sizes are called

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are different depending on the magnitude of effective stress. According to Schofield (2006), the longstanding use of

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in the sense that soils consist of a heterogeneous mixture of fluids (usually air and water) and particles (usually

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ASTM Standard Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density.

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landslides have been analyzed only after the fact. Landslides vs. Rock strength are two factors for consideration.

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Similarly, for contractive soil, water must be squeezed out of the pore spaces to allow contraction to take place.

1420:, defined as the density of the mixture minus the density of water is useful if the soil is submerged under water: 856:

Note that the weights, W, can be obtained by multiplying the mass, M, by the acceleration due to gravity, g; e.g.,

5812:-drained, undrained, and type of loading -magnitude, rate (static, dynamic), and time history (monotonic, cyclic). 4892:

index. Soil that has been consolidated to a large pressure and has been subsequently unloaded is considered to be

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The effects of the water content on the strength of saturated remolded soils can be quantified by the use of the

480:

The classification of fine-grained soils, i.e., soils that are finer than sand, is determined primarily by their

265:

Example soil horizons. a) top soil and colluvium b) mature residual soil c) young residual soil d) weathered rock

7585: 3921: 424:

soils. If the soil particles in a sample are predominantly in a relatively narrow range of sizes, the sample is

8106: 8090: 7596: 6979: 4912:; highly overconsolidated clayey soils are dilatant, while normally consolidated soils tend to be contractive. 3688: 17: 3659:

is the average velocity of fluid molecules in the pores; it is related to the Darcy velocity and the porosity

3098: 2446: 1915: 1426: 8965: 8846: 8388: 7117: 6455:

Holtz, R.D, and Kovacs, W.D., 1981. An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering. Prentice-Hall, Inc. page 448

6031:

Mitchell, J.K., and Soga, K. (2005) Fundamentals of soil behavior, Third edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,

5947: 4909: 42: 4093: 386:, is the size for which 50% of the particle mass consists of finer particles. Soil behavior, especially the 6940: 4133: 2124: 5696: 4286: 468:

A variety of sieve sizes are available. The boundary between sand and silt is arbitrary. According to the

9278: 8058: 7616: 4753: 3244: 907: 2844:

A cross section showing the water table varying with surface topography as well as a perched water table

2196:(USCS) is often used for soil classification. Other classification systems include the British Standard 8878: 8323: 8237: 8073: 7601: 7040: 4885: 4676: 4564: 2851: 496:

Clay particles can be sufficiently small that they never settle because they are kept in suspension by

445: 130: 9181: 8576: 7045: 6350:

Wood, David Muir, Soil Behavior and Critical State Soil Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, 1990,

5867: 5768: 5075: 4831: 6563:

Ozhovan, M.I.; Dmitriev, I.E.; Batyukhnova, O.G. (1993). "Fractal structure of pores in clay soil".

6334: 6278:

ASTM Standard Test Methods of Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils using Sieve Analysis.

3911:

at a point is defined as the height (measured relative to the datum) to which water would rise in a

9257: 9247: 9119: 9109: 8939: 8677: 8475: 8306: 8195: 7989: 7611: 5998: 5967: 138: 114: 5906:

A recent finding in soil mechanics is that soil deformation can be described as the behavior of a

5045: 5009: 4900:. A soil which is currently experiencing the maximum past vertical effective stress is said to be 4807: 859: 9428: 9097: 9072: 9012: 8692: 8633: 8264: 7606: 7569: 7290: 6974: 6240:"Theory of Effective Stress in Soil and Rock and Implications for Fracturing Processes: A Review" 5686:, if the shearing is slow enough that the water pressures are negligible, the shearing is called 5671:

fluids such as water in the pore spaces affects the ability for the pores to dilate or contract.

4940: 4357: 2752: 172:, time dependent change of volume due to squeezing water out of tiny pore spaces, also known as 9360: 9171: 8985: 8821: 8796: 8647: 8626: 8518: 7883: 7257: 6550: 6379:

Disturbed soil properties and geotechnical design, Schofield, Andrew N., Thomas Telford, 2006.

5952: 5827: 4613: 4520: 3805: 3568: 2788: 1962:

From the above definitions, some useful relationships can be derived by use of basic algebra.

1476: 1253: 829: 802: 775: 390:, tends to be dominated by the smaller particles, hence, the term "effective size", denoted by 387: 5779:

The stress–strain relationship of soils, and therefore the shearing strength, is affected by:

3997: 2894:

then hydrostatic conditions will prevail and the fluids will not be flowing through the soil.

9047: 8856: 8364: 8254: 7938: 6321: 5764: 4921: 4498: 4193: 2834: 2692: 2659: 2403:). A soil that plots above the A-line and has LL>50% would, for example, be classified as 1027: 35: 6750:

Joseph, Paul G. (2009). "Constitutive Model of Soil Based on a Dynamical Systems Approach".

5612: 5512: 5462: 3632: 1398: 393: 362: 9400: 9252: 9209: 9102: 9027: 8410: 8019: 7913: 7737: 6852: 6825: 6786: 6763: 6494: 6251: 4848: 4722: 4640: 4384: 4038: 3342: 3215: 3052: 2897: 2746:

void ratio. Methods used to calculate relative density are defined in ASTM D4254-00(2006).

2526: 2314: 2279: 1107: 1051: 746: 719: 692: 663: 636: 609: 580: 553: 526: 6529: 6430:

Delleur, Jacques W. (2007) The handbook of groundwater engineering, Taylor & Francis,

3755: 3151: 2523:

The density of sands (cohesionless soils) is often characterized by the relative density,

312:

silts. The mineral constituents of gravel may be more similar to that of the parent rock.

8: 9176: 9166: 8722: 8707: 8667: 8640: 8415: 8405: 7306: 7247: 7208: 5957: 5748: 4936: 4532: 1770:, is the ratio of volume of voids to the total volume, and is related to the void ratio: 516:

A phase diagram of soil indicating the masses and volumes of air, solid, water, and voids

417:, is defined as the size for which 10% of the particle mass consists of finer particles. 337: 134: 122: 62:

Fox Glacier, New Zealand: Soil produced and transported by intense weathering and erosion

6856: 6790: 6498: 6255: 6061:

Soils and Waves: Particulate Materials Behavior, Characterization and Process Monitoring

5587: 5562: 5537: 5487: 5437: 9127: 8836: 8619: 8538: 8210: 7857: 7490: 7283: 7203: 7146: 7102: 6580: 6078: 5658: 4550:

If there is no pore water flow occurring in the soil, the pore water pressures will be

4478: 4404: 4342: 4073: 3894: 3884: 3866: 3787: 3662: 3466: 3322: 3298: 3191: 3171: 3078: 3058: 3034: 2725: 1892: 1753: 1612: 1509: 1071: 853:

represent the densities of the constituents (air, water and solids) in a soil mixture;

274: 157: 6702:"A method for locating critical slip surfaces in slope stability analysis: Discussion" 2848:

If fluid pressures in a soil deposit are uniformly increasing with depth according to

2387:

on a plasticity chart. The A-Line on the chart separates clays (given the USCS symbol

2264:

Clays and Silts, often called 'fine-grained soils', are classified according to their

1876:{\displaystyle n={\frac {V_{v}}{V_{t}}}={\frac {V_{v}}{V_{s}+V_{v}}}={\frac {e}{1+e}}} 1735:{\displaystyle e={\frac {V_{v}}{V_{s}}}={\frac {V_{v}}{V_{T}-V_{V}}}={\frac {n}{1-n}}} 9224: 8970: 8861: 8831: 8682: 7903: 7772: 7163: 7010: 6887: 6618: 6469: 6431: 6415: 6380: 6351: 6215: 6160: 6129: 6064: 6032: 5744: 4236: 3145: 1237:{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {M_{s}+M_{w}}{V_{s}+V_{w}+V_{a}}}={\frac {M_{t}}{V_{t}}}} 282: 118: 74: 6584: 5484:

parameters in the last equation are not fundamental soil properties. In particular,

285:

soils) also tend to be sorted according to their grain size. Erosion at the base of

148:

This article describes the genesis and composition of soil, the distinction between

9274: 9161: 9052: 9017: 8992: 8851: 8672: 8084: 7777: 7240: 6860: 6821: 6794: 6759: 6713: 6572: 6502: 6259: 5907: 5863: 5857: 4983: 4944: 4867: 4260: 2380: 2265: 1382:{\displaystyle \rho _{d}={\frac {M_{s}}{V_{s}+V_{w}+V_{a}}}={\frac {M_{s}}{V_{t}}}} 904:

is the ratio of the density of one material compared to the density of pure water (

901: 481: 203: 199: 30: 8499: 3487:, we obtain a more general equation for the apparent velocity in the x-direction: 194:

The primary mechanism of soil creation is the weathering of rock. All rock types (

46:

Slope instability issues for a temporary flood control levee in North Dakota, 2009

9390: 9214: 9132: 9067: 9062: 8960: 8826: 8697: 8552: 8205: 8185: 8180: 8009: 7943: 7928: 7908: 7842: 7827: 7687: 7183: 7112: 7080: 6403: 6299:"Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes: Annual Book of ASTM Standards" 6286: 5926: 5911: 5888: 5833: 5760: 4975: 3316: 1021: 497: 320: 222: 86: 82: 27:

Branch of soil physics and applied mechanics that describes the behavior of soils

6264: 6239: 2236:(gravel with a large amount of clay). Likewise sands may be classified as being 181:

lateral earth pressure on retaining walls, and bearing capacity of foundations.

9337: 9229: 8950: 8712: 8702: 8588: 8214: 8137: 7817: 7762: 7225: 7198: 7178: 7090: 7035: 6058: 5993: 5756: 5668: 4881: 4853: 3745: 2942: 2511:

and it has an undrained shear strength of about 2 kPa. When the soil is at the

2355: 490: 353: 240: 110: 106: 9267: 9422: 9365: 9204: 9082: 9077: 9032: 8801: 8248: 8151: 8144: 7984: 7953: 7862: 7747: 7252: 7129: 7085: 4993:

A critical state line separates the dilatant and contractive states for soil.

4955: 4872: 4273: 4188:

A plan flow net to estimate flow of water from a stream to a discharging well

3051:(having units of volume per time, e.g., ft/s or m/s), is proportional to the 2512: 1277:, is the mass of solids divided by the total volume of air water and solids: 324: 273:—they exist at the same location as the rock from which they were generated. 8572: 8425: 6865: 6840: 6777:

Joseph, Paul G. (2010). "A Dynamical Systems Based Approach to Soil Shear".

6506: 3742:

to mean the Darcy velocity, while others use it to mean the pore velocity.)

