Sumitro Djojohadikusumo

644: 1319: 790: 1599:' role in the economy had been scaled down in favour of increased private sector participation to the extent that Sumitro had advised. Sumitro then began to develop concerns on the structure of the Indonesian economy under Suharto as time went on. Though industrialization did progress rapidly, Sumitro was concerned with the presence of "special interests" that held ownership in many industries and the excessive protectionist policies of the government. Despite his previous Keynesian policies of extensive state involvement, he subsequently viewed the Indonesian economy as overregulated and in need of deregulation. He considered Indonesia's industry to be fundamentally fragile and apparently productive only at the surface level. By the 1990s, he became more a critic of "rent-seeking activities", and ridiculed outright the 1509: 1432: 995: 1120: 5882: 1215: – and commented that due to the poor administrative capabilities of the Indonesian government it should avoid direct interventions in the economy. Sumitro was also a supporter of foreign investment, and in a speech shortly before his first inauguration as finance minister he commented how removing foreign investors would be akin to "digging our own grave". To the few foreign companies which did invest in Indonesia during the 1950s (mostly oil companies) Sumitro offered fiscal incentives in exchange for their investment in the development of Indonesian 493: 1107:

Both criticized the incumbent Sukiman Cabinet. Sumitro attacked Sjafruddin's priority on agrarian development, citing the poor standard of living in the agrarian economic structure before independence, and also disagreed with Sjafruddin's policy on accumulating capital reserves instead of pursuing an expansionary fiscal policy. The two agreed on maintaining foreign investment and capital in Indonesia, in contrast to several nationalist leaders at that time. Sumitro also supported the

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manage quality and export policies, while encouraging industrialization in the rubber industry by banning the exports of low-quality rubber and incentivizing investment in rubber processing factories. Sumitro also encouraged a shift in imports from consumer goods to capital goods, while stating his intention to increase duties to generate government revenue. He did not have full control over government economic policymaking, having to consult with other ministers and with

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Jakarta, many of the leaders of the Banteng Council including Sumitro refused to accept a potential compromise which would involve Hatta returning to the government. Other civilian leaders, such as Masyumi's Sjafruddin Prawiranegara and Burhanuddin Harahap later also escaped prosecution to West Sumatra and joined Sumitro and the Banteng Council. During this period, Sumitro travelled abroad frequently, making contacts with foreign governments and journalists, and in

1346:, who hoped to find a compromise between the dissidents and the Jakarta government. However, Sumitro along with the Banteng Council officers intended to push for an open armed confrontation with the central government. To moderate their pressure Barlian invited Masyumi leaders, hoping they would balance the bellicose officers. After the conference Barlian's refusal to accept any direct confrontation with the central government meant that no agreement was reached. 5665: 1542:. In August 1977 Sumitro and several other ministers began touring Indonesian universities in an attempt to explain the policies to the students, but the meetings instead resulted in students confronting him on government corruption and military involvement in politics. By the middle of the month, accepting that the tour had been a failure, Sumitro instead warned the students that any attempt to create a political movement would be dealt with "sternly". 44: 1641:

within Indonesia. Though he disliked the enforcement of quotas and restrictions on trade, he acknowledged that it was politically impossible for Indonesia during his time to engage in a complete free-market economic regime. Many of his policies were based on an intention to remove Dutch influence from the Indonesian economy, and his opposition to Sjafruddin Prawiranegara's policies was because he believed they simply continued the Dutch approach.

1408:, and supported an attempt to revive the banned PSI although many of his former party colleagues viewed him negatively due to his participation in the rebellion. Sukarno had offered him a pardon, but as this would require him to recognize Sukarno's leadership, Sumitro refused. Because of Sumitro's involvement in the rebellion, many of his students who had pursued further education in foreign universities were excluded from government posts. 1310:, which had itself just opened in September 1956. Sumitro had been approached by a Minangkabau businessman to create the faculty in 1956, and had laid the initial groundwork prior to his flight from Jakarta. The faculty was officially opened in September 1957, with Sumitro becoming its dean and giving an opening lecture. He would give lectures for the faculty for some time before the rebellion broke out. 1197: – were greatly disappointed by the development and considered resigning from government. In the final months of the cabinet, with its dissolution already scheduled, Sumitro extended government credits to several firms affiliated to politicians. This was seen by many as political patronage and resulted in increased pressure from the opposition to speed up the cabinet's dissolution. 1378:, a separate segment of the rebellion virtually autonomous from PRRI, to form a working cabinet. Sumitro was appointed as acting foreign minister in this cabinet. When the federal "United Republic of Indonesia" combining several rebel movements was announced by PRRI leaders in Sumatra in February 1960, Sumitro opposed the idea as he preferred a unitary state, and he did not want to work with the 1252:, associated the general open approach to foreign investment with Sumitro. In early May 1957 Sumitro was summoned twice under suspicions of corruption related to PSI's fundraising for the 1955 election, and his links to a businessman who had been jailed for bribery. On 8 May 1957, he was given a third summons. To escape prosecution, Sumitro went into hiding at a friend's home in 1350:

travel abroad, Sumitro's statements became increasingly bellicose, threatening a potential civil war in a 2 February statement from Geneva, then further claiming that should a civil war happen, Sukarno's government "would probably topple within ten days". Conversely, the pro-government press in Jakarta mocked Sumitro's (popularly believed) personal wealth, nicknaming him

832:, and Egypt proposed a draft resolution calling for UN involvement in Indonesia, but this was rejected – Sumitro believed this was due to the lack of an Indonesian delegation in the meeting. Sumitro's brief experience at the Security Council allowed him to inform other Indonesian nationalists about its procedures, once he returned to Java in March 1946. 1244:. Aidit directly accused Sumitro of "siding with imperialism and feudalism", and he argued that Sumitro's economic approach which involved foreign investment did not fit Indonesian rural society. Aidit rejected Sumitro's argument that poverty was caused by low investment and savings, and instead blamed capitalists, landlords, and foreign companies for engaging in 1099:, to Indonesia to research the country's economic and financial situation, and to produce recommendations. Schacht's report called for much increased foreign investment and expertise, directly contrasting with the Indonesian popular mood at the time. Sumitro did not implement these recommendations. He also took part in efforts to nationalize 1607:

struck Indonesia late in the decade, Sumitro blamed institutional problems and corruption for the impact and called for "immediate and firm action". Though his influence in government policymaking was diminished, he continued to play a role in politics, supporting the unsuccessful attempt to nominate

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policies to stimulate new development in certain sectors. He introduced restrictions on imports and created a "complementary foreign exchange" system to incentivize specific exports and discourage certain imports. To maximize exports, Sumitro established agencies in the coffee and copra industries to

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During this lull between his two ministerships, Sumitro also engaged in a public debate with Sjafruddin Prawiranegara on their differing views on Indonesian economic development. They were two of the highest-profile economists in Indonesia during the time, and hailed from different political parties.

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during the Sukarno period, although it had been inactive until Sumitro's appointment to the office. In part, this reassignment to a less powerful position was due to disagreements in economic views with Suharto. Late in 1973 he began discussions on Indonesian economic policy with students. Though he

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were completed during his tenure. When drafting the relevant laws, Sumitro incorporated a requirement that all directors of the Bank's board be Indonesian citizens. He also expanded the Benteng program, extending the list of restricted goods from ten per cent of imports to over half. Sumitro himself

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After disagreements with Suharto on policy in the early 1970s, Sumitro was reassigned as Minister of Research before his removal from government posts altogether. Throughout the New Order, Sumitro leveraged his foreign and political connections to establish substantial private business interests and

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Despite the deadlock, Sumitro headed to Europe shortly after the meeting to raise more funds and give interviews relaying the movement's demands. When Sumitro was in Singapore in late January 1958, the Indonesian government sent a request to British authorities to repatriate him. As he continued to

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under Suharto, Sumitro was invited to return from exile and in 1967 was appointed Minister of Trade. In this position Sumitro set policies favouring industrialization through imports of capital goods and export restrictions of raw materials. He was involved in the high-level planning of Indonesia's

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in the late 1950s. Considered a leader of the movement, he operated from abroad, liaising with Western foreign intelligence organizations while seeking funds and international support. After the movement's defeat, Sumitro remained in exile as a vocal critic of Sukarno, continuing to agitate for the

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Nasution had long been viewed with disdain by regional military officers, especially after he attempted to centralize control of the Indonesian military by replacing several regional commanders. Conversely, Hatta had been seen as a representative of the regions outside Java, especially Sumatra, in

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Sumitro also created a national research program involving several economics faculties and research institutes in the country to help formulate government economic policies by gaining an insight into the country's long-term growth prospects. He did this as he was concerned that Suharto's five-year

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businesses to raise funds for the rebellion. Both foreign aid and revenue from commodity smuggling allowed the rebels to purchase weapons and equipment, the United States covertly providing enough weapons for thousands of fighters. He participated in another dissident meeting in the town of Sungai

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that low productivity generated from subsistence economics can be improved through the encouragement of industrialization. To accomplish this, Sumitro wrote in support of foreign investments, with caveats on domestic capital and labour participation, human development, and reinvestment of profits

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Throughout 1957 PSI politicians visited Sumitro, unsuccessfully attempting to convince him against joining the potential rebellion, and eventually Sumitro began to avoid the party's members sent for him altogether. As tensions continued to rise between the dissidents and the central government in

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on mid-September, and Sumitro communicated the results of the meeting to the Americans, painting the dissident group as an anti-communist front. Sumitro also stated his plans to finance the movement through the sales of Sumatra's agricultural products to the British. The Americans were generally

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million of cargo, but we couldn't have paid for the public attention". While in the United States Sumitro also signed a contract with American businessman Matthew Fox to form the Indonesian–American corporation, an agent for bilateral trade of several commodities between the two countries with a

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was tasked with bringing Sumitro back to Indonesia, and after meeting him in Bangkok in March 1967, Sumitro was convinced to return. Aside from his economic expertise, according to Sumitro he was also invited back to facilitate a normalization of relations between Indonesia and Malaysia in the

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By October, Sumitro had begun corresponding with British and American intelligence agents, mainly in Singapore. It is likely that Sumitro's contacts with American agents increased the resolve of the dissident officers. Another meeting of the dissident colonels and politicians had been held in

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as deputy chief of mission and minister plenipotentiary for economic affairs, while he unofficially engaged in fundraising. He would remain in this posting until 1950. With the ongoing revolution, the Dutch had banned the shipment of goods to or any exports of agricultural products from ports

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bomb which destroyed one of the walls to his room. He still completed his dissertation, "The People's Credit Service during the Depression", and earned his doctorate in 1943. This made him the first Indonesian to earn a PhD in economics. During the later stages of the war in Europe, after the

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and the subsequent war of independence. The plan, sometimes called the "Sumitro Plan", was published in April 1951 (after he left office) and called for the use of government funds to develop industrial facilities across Java and Sumatra. Although the plan was continued under the succeeding

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The PRRI performed poorly against the Indonesian military, being dislodged from the major cities of Sumatra by mid-1958. After Bukittinggi had been captured by the government, the rebels in Sumatra became isolated from the outside world. Because of this isolation, Sjafruddin permitted the

820:. According to British reports, Sumitro had been included in the delegation to provide a good impression for the Dutch government, but he became disillusioned and decided to return to his home country. An Indonesian report, in contrast, stated that Sumitro did not act in support of the 1590:

attempt by a consortium of external conglomerates. Suryajaya initially tasked Sumitro with preventing the takeover, but Suryajaya eventually decided to sell his shares without first consulting Sumitro. Sumitro resigned in December 1992 and the takeover was completed by January 1993.

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movement. Sumitro gradually drifted away from the Sumatra-based movement, and instead focused his efforts to support Permesta with smuggled supplies. As the movement was eventually defeated, Sumitro opted to remain abroad in exile, and in 1961 founded the Indonesian Renewal Movement

1137:. When he first joined the finance ministry, which at that time still included many Dutch officials left from the colonial era, he noted how many of them were skilled administrators who were not qualified in economics. The nationalization of De Javasche Bank and its conversion into 1188:

with the Dutch, and despite progress on negotiations thanks to American, British, and Indian pressure on Dutch negotiators, domestic political pressure caused the Indonesian government to withdraw from negotiations in January 1956. The government ministers at Geneva at that

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Although no longer a government minister, Sumitro still held considerable influence in policymaking circles since many of his former pupils held government positions during the 1980s, and because of his continued teaching at UI. By the early 1980s, the Indonesian

1180:, where PSI performed poorly, Sumitro launched an unsuccessful challenge against Sjahrir's leadership of the party. Several PSI members considered Sumitro's organizational skills preferable to Sjahrir's ideological approach to the party. Sumitro was dispatched to 1366:, in which Sumitro was named as minister of trade and communications, and Sjafruddin was appointed as prime minister. The following day, Sukarno ordered the arrest of PRRI's ministers, including Sumitro. Sumitro was considered one of the primary leaders of PRRI. 1668:

primarily as a means of disciplining government expenditures, but was opposed to cuts in development spending. During the early Sukarno period, Sumitro also viewed income redistribution in developing countries such as Indonesia as more achievable through strong

916:) were vital in maintaining international awareness of the Indonesian situation. Previously the Indonesian delegation had been ignored, but the military operation brought Indonesia to the forefront of attention, and after a meeting with Under Secretary of State 1820:

named one of its academic grant programs, the Sumitro Fellows Program, after him. He has been described by several authors as a highly influential economist in both the Sukarno and Suharto periods, and often as the most influential altogether. In his obituary

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were less accepting of his policies and Sumitro walked out from a discussion session with them. Several years later, university students were openly criticizing government development policies, having initially been silenced by crackdowns following the 1974

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had resigned. He served in this academic position between 1951 and 1957, and in this position he recruited Dutch academics to cover the lack of native Indonesian teachers in the faculty. He also founded the Institute of Economic and Social Research

1169:. He was one of the few highly educated and experienced ministers in the cabinet. The country faced high inflation at that time, and it was decided to abolish the Benteng program. Though the program was intended to increase the participation of 867:, most of Sudarsono's soldiers failed to show up to Sukarno's palace, only the prisoners and a handful of troops being there with Sudarsono. Sukarno refused the demands, Sudarsono was arrested, and Sjahrir along with his group were released. 627:, he began to call for greater deregulation of the economy but remained committed to the political structure of the New Order. Following his death, his children and grandchildren remain influential in Indonesian politics, with his son 954:

billion guilders) were created to fund the Dutch effort against Indonesian forces during the revolution and hence should not be paid by the Indonesian government. Instead, he calculated that the Dutch government would owe Indonesia

1211:, Sumitro had been described as the most powerful PSI government minister. In a 1952 paper Sumitro indicated the objectives of his policies – to stimulate domestic consumption and investment and improve Indonesia's 863:; their kidnappers planned to force Sukarno to remove Sjahrir and appoint a new cabinet, as Sudarsono considered Sjahrir's diplomatic approaches to the Dutch to be too lenient. Due to a botched attempt to kidnap another minister, 1808:

noted that although Sumitro's economic thought could not be described as "liberal", he strongly opposed Sukarno's anti-capitalist stance. On Sumitro's involvement in PRRI, Hadiz wrote that "he did so in the name of capitalism".

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mercantile class, despite his own preference for a free market system for imports. After the collapse of the Natsir Cabinet on 27 April 1951, Sumitro did not receive a ministerial appointment in the succeeding Sukiman Cabinet,

533: 1303:" and the increasing influence of PKI in the Indonesian government, although American diplomats at the time still reassured Indonesian officials that the US did not wish to be "interfering in Indonesian internal affairs". 886:

was seized by Dutch marines. Sumitro had arranged the ship's voyage despite expecting a Dutch seizure, as the delegation calculated that the media attention would be invaluable. The ship's seizure prompted anger from the

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Sumitro led the economic and financial subcommittee. In these negotiations, while the Dutch calculated that the Indonesians would have to take on debt passed on from the Dutch East Indies government amounting to over

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aftermath of the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. His arrival, in mid-1967, was kept secret for around three months, to hide Sumitro from Sukarno's remaining loyalists. He was appointed as Minister of Trade in the

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he re-established contact with a CIA agent he had previously met in Jakarta. In September Sumitro met with dissident colonels, and issued demands to the central government demanding decentralization, replacement of

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Sumitro engaged in private business outside his government career, leveraging his political connections and foreign networks in Europe and the United States. He founded Indoconsult Associates, one of the first

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In a 1986 interview Sumitro commented on his multiple rises and falls in politics, saying that he "never won a political battle but learnt how to survive defeats". His critics describe him as a political

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since its formation in late 1956. Following the resignation of Mohammad Hatta from the office of vice-president in December 1956, the movement received significant support from regional civilian leaders.

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Following the collapse of the Wilopo Cabinet in 1953, political manoeuvring resulted in several cabinets failing to be approved. Sumitro was named Minister of Finance in one such proposed cabinet by

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While abroad Sumitro worked as a consultant, mostly in Singapore. At times he went to Europe, on one occasion visiting Sjahrir during the latter's medical treatment in Switzerland. He also lived in

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in July 1967. Sumitro was a founding member of the academic group East Asian Economic Association in 1984 and served as its first president. He was also significantly involved in the rise of the

1793:, he rejected the label, preferring to be called a "pragmatist". In the same interview, although he acknowledged his contacts with the CIA, he denied his characterization by American historian 875:

controlled by Republican forces. In effect, this was an embargo on Indonesian-controlled territories, and Sumitro was charged with bypassing it. On one occasion in 1947, American cargo ship

643: 559:. Returning to Indonesia after the war, he was assigned to the country's diplomatic mission in the United States, where he sought to raise funds and garner international attention in the 1076:), which he would later use to develop economic policies when he returned to government. He also arranged for an affiliate program between the faculty and the department of economics at 4777:

Foray, Jennifer L. (2021). "The Republic at the Table, with Decolonisation on the Agenda: The United Nations Security Council and the Question of Indonesian Representation, 1946–1947".

1087:). To broaden the knowledge of Indonesian economists, whose education at that time was still dominated by European curricula, Sumitro arranged for an exchange program sponsored by the 1030:

as necessary to develop Indonesia's then-agrarian economy. Sumitro introduced the "Economic Urgency Plan" which aimed to restore industrial facilities that had been damaged by the

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plans were not sufficiently taking into account long-term trends and visions. Despite the study's use in Indonesian economic planning, it was ceased when Sumitro was replaced by

912:, a large-scale Dutch offensive against Republican-held territories which captured most of the Indonesian leadership, Sumitro and members of the Indonesian UN delegation (led by 1176:

Sumitro also implemented fiscal belt-tightening, reducing the government deficit significantly. These policies resulted in some reduction in inflation. In the aftermath of the

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In the early 1950s Sumitro also toured the Netherlands and other European countries to secure investments establishing manufacturing facilities in Indonesia. He initiated the

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had returned to Indonesia to retake control, but they had managed to hold only several coastal cities at first. In late June 1946 Sumitro was part of Sjahrir's entourage in

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29 May 1917 – 9 March 2001) was an Indonesian statesman and one of the country's most influential economists. He held ministerial positions under Presidents

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did not believe that the Benteng program would be perfect in execution, even commenting that a majority of the businessmen given support might turn out to be "parasites".

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million guilders. The Dutch eventually agreed to not include the military spending, and an agreement was struck that the Indonesian government would be responsible for 4.3

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of 1946. He married Dora Marie Sigar, whom he had met during his time in the Netherlands, on 7 January 1947. They were of different religions – Dora was a

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moving residents from densely populated Java to other sparsely populated islands, though he noted that industrial development in the migration regions would be needed.

5824: 1636:. He saw the previous colonial economy as creating two separate systems: one of subsistence economics and another of commercial, and subscribed to the theories of 1483:

Shortly after his appointment Sumitro noted that repairing economic mismanagement during the Sukarno era would take "something like a generation". Sumitro adopted

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By late 1957 Sumitro was in contact with officials from the United States, Britain, British Malaya, the Philippines, and Thailand, as well as British, Dutch, and

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British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print. From 1951 through 1956. Asia, 1951–1956. Part V. Series E

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joined the military and married Suharto's daughter, Sumitro also continued to work as an economist with some influence during the 1980s. In the leadup to the

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described Sumitro as "the father of modern Indonesian economics", many of his writings being incorporated into standard textbooks on economics in Indonesia.

1359: 1161:. In this period, Sumitro as part of the opposition criticized the Ali cabinet's policies, and claimed that the policies were an indirect attempt at forcing 602: 5631: 2143: 1404:. While in Malaysia he wrote a book on the economic history of the region to fund himself. He corresponded with anti-communist military officers during the 3300: 1812:

Sumitro's role in Indonesia's early formation and his economic policies have prominently featured in the electoral campaigns of his son's political party,

582:, and developed an economic plan which aimed for national industrialization. Sumitro further served as finance minister in the cabinets of Prime Ministers 1318: 1091:

whereby American professors would teach in Indonesia and Indonesian students would spend several years in the United States. In mid-1951, he also invited

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Webster, David (2011). "Development advisors in a time of cold war and decolonization: the United Nations Technical Assistance Administration, 1950–59".

1787:, due to his distancing from former Socialist Party members during the Suharto period and his son Prabowo's marriage to Titiek. In a 1999 interview with 1586:, had developed relations with Sumitro since the 1950s. Sumitro was appointed president commissioner of Astra in 1992, when the debt-laden group faced a 590:

during the Sukarno era. During the 1950s, Sumitro favoured foreign investment, an unpopular position at that time which brought him into conflict with

1731:, one of Suharto's daughters, although they divorced after fifteen years. Following Prabowo's removal from the military due to his involvement in the 1236:'s premiership in 1957, Sukarno had been showing his dislike for Western-educated economists such as Sumitro. This position was also supported by the 855:

when the group was kidnapped by disgruntled army units led by major general Sudarsono, commander of a division within the Indonesian Army. During the

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mostly by distributing anti-Nazi pamphlets. Before the war, Sumitro had decided not to join the association due to the presence of communists such as

5819: 1743:(vice-president at the time) of pinning the blame on Prabowo. Sumitro's sister, Sukartini Djojohadikusumo, became an Indonesian centenarian in 2019. 1248:

behaviour. Communists, who already harboured resentment against PSI and Masyumi due to their participation in purging PKI members following the 1948

4539: 2374: 926:, for example, published in its entirety a memorandum from Sumitro condemning Dutch actions and calling for the cessation of American aid (i.e. the 5774: 5764: 1268:. The council was formed by provincial military commanders dissatisfied with Sukarno's increasing centralization of power, and had been demanding 5809: 5646: 1798: 1389:, GPI), an underground anti-Sukarno movement. GPI and Sumitro openly opposed Sukarno, in contrast to other Indonesian exiles at the time such as 1732: 682: 4536:, p. 43: "The four most influential economic policymakers in the period of 1950–57 were undoubtedly Sumitro, Sjafruddin, Hatta, and Djuanda.". 5990: 5839: 3817: 5498: 4724:

Fakih, Farabi (2015). "The Ambiguous Position of Economists during the 'Old Order', 1950–65". In Schrikker, Alicia; Touwen, Jeroen (eds.).

1871: 789: 723:, but he was rejected because he was too young. In a 1986 recollection, Sumitro stated that he instead began to fundraise for the cause of 59: 4208: 938: 794: 564: 1900:

Another account suggested that Sumitro had won the party vote, but the vote was annulled due to Sumitro's absence at the party congress.

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which had declared itself independent from Dutch colonial rule with Sukarno as president. Sumitro became an assistant to Prime Minister

5950: 5940: 5896: 5639: 1719:, their involvement in politics originating from his father Margono and extending four generations to post-Suharto legislators such as 1031: 492: 17: 5142:

The Making of Modern Indonesian Intellectuals: The Indonesian Socialist Party (PSI) and Democratic Socialist Ideas, 1930s to mid-1970s

4575:, p. 70: "the doyen of Indonesian policymakers and one of the nation's most well-known economists, Professor Sumitro Djojohadikusumo". 1712:. Of his four children, two were Muslims and two were Christians. His family had followed Sumitro into exile following PRRI's defeat. 5779: 1750:

player and a heavy smoker. He had written 130 books and articles mostly on economic matters between 1942 and 1994, and published his

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published an estimate which stated that around one-third of the national budget was being lost due to either waste or corruption.

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billion) to be paid in full by July 1964. Sumitro wanted to negotiate down the debt further, but was overridden by Vice-President

848: 821: 805: 671:, and Siti Katoemi Wirodihardjo. The Djojohadikusumo family was part of the Javanese aristocracy's lower rungs. He studied at a 1693:

Two of Sumitro's brothers, Subianto and Subandio, were active in the Indonesian youth movement and were both killed during the

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Promises and Predicaments: Trade and Entrepreneurship in Colonial and Independent Indonesia in the 19th and 20th Centuries

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Promises and Predicaments: Trade and Entrepreneurship in Colonial and Independent Indonesia in the 19th and 20th Centuries

1508: 4609: 4497: 1674: 1517: 1043:, neither managed to complete it within its two-year timeline, and the duration of the plan was extended to three years. 892: 825: 5087: 1133:

In the Wilopo Cabinet sworn into office on 3 April 1952, Sumitro was given the office of Minister of Finance, replacing

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and had attended the meeting to assess the international mood regarding Indonesian independence. During that meeting,

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Jurnalisme dan Politik di Indonesia: Biografi Kritis Mochtar Lubis (1922–2004) sebagai Pemimpin Redaksi dan Pengarang

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upon the expiry of the cabinet on 29 March 1978. Not long after his removal from office, Sumitro and Chairman of the

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Purdey, Jemma (2016). "Narratives to power: The case of the Djojohadikusumo family dynasty over four generations".

4259: 3116: 2375:"INDONESIANS URGE U.S. HALT DUTCH AID; Envoy Calls for Political and Economic Help to Republic in Talk With Lovett" 2207: 1496:, a group of Western-educated economists with Sumitro as a key member. Some other members such as Finance Minister 1154: 1083:

During the 1950s, Sumitro along with Mohammad Hatta had also established the Indonesian Association of Economists (

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Due to political differences and allegations of corruption, Sumitro fled Jakarta and joined the insurrectionary

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to develop the Indonesian rural economy. In regards to government fiscal policy, Sumitro wrote in support of a

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After the handover of sovereignty, Sumitro was appointed as Minister of Trade and Industry in the newly formed

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conclusion of his studies, he helped provide aid to stranded Indonesian sailors in Rotterdam. Meanwhile, the

509: 227: 4563:, p. 189: "Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, the undisputed high-priest of Indonesian economic development thinking". 1431: 5930: 5391:(2015). "The Indonesian Economy during the 1950s and Early 1960s and America's Proposal for Economic Aid". 4940: 4865: 4759: 4652: 1500:

were former students of Sumitro. Sumitro also was part of Suharto's economic advisory team in this period.

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of Dutch firms. He would retake the office of finance minister from Ong Eng Die in 1955, as part of the

4965: 1884: 1521: 707:. Obtaining his bachelor's degree in 1937, he then took a one-year course in philosophy and history at 3505:

Two, Three ... Many Vietnams: A Radical Reader on the Wars in Southeast Asia and the Conflicts at Home

1173:, the government decided to prioritize increasing total domestic production to stabilize the economy. 1119: 5714: 5694: 5443: 5255:

Rice, Robert (1983). "The Origins of Basic Economic Ideas and Their Impact on 'New Order' Policies".

4392: 1547: 1473: 1150: 913: 672: 591: 5925: 5734: 5724: 5709: 5704: 5121: 4671: 1551: 1194: 1023: 999: 770:. Unable to return to Indonesia during wartime, he spent his time studying the Indonesian economy. 1910:

the Indonesian government, and many viewed his resignation as a sign of increasing centralization.

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with the help of Sjahrir. Arriving on 13 May in Central Sumatra, Sumitro found refuge under the

5096: 1709: 1702: 1108: 1022:. Natsir's cabinet was sworn in on 6 September 1950. Contrary to the views of Finance Minister 972: 751: 712: 632: 441: 1335:

Dareh in January 1958. The meeting was arranged by South Sumatra's military commander Colonel

5769: 5012: 4984: 3923:"Historia Bisnis: Saat Om Willem Minta Tolong Soemitro Selamatkan Astra International (ASII)" 3681: 3679: 1794: 1421: 1207:, with Jusuf Wibisono being reappointed as finance minister on 24 March 1955. Throughout the 1051: 668: 607: 5419:

Beyond Political Skin: Colonial to National Economies in Indonesia and Vietnam (1910s–1960s)

727:. During his studies, he joined an Indonesian students' organization which aimed to promote 5920: 5915: 5866: 5861: 5146: 1771: 1724: 1600: 1554: 1464: 1283: 1241: 1233: 728: 388: 3965: 3676: 1656:, and he was an ardent anti-communist. While he was a PSI member, he did not subscribe to 647:

Sumitro (standing, third from left) as part of an Indonesian student football team in 1939

8: 5689: 5483: 5423: 2769: 2505: 1701:

Christian and Sumitro was a Muslim. The couple had four children, including incoming 8th

1583: 1575: 1567: 1529: 1484: 1212: 1203:

explicitly excluded former ministers of the Harahap Cabinet, including Sumitro, from his

1146: 708: 587: 524:

intermittently between 1950 and 1978. During his career in government, Sumitro served as

478: 353: 144: 92: 4548:, p. 183: "Dr. Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, probably Indonesia's most prominent economist.". 606:

downfall of the government. After the overthrow of Sukarno and the establishment of the

5804: 5699: 5460: 5320: 5243: 5200: 4796: 3304: 2379: 1452: 1307: 1200: 1185: 1170: 1068: 1055: 922: 817: 689: 4473:"Universitas Indonesia Resmikan Pusat Sumber Belajar Profesor Sumitro Djojohadikusumo" 3632: 3009: 2871: 2844: 2580: 1754:

in 2000. He died just past midnight on 9 March 2001 at the Dharma Nugraha Hospital in

808:

on 17 August 1945. Sumitro briefly joined a Dutch delegation taking part in the first

5849: 5464: 5427: 5402: 5374: 5346: 5324: 5286: 5235: 5204: 5169: 5125: 5100: 5072: 5047: 5026: 4998: 4969: 4944: 4921: 4890: 4869: 4844: 4819: 4800: 4763: 4735: 4710: 4691: 4656: 4642: 4628: 3619: 3509: 2213: 1716: 1694: 1617: 1489: 1269: 1027: 876: 716: 664: 361: 920:, Sumitro gave a press conference which was prominently featured in American media. 895:

was considered, until it was released. Sumitro quoted Sjahrir as saying "we lost $ 3

536:

in five different cabinets. He was also the Dean of the Faculty of Economics at the

5975: 5814: 5452: 5312: 5276: 5264: 5225: 5217: 5192: 5150: 5068: 4990:

Subversion as Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia

4913: 4788: 4683: 2148: 1823: 1803: 1720: 1705: 1698: 1657: 1331: 1300: 1190: 1100: 950:, Sumitro argued the opposite: that a significant proportion of the debts (around 2 917: 864: 756: 693: 628: 620: 437: 699:

After finishing secondary education in 1935, he commenced tertiary studies at the

5623: 5417: 5392: 5364: 5336: 5280: 5268: 5163: 5115: 5062: 5041: 5016: 4988: 4959: 4934: 4904:

Ichimura, Shinichi (2016). "Professor Dr Sumitro Djojohadikusumo: An Obituary*".

4884: 4859: 4834: 4809: 4753: 4725: 4704: 4687: 4646: 4618: 4603: 4589: 3613: 3503: 1888: 1767: 1665: 1637: 1539: 1444: 1323: 1290:, the reappointment of Hatta, and a ban on "internationally oriented communism". 1092: 1088: 1060: 1047: 1036: 909: 652: 579: 544: 357: 325: 301: 1492:, the economic coordinating minister. This cabinet was the first to include the 870:

Later in 1946 Sumitro was assigned to the Indonesian observer delegation to the

5799: 5794: 5759: 5739: 5579: 5569: 5542: 5525: 4836:

Reorganising Power in Indonesia: The Politics of Oligarchy in an Age of Markets

3791: 1728: 1633: 1525: 1493: 1477: 1456: 1162: 1138: 1134: 1040: 1007: 968: 871: 612: 572: 270: 258: 168: 5456: 5316: 4792: 5909: 5606: 5508: 5388: 5360: 5332: 5300: 5239: 5196: 4925: 4749: 4695: 4591:

Rupiah di tengah rentang sejarah: 45 tahun uang Republik Indonesia, 1946–1991

1763: 1751: 1740: 1685: 1629: 1571: 1249: 1216: 1019: 1015: 947: 927: 856: 840: 660: 576: 313: 105: 1870:

Sumitro's brother, Subianto, had been one of Sjahrir's followers during the

1063:

taking his office. Sumitro then became dean of the economics faculty at the

5855: 5789: 5729: 5719: 4961:

Rebellion to Integration: West Sumatra and the Indonesian Polity, 1926–1998

1759: 1670: 1649: 1621: 1497: 1265: 1245: 1096: 829: 556: 4620:

The Politics of Economic Development in Indonesia: Contending Perspectives

1660:

views held by the party's ideologues. He also endorsed the development of

1616:

According to Sumitro, as a student, his views were strongly influenced by

1451:

as president in 1966, Suharto appointed Sumitro's former students such as

1326:(black arrows) against Permesta and PRRI-controlled regions (orange), 1958 5871: 5844: 5829: 5749: 5596: 5552: 1784: 1661: 1645: 1528:

replaced him as Minister of Trade. The ministry was previously headed by

1468: 1390: 1363: 1299:

supportive of the movement, being concerned with Sukarno's move towards "

1253: 1158: 156: 5784: 5247: 4917: 4779: 1755: 1460: 1341: 860: 465: 5230: 5154: 4811:

Shared Hopes, Separate Fears: Fifty Years Of U.S.–Indonesian Relations

2074: 2038: 1816:. A road and a building within the UI complex is named after him. The 5664: 5398: 5303:(2001). "In Memoriam: Professor Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, 1917–2001". 4840: 4815: 4731: 4624: 1278: 852: 755:

student association (which Sumitro was not part of) took part in the

744: 720: 704: 552: 5221: 5140: 5089:

Indonesia and the Asian Development Bank: Fifty Years of Partnership

4092: 4090: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3771: 3769: 1578:, when in 1968 he helped the company gain a sole distributorship of 5834: 4524:, p. 162: "Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, Indonesia's premier economist". 2600: 2598: 1813: 1653: 1587: 1397: 1375: 1306:

During his time in Padang, Sumitro opened the economics faculty of

4706:

Indonesian politics in crisis: the long fall of Suharto, 1996–1998

4648:

Java in a Time of Revolution: Occupation and Resistance, 1944–1946

4209:"Cerita Hashim Soal Latar Belakang Agama Keluarga Prabowo Beragam" 4012: 3818:"Menilik Sejarah Kemenristek, Dibentuk Sukarno dan Dihapus Jokowi" 3754: 3303:[Brief History of the Economics Faculty] (in Indonesian). 1533:

was quite successful with his own students at UI, students at the

971:. Sumitro also opposed deferring the question on sovereignty over 711:. In his autobiography Sumitro claimed that he wanted to join the 5064:

Bridges to New Business: The Economic Decolonization of Indonesia

4936:

Suharto and His Generals: Indonesian Military Politics, 1975–1983

4087: 4053: 4051: 4036: 3995: 3766: 3247: 3245: 1736: 1448: 1436: 1401: 1257: 883: 802: 734:

He was completing his dissertation at Rotterdam in May 1940 when

521: 517: 377: 80: 5165:

Di negeri penjajah: orang Indonesia di negeri Belanda, 1600–1950

2634: 2595: 1928: 5212:

Rice, Robert (1969). "Sumitro's Role in Foreign Trade Policy".

1747: 1579: 1371: 1295: 1181: 813: 583: 199: 5162:

Poeze, Harry A.; Dijk, Cornelis; van der Meulen, Inge (2008).

4183:"Jatuh Bangun Dinasti Djojohadikusumo dalam Politik Indonesia" 4126: 4063: 4048: 3546: 3242: 3142: 3140: 3138: 2745: 2721: 2699: 2697: 2267: 2265: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 4260:"Sumitro Pernah Bela Prabowo, Seperti Mien Uno Bela Sandiaga" 3836: 3615:

Ali Moertopo dan Jejaknya Pada Peristiwa Bersejarah Indonesia

3350: 3348: 2026: 4413: 4287:"Prabowo Kunjungi Adik Sang Ayah, Sukartini Djojohadikusumo" 3335: 3333: 3257: 3036: 2951: 2949: 2520: 1157:

was formed on 30 July 1953 in which Sumitro was replaced by

939:

final negotiations on the handover of Indonesian sovereignty

563:. After the handover of sovereignty as a result of the 1949 4150: 3953: 3848: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3281: 3172: 3170: 3135: 3060: 2820: 2733: 2709: 2694: 2568: 2442: 2418: 2277: 2262: 2250: 2004: 2002: 1940: 1354:("millionaire of the people", also a play on the PSI motto 4425: 4227: 4102: 3558: 3459: 3435: 3423: 3396: 3384: 3372: 3345: 3318: 3269: 2784: 2646: 2430: 1735:, Sumitro wrote in defence of his son, and accused either 5043:

Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, jejak perlawanan begawan pejuang

3877: 3875: 3360: 3330: 2961: 2946: 2622: 2532: 2471: 2469: 2342: 2098: 2086: 1975: 4239: 3941: 3899: 3718: 3694: 3659: 3594: 3182: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3084: 3072: 2973: 2886: 2832: 2406: 2318: 2115: 2113: 1999: 1026:

who focused on agricultural development, Sumitro viewed

816:

in January 1946 as an adviser to Dutch Foreign Minister

675:(a school typically serving European children), then an 5161: 4616: 4557: 4305: 4162: 3971: 3860: 3685: 3582: 3534: 3471: 3413: 3411: 3048: 2859: 2808: 2796: 2682: 2544: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2080: 2044: 930:) to the Netherlands. Sumitro later briefly headed the 4373: 4138: 3985: 3983: 3872: 3647: 3522: 3194: 2922: 2670: 2466: 2062: 1467:

as advisers and ministers. Suharto's personal staffer

882:

carrying cargo from the Indonesian-controlled city of

4024: 3447: 3230: 3218: 3206: 3152: 3024: 2493: 2454: 2394: 2354: 2110: 2050: 2014: 1360:

Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia

963:

billion guilders in debt (then equivalent to US$ 1.13

603:

Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia

4755:

The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia

4602: 3887: 3742: 3730: 3706: 3638: 3570: 3483: 3408: 3096: 3015: 2997: 2985: 2934: 2877: 2850: 2775: 2757: 2586: 2511: 2306: 2289: 2238: 2226: 1149:, but his candidacy in particular was vetoed by the 989: 4588: 4114: 4075: 4018: 3980: 3760: 3618:(in Indonesian). Tempo Publishing. pp. 36–39. 2910: 2898: 2658: 2610: 2556: 2481: 2330: 1987: 1963: 1934: 5338:Recollections: The Indonesian Economy, 1950s–1990s 1103:, the central bank of the Dutch East Indies era. 571:and became Minister for Trade and Industry in the 4889:(in Indonesian). Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. 4393:"Sumitro Djojohadikusumo: "Saya bukan Godfather"" 1766:. He had been suffering from a heart disease and 555:in the Netherlands and remained there throughout 5907: 3502:Garrett, Banning N.; Barkley, Katherine (1971). 1689:Sumitro's parents with his four children in 1963 1582:vehicles in the country. The company's founder, 1384: 619:a political presence for his family. As his son 5168:(in Indonesian). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. 4669: 4132: 4096: 4042: 3552: 2032: 1727:(both Hashim's children). Prabowo also married 1715:Sumitro's family has often been described as a 1393:who adopted a policy of partial collaboration. 1189:time – Sumitro, health minister 3501: 27:Indonesian statesman and economist (1917–2001) 5986:Academic staff of the University of Indonesia 5647: 5515:as State Minister for Research and Technology 5387: 5359: 5331: 5299: 4857: 4533: 4419: 4006: 3842: 3786: 3784: 3775: 3042: 2826: 2790: 2751: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2703: 2640: 2604: 2574: 2526: 2448: 2436: 2424: 1957: 1852:As State Minister for Research and Technology 4832: 4446:"Ayah Prabowo Diabadikan Jadi Nama Jalan UI" 1981: 1872:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies 1608:Emil Salim as vice-president in early 1998. 1516:On 28 March 1973, Sumitro was reassigned as 665:colonial government of the Dutch East Indies 4355:"Sumitro Minta Dimakamkan Secara Sederhana" 1680: 1074:Lembaga Penyelidikan Ekonomi dan Masyarakat 678:Opleiding School Voor Inlandsche Ambtenaren 655:on 29 May 1917. He was the eldest child of 5654: 5640: 5491:as Minister of National Research Institute 5138: 4982: 4108: 4069: 4057: 3916: 3914: 3781: 3564: 3465: 3441: 3429: 3402: 3390: 3378: 3324: 3275: 3263: 3251: 3146: 2967: 2955: 2628: 2348: 2200: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2092: 2008: 859:that followed, the group was relocated to 719:and had briefly joined a training camp in 42: 5229: 4858:Hadiz, Vedi R.; Dhakidae, Daniel (2005). 4328:"Sumitro Djojohadikusumo Meninggal Dunia" 3921:Fauzan, Herdanang Ahmad (2 August 2020). 283:6 September 1950 – 27 April 1951 5117:Sjahrir: Politics and Exile in Indonesia 5085: 5060: 5046:(in Indonesian). Pustaka Sinar Harapan. 4903: 4641: 4605:Susunan Kabinet R.I. Tahun 1945 S/d 1968 4572: 4352: 4257: 4245: 3905: 3815: 3653: 3600: 3066: 3054: 2865: 2814: 2802: 2688: 2538: 2475: 2283: 2271: 2256: 2104: 1843:As Minister for National Research Agency 1684: 1560: 1512:Sumitro in 1973, as Minister of Research 1507: 1430: 1317: 1227: 1118: 993: 788: 642: 5440: 5305:Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 5275: 5257:Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 5039: 5018:Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia 4932: 4807: 4676:Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 4521: 4311: 4168: 4156: 3959: 3947: 3911: 3866: 3854: 3588: 3540: 3477: 3287: 3200: 3115:Isnaeni, Hendri F. (17 November 2017). 3114: 2928: 2676: 2652: 2460: 2400: 2360: 2324: 2180:Isnaeni, Hendri F. (14 December 2011). 2179: 2168: 2125: 2119: 2068: 2056: 2020: 1993: 1969: 1887:, but the plan was scrapped due to the 1503: 1184:in late 1955 to negotiate the issue of 1050:, an import control scheme benefitting 932:Indonesian embassy in the United States 849:Netherlands Indies Civil Administration 837:government of the Republic of Indonesia 795:Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference 567:, in which he took part, he joined the 565:Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference 126:12 August 1955 – 24 March 1956 14: 5908: 5366:Indonesia's Economy Since Independence 5182: 5113: 4833:Hadiz, Vedi; Robison, Richard (2004). 4470: 4443: 4431: 4379: 4322: 4320: 4233: 4144: 3920: 3881: 3528: 3354: 3161: 3030: 2499: 1733:activist kidnappings in the late 1990s 1313: 1114: 847:. By this time Dutch forces under the 793:Sumitro (seated, far left) during the 773: 422: 72:28 March 1973 – 29 March 1978 5635: 5011: 4957: 4861:Social Science and Power in Indonesia 4776: 4748: 4723: 4702: 4258:Matanasi, Petrik (13 February 2019). 4180: 4030: 3453: 3366: 3339: 3236: 3224: 3212: 3188: 3176: 3102: 3090: 3078: 3003: 2991: 2979: 2940: 2892: 2838: 2763: 2412: 2312: 2300: 2244: 2232: 2144:"Sumitro Dies at 84 of Heart Failure" 2081:Poeze, Dijk & van der Meulen 2008 2045:Poeze, Dijk & van der Meulen 2008 1648:and industrialization, he viewed the 985:Liberal democracy period in Indonesia 975:, but was again overridden by Hatta. 736:German forces invaded the Netherlands 5991:Academic staff of Andalas University 5415: 5371:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 5343:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 5254: 5211: 4882: 4545: 4120: 4081: 3989: 3893: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3670: 3576: 3489: 3417: 2916: 2904: 2664: 2616: 2562: 2550: 2487: 2372: 2336: 1797:as a CIA asset. Indonesian academic 1426: 857:political wrangling and coup attempt 547:family, he studied economics at the 240:6 June 1968 – 28 March 1973 181:3 April 1952 – 30 July 1953 4353:Suditomo, Kurie (29 October 2003). 4317: 4284: 978: 903: 784: 24: 3816:Prastiwi, Devira (14 April 2021). 3301:"Sejarah RINGKAS Fakultas Ekonomi" 1644:Due to Sumitro's preference for a 1078:University of California, Berkeley 1054:businessmen at the expense of the 806:proclaimed Indonesian independence 615:from the University of Indonesia. 561:struggle against Dutch colonialism 25: 6002: 5951:Ministers of finance of Indonesia 5941:Government ministers of Indonesia 5670:Ministers of finance of Indonesia 4670:Djojohadikusumo, Sumitro (1986). 4502:United States – Indonesia Society 4471:Syukro, Ridho (10 October 2013). 4181:Ahsan, Ivan Aulia (30 May 2018). 3796:Ministry of the State Secretariat 2212:. LexisNexis. 2008. p. 323. 1891:'s refusal to grant scholarships. 1861:As Minister of Trade and Industry 1818:United States – Indonesia Society 1222: 1095:, the former finance minister of 990:Minister of Industry and academia 692:going into the civil service) in 5880: 5663: 4596:Ministry of Finance of Indonesia 4490: 4464: 4437: 4385: 4346: 4278: 4251: 4215:(in Indonesian). 28 January 2019 4201: 4174: 3809: 3606: 3495: 3293: 3117:"Dugaan Korupsi Menteri Sumitro" 1903: 1770:for some time. He was buried in 1739:(Prabowo's superior officer) or 1632:. He was also influenced by the 1406:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 1155:First Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet 1085:Ikatan Sarjana Ekonomi Indonesia 491: 5946:Research ministers of Indonesia 3508:. Canfield Press. p. 134. 3108: 2366: 2152:. 10 March 2001. Archived from 1894: 1877: 1864: 1535:Bandung Institute of Technology 1010:as a member of Sutan Sjahrir's 810:United Nations Security Council 701:Netherlands School of Economics 549:Netherlands School of Economics 418: 5614:Minister of Trade and Industry 5282:Tionghoa Dalam Pusaran Politik 4995:University of Washington Press 4401:(in Indonesian). 29 March 1999 2373:Walz, Jay (21 December 1948). 2182:"Dari Ukraina untuk Indonesia" 1855: 1846: 1837: 801:After the end of World War II 780:Indonesian National Revolution 526:Minister of Industry and Trade 13: 1: 5285:(in Indonesian). TransMedia. 5139:Niwandhono, Pradipto (2021). 4334:(in Indonesian). 9 March 2001 1917: 1124: 638: 5956:Trade ministers of Indonesia 5936:People from Gombong District 5269:10.1080/00074918312331334389 4688:10.1080/00074918612331334874 4672:"Recollections of My Career" 1922: 1830: 1411: 1358:). On 15 February 1958, the 1238:Communist Party of Indonesia 1012:Socialist Party of Indonesia 611:economy, along with many of 7: 5499:State Minister for Research 5040:Katoppo, Aristides (2000). 4285:Erwanti, Marlinda Oktavia. 1883:He had also considered the 1570:firms in the country, with 1418:Transition to the New Order 1386:Gerakan Pembaruan Indonesia 1322:Military operations of the 1167:Burhanuddin Harahap Cabinet 1018:who served in the previous 893:congressional investigation 835:He joined the newly formed 761:Abdulmadjid Djojoadiningrat 729:Indonesian arts and culture 625:1997 Asian financial crisis 474:Erasmus School of Economics 60:State Minister for Research 10: 6007: 4966:Amsterdam University Press 4581: 1885:London School of Economics 1603:project in 1996. When the 1522:Second Development Cabinet 1518:State Minister of Research 1476:on 6 June 1968, replacing 1415: 1067:(UI) after its first dean 982: 777: 742:he was nearly killed by a 514:Soemitro Djojohadikoesoemo 18:Soemitro Djojohadikoesoemo 5889: 5878: 5715:Alexander Andries Maramis 5695:Alexander Andries Maramis 5685: 5676: 5620: 5611: 5603: 5593: 5584: 5576: 5566: 5557: 5549: 5539: 5530: 5522: 5505: 5496: 5480: 5475: 5457:10.1017/S1740022811000258 5444:Journal of Global History 5317:10.1080/00074910152390865 4808:Gardner, Paul F. (2019). 4793:10.1017/S0165115321000048 4617:Hadiz, Vedi, ed. (1997). 4498:"Sumitro Fellows Program" 4420:Hadiz & Dhakidae 2005 2641:Hadiz & Dhakidae 2005 1777: 1548:Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie 1474:First Development Cabinet 1151:Indonesian National Party 822:restoration of Dutch rule 673:Europeesche Lagere School 499: 487: 464: 447: 432: 405: 394: 384: 367: 340: 335: 331: 319: 307: 295: 287: 276: 264: 252: 244: 233: 225: 215: 205: 193: 185: 174: 162: 150: 138: 130: 119: 111: 99: 86: 76: 65: 57: 53: 41: 34: 5735:Sjafruddin Prawiranegara 5725:Sjafruddin Prawiranegara 5710:Sjafruddin Prawiranegara 5705:Surachman Tjokroadisurjo 5197:10.1177/0967828X16659728 5185:South East Asia Research 5122:Cornell University Press 5086:McCawley, Peter (2020). 5061:Lindblad, J. Th (2008). 4019:Ministry of Finance 1991 3792:"Kabinet Pembangunan II" 3761:Ministry of Finance 1991 1982:Hadiz & Robison 2004 1935:Ministry of Finance 1991 1681:Family and personal life 1611: 1209:liberal democracy period 1195:Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung 1024:Sjafruddin Prawiranegara 1000:Sjafruddin Prawiranegara 843:and later worked at the 5755:Sumitro Djojohadikusumo 5745:Sumitro Djojohadikusumo 5416:Thuỷ, Phạm Văn (2019). 5114:Mrázek, Rudolