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are helped by higher default contribution rates. It is also asymmetric in the second sense: If you do not believe that defaults matter, because you believe that people will make rational decisions about something as important as retirement saving, then you should not care about the default rate. If you believe that defaults matter, on the other hand, you should want to set defaults at the level that you believe will be best for the largest number of people.
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1953:
Libertarian paternalism is similar to asymmetric paternalism, which refers to policies designed to help people who behave irrationally and so are not advancing their own interests, while interfering only minimally with people who behave rationally. Such policies are also asymmetric in the sense that
2008:
Raising default contribution rates is also an example of asymmetric paternalism. Those who are making an informed deliberate choice to put aside zero percent of their income in tax deferred savings still have this option, but those who were not saving simply out of inertia or due to procrastination
2025:
in particular, and instead focuses on freedom of choice in a wider sense. Others have argued that, while libertarian paternalism aims to promote wellbeing, there may be more libertarian aims that could be promoted, such as maximizing future liberty.
1943:
in the sense that it aims to ensure that "people should be free to opt out of specified arrangements if they choose to do so" (p. 1161). The possibility to opt out is said to "preserve freedom of choice" (p. 1182). Thaler and
Sunstein published
1985:
have seen an increase in tips from 10% to 22% after passengers had the ability to pay using credit cards on a device installed in the cab whose screen presented them with three default tip options, ranging from 15% to 30%.
1938:
in the sense that "it tries to influence choices in a way that will make choosers better off, as judged by themselves" (p. 5); note and consider, the concept paternalism specifically requires a restriction of choice. It is
1970:(anyone who did not explicitly refuse to donate their organs in the case of accident is considered a donor) experience dramatically higher levels of organ donation consent, than countries with an opt-in system.
2005:. Research by behavioral economists demonstrated, moreover, that firms which raised the default rate instantly and dramatically raised the contribution rates of their employees.
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they should be acceptable both to those who believe that people behave rationally and to those who believe that people often behave irrationally.
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is the idea that it is both possible and legitimate for private and public institutions to affect behavior while also respecting
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was zero, and despite the enormous tax advantages, many people took years to start contributing if they ever did.
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2317:
Thaler, R.H.; Benartzi, S. (2004). "Save More
Tomorrow: Using Behavioral Economics to Increase Employee Saving".
2001:", the common human resistance to changing one's behavior, combined with another common problem: the tendency to
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1978:, with a very similar culture and economic situation, but an opt-in system, has a consent rate of only 12%.
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is a typical example of a soft paternalist policy. Countries that have an "opt-out" system for voluntary
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2021:. For example, it has been argued that it fails to appreciate the traditional libertarian concern with
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2460:"Regulation for conservatives: behavioral economics and the case for "asymmetric paternalism""
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2228:"Regulation for conservatives: behavioral economics and the case for "asymmetric paternalism""
1928:. The authors further elaborated upon their ideas in a more in-depth article published in the
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1914:, as well as the implementation of that idea. The term was coined by behavioral economist
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2123:"The Definition of Nudge and Libertarian Paternalism: Does the Hand Fit the Glove?"
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Camerer, C.; Issacharoff, S.; Loewenstein, G.; O'donoghue, T.; Rabin, M. (2003).
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Camerer, C.; Issacharoff, S.; Loewenstein, G.; O'donoghue, T.; Rabin, M. (2003).
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1950:, a book-length defense of this political doctrine, in 2008 (new edition 2021).
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2574:. Recht im Kontext. Vol. 6. Baden-Baden: Nomos. pp. 219–227.
2572:
Choice
Architecture in Democracies: Exploring the Legitimacy of Nudging
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1370:
888:
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2749:
1609:
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928:
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259:
111:
2538:
2475:
2434:
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3899:
3641:
3495:
2330:
2022:
1006:
991:
745:
510:
472:
3146:
2837:
2615:
1975:
1971:
294:
71:
2410:"Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness"
2017:
There has been much criticism of the ideology behind the term,
2552:"This nudging stuff is nothing new – and it's all a bit shaky"
1974:, with an opt-out system, has a consent rate of 99.98%, while
2565:"Autonomy vs. Technocracy: Libertarian Paternalism Revisited"
2202:
Nudge: Improving
Decisions About Health, Wealth and Happiness
1934:
that same year. They propose that libertarian paternalism is
2604:
Interview with
Richard Thaler about libertarian paternalism
2610:
Interview with Cass
Sunstein about libertarian paternalism
2033:
2297:
2012:
2300:"New York's Cabbies Like Credit Cards? Go Figure"
4011:
2503:
2417:Sunstein, Cass R.; Thaler, Richard H. (2003).
2416:
2400:
2316:
2198:
2187:
2153:
2631:
2366:
1888:
1670:
1156:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
3770:For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto
2419:"Libertarian Paternalism is Not an Oxymoron"
2088:"Nudge Economics as Libertarian Paternalism"
1962:Setting the default in order to exploit the
463:Individualist anarchism in the United States
2638:
2624:
1895:
1881:
1677:
1663:
2265:Thaler, Richard H. (September 26, 2009).
2138:
2105:
3042:Free association (Marxism and anarchism)
2523:
2369:"Libertarian Paternalism Is an Oxymoron"
2298:Michael M. Grynbaum (November 7, 2009).
2154:Thaler, Richard; Sunstein, Cass (2003).
2069:– soft paternalism approach to taxation
1957:
14:
4012:
2562:
2549:
2490:
2291:
2264:
2120:
2619:
2464:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
2343:
2232:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
2199:Thaler, R.H.; Sunstein, C.R. (2009).
3940:Libertarianism in the United Kingdom
2536:
2085:
1533:Libertarianism in the United Kingdom
3945:Libertarianism in the United States
2526:"A Dose of Libertarian Paternalism"
2524:Vedantam, Shankar (April 7, 2008).
2127:European Journal of Risk Regulation
1785:Social and Behavioral Sciences Team
24:
2645:
2394:
2373:Northwestern University Law Review
1751:Affordable Care Act tax provisions
1434:The Unconstitutionality of Slavery
1392:The Problem of Political Authority
1224:The Betrayal of the American Right
27:Political and sociological concept
25:
4051:
3673:Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism
2597:
2537:Will, George F. (June 30, 2008).
1463:Conservatism in the United States
1181:Students for a Democratic Society
1151:Foundation for Economic Education
443:Abolitionism in the United States
410:Title-transfer theory of contract
3984:
2550:Harkin, James (August 5, 2008).
2423:University of Chicago Law Review
2036:
1931:University of Chicago Law Review
1644:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1343:The Mainspring of Human Progress
55:
3167:Natural rights and legal rights
2745:Consequentialist libertarianism
2491:Harkin, James (June 24, 2006).
2367:Mitchell, Gregory (2004–2005).
2360:
2337:
2205:(2nd ed.). Penguin Books.
2121:Hansen, Pelle Guldborg (2016).
2013:Criticism of the choice of term
1498:Liberalism in the United States
1252:The Creature from Jekyll Island
315:Natural rights and legal rights
3935:Libertarianism in South Africa
3850:Center for Libertarian Studies
2310:
2258:
2219:
2192:
2181:
2147:
2114:
2079:
1528:Libertarianism in South Africa
1357:The Myth of the Rational Voter
13:
1:
2997:Decriminalization of sex work
2775:Bleeding-heart libertarianism
2765:Natural-rights libertarianism
2563:Heinig, Hans Michael (2016).
2093:Theory, Culture & Society
2073:
3885:Freeman on the land movement
3780:Law, Legislation and Liberty
3152:Libertarianism (metaphysics)
3057:Free-market environmentalism
2319:Journal of Political Economy
2163:The American Economic Review
1336:The Moon is a Harsh Mistress
245:Free-market environmentalism
7:
3930:Libertarian science fiction
2740:Conservative libertarianism
2029:
1867:Design for behaviour change
1523:Libertarianism in Hong Kong
1191:Young Americans for Liberty
1113:Libertarian science fiction
10:
4056:
3965:Sovereign citizen movement
3790:Anarchy, State, and Utopia
2513:"Designing Better Choices"
2267:"Opting In vs. Opting Out"
2188:Sunstein & Thaler 2003
2175:10.1257/000282803321947001
1862:IT-backed authoritarianism
1575:Sovereign citizen movement
1301:The Future and Its Enemies
1259:Defending the Undefendable
1231:The Case Against Education
1217:Anarchy, State, and Utopia
3998:Outline of libertarianism
3991:Libertarianism portal
3978:
3812:
3741:
3655:
3594:
3529:
3388:
3292:
3285:
2919:
2798:
2755:Libertarian transhumanism
2705:
2698:
2655:
2580:10.5771/9783845263939-219
2539:"Nudge Against the Fudge"
2493:"Libertarian Paternalism"
2344:Klein, Daniel B. (2004).
2156:"Libertarian Paternalism"
2140:10.1017/S1867299X00005468
1922:in a 2003 article in the
1779:Behavioural Insights Team
1639:Libertarianism portal
1555:Outline of libertarianism
1453:American militia movement
1378:New Libertarian Manifesto
3910:Libertarian conservatism
3277:Workers' self-management
3177:Non-aggression principle
2770:Neo-classical liberalism
2735:Christian libertarianism
2107:10.1177/0263276421999447
2057:List of cognitive biases
1925:American Economic Review
1798:Nudge theory in business
1651:United States portal
1503:Libertarian conservatism
1406:Protection or Free Trade
1322:The Machinery of Freedom
1266:The Discovery of Freedom
320:Non-aggression principle
35:This article is part of
3925:Libertarian Republicans
3187:Participatory economics
3032:Expropriative anarchism
2086:Gane, Nicholas (2021).
2019:libertarian paternalism
1997:attribute this to the "
1908:Libertarian paternalism
1847:Libertarian paternalism
1627:Conservatism portal
1549:On Democracy in America
1413:Radicals for Capitalism
3865:Conscientious objector
3760:The Market for Liberty
3192:Propaganda of the deed
3142:Individual reclamation
3137:Individualist feminism
3097:Freedom of information
3077:Freedom of association
3037:Federalism (anarchist)
2708:Libertarian capitalism
2350:Economic Journal Watch
1513:Libertarian Republican
1350:The Market for Liberty
1329:Man, Economy and State
1308:The God of the Machine
1210:The Anarchist Cookbook
350:Private defense agency
310:Marriage privatization
265:Freedom of association
3920:Libertarian socialism
3915:Libertarian Democrats
3845:Austro-libertarianism
3698:Intellectual property
3262:Voluntary association
3087:Freedom of conscience
2942:Anti-authoritarianism
2937:Age of consent reform
2860:libertarian communism
2801:Libertarian socialism
2606:. An EconTalk podcast
2044:Libertarianism portal
1995:Behavioral economists
1615:Liberalism portal
1518:Libertarian socialism
1280:The Ethics of Liberty
1166:Liberty International
1050:Intellectual property
528:Supply-side economics
415:Voluntary association
3970:Technolibertarianism
3955:Public choice theory
3905:Green libertarianism
3860:Classical liberalism
3855:Civil libertarianism
3688:Foreign intervention
3172:Night-watchman state
2715:Right-libertarianism
2663:Age of Enlightenment
1958:Examples of policies
1827:Behavioral economics
1756:Social Credit System
1570:Right-libertarianism
1508:Libertarian Democrat
1427:To Serve and Protect
1399:Progress and Poverty
1385:Our Enemy, the State
1245:Conceived in Liberty
1186:Students for Liberty
448:Classical liberalism
438:Age of Enlightenment
375:Rugged Individualism
360:Public choice theory
200:Civil libertarianism
48:in the United States
3880:Economic liberalism
3875:Cultural liberalism
3718:Political alliances
3207:Reproductive rights
3182:Non-interventionism
3122:Homestead principle
3102:Freedom of religion
3092:Freedom of contract
3072:Freedom of assembly
3007:Drug liberalization
2902:Libertarian Marxism
2808:Left-libertarianism
2780:Paleolibertarianism
2052:Choice architecture
1852:Choice architecture
1773:Government agencies
1740:Government programs
1692:Part of a series on
1493:Left-libertarianism
1420:Seeing Like a State
506:Fiscal conservatism
501:Economic liberalism
365:Restorative justice
325:Non-interventionism
280:Homestead principle
270:Freedom of contract
4030:Political theories
3678:Capital punishment
3668:Affirmative action
3217:Right to sexuality
3197:Property is theft!
3112:Freedom of thought
2725:Anarcho-capitalism
2505:Thaler, Richard H.
2408:(March 17, 2023).
2402:Thaler, Richard H.
2346:"Statist Quo Bias"
2304:The New York Times
2279:on August 19, 2020
2272:The New York Times
1918:and legal scholar
1857:Social engineering
1468:Dark Enlightenment
1238:Civil Disobedience
1146:Free State Project
1141:Federalist Society
1030:Capital punishment
370:Right to bear arms
300:Limited government
77:Anarcho-capitalism
4035:Social philosophy
4025:Libertarian terms
4007:
4006:
3895:Geolibertarianism
3870:Constitutionalism
3825:Anti-collectivism
3723:Political parties
3590:
3589:
3272:Workers' councils
3267:Voluntary society
3252:Stateless society
3242:Spontaneous order
3107:Freedom of speech
3082:Freedom of choice
2982:Counter-economics
2977:Cognitive liberty
2915:
2914:
2589:978-3-8452-6393-9
2517:Los Angeles Times
2511:(April 2, 2008).
2509:Sunstein, Cass R.
2412:. Academized.com.
2406:Sunstein, Cass R.
2212:978-0-14-311526-7
1912:freedom of choice
1905:
1904:
1706:Social scientists
1687:
1686:
1458:Boogaloo movement
1287:For a New Liberty
1176:Reason Foundation
1161:Libertarian Party
1070:Political parties
458:Transcendentalism
420:Voluntary society
400:Stateless society
395:Spontaneous order
275:Freedom of speech
210:Counter-economics
205:Constitutionalism
16:(Redirected from
4047:
4000:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3960:Small government
3805:
3795:
3785:
3775:
3765:
3755:
3703:Internal debates
3290:
3289:
3017:Economic freedom
2992:Decentralization
2987:Crypto-anarchism
2962:Artistic freedom
2932:Academic freedom
2811:
2803:
2718:
2710:
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2559:
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2500:
2487:
2454:
2429:(4): 1159–1202.
2413:
2389:
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2341:
2335:
2334:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2295:
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2284:
2275:. Archived from
2262:
2256:
2255:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2196:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2160:
2151:
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2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2083:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2039:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1821:Related concepts
1689:
1688:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1613:
1612:
1103:Come and take it
1055:Internal debates
390:Small government
355:Private property
225:Economic freedom
215:Decentralization
195:Anti-imperialism
127:Market anarchism
102:Consequentialist
59:
49:
32:
31:
21:
18:Soft paternalism
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4010:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3996:
3985:
3983:
3974:
3808:
3803:
3793:
3783:
3773:
3763:
3753:
3737:
3728:Theories of law
3651:
3586:
3525:
3384:
3281:
3222:Self-governance
3202:Refusal of work
2967:Civil liberties
2947:Anti-capitalism
2911:
2897:Guild socialism
2855:insurrectionary
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2785:Propertarianism
2712:
2711:
2706:
2694:
2673:Aristotelianism
2651:
2646:
2644:
2600:
2590:
2567:
2530:Washington Post
2476:10.2307/3312889
2435:10.2307/1600573
2397:
2395:Further reading
2392:
2365:
2361:
2342:
2338:
2325:(S1): 164–187.
2315:
2311:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2263:
2259:
2244:10.2307/3312889
2224:
2220:
2213:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2182:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2119:
2115:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2015:
1999:status quo bias
1981:Cab drivers in
1960:
1901:
1872:
1871:
1822:
1814:
1813:
1804:Loyalty program
1799:
1791:
1790:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1746:Race to the Top
1741:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1717:Shlomo Benartzi
1707:
1683:
1645:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1607:
1600:
1599:
1448:
1440:
1439:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1171:Mises Institute
1131:
1123:
1122:
1098:
1090:
1089:
1085:Theories of law
1040:Foreign affairs
1020:
1012:
1011:
942:
934:
933:
864:
856:
855:
541:
533:
532:
496:Austrian School
491:
483:
482:
453:Anti-Federalism
433:
425:
424:
345:Polycentric law
190:
182:
181:
162:Propertarianism
67:
47:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4053:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4020:Libertarianism
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3994:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3840:Anti-socialism
3837:
3832:
3830:Anti-communism
3827:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3800:Free to Choose
3796:
3786:
3776:
3766:
3756:
3750:Atlas Shrugged
3745:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3257:Tax resistance
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3237:Social ecology
3234:
3229:
3227:Self-ownership
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3062:Free migration
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3022:Egalitarianism
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2972:Class struggle
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2952:Antimilitarism
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2830:
2825:
2814:
2812:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2648:Libertarianism
2643:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2607:
2599:
2598:External links
2596:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2560:
2547:
2534:
2521:
2501:
2488:
2470:(3): 1211–54.
2455:
2414:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2359:
2336:
2331:10.1086/380085
2309:
2290:
2257:
2238:(3): 1211–54.
2218:
2211:
2191:
2180:
2146:
2133:(1): 155–174.
2113:
2100:(6): 119–142.
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2031:
2028:
2014:
2011:
1968:organ donation
1964:default effect
1959:
1956:
1916:Richard Thaler
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1837:Default effect
1834:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:Safety culture
1806:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1712:Richard Thaler
1708:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1641:
1629:
1617:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1483:Koch (Charles)
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1364:No, They Can't
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1294:Free to Choose
1290:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1136:Cato Institute
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
943:
940:
939:
936:
935:
932:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
865:
862:
861:
858:
857:
854:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
531:
530:
525:
520:
513:
508:
503:
498:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
481:
480:
478:Freedom School
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:
423:
422:
417:
412:
407:
405:Tax resistance
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
380:Self-ownership
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
250:Free migration
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
137:Natural-rights
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
92:Bleeding-heart
89:
84:
79:
74:
68:
65:
64:
61:
60:
52:
51:
46:Libertarianism
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4052:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
3999:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Individualism
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3012:Direct action
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2870:philosophical
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2850:individualist
2848:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2189:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2020:
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1130:Organizations
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742:
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719:
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557:
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544:
543:
540:Intellectuals
537:
536:
529:
526:
524:
523:Neoliberalism
521:
519:
518:
517:Laissez-faire
514:
512:
509:
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328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
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311:
308:
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303:
301:
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293:
291:
290:Individualism
288:
286:
285:Individuality
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211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
192:
186:
185:
178:
175:
173:
172:Transhumanist
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
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69:
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
50:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
3982:
3835:Anti-fascism
3820:Abolitionism
3798:
3788:
3778:
3768:
3758:
3748:
3733:War on Drugs
3632:Korwin-Mikke
3552:de La Boétie
3456:Korwin-Mikke
3286:Philosophers
3212:Right to die
3117:Gift economy
2957:Anti-statism
2823:collectivist
2790:Voluntaryism
2612:. Grist.com.
2571:
2556:The Guardian
2555:
2542:
2529:
2516:
2497:The Guardian
2496:
2467:
2463:
2426:
2422:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2303:
2293:
2281:. Retrieved
2277:the original
2270:
2260:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2201:
2194:
2183:
2169:(2): 175–9.
2166:
2162:
2149:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2097:
2091:
2081:
2062:Nudge theory
2018:
2016:
2007:
1988:
1980:
1961:
1952:
1945:
1929:
1923:
1907:
1906:
1846:
1832:Social proof
1727:Maya Shankar
1698:Nudge theory
1547:
1488:Koch (David)
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
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1327:
1320:
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1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1108:Gadsden flag
863:Commentators
515:
330:Non-politics
235:Free banking
177:Voluntaryism
156:
29:
3950:Objectivism
3784:(1973–1979)
3713:Objectivism
3708:LGBT rights
3693:Immigration
3595:Politicians
3476:de Molinari
3421:M. Friedman
3416:D. Friedman
3162:Natural law
3052:Free market
3027:Evictionism
3002:Departurism
2907:Syndicalism
2892:Communalism
2880:syndicalist
2833:free-market
2379:: 1245–77.
1941:libertarian
1936:paternalism
1842:Paternalism
1761:Vision Zero
1543:Objectivism
1273:End the Fed
1118:Ron Swanson
1065:Objectivism
1060:LGBT rights
1045:Immigration
941:Politicians
874:Chamberlain
616:R. Friedman
611:P. Friedman
606:M. Friedman
601:D. Friedman
340:Open border
240:Free market
230:Evictionism
220:Departurism
157:Paternalist
4040:Neologisms
4014:Categories
3547:Konkin III
3389:Right-wing
3232:Single tax
3127:Illegalism
3067:Free trade
2927:Abstention
2887:Autonomism
2760:Minarchism
2730:Autarchism
2678:Liberalism
2356:: 260–271.
2074:References
2067:Tax choice
1565:Napolitano
1371:No Treason
1203:Literature
869:Boghossian
385:Single tax
335:Non-voting
255:Free trade
189:Principles
152:Panarchism
132:Minarchism
87:Autarchism
3890:Fusionism
3683:Criticism
3627:Jorgensen
3602:Cleveland
3471:von Mises
3426:Goldwater
3355:Kropotkin
3293:Left-wing
3247:Squatting
3047:Free love
2865:mutualism
2828:communist
2818:Anarchism
2750:Fusionism
2683:classical
2668:Anarchism
1538:New Right
1035:Criticism
972:Jorgensen
957:Cleveland
879:Gillespie
781:Sciabarra
756:Robertson
681:Jefferson
490:Economics
468:Old Right
260:Free will
112:Fusionism
97:Christian
3900:Georgism
3663:Abortion
3607:Coolidge
3506:Rothbard
3491:Paterson
3451:Kinsella
3446:Jillette
3370:Proudhon
3350:Hodgskin
3325:Déjacque
3305:Bookchin
3157:Localism
2920:Concepts
2543:Newsweek
2030:See also
2023:coercion
1478:Jillette
1447:See also
1075:Politics
1025:Abortion
962:Coolidge
841:Williams
776:Schulman
766:Rothbard
761:Rockwell
741:Paterson
691:Kinsella
686:Kauffman
656:Heinlein
621:Galambos
596:Franklin
581:Chodorov
576:Chartier
511:Georgism
473:New Left
305:Localism
107:Feminist
37:a series
3813:Related
3647:Sarwark
3622:Johnson
3582:Thoreau
3572:Stirner
3567:Spooner
3557:McElroy
3521:Stossel
3516:Spencer
3436:Herbert
3411:Emerson
3406:Brennan
3396:Bastiat
3360:Marcuse
3340:Goldman
3330:Fourier
3315:Chomsky
3300:Bakunin
3147:Liberty
2838:agorism
2699:Schools
2688:radical
2656:Origins
2484:3312889
2443:1600573
2283:July 4,
2252:3312889
1976:Germany
1972:Austria
1580:Spooner
1315:Liberty
1097:Culture
1002:Ventura
997:Sarwark
967:Johnson
919:Stossel
904:Pugsley
899:Postrel
894:McElroy
884:Gutfeld
821:Thoreau
806:Skousen
771:Samuels
716:Mencken
706:LeFevre
701:R. Lane
671:Hospers
651:Hazlitt
636:Griffin
626:Garrett
591:Epstein
586:Ebeling
561:Brennan
551:Barnett
546:Andrews
432:History
295:Liberty
72:Agorism
66:Schools
3804:(1980)
3794:(1974)
3774:(1973)
3764:(1970)
3754:(1957)
3656:Issues
3617:Gandhi
3612:Farage
3537:George
3486:Nozick
3380:Tucker
3375:Warren
3365:Öcalan
3345:Guérin
3335:Godwin
3320:Cleyre
2875:social
2586:
2482:
2451:405940
2449:
2441:
2385:615562
2383:
2250:
2209:
1595:Wilson
1590:Teller
1560:Prince
1473:Jacobs
1019:Issues
982:McAfee
977:Massie
851:Yarvin
846:Wilson
836:Wilder
831:Volokh
826:Tucker
801:Sowell
736:Nozick
721:Menger
711:Machan
696:Konkin
676:Huemer
646:Harper
641:Gordon
631:George
571:Carson
566:Caplan
167:Techno
82:Austro
3742:Works
3637:Milei
3577:Szasz
3562:Paine
3530:Other
3511:Simon
3466:Locke
3441:Hoppe
3431:Hayek
3401:Block
3310:Camus
2845:green
2568:(PDF)
2480:JSTOR
2439:JSTOR
2248:JSTOR
2159:(PDF)
1947:Nudge
1585:Taleb
1080:State
987:Nolan
947:Amash
929:Woods
914:Stone
909:Smith
889:Jones
816:Thiel
811:Szasz
796:Somin
791:Smith
786:Scott
726:Mises
666:Hoppe
556:Block
147:Paleo
122:Green
3642:Paul
3542:Hess
3501:Read
3496:Rand
3481:Nock
3461:Lane
2584:ISBN
2447:SSRN
2381:SSRN
2285:2012
2207:ISBN
1787:(US)
1781:(UK)
1007:Walz
992:Paul
952:Burt
924:Will
751:Read
746:Rand
731:Nock
661:Hess
2576:doi
2472:doi
2468:151
2431:doi
2327:doi
2323:112
2240:doi
2236:151
2171:doi
2135:doi
2102:doi
142:Neo
117:Geo
4016::
2582:.
2570:.
2554:.
2541:.
2528:.
2515:.
2507:;
2495:.
2478:.
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2421:.
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2375:.
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2246:.
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2165:.
2161:.
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2096:.
2090:.
39:on
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2806:(
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2713:(
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2137::
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2110:.
2104::
1896:e
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1678:e
1671:t
1664:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