50: 9385: 9380: 9370: 9350: 9037: 8980: 8811: 8528: 8471: 8384: 8275: 8004: 7999: 7974: 7847: 7792: 7220: 7193: 7168: 7124: 7097: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7005: 6963: 5982: 4989: 4876: 4266: 4246: 4205: 2830: 2508: 2384: 195: 70: 8437: 8372: 6396: 6298: 6279: 3915:

at that point. The total head is related to the excess water pressure by:

448:. The two traditional methods are sieve analysis and hydrometer analysis. 9395: 9092: 8975: 8914: 8483: 8200: 8014: 7948: 7918: 7852: 7832: 7752: 7732: 7712: 7702: 7697: 7230: 7153: 7134: 6798: 6680: 5977: 5914:

in which particles move to their final position at random shear strains.

5845: 5809: 5651: 4555: 4551: 4519:

It is not possible to calculate the horizontal total stress in this way.

8534: 8459: 8360: 456: 9219: 9199: 9087: 8899: 8894: 8816: 8806: 8687: 8432: 8352: 8190: 7933: 7837: 7787: 7742: 7727: 7692: 7662: 7528: 7435: 7400: 7375: 7215: 7188: 7173: 7075: 7000: 6576: 5793: 4951: 4926: 4888:

to determine their compression index and coefficient of consolidation.

4184: 3912: 3888: 3484: 2379:(USCS), silts and clays are classified by plotting the values of their 485: 7275: 6522:"Sandboils 101: Corps has experience dealing with common flood danger" 9375: 9355: 9241: 9057: 9042: 8658: 8600: 8400: 8219: 7994: 7979: 7923: 7822: 7767: 7707: 7470: 7465: 7455: 7390: 7360: 7340: 7269: 7158: 6485:

Jones, J. A. A. (1976). "Soil piping and stream channel initiation".

5989:

International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering

4240: 2395:). LL=50% separates high plasticity soils (given the modifier symbol 512: 332: 291: 142: 6717: 6701: 4793:

Later sections of this article address the pore water pressures for

2722:

is the "minimum void ratio" corresponding to a very dense state and

9405: 9292: 9022: 8997: 8924: 8841: 8507: 8175: 8024: 7807: 7722: 7677: 7553: 7533: 7523: 7508: 7480: 7475: 7460: 7430: 7425: 7405: 7395: 7380: 7365: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7235: 6995: 6159:

A Guide to Soil Mechanics, Bolton, Malcolm, Macmillan Press, 1979.

4354:

For level ground conditions, the total vertical stress at a point,

4338: 4222: 3453:{\displaystyle Q={\frac {-KA}{\mu }}{\frac {(u_{e,b}-u_{e,a})}{L}}} 1746: 261: 211: 8560: 8548: 6553:. Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Article 18, page 135. 5042:

is determined by the effective normal stress on the failure plane

687:

represent the weights of air, water and solids in a soil mixture;

604:

represent the volumes of air, water and solids in a soil mixture;

9345: 9317: 9002: 8929: 8919: 8909: 8904: 8612: 8584: 7969: 7757: 7717: 7682: 7672: 7667: 7657: 7652: 7548: 7518: 7513: 7503: 7498: 7450: 7445: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7385: 7370: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7141: 5985:, aquifer characteristics closely related to soil characteristics 5682:

dilating or contracting pore spaces, then the shearing is called

4217: 4197: 4179: 3483:, and expressing the rate of change of excess pore pressure as a 2689:

is the "maximum void ratio" corresponding to a very loose state,

2515:, the LI is 0 and the undrained shear strength is about 200 kPa. 2197: 1092: 1045: 770:

represent the masses of air, water and solids in a soil mixture;

501: 286: 126: 58: 8495: 6305:(8). American Society for Testing and Materials. 1985: 395–408. 4965: 4542: 2934: 113:, soil mechanics provides the theoretical basis for analysis in 9327: 9322: 9312: 9302: 9234: 9007: 8955: 8765: 8608: 8524: 8447: 7867: 7802: 7543: 7538: 7440: 7055: 6932: 6921: 3021:{\displaystyle Q={\frac {-KA}{\mu }}{\frac {(u_{b}-u_{a})}{L}}} 2646:{\displaystyle D_{r}={\frac {e_{max}-e}{e_{max}-e_{min}}}100\%} 1629:, is the ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of solids: 1596:{\displaystyle w={\frac {M_{w}}{M_{s}}}={\frac {W_{w}}{W_{s}}}} 328: 236: 218: 102: 8348: 2840: 1909:, is the ratio of the volume of water to the volume of voids: 8780: 7782: 5879: 5282:{\displaystyle \tau _{peak}=\sigma _{n}'\tan \phi _{peak}'\ } 5193:{\displaystyle \tau _{crit}=\sigma _{n}'\tan \phi _{crit}'\ } 4251: 3315:

is the depth measured from an arbitrary elevation reference (

278: 8596: 8396: 6731:

Poulos, Steve J. (1981). "The Steady State of Deformation".

5743:

Strength parameters can be measured in the laboratory using

3555:{\displaystyle v_{x}={\frac {-K}{\mu }}{\frac {du_{e}}{dx}}} 214:, which is the most common mineral present in igneous rock. 8775: 8770: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8735: 7812: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7070: 5634:

are constant can lead to overestimation of peak strengths.

5559:

in practice has led many engineers to wrongly believe that

4896:. The maximum past vertical effective stress is termed the 4863: 4798: 4065: 316: 232: 228: 98: 94: 90: 78: 6562: 2938:

Diagram showing definitions and directions for Darcy's law

7797: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6607: 4915: 4842: 4201: 6752:

Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering

6059:

Santamarina, J.C., Klein, K.A., & Fam, M.A. (2001).

4794: 4247:

Effective stress and capillarity: hydrostatic conditions

2407:. Other possible classifications of silts and clays are 2111:{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {(1+w)G_{s}\rho _{w}}{1+e}}} 2033:{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {(G_{s}+Se)\rho _{w}}{1+e}}} 217:

The most common mineral constituent of silt and sand is

4930:

Typical stress strain curve for a drained dilatant soil

2399:) from low plasticity soils (given the modifier symbol 6841:"Generalised dynamical systems soil deformation model" 6604: 5424:{\displaystyle \tau _{f}=c'+\sigma _{f}'\tan \phi '\,} 4960: 4130:, gravels may have hydraulic conductivity up to about 2824: 2207: 5699: 5615: 5590: 5565: 5540: 5515: 5490: 5465: 5440: 5368: 5298: 5212: 5123: 5078: 5048: 5012: 4756: 4725: 4679: 4643: 4616: 4567: 4501: 4481: 4430: 4407: 4387: 4360: 4332:

is the pore pressure. It is not practical to measure

4289: 4136: 4096: 4076: 4041: 4000: 3924: 3897: 3869: 3814: 3790: 3758: 3691: 3665: 3635: 3571: 3496: 3469: 3375: 3345: 3325: 3301: 3247: 3218: 3194: 3174: 3154: 3101: 3081: 3061: 3037: 2955: 2900: 2854: 2791: 2755: 2728: 2695: 2662: 2558: 2529: 2449: 2317: 2282: 2127: 2049: 1971: 1918: 1895: 1779: 1756: 1638: 1615: 1535: 1512: 1479: 1429: 1401: 1286: 1256: 1133: 1110: 1074: 1054: 1030: 970: 910: 862: 832: 805: 778: 749: 722: 695: 666: 639: 612: 583: 556: 529: 396: 365: 5862:

The bearing capacity of soil is the average contact

4255:

Spheres immersed in water, reducing effective stress

2829:"Seepage" redirects here. For the Tech N9ne EP, see 2370: 1068:) of a material by the acceleration due to gravity, 1011:{\displaystyle G_{s}={\frac {\rho _{s}}{\rho _{w}}}} 38:– an example of a problem due to deformation of soil 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6013: 5637: 3188:-direction) then the flow will be positive (in the 2422: 184: 6886:(first ed.). CRC Press/Balkema. p. 138. 5723: 5626: 5601: 5576: 5551: 5526: 5501: 5476: 5451: 5423: 5348: 5281: 5192: 5106: 5064: 5034: 4825:Intergranular contact force due to surface tension 4782: 4738: 4711: 4656: 4629: 4599: 4507: 4487: 4464: 4413: 4393: 4373: 4313: 4162: 4122: 4082: 4054: 4027: 3983: 3903: 3887:. The hydraulic gradient is the rate of change of 3875: 3855: 3796: 3773: 3727: 3671: 3651: 3598: 3554: 3475: 3452: 3358: 3331: 3307: 3285: 3231: 3200: 3180: 3160: 3136: 3095:, and rate of pore pressure change with distance, 3087: 3067: 3043: 3020: 2913: 2886: 2813: 2777: 2734: 2714: 2681: 2645: 2542: 2496: 2330: 2295: 2268:; the most commonly used Atterberg limits are the 2158: 2110: 2032: 1951: 1901: 1875: 1762: 1734: 1621: 1595: 1518: 1492: 1462: 1412: 1381: 1269: 1236: 1116: 1080: 1060: 1036: 1010: 950: 891: 845: 818: 791: 762: 735: 708: 679: 652: 625: 596: 569: 542: 409: 378: 6543: 5584:is a fundamental parameter. This assumption that 4516:proportion to the density of the overlying soil. 4272:The principle of effective stress, introduced by 3856:{\displaystyle k={\frac {K\rho _{w}g}{\mu _{w}}}} 9420: 6440: 6193: 6010: 5663:, drawing water from the surface into the pores. 2187: 8043:Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated 8079:National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists 6549:Terzaghi, K., Peck, R.B., and Mesri, G. 1996. 5646: 5349:{\displaystyle \phi _{peak}'>\phi _{crit}'} 8291: 7291: 6948: 6651:. Engineer Manual. Vol. EM 1110-2-1902. 6054: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 4211: 8305: 6528:. US Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6237: 6083:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4465:{\displaystyle \sigma _{v}=\rho gH=\gamma H} 3366:we obtain a more general equation for flow: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6210:Lambe, T. William & Robert V. Whitman. 4216:When the seepage velocity is great enough, 290:deposits transported by gravity are called 8298: 8284: 8260: 7298: 7284: 6955: 6941: 6041: 5848:based, and some are analytically derived. 4341:at a point is equal in all directions but 3984:{\displaystyle u_{e}=\rho _{w}gh+Constant} 2821:the soil is extremely loose and unstable. 2507:When the LI is 1, remolded soil is at the 500:, in which case they may be classified as 347: 6864: 6458: 6360: 6263: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6115: 5821: 5720: 5420: 4537: 4310: 3728:{\displaystyle v_{px}={\frac {v_{x}}{n}}} 2785:the sand or gravel is very dense, and if 2232:(gravel with a large amount of silt), or 2175:not account for important effects of the 8053:Central Soil Salinity Research Institute 6591: 6291: 6224: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6095: 5878: 5650: 4988: 4964: 4925: 4852: 4541: 4495:is the acceleration due to gravity, and 4250: 4183: 4066:Typical values of hydraulic conductivity 3606:has units of velocity and is called the 3137:{\displaystyle {\frac {u_{b}-u_{a}}{L}}} 2933: 2839: 2497:{\displaystyle LI={\frac {w-PL}{LL-PL}}} 1952:{\displaystyle S={\frac {V_{w}}{V_{v}}}} 1463:{\displaystyle \rho '=\rho \ -\rho _{w}} 511: 507: 455: 260: 57: 49: 41: 29: 8159:Soil Science Society of America Journal 7305: 6636: 6397:http://www.astm.org/Standards/D4254.htm 6346: 6344: 6280:http://www.astm.org/Standards/D6913.htm 3463:Dividing both sides of the equation by 2212:In the USCS, gravels (given the symbol 1024:, conventionally denoted by the symbol 444:. There are many methods for measuring 14: 9421: 8131:Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 7592:Canadian system of soil classification 6883:Dynamical Systems-Based Soil Mechanics 6879: 6838: 6811: 6776: 6749: 6730: 6551:Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice 6519: 5901: 4916:Shear behavior: stiffness and strength 4843:Consolidation: transient flow of water 4526: 4123:{\displaystyle 10^{-12}{\frac {m}{s}}} 2169: 475: 239:are basically little pieces of broken 8279: 7279: 6936: 6814:International Journal of Geomechanics 6699: 6653:United States Army Corps of Engineers 6484: 6138: 6092: 4163:{\displaystyle 10^{-1}{\frac {m}{s}}} 2159:{\displaystyle w={\frac {Se}{G_{s}}}} 8233: 8069:International Union of Soil Sciences 6341: 5724:{\displaystyle \sigma '=\sigma -u\,} 4862:Consolidation is a process by which 4664:is the depth below the water table. 4314:{\displaystyle \sigma '=\sigma -u\,} 4229: 3144:, and inversely proportional to the 156:, capillary action of fluids in the 8096:Soil and Water Conservation Society 6733:Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 6169: 5973:Geotechnical engineering (Offshore) 5851: 5001: 4961:Friction, interlocking and dilation 4866:decrease in volume. It occurs when 4783:{\displaystyle \sigma '=\sigma -u,} 4667: 4276:, states that the effective stress 3286:{\displaystyle u_{e}=u-\rho _{w}gz} 2825:Seepage: steady state flow of water 2518: 2259: 2208:Classification of sands and gravels 2192:In the US and other countries, the 1044:may be obtained by multiplying the 951:{\displaystyle \rho _{w}=1g/cm^{3}} 301: 24: 7576:Unified Soil Classification System 7108:Soil retrogression and degradation 6826:10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0000209 6764:10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000001 5874: 5072:and critical state friction angle 4070:Values of hydraulic conductivity, 2808: 2772: 2640: 2427: 2377:Unified Soil Classification System 2194:Unified Soil Classification System 470:Unified Soil Classification System 306: 248:Unified Soil Classification System 25: 9440: 8316:Offshore geotechnical engineering 7581:AASHTO Soil Classification System 6914: 6238:Guerriero V., Mazzoli S. (2021). 5792:(initial): Define by the initial 4939:point" for a soil element from a 4712:{\displaystyle u=\rho _{w}gz_{w}} 4600:{\displaystyle u=\rho _{w}gz_{w}} 2946:horizontal tube filled with soil 2887:{\displaystyle u=\rho _{w}gz_{w}} 2371:Classification of silts and clays 451: 8607: 8595: 8583: 8571: 8559: 8547: 8533: 8523: 8506: 8494: 8482: 8470: 8458: 8446: 8424: 8395: 8383: 8371: 8359: 8347: 8259: 8244: 8243: 8232: 8124:Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica B 8064:Indian Institute of Soil Science 8048:Canadian Society of Soil Science 7879: 7878: 7054: 6962: 6920: 6466:Seepage, Drainage, and Flow Nets 5963:Geotechnical centrifuge modeling 5774: 5638:Structure, fabric, and chemistry 4830: 4818: 4806: 2423:Indices related to soil strength 440:soils are both considered to be 185:Genesis and composition of soils 8102:Soil Science Society of America 6900:from the original on 2018-03-24 6873: 6832: 6805: 6770: 6743: 6724: 6693: 6673: 6662:from the original on 2016-12-29 6627: 6601:, John Wiley and Sons, New York 6556: 6513: 6478: 6424: 6408: 6389: 6309:from the original on 2010-09-14 6177:"Built Environment – Routledge" 5816: 5107:{\displaystyle \phi _{crit}'\ } 4349: 3891:with distance. The total head, 3681:Dupuit-Forchheimer relationship 2391:) from silts (given the symbol 77:that describes the behavior of 8107:World Congress of Soil Science 8091:Soil Science Society of Poland 7597:Australian Soil Classification 7588:(French classification system) 6272: 6125:Powrie, W., Spon Press, 2004, 5738: 3441: 3403: 3009: 2983: 2929: 2216:) and sands (given the symbol 2071: 2059: 2003: 1981: 13: 1: 8966:Mechanically stabilized earth 7118:Soil compaction (agriculture) 6706:Canadian Geotechnical Journal 6004: 5948:Critical state soil mechanics 4910:critical state soil mechanics 4637:is the density of water, and 2188:Classification of soil grains 109:and other matter. Along with 8718:Hydraulic conductivity tests 6681:"Slope Stability Calculator" 6464:Cedergren, Harry R. (1977), 5065:{\displaystyle \sigma _{n}'} 5035:{\displaystyle \tau _{crit}} 3075:, the cross sectional area, 2204:soil classification system. 892:{\displaystyle W_{s}=M_{s}g} 256: 105:) but soil may also contain 7: 9279:Stress distribution in soil 8059:German Soil Science Society 7617:List of vineyard soil types 6265:10.3390/geosciences11030119 5941: 5647:Drained and undrained shear 4884:. Soils are tested with an 4374:{\displaystyle \sigma _{v}} 4173: 3738:(Some authors use the term 2778:{\displaystyle D_{r}=100\%} 10: 9445: 8429:Pore pressure measurement 8238:Knowledge:WikiProject Soil 8074:International Year of Soil 7602:Polish Soil Classification 7041:Environmental soil science 6599:Theoretical Soil Mechanics 6520:Dooley, Alan (June 2006). 5886: 5855: 5825: 4919: 4846: 4837:Shrinkage caused by drying 4813:Water at particle contacts 4530: 4258: 4212:Seepage forces and erosion 4177: 2828: 962:Specific gravity of solids 446:particle-size distribution 351: 189: 9336: 9291: 9190: 9182:Preconsolidation pressure 9154: 9145: 9118: 8938: 8887: 8874: 8789: 8743: 8734: 8657: 8577:Standard penetration test 8335: 8322: 8313: 8228: 8168: 8115: 8035: 7962: 7896: 7876: 7626:Non-systematic soil types 7625: 7562: 7489: 7313: 7268: 7063: 7052: 7046:Agricultural soil science 6988: 6970: 5883:Simple slope slip section 5769:Standard penetration test 5434:It is now known that the 4630:{\displaystyle \rho _{w}} 4523:are addressed elsewhere. 4328:is the total stress and 3599:{\displaystyle v_{x}=Q/A} 2814:{\displaystyle D_{r}=0\%} 1493:{\displaystyle \rho _{w}} 1270:{\displaystyle \rho _{d}} 846:{\displaystyle \rho _{s}} 819:{\displaystyle \rho _{w}} 792:{\displaystyle \rho _{a}} 8678:California bearing ratio 8476:Rotary-pressure sounding 8307:Geotechnical engineering 8196:Infiltration (hydrology) 7990:Geotechnical engineering 7612:List of U.S. state soils 6880:Joseph, Paul G. (2017). 6839:Joseph, Paul G. (2014). 6487:Water Resources Research 5999:Slope stability analysis 5968:Geotechnical engineering 4028:{\displaystyle Constant} 2228:(poorly graded gravel), 1500:is the density of water 139:agricultural engineering 115:geotechnical engineering 9098:Geosynthetic clay liner 9073:Expanded clay aggregate 8693:Proctor compaction test 8634:Crosshole sonic logging 8620:Nuclear densometer test 8377:Geo-electrical sounding 8265:List of soil scientists 7607:1938 USDA soil taxonomy 7586:Référentiel pédologique 7570:FAO soil classification 6866:10.1680/geores.14.00004 6507:10.1029/WR007i003p00602 6127:Soil Mechanics – 2nd ed 5667:The presence of nearly 4906:overconsolidation ratio 4898:preconsolidation stress 4521:Lateral earth pressures 4508:{\displaystyle \gamma } 2715:{\displaystyle e_{min}} 2682:{\displaystyle e_{max}} 1037:{\displaystyle \gamma } 348:Grain size distribution 131:geophysical engineering 9361:Earthquake engineering 9172:Lateral earth pressure 8797:Hydraulic conductivity 8648:Wave equation analysis 8627:Exploration geophysics 8519:Deformation monitoring 8488:Rotary weight sounding 8036:Societies, Initiatives 7258:Soil water (retention) 6329:Cite journal requires 6214:. Wiley, 1991; p. 29. 5953:Earthquake engineering 5884: 5828:Lateral earth pressure 5822:Lateral earth pressure 5725: 5664: 5628: 5627:{\displaystyle \phi '} 5603: 5578: 5553: 5528: 5527:{\displaystyle \phi '} 5503: 5478: 5477:{\displaystyle \phi '} 5453: 5425: 5350: 5283: 5194: 5108: 5066: 5036: 4994: 4970: 4931: 4859: 4784: 4740: 4713: 4658: 4631: 4601: 4547: 4538:Hydrostatic conditions 4509: 4489: 4466: 4415: 4395: 4375: 4315: 4256: 4189: 4164: 4124: 4084: 4056: 4029: 3985: 3905: 3877: 3857: 3806:hydraulic conductivity 3798: 3775: 3729: 3673: 3653: 3652:{\displaystyle v_{px}} 3600: 3556: 3477: 3454: 3360: 3333: 3309: 3287: 3233: 3202: 3182: 3162: 3138: 3089: 3069: 3053:intrinsic permeability 3045: 3022: 2939: 2915: 2888: 2845: 2833:. For other uses, see 2815: 2779: 2736: 2716: 2683: 2647: 2544: 2498: 2332: 2297: 2224:(well-graded gravel), 2160: 2112: 2034: 1953: 1903: 1877: 1764: 1736: 1623: 1597: 1520: 1494: 1464: 1414: 1413:{\displaystyle \rho '} 1383: 1271: 1238: 1118: 1082: 1062: 1038: 1012: 952: 893: 847: 820: 793: 764: 737: 710: 681: 654: 627: 598: 571: 544: 517: 461: 411: 410:{\displaystyle D_{10}} 388:hydraulic conductivity 380: 379:{\displaystyle D_{50}} 266: 63: 55: 47: 39: 8539:Settlement recordings 8464:Rock control drilling 8365:Cone penetration test 8255:Category soil science 7939:Soil salinity control 6845:Geotechnical Research 5882: 5765:Cone penetration test 5726: 5654: 5629: 5604: 5579: 5554: 5529: 5504: 5479: 5454: 5426: 5351: 5284: 5195: 5109: 5067: 5037: 4992: 4968: 4929: 4922:shear strength (soil) 4902:normally consolidated 4856: 4785: 4741: 4739:{\displaystyle z_{w}} 4714: 4659: 4657:{\displaystyle z_{w}} 4632: 4602: 4545: 4510: 4490: 4467: 4416: 4396: 4394:{\displaystyle \rho } 4376: 4316: 4254: 4187: 4165: 4125: 4085: 4057: 4055:{\displaystyle u_{e}} 4030: 3986: 3906: 3878: 3858: 3799: 3776: 3730: 3674: 3654: 3628:interstitial velocity 3601: 3557: 3478: 3455: 3361: 3359:{\displaystyle u_{e}} 3334: 3310: 3288: 3234: 3232:{\displaystyle u_{e}} 3203: 3183: 3163: 3139: 3090: 3070: 3046: 3031:The total discharge, 3023: 2937: 2916: 2914:{\displaystyle z_{w}} 2889: 2843: 2835:Seep (disambiguation) 2816: 2780: 2737: 2717: 2684: 2648: 2545: 2543:{\displaystyle D_{r}} 2499: 2333: 2331:{\displaystyle w_{p}} 2298: 2296:{\displaystyle w_{l}} 2161: 2113: 2035: 1954: 1904: 1878: 1765: 1737: 1624: 1598: 1521: 1495: 1465: 1415: 1384: 1272: 1239: 1119: 1117:{\displaystyle \rho } 1083: 1063: 1061:{\displaystyle \rho } 1039: 1013: 953: 894: 848: 821: 794: 765: 763:{\displaystyle M_{s}} 738: 736:{\displaystyle M_{w}} 711: 709:{\displaystyle M_{a}} 682: 680:{\displaystyle W_{s}} 655: 653:{\displaystyle W_{w}} 628: 626:{\displaystyle W_{a}} 599: 597:{\displaystyle V_{s}} 572: 570:{\displaystyle V_{w}} 545: 543:{\displaystyle V_{a}} 515: 508:Mass-volume relations 459: 412: 381: 264: 125:, a subdiscipline of 117:, a subdiscipline of 61: 53: 45: 36:Leaning Tower of Pisa 33: 9401:Agricultural science 9103:Cellular confinement 8020:Agricultural science 7914:Soil guideline value 7738:Calcareous grassland 7315:World Reference Base 6929:at Wikimedia Commons 6799:10.1680/geot.9.p.001 6700:Chugh, A.K. (2002). 6597:Terzaghi, K., 1943, 5697: 5613: 5588: 5563: 5538: 5513: 5488: 5463: 5438: 5366: 5296: 5210: 5121: 5076: 5046: 5010: 4947:and the void ratio. 4849:Consolidation (soil) 4754: 4723: 4677: 4641: 4614: 4565: 4499: 4479: 4428: 4405: 4385: 4358: 4287: 4134: 4094: 4074: 4039: 3998: 3922: 3895: 3867: 3812: 3788: 3774:{\displaystyle v=ki} 3756: 3689: 3663: 3633: 3620:superficial velocity 3569: 3494: 3467: 3373: 3343: 3323: 3299: 3245: 3216: 3210:excess pore pressure 3192: 3172: 3161:{\displaystyle \mu } 3152: 3099: 3079: 3059: 3035: 2953: 2898: 2852: 2789: 2753: 2726: 2693: 2660: 2556: 2527: 2447: 2315: 2280: 2125: 2047: 1969: 1916: 1893: 1887:Degree of saturation 1777: 1754: 1636: 1613: 1533: 1510: 1477: 1427: 1399: 1284: 1254: 1131: 1108: 1072: 1052: 1028: 968: 908: 860: 830: 803: 776: 747: 720: 693: 664: 637: 610: 581: 554: 527: 394: 363: 54:Earthwork in Germany 9293:Numerical analysis 9177:Overburden pressure 9167:Pore water pressure 8947:Shoring structures 8822:Reynolds' dilatancy 8723:Water content tests 8708:Triaxial shear test 8668:Soil classification 8641:Pile integrity test 8116:Scientific journals 7307:Soil classification 7248:Soil organic matter 7209:Pore water pressure 6857:2014GeotR...1...32J 6791:2010Getq...60..807J 6499:1971WRR.....7..602J 6256:2021Geosc..11..119G 5958:Engineering geology 5902:Recent developments 5749:triaxial shear test 5405: 5345: 5320: 5275: 5247: 5186: 5158: 5100: 5061: 4941:stress–strain curve 4533:Pore water pressure 4527:Pore water pressure 3616:filtration velocity 2170:Soil classification 476:Hydrometer analysis 162:soil classification 152:and inter-granular 150:pore water pressure 135:coastal engineering 123:engineering geology 9268:Slab stabilisation 9248:Stability analysis 8211:Impervious surface 7491:USDA soil taxonomy 7317:for Soil Resources 7204:Pore space in soil 7147:Soil acidification 7103:Soil contamination 6577:10.1007/BF00739059 6402:2011-09-07 at the 6285:2011-08-10 at the 5925:2020-10-17 at the 5885: 5806:Loading conditions 5721: 5665: 5659:Reynolds dilatancy 5624: 5602:{\displaystyle c'} 5599: 5577:{\displaystyle c'} 5574: 5552:{\displaystyle c'} 5549: 5524: 5502:{\displaystyle c'} 5499: 5474: 5452:{\displaystyle c'} 5449: 5421: 5393: 5346: 5324: 5299: 5279: 5254: 5235: 5190: 5165: 5146: 5104: 5079: 5062: 5049: 5032: 4995: 4971: 4932: 4860: 4780: 4736: 4709: 4654: 4627: 4597: 4548: 4505: 4485: 4462: 4411: 4391: 4371: 4311: 4257: 4194:Laplace's equation 4190: 4160: 4120: 4080: 4052: 4025: 3981: 3901: 3885:hydraulic gradient 3873: 3853: 3794: 3771: 3725: 3669: 3649: 3612:specific discharge 3596: 3552: 3473: 3450: 3356: 3329: 3305: 3283: 3229: 3198: 3178: 3158: 3134: 3085: 3065: 3041: 3018: 2940: 2911: 2884: 2846: 2811: 2775: 2732: 2712: 2679: 2643: 2540: 2494: 2328: 2293: 2156: 2108: 2030: 1949: 1899: 1873: 1760: 1732: 1619: 1593: 1516: 1490: 1460: 1410: 1379: 1267: 1234: 1114: 1078: 1058: 1034: 1008: 948: 889: 843: 816: 789: 760: 733: 706: 677: 650: 623: 594: 567: 540: 518: 462: 407: 376: 275:Decomposed granite 267: 81:. It differs from 64: 56: 48: 40: 9416: 9415: 9287: 9286: 9263:Sliding criterion 9225:Response spectrum 9141: 9140: 8971:Pressure grouting 8870: 8869: 8730: 8729: 8683:Direct shear test 8389:Permeability test 8273: 8272: 7904:Soil conservation 7890: 7889: 7164:Soil biodiversity 7011:Soil microbiology 6925:Media related to 6436:978-0-849-34316-2 6420:978-1-405-13370-8 6220:978-0-471-51192-2 6070:978-0-471-49058-6 6037:978-0-471-46302-3 5753:simple shear test 5745:direct shear test 5278: 5189: 5103: 4488:{\displaystyle g} 4414:{\displaystyle H} 4230:Seepage pressures 4158: 4118: 4083:{\displaystyle k} 3904:{\displaystyle h} 3876:{\displaystyle i} 3851: 3797:{\displaystyle k} 3723: 3672:{\displaystyle n} 3550: 3523: 3476:{\displaystyle A} 3448: 3398: 3332:{\displaystyle u} 3308:{\displaystyle z} 3201:{\displaystyle x} 3181:{\displaystyle x} 3146:dynamic viscosity 3132: 3088:{\displaystyle A} 3068:{\displaystyle K} 3044:{\displaystyle Q} 3016: 2978: 2735:{\displaystyle e} 2635: 2492: 2375:According to the 2154: 2106: 2028: 1947: 1902:{\displaystyle S} 1871: 1850: 1808: 1763:{\displaystyle n} 1730: 1709: 1667: 1622:{\displaystyle e} 1591: 1564: 1519:{\displaystyle w} 1446: 1377: 1350: 1232: 1205: 1081:{\displaystyle g} 1006: 246:According to the 119:civil engineering 75:applied mechanics 16:(Redirected from 9436: 9275:Bearing capacity 9162:Effective stress 9152: 9151: 9053:Land reclamation 8993:Land development 8888:Natural features 8885: 8884: 8852:Specific storage 8741: 8740: 8673:Atterberg limits 8611: 8599: 8587: 8575: 8563: 8551: 8537: 8527: 8512:Screw plate test 8510: 8498: 8486: 8474: 8462: 8450: 8428: 8399: 8387: 8375: 8363: 8351: 8333: 8332: 8300: 8293: 8286: 8277: 8276: 8263: 8262: 8247: 8246: 8236: 8235: 8085:OPAL Soil Centre 7882: 7881: 7778:Hydrophobic soil 7300: 7293: 7286: 7277: 7276: 7241:Soil respiration 7058: 6957: 6950: 6943: 6934: 6933: 6924: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6877: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6774: 6768: 6767: 6758:(8): 1155–1158. 6747: 6741: 6740: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6661: 6650: 6640: 6634: 6631: 6625: 6615: 6602: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6560: 6554: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6482: 6476: 6462: 6456: 6453: 6438: 6428: 6422: 6412: 6406: 6393: 6387: 6377: 6358: 6348: 6339: 6338: 6332: 6327: 6325: 6317: 6315: 6314: 6295: 6289: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6235: 6222: 6208: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6173: 6167: 6157: 6136: 6123: 6090: 6088: 6082: 6074: 6056: 6039: 6029: 5908:dynamical system 5858:Bearing capacity 5852:Bearing capacity 5784:soil composition 5730: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5707: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5623: 5608: 5606: 5605: 5600: 5598: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5573: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5548: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5523: 5508: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5498: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5473: 5458: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5448: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5419: 5401: 5389: 5378: 5377: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5341: 5316: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5271: 5243: 5231: 5230: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5154: 5142: 5141: 5113: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5096: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5063: 5057: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5002:Failure criteria 4984:Osborne Reynolds 4945:effective stress 4894:overconsolidated 4834: 4822: 4810: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4764: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4719:, but note that 4718: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4708: 4707: 4695: 4694: 4668:Capillary action 4663: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4636: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4583: 4582: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4440: 4439: 4421:is for example: 4420: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4401:, and thickness 4400: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4297: 4261:Effective stress 4169: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4159: 4151: 4149: 4148: 4129: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4119: 4111: 4109: 4108: 4089: 4087: 4086: 4081: 4061: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4034: 4032: 4031: 4026: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3947: 3946: 3934: 3933: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3902: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3862: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3822: 3803: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3740:seepage velocity 3734: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3724: 3719: 3718: 3709: 3704: 3703: 3678: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3658: 3656: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3647: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3581: 3580: 3561: 3559: 3558: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3526: 3524: 3519: 3511: 3506: 3505: 3482: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3459: 3457: 3456: 3451: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3421: 3420: 3401: 3399: 3394: 3383: 3365: 3363: 3362: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3338: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3314: 3312: 3311: 3306: 3292: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3276: 3275: 3257: 3256: 3238: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3227: 3207: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3167: 3165: 3164: 3159: 3143: 3141: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3114: 3113: 3103: 3094: 3092: 3091: 3086: 3074: 3072: 3071: 3066: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3027: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3007: 2995: 2994: 2981: 2979: 2974: 2963: 2920: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2910: 2909: 2893: 2891: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2882: 2870: 2869: 2820: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2801: 2800: 2784: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2765: 2764: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2721: 2719: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2710: 2688: 2686: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2677: 2652: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2636: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2614: 2613: 2597: 2590: 2589: 2573: 2568: 2567: 2549: 2547: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2538: 2519:Relative density 2503: 2501: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2474: 2460: 2381:plasticity index 2364:Plasticity Index 2337: 2335: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2326: 2302: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2266:Atterberg limits 2260:Atterberg limits 2165: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2152: 2143: 2135: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2083: 2082: 2057: 2039: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2016: 2015: 2014: 1993: 1992: 1979: 1958: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1945: 1936: 1935: 1926: 1908: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1882: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1835: 1834: 1824: 1823: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1806: 1797: 1796: 1787: 1769: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1741: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1694: 1693: 1683: 1682: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1665: 1656: 1655: 1646: 1628: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1602: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1580: 1579: 1570: 1565: 1563: 1562: 1553: 1552: 1543: 1525: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1488: 1469: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1458: 1444: 1437: 1419: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1375: 1366: 1365: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1335: 1334: 1322: 1321: 1311: 1310: 1301: 1296: 1295: 1276: 1274: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1265: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1230: 1221: 1220: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1190: 1189: 1177: 1176: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1152: 1151: 1141: 1123: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1087: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1067: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1043: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1017: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1004: 995: 994: 985: 980: 979: 957: 955: 954: 949: 947: 946: 934: 920: 919: 902:Specific Gravity 898: 896: 895: 890: 885: 884: 872: 871: 852: 850: 849: 844: 842: 841: 825: 823: 822: 817: 815: 814: 798: 796: 795: 790: 788: 787: 769: 767: 766: 761: 759: 758: 742: 740: 739: 734: 732: 731: 715: 713: 712: 707: 705: 704: 686: 684: 683: 678: 676: 675: 659: 657: 656: 651: 649: 648: 632: 630: 629: 624: 622: 621: 603: 601: 600: 595: 593: 592: 576: 574: 573: 568: 566: 565: 549: 547: 546: 541: 539: 538: 482:Atterberg limits 434:Uniformly graded 426:uniformly graded 416: 414: 413: 408: 406: 405: 385: 383: 382: 377: 375: 374: 302:Soil composition 204:sedimentary rock 200:metamorphic rock 154:effective stress 21: 9444: 9443: 9439: 9438: 9437: 9435: 9434: 9433: 9419: 9418: 9417: 9412: 9391:Earth materials 9332: 9294: 9283: 9192: 9186: 9137: 9114: 9068:Earth structure 9063:Erosion control 8961:Ground freezing 8951:Retaining walls 8934: 8876: 8866: 8827:Angle of repose 8785: 8726: 8660: 8653: 8652: 8613:Visible bedrock 8565:Simple sounding 8553:Shear vane test 8329:instrumentation 8328: 8326: 8318: 8309: 8304: 8274: 8269: 8224: 8206:Crust (geology) 8186:Land management 8181:Land conversion 8164: 8111: 8031: 8010:Earth materials 7958: 7944:Erosion control 7929:Soil governance 7909:Soil management 7892: 7891: 7886: 7872: 7843:Subaqueous soil 7828:Serpentine soil 7688:Parent material 7621: 7558: 7485: 7316: 7309: 7304: 7264: 7184:Soil resilience 7113:Soil compaction 7081:Soil morphology 7059: 7050: 6984: 6966: 6961: 6917: 6912: 6903: 6901: 6894: 6878: 6874: 6837: 6833: 6810: 6806: 6785:(10): 807–812. 6775: 6771: 6748: 6744: 6739:(GT5): 553–562. 6729: 6725: 6718:10.1139/t02-042 6698: 6694: 6685: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6674: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6648: 6645:Slope Stability 6642: 6641: 6637: 6632: 6628: 6616: 6605: 6596: 6592: 6561: 6557: 6548: 6544: 6535: 6533: 6526:Engineer Update 6518: 6514: 6483: 6479: 6463: 6459: 6454: 6441: 6429: 6425: 6413: 6409: 6404:Wayback Machine 6394: 6390: 6378: 6361: 6349: 6342: 6330: 6328: 6319: 6318: 6312: 6310: 6297: 6296: 6292: 6287:Wayback Machine 6277: 6273: 6236: 6225: 6209: 6194: 6185: 6183: 6175: 6174: 6170: 6158: 6139: 6124: 6093: 6076: 6075: 6071: 6057: 6042: 6030: 6011: 6007: 5944: 5927:Wayback Machine 5920:Steve J. Poulos 5912:Poisson process 5904: 5891: 5889:Slope stability 5877: 5875:Slope stability 5860: 5854: 5843: 5839: 5834:retaining walls 5830: 5824: 5819: 5777: 5761:shear vane test 5741: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5684:undrained shear 5649: 5640: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5412: 5397: 5382: 5373: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5328: 5303: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5258: 5239: 5217: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5169: 5150: 5128: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5083: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5017: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5004: 4976:angle of repose 4969:Angle of repose 4963: 4924: 4918: 4851: 4845: 4838: 4835: 4826: 4823: 4814: 4811: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4730: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4703: 4699: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4648: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4621: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4591: 4587: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4540: 4535: 4529: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4435: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4365: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4263: 4249: 4232: 4214: 4182: 4176: 4150: 4141: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4110: 4101: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4068: 4046: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3942: 3938: 3929: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3845: 3841: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3821: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3746:Civil engineers 3714: 3710: 3708: 3696: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3640: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3588: 3576: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3542: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3525: 3512: 3510: 3501: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3429: 3425: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3400: 3384: 3382: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3350: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3271: 3267: 3252: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3223: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3122: 3118: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3003: 2999: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2980: 2964: 2962: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2932: 2905: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2878: 2874: 2865: 2861: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2838: 2827: 2796: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2760: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2700: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2667: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2622: 2618: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2579: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2563: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2534: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2521: 2475: 2461: 2459: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2434:liquidity index 2430: 2428:Liquidity index 2425: 2373: 2340:Shrinkage Limit 2322: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2287: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2262: 2210: 2190: 2172: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2134: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2095: 2088: 2084: 2078: 2074: 2058: 2056: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2017: 2010: 2006: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1978: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1941: 1937: 1931: 1927: 1925: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1860: 1855: 1843: 1839: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1819: 1815: 1813: 1802: 1798: 1792: 1788: 1786: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1719: 1714: 1702: 1698: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1678: 1674: 1672: 1661: 1657: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1585: 1581: 1575: 1571: 1569: 1558: 1554: 1548: 1544: 1542: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1484: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1454: 1450: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1393:Buoyant Density 1371: 1367: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1343: 1339: 1330: 1326: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1226: 1222: 1216: 1212: 1210: 1198: 1194: 1185: 1181: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1160: 1156: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1140: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1022:specific weight 1000: 996: 990: 986: 984: 975: 971: 969: 966: 965: 942: 938: 930: 915: 911: 909: 906: 905: 880: 876: 867: 863: 861: 858: 857: 837: 833: 831: 828: 827: 810: 806: 804: 801: 800: 783: 779: 777: 774: 773: 754: 750: 748: 745: 744: 727: 723: 721: 718: 717: 700: 696: 694: 691: 690: 671: 667: 665: 662: 661: 644: 640: 638: 635: 634: 617: 613: 611: 608: 607: 588: 584: 582: 579: 578: 561: 557: 555: 552: 551: 534: 530: 528: 525: 524: 510: 498:Brownian motion 478: 454: 401: 397: 395: 392: 391: 370: 366: 364: 361: 360: 356: 350: 321:montmorillonite 309: 307:Soil mineralogy 304: 259: 192: 187: 87:solid mechanics 83:fluid mechanics 69:is a branch of 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9442: 9432: 9431: 9429:Soil mechanics 9414: 9413: 9411: 9410: 9409: 9408: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9342: 9340: 9338:Related fields 9334: 9333: 9331: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9299: 9297: 9289: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9281: 9272: 9271: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9258:Classification 9255: 9250: 9239: 9238: 9237: 9232: 9230:Seismic hazard 9227: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9196: 9194: 9188: 9187: 9185: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9158: 9156: 9149: 9143: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9135: 9130: 9124: 9122: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9112: 9107: 9106: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8989: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8944: 8942: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8891: 8889: 8882: 8872: 8871: 8868: 8867: 8865: 8864: 8859: 8857:Shear strength 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8832:Friction angle 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8793: 8791: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8747: 8745: 8738: 8732: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8713:Oedometer test 8710: 8705: 8703:Sieve analysis 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8663: 8655: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8644: 8643: 8637: 8636: 8630: 8629: 8623: 8622: 8616: 8615: 8604: 8603: 8592: 8591: 8589:Total sounding 8580: 8579: 8568: 8567: 8556: 8555: 8544: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8531: 8515: 8514: 8503: 8502: 8491: 8490: 8479: 8478: 8467: 8466: 8455: 8454: 8443: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8435: 8421: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8392: 8391: 8380: 8379: 8368: 8367: 8356: 8355: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8330: 8320: 8319: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8303: 8302: 8295: 8288: 8280: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8267: 8257: 8251: 8240: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8222: 8217: 8215:Surface runoff 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8172: 8170: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8155: 8148: 8141: 8138:Plant and Soil 8134: 8127: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8093: 8088: 8082: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8050: 8045: 8039: 8037: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8027: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7966: 7964: 7963:Related fields 7960: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7900: 7898: 7894: 7893: 7888: 7887: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7818:Prime farmland 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7773:Fuller's earth 7770: 7765: 7763:Expansive clay 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7629: 7627: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7566: 7564: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7495: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7322: 7320: 7311: 7310: 7303: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7280: 7274: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7250: 7245: 7244: 7243: 7233: 7228: 7226:Soil biomantle 7223: 7218: 7213: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7199:Soil structure 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7179:Soil fertility 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7150: 7149: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7127: 7122: 7121: 7120: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7091:Soil formation 7088: 7083: 7073: 7067: 7065: 7061: 7060: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7036:Soil chemistry 7033: 7031:Soil mechanics 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6992: 6990: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6982: 6977: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6960: 6959: 6952: 6945: 6937: 6931: 6930: 6927:Soil mechanics 6916: 6915:External links 6913: 6911: 6910: 6892: 6872: 6831: 6820:(4): 365–383. 6804: 6769: 6742: 6723: 6712:(3): 765–770. 6692: 6672: 6655:. 3 Oct 2003. 6635: 6626: 6603: 6590: 6571:(3): 241–243. 6555: 6542: 6512: 6493:(3): 602–610. 6477: 6457: 6439: 6423: 6407: 6388: 6359: 6340: 6331:|journal= 6290: 6271: 6223: 6212:Soil Mechanics 6192: 6168: 6137: 6091: 6069: 6040: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5994:Rock mechanics 5991: 5986: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5943: 5940: 5903: 5900: 5887:Main article: 5876: 5873: 5856:Main article: 5853: 5850: 5841: 5837: 5826:Main article: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5803: 5797: 5787: 5776: 5773: 5757:fall cone test 5740: 5737: 5732: 5731: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5669:incompressible 5648: 5645: 5639: 5636: 5622: 5619: 5597: 5594: 5572: 5569: 5547: 5544: 5522: 5519: 5497: 5494: 5472: 5469: 5447: 5444: 5432: 5431: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5344: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5302: 5290: 5289: 5274: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5201: 5200: 5185: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5016: 5003: 5000: 4962: 4959: 4920:Main article: 4917: 4914: 4886:oedometer test 4882:Poroelasticity 4847:Main article: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4805: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4763: 4760: 4733: 4729: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4682: 4669: 4666: 4651: 4647: 4624: 4620: 4608: 4607: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4539: 4536: 4531:Main article: 4528: 4525: 4504: 4484: 4473: 4472: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4410: 4390: 4368: 4364: 4351: 4348: 4322: 4321: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4259:Main article: 4248: 4245: 4231: 4228: 4213: 4210: 4178:Main article: 4175: 4172: 4157: 4154: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4117: 4114: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4079: 4067: 4064: 4049: 4045: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 3992: 3991: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3900: 3872: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3817: 3793: 3782: 3781: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3736: 3735: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3668: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3608:Darcy velocity 3595: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3563: 3562: 3548: 3545: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3472: 3461: 3460: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3353: 3349: 3328: 3304: 3282: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3226: 3222: 3197: 3177: 3157: 3148:of the fluid, 3131: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3084: 3064: 3040: 3029: 3028: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2931: 2928: 2908: 2904: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2857: 2826: 2823: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2731: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2654: 2653: 2642: 2639: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2537: 2533: 2520: 2517: 2505: 2504: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2372: 2369: 2356:fall cone test 2325: 2321: 2290: 2286: 2261: 2258: 2209: 2206: 2189: 2186: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2139: 2133: 2130: 2119: 2118: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2041: 2040: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1974: 1960: 1959: 1944: 1940: 1934: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1898: 1884: 1883: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1822: 1818: 1812: 1805: 1801: 1795: 1791: 1785: 1782: 1759: 1743: 1742: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1681: 1677: 1671: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1650: 1644: 1641: 1618: 1604: 1603: 1588: 1584: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1561: 1557: 1551: 1547: 1541: 1538: 1515: 1487: 1483: 1471: 1470: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1408: 1405: 1390: 1389: 1374: 1370: 1364: 1360: 1354: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1264: 1260: 1245: 1244: 1229: 1225: 1219: 1215: 1209: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1171: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1139: 1136: 1113: 1077: 1057: 1033: 1003: 999: 993: 989: 983: 978: 974: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 926: 923: 918: 914: 888: 883: 879: 875: 870: 866: 840: 836: 813: 809: 786: 782: 757: 753: 730: 726: 703: 699: 674: 670: 647: 643: 620: 616: 591: 587: 564: 560: 537: 533: 509: 506: 477: 474: 453: 452:Sieve analysis 450: 404: 400: 373: 369: 354:Soil gradation 352:Main article: 349: 346: 308: 305: 303: 300: 271:residual soils 258: 255: 221:, also called 191: 188: 186: 183: 178:shear strength 111:rock mechanics 107:organic solids 67:Soil mechanics 26: 18:Soil Mechanics 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9441: 9430: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9407: 9404: 9403: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9366:Geomorphology 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9335: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9296: 9290: 9280: 9276: 9273: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9222: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9210:Consolidation 9208: 9206: 9205:Frost heaving 9203: 9201: 9198: 9197: 9195: 9189: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9144: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9125: 9123: 9121: 9117: 9111: 9108: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9084: 9083:Geosynthetics 9081: 9079: 9078:Crushed stone 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9033:Cut-and-cover 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8937: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8890: 8886: 8883: 8880: 8873: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8802:Water content 8800: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8788: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8746: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8733: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8656: 8649: 8646: 8645: 8642: 8639: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8628: 8625: 8624: 8621: 8618: 8617: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8605: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8593: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8581: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8569: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8557: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8545: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8521: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8504: 8501: 8500:Sample series 8497: 8493: 8492: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8480: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8468: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8456: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8444: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8430: 8427: 8423: 8422: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8393: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8381: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8369: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8357: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8345: 8342: 8339: 8334: 8331: 8325: 8324:Investigation 8321: 8317: 8312: 8308: 8301: 8296: 8294: 8289: 8287: 8282: 8281: 8278: 8266: 8258: 8256: 8252: 8250: 8249:Category soil 8241: 8239: 8231: 8230: 8227: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8156: 8154: 8153: 8152:Soil Research 8149: 8147: 8146: 8145:Pochvovedenie 8142: 8140: 8139: 8135: 8133: 8132: 8128: 8126: 8125: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8114: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8086: 8083: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8034: 8026: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7985:Geomorphology 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7954:Liming (soil) 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7885: 7884:Types of soil 7875: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7863:Tropical peat 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7748:Dry quicksand 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7624: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7563:Other systems 7561: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7312: 7308: 7301: 7296: 7294: 7289: 7287: 7282: 7281: 7278: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7259: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7253:Soil moisture 7251: 7249: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7143: 7140: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7130:Soil salinity 7128: 7126: 7123: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7086:Pedodiversity 7084: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7057: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6987: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6969: 6965: 6958: 6953: 6951: 6946: 6944: 6939: 6938: 6935: 6928: 6923: 6919: 6918: 6899: 6895: 6893:9781138723221 6889: 6885: 6884: 6876: 6867: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6835: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6773: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6727: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6696: 6682: 6676: 6658: 6654: 6647: 6646: 6639: 6630: 6624: 6623:0-471-08658-4 6620: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6600: 6594: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6565:Atomic Energy 6559: 6552: 6546: 6532:on 2006-07-27 6531: 6527: 6523: 6516: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6481: 6475: 6474:0-471-14179-8 6471: 6467: 6461: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6437: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6385:0-7277-2982-9 6382: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6357: 6356:0-521-33249-4 6353: 6347: 6345: 6336: 6323: 6308: 6304: 6301:. D 2487-83. 6300: 6294: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6275: 6266: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6182: 6181:Routledge.com 6178: 6172: 6166: 6165:0-333-18931-0 6162: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6135: 6134:0-415-31156-X 6131: 6128: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6086: 6080: 6072: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6009: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5924: 5921: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5899: 5895: 5890: 5881: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5849: 5847: 5835: 5829: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5775:Other factors 5772: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5736: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5704: 5701: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5688:drained shear 5685: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5670: 5662: 5660: 5653: 5644: 5635: 5620: 5617: 5595: 5592: 5570: 5567: 5545: 5542: 5520: 5517: 5495: 5492: 5470: 5467: 5445: 5442: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5379: 5374: 5370: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5357: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5014: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4985: 4979: 4977: 4967: 4958: 4957: 4956:shear modulus 4953: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4928: 4923: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4873:Karl Terzaghi 4869: 4865: 4855: 4850: 4833: 4828: 4821: 4816: 4809: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4799:consolidation 4796: 4791: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4747: 4731: 4727: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4665: 4649: 4645: 4622: 4618: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4561: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4544: 4534: 4524: 4522: 4517: 4502: 4482: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4408: 4388: 4366: 4362: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4283: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4274:Karl Terzaghi 4270: 4268: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4227: 4224: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4186: 4181: 4171: 4155: 4152: 4145: 4142: 4138: 4115: 4112: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4077: 4063: 4047: 4043: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3870: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3808:, defined as 3807: 3791: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3741: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3700: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3666: 3644: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3546: 3543: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3490: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3470: 3445: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3395: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3369: 3368: 3367: 3351: 3347: 3326: 3319:). Replacing 3318: 3302: 3293: 3280: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3240: 3224: 3220: 3211: 3195: 3175: 3155: 3147: 3129: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3082: 3062: 3054: 3038: 3013: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2949: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2936: 2927: 2924: 2906: 2902: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2855: 2842: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2805: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2769: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2747: 2745: 2729: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2637: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2591: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2576: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2551: 2550: 2535: 2531: 2516: 2514: 2513:plastic limit 2510: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2368: 2365: 2360: 2357: 2351: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2323: 2319: 2310: 2306: 2305:Plastic Limit 2288: 2284: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2137: 2131: 2128: 2121: 2120: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2075: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2053: 2050: 2043: 2042: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2011: 2007: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1975: 1972: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1942: 1938: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1896: 1888: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1757: 1749: 1748: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1679: 1675: 1669: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1616: 1608: 1586: 1582: 1576: 1572: 1566: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1513: 1505: 1504:Water Content 1501: 1485: 1481: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1406: 1403: 1394: 1372: 1368: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1262: 1258: 1249: 1227: 1223: 1217: 1213: 1207: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1137: 1134: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1111: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1075: 1055: 1047: 1031: 1023: 1018: 1001: 997: 991: 987: 981: 976: 972: 963: 959: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 924: 921: 916: 912: 903: 899: 886: 881: 877: 873: 868: 864: 854: 838: 834: 811: 807: 784: 780: 771: 755: 751: 728: 724: 701: 697: 688: 672: 668: 645: 641: 618: 614: 605: 589: 585: 562: 558: 535: 531: 522: 514: 505: 503: 499: 494: 492: 487: 483: 473: 471: 466: 458: 449: 447: 443: 442:poorly graded 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 402: 398: 389: 371: 367: 355: 345: 341: 339: 338:van der Waals 334: 330: 326: 322: 319:minerals are 318: 313: 299: 295: 293: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 263: 254: 251: 249: 244: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 224: 220: 215: 213: 207: 205: 201: 197: 182: 179: 175: 174:consolidation 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 146: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 60: 52: 44: 37: 32: 19: 9386:Biogeography 9381:Hydrogeology 9371:Soil science 9351:Geochemistry 9146: 9110:Infiltration 9038:Cut and fill 8981:Soil nailing 8847:Permeability 8812:Bulk density 8529:Inclinometer 8452:Ram sounding 8337: 8157: 8150: 8143: 8136: 8129: 8122: 8005:Biogeography 8000:Hydrogeology 7975:Geochemistry 7897:Applications 7793:Martian soil 7221:Soil horizon 7194:Soil texture 7169:Soil quality 7125:Soil sealing 7098:Soil erosion 7030: 7026:Soil physics 7021:Soil ecology 7016:Soil zoology 7006:Soil biology 6964:Soil science 6902:. Retrieved 6882: 6875: 6851:(1): 32–42. 6848: 6844: 6834: 6817: 6813: 6807: 6782: 6779:Géotechnique 6778: 6772: 6755: 6751: 6745: 6736: 6732: 6726: 6709: 6705: 6695: 6684:. Retrieved 6675: 6664:. Retrieved 6644: 6638: 6629: 6598: 6593: 6568: 6564: 6558: 6545: 6534:. Retrieved 6530:the original 6525: 6515: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6465: 6460: 6426: 6410: 6391: 6322:cite journal 6311:. Retrieved 6302: 6293: 6274: 6247: 6243: 6211: 6184:. Retrieved 6180: 6171: 6126: 6060: 5983:Hydrogeology 5936: 5932: 5916: 5905: 5896: 5892: 5861: 5831: 5817:Applications 5808:: Effective 5805: 5799: 5789: 5783: 5778: 5742: 5733: 5687: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5666: 5656: 5641: 5433: 5358: 5291: 5202: 5005: 4996: 4980: 4972: 4949: 4933: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4877:Maurice Biot 4861: 4792: 4748: 4671: 4609: 4549: 4518: 4474: 4353: 4350:Total stress 4333: 4329: 4325: 4323: 4277: 4271: 4267:shear stress 4264: 4237:liquefaction 4233: 4215: 4206:sheet piling 4191: 4069: 3993: 3783: 3744: 3739: 3737: 3680: 3679:through the 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3564: 3462: 3294: 3241: 3239:defined as: 3209: 3030: 2941: 2922: 2847: 2831:Seepage (EP) 2748: 2743: 2655: 2522: 2509:liquid limit 2506: 2437: 2433: 2431: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2385:liquid limit 2374: 2363: 2361: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2342:(denoted by 2339: 2308: 2307:(denoted by 2304: 2273: 2272:(denoted by 2270:Liquid Limit 2269: 2263: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2211: 2191: 2180: 2176: 2173: 1961: 1886: 1885: 1745: 1744: 1606: 1605: 1503: 1502: 1472: 1392: 1391: 1247: 1246: 1101: 1098:Bulk Density 1097: 1091: 1090: 1019: 961: 960: 900: 855: 772: 689: 606: 523: 519: 495: 479: 467: 463: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 419: 357: 342: 314: 310: 296: 268: 252: 245: 227: 216: 208: 196:igneous rock 193: 177: 173: 170:permeability 169: 165: 161: 153: 149: 147: 71:soil physics 66: 65: 9396:Archaeology 9120:Foundations 9093:Geomembrane 8976:Slurry wall 8915:Water table 8879:Interaction 8875:Structures 8862:Sensitivity 8659:Laboratory 8201:Groundwater 8015:Archaeology 7949:Agroecology 7919:Soil survey 7858:Terra rossa 7853:Terra preta 7833:Spodic soil 7753:Duplex soil 7733:Brown earth 7713:Alkali soil 7703:Rhizosphere 7698:Laimosphere 7572:(1974–1998) 7529:Inceptisols 7436:Plinthosols 7401:Kastanozems 7231:Soil carbon 7154:Soil health 7135:Alkali soil 7064:Soil topics 6989:Main fields 6244:Geosciences 5978:Geotechnics 5846:empirically 5810:stress path 5759:and (hand) 5739:Shear tests 4556:water table 4552:hydrostatic 2943:Darcy's law 2930:Darcy's law 1248:Dry Density 1102:Wet Density 491:Stoke's law 422:well graded 315:The common 9253:Mitigation 9235:Shear wave 9220:Earthquake 9215:Compaction 9200:Permafrost 9191:Phenomena/ 9088:Geotextile 9013:Embankment 9003:Excavation 8940:Earthworks 8900:Vegetation 8895:Topography 8817:Thixotropy 8807:Void ratio 8790:Properties 8688:Hydrometer 8433:Piezometer 8353:Core drill 8191:Vegetation 7934:Soil value 7838:Stagnogley 7788:Lunar soil 7743:Dark earth 7728:Brickearth 7693:Pedosphere 7663:Soil crust 7471:Technosols 7456:Solonchaks 7376:Ferralsols 7341:Anthrosols 7216:Soil crust 7189:Soil color 7174:Soil value 7076:Pedosphere 7001:Edaphology 6904:2017-05-14 6686:2006-12-14 6666:2017-01-18 6536:2006-08-29 6313:2010-08-31 6250:(3): 119. 6186:2017-01-14 6005:References 5868:foundation 5866:between a 5794:void ratio 4952:shear wave 4801:problems. 3913:piezometer 3889:total head 3485:derivative 1607:Void ratio 1020:Note that 486:hydrometer 438:gap graded 430:gap graded 9376:Hydrology 9356:Petrology 9244:analysis 9242:Landslide 9147:Mechanics 9058:Track bed 9043:Fill dirt 9028:Terracing 8601:Trial pit 8416:Statnamic 8401:Load test 8220:Petrichor 7995:Hydrology 7980:Petrology 7924:Soil test 7823:Quicksand 7768:Fill dirt 7708:Bulk soil 7554:Vertisols 7544:Spodosols 7534:Mollisols 7524:Histosols 7509:Aridisols 7481:Vertisols 7476:Umbrisols 7466:Stagnosol 7431:Planosols 7426:Phaeozems 7406:Leptosols 7391:Gypsisols 7381:Fluvisols 7361:Chernozem 7356:Cambisols 7351:Calcisols 7346:Arenosols 7270:Soil type 7159:Soil life 6468:, Wiley. 6079:cite book 6063:. Wiley. 5800:structure 5715:− 5712:σ 5702:σ 5618:ϕ 5518:ϕ 5468:ϕ 5414:ϕ 5410:⁡ 5395:σ 5371:τ 5326:ϕ 5301:ϕ 5256:ϕ 5252:⁡ 5237:σ 5215:τ 5167:ϕ 5163:⁡ 5148:σ 5126:τ 5081:ϕ 5051:σ 5015:τ 4772:− 4769:σ 4759:σ 4688:ρ 4619:ρ 4576:ρ 4503:γ 4457:γ 4445:ρ 4433:σ 4389:ρ 4363:σ 4305:− 4302:σ 4292:σ 4241:quicksand 4143:− 4103:− 3940:ρ 3843:μ 3829:ρ 3521:μ 3514:− 3423:− 3396:μ 3386:− 3269:ρ 3265:− 3156:μ 3116:− 2997:− 2976:μ 2966:− 2863:ρ 2809:% 2773:% 2641:% 2616:− 2592:− 2483:− 2466:− 2177:structure 2086:ρ 2051:ρ 2008:ρ 1973:ρ 1724:− 1696:− 1482:ρ 1452:ρ 1448:− 1442:ρ 1432:ρ 1404:ρ 1289:ρ 1259:ρ 1135:ρ 1112:ρ 1056:ρ 1032:γ 998:ρ 988:ρ 913:ρ 835:ρ 808:ρ 781:ρ 333:kaolinite 292:colluvium 257:Transport 158:soil pore 143:hydrology 9423:Category 9406:Agrology 9295:software 9193:problems 9023:Causeway 8998:Landfill 8925:Subgrade 8842:Porosity 8837:Cohesion 8176:Land use 8169:See also 8025:Agrology 7808:Paleosol 7723:Blue goo 7678:Gypcrust 7549:Ultisols 7519:Gelisols 7514:Entisols 7504:Andisols 7499:Alfisols 7461:Solonetz 7451:Retisols 7446:Regosols 7421:Nitisols 7416:Luvisols 7411:Lixisols 7396:Histosol 7386:Gleysols 7371:Durisols 7366:Cryosols 7336:Andosols 7326:Acrisols 7236:Soil gas 6996:Pedology 6898:Archived 6657:Archived 6585:95352427 6400:Archived 6307:Archived 6283:Archived 5942:See also 5923:Archived 5767:and the 5705:′ 5621:′ 5596:′ 5571:′ 5546:′ 5521:′ 5496:′ 5471:′ 5446:′ 5417:′ 5403:′ 5387:′ 5343:′ 5318:′ 5273:′ 5245:′ 5184:′ 5156:′ 5098:′ 5059:′ 4762:′ 4343:stresses 4339:pressure 4295:′ 4223:sinkhole 4174:Flownets 3994:and the 3610:(or the 2749:Thus if 2200:and the 1747:Porosity 1435:′ 1407:′ 502:colloids 325:smectite 287:glaciers 212:feldspar 160:spaces, 9346:Geology 9318:SVSlope 9128:Shallow 9048:Grading 8986:Tieback 8930:Subsoil 8920:Bedrock 8910:Topsoil 8905:Terrain 8698:R-value 8661:testing 8411:Dynamic 8338:in situ 8336:Field ( 8253: 8055:(India) 7970:Geology 7758:Eluvium 7718:Bay mud 7683:Caliche 7673:Hardpan 7668:Claypan 7658:Subsoil 7653:Topsoil 7539:Oxisols 7441:Podzols 7331:Alisols 7319:(1998–) 7142:Soil pH 6975:History 6853:Bibcode 6787:Bibcode 6495:Bibcode 6252:Bibcode 4795:seepage 4218:erosion 4198:flownet 4180:Flownet 3883:is the 3804:is the 3622:). The 2923:seepage 2744:in situ 2742:is the 2656:where: 2338:), and 2198:BS 5930 1093:Density 1046:density 283:aeolian 190:Genesis 166:seepage 127:geology 9328:Plaxis 9323:UTEXAS 9313:SVFlux 9303:SEEP2D 9155:Forces 9008:Trench 8956:Gabion 8766:Gravel 8406:Static 8242: 7868:Yedoma 7803:Muskeg 6890: 6621: 6583: 6472: 6434: 6418: 6383: 6354: 6218: 6163: 6132: 6067: 6035: 5864:stress 5657:(see: 5292:Where 5277: 5188: 5102: 4904:. The 4868:stress 4610:where 4554:. The 4475:where 4324:where 3863:, and 3784:where 3565:where 3295:where 2202:AASHTO 2181:fabric 1473:where 1445: 826:, and 743:, and 660:, and 577:, and 331:, and 329:illite 237:Gravel 235:, and 223:silica 219:quartz 141:, and 121:, and 103:gravel 101:, and 9308:STABL 8781:Loess 8744:Types 7848:Takir 7783:Loess 6980:Index 6660:(PDF) 6649:(PDF) 6581:S2CID 5790:state 4937:yield 4864:soils 3618:, or 3317:datum 2254:SW-SC 1100:, or 460:Sieve 279:loess 241:rocks 79:soils 9133:Deep 8776:Loam 8771:Peat 8761:Sand 8756:Silt 8751:Clay 8736:Soil 8438:Well 8098:(US) 8087:(UK) 8081:(US) 7813:Peat 7648:Loam 7643:Clay 7638:Silt 7633:Sand 7071:Soil 6888:ISBN 6619:ISBN 6470:ISBN 6432:ISBN 6416:ISBN 6381:ISBN 6352:ISBN 6335:help 6216:ISBN 6161:ISBN 6130:ISBN 6085:link 6065:ISBN 6033:ISBN 5609:and 5509:and 5459:and 5322:> 4797:and 4204:and 4202:dams 3624:pore 3339:by 2415:and 2383:and 2362:The 436:and 317:clay 233:Sand 229:Silt 202:and 168:and 99:sand 95:silt 91:clay 85:and 73:and 34:The 9018:Cut 8327:and 7798:Mud 6861:doi 6822:doi 6795:doi 6760:doi 6756:135 6737:107 6714:doi 6573:doi 6503:doi 6260:doi 5840:/σ' 5407:tan 5249:tan 5160:tan 3626:or 2770:100 2638:100 2346:). 2311:or 2303:), 2276:or 2248:or 2179:or 958:). 323:or 210:of 9425:: 9277:* 6896:. 6859:. 6847:. 6843:. 6818:13 6816:. 6793:. 6783:LX 6781:. 6754:. 6735:. 6710:39 6708:. 6704:. 6606:^ 6579:. 6569:74 6567:. 6524:. 6501:. 6489:. 6442:^ 6362:^ 6343:^ 6326:: 6324:}} 6320:{{ 6303:04 6258:. 6248:11 6246:. 6242:. 6226:^ 6195:^ 6179:. 6140:^ 6094:^ 6081:}} 6077:{{ 6043:^ 6012:^ 5771:. 5755:, 5751:, 5747:, 5114:: 4978:. 4334:σ' 4278:σ' 4239:, 4208:. 4139:10 4106:12 4099:10 4062:. 3614:, 3212:, 3055:, 2440:: 2438:LI 2436:, 2417:MH 2413:CL 2411:, 2409:ML 2405:CH 2344:SL 2309:PL 2274:LL 2256:. 2250:SC 2246:SM 2244:, 2242:SP 2240:, 2238:SW 2234:GC 2230:GM 2226:GP 2222:GW 1889:, 1750:, 1609:, 1506:, 1395:, 1250:, 1104:, 1096:, 1088:. 1048:( 964:, 799:, 716:, 633:, 550:, 504:. 432:. 403:10 372:50 327:, 294:. 243:. 231:, 198:, 176:, 164:, 145:. 137:, 133:, 97:, 93:, 8881:) 8877:( 8340:) 8299:e 8292:t 8285:v 8213:/ 7299:e 7292:t 7285:v 6956:e 6949:t 6942:v 6907:. 6869:. 6863:: 6855:: 6849:1 6828:. 6824:: 6801:. 6797:: 6789:: 6766:. 6762:: 6720:. 6716:: 6689:. 6669:. 6587:. 6575:: 6539:. 6509:. 6505:: 6497:: 6491:7 6337:) 6333:( 6316:. 6268:. 6262:: 6254:: 6189:. 6089:. 6087:) 6073:. 5842:v 5838:h 5718:u 5709:= 5661:) 5593:c 5568:c 5543:c 5493:c 5443:c 5399:f 5391:+ 5384:c 5380:= 5375:f 5339:t 5336:i 5333:r 5330:c 5314:k 5311:a 5308:e 5305:p 5269:k 5266:a 5263:e 5260:p 5241:n 5233:= 5228:k 5225:a 5222:e 5219:p 5180:t 5177:i 5174:r 5171:c 5152:n 5144:= 5139:t 5136:i 5133:r 5130:c 5094:t 5091:i 5088:r 5085:c 5055:n 5028:t 5025:i 5022:r 5019:c 4778:, 4775:u 4766:= 4732:w 4728:z 4705:w 4701:z 4697:g 4692:w 4684:= 4681:u 4650:w 4646:z 4623:w 4593:w 4589:z 4585:g 4580:w 4572:= 4569:u 4483:g 4460:H 4454:= 4451:H 4448:g 4442:= 4437:v 4409:H 4367:v 4330:u 4326:σ 4308:u 4299:= 4156:s 4153:m 4146:1 4116:s 4113:m 4078:k 4048:e 4044:u 4023:t 4020:n 4017:a 4014:t 4011:s 4008:n 4005:o 4002:C 3979:t 3976:n 3973:a 3970:t 3967:s 3964:n 3961:o 3958:C 3955:+ 3952:h 3949:g 3944:w 3936:= 3931:e 3927:u 3899:h 3871:i 3847:w 3838:g 3833:w 3825:K 3819:= 3816:k 3792:k 3769:i 3766:k 3763:= 3760:v 3721:n 3716:x 3712:v 3706:= 3701:x 3698:p 3694:v 3667:n 3645:x 3642:p 3638:v 3594:A 3590:/ 3586:Q 3583:= 3578:x 3574:v 3547:x 3544:d 3537:e 3533:u 3529:d 3517:K 3508:= 3503:x 3499:v 3471:A 3446:L 3442:) 3437:a 3434:, 3431:e 3427:u 3418:b 3415:, 3412:e 3408:u 3404:( 3392:A 3389:K 3380:= 3377:Q 3352:e 3348:u 3327:u 3303:z 3281:z 3278:g 3273:w 3262:u 3259:= 3254:e 3250:u 3225:e 3221:u 3196:x 3176:x 3130:L 3124:a 3120:u 3111:b 3107:u 3083:A 3063:K 3039:Q 3014:L 3010:) 3005:a 3001:u 2992:b 2988:u 2984:( 2972:A 2969:K 2960:= 2957:Q 2907:w 2903:z 2880:w 2876:z 2872:g 2867:w 2859:= 2856:u 2837:. 2806:0 2803:= 2798:r 2794:D 2767:= 2762:r 2758:D 2730:e 2708:n 2705:i 2702:m 2698:e 2675:x 2672:a 2669:m 2665:e 2630:n 2627:i 2624:m 2620:e 2611:x 2608:a 2605:m 2601:e 2595:e 2587:x 2584:a 2581:m 2577:e 2570:= 2565:r 2561:D 2536:r 2532:D 2489:L 2486:P 2480:L 2477:L 2472:L 2469:P 2463:w 2457:= 2454:I 2451:L 2401:L 2397:H 2393:M 2389:C 2324:p 2320:w 2289:l 2285:w 2218:S 2214:G 2150:s 2146:G 2141:e 2138:S 2132:= 2129:w 2103:e 2100:+ 2097:1 2090:w 2080:s 2076:G 2072:) 2069:w 2066:+ 2063:1 2060:( 2054:= 2025:e 2022:+ 2019:1 2012:w 2004:) 2001:e 1998:S 1995:+ 1990:s 1986:G 1982:( 1976:= 1943:v 1939:V 1933:w 1929:V 1923:= 1920:S 1897:S 1868:e 1865:+ 1862:1 1858:e 1853:= 1845:v 1841:V 1837:+ 1832:s 1828:V 1821:v 1817:V 1811:= 1804:t 1800:V 1794:v 1790:V 1784:= 1781:n 1758:n 1727:n 1721:1 1717:n 1712:= 1704:V 1700:V 1691:T 1687:V 1680:v 1676:V 1670:= 1663:s 1659:V 1653:v 1649:V 1643:= 1640:e 1617:e 1587:s 1583:W 1577:w 1573:W 1567:= 1560:s 1556:M 1550:w 1546:M 1540:= 1537:w 1514:w 1486:w 1456:w 1439:= 1373:t 1369:V 1363:s 1359:M 1353:= 1345:a 1341:V 1337:+ 1332:w 1328:V 1324:+ 1319:s 1315:V 1308:s 1304:M 1298:= 1293:d 1263:d 1228:t 1224:V 1218:t 1214:M 1208:= 1200:a 1196:V 1192:+ 1187:w 1183:V 1179:+ 1174:s 1170:V 1162:w 1158:M 1154:+ 1149:s 1145:M 1138:= 1076:g 1002:w 992:s 982:= 977:s 973:G 944:3 940:m 936:c 932:/ 928:g 925:1 922:= 917:w 887:g 882:s 878:M 874:= 869:s 865:W 839:s 812:w 785:a 756:s 752:M 729:w 725:M 702:a 698:M 673:s 669:W 646:w 642:W 619:a 615:W 590:s 586:V 563:w 559:V 536:a 532:V 399:D 368:D 20:)

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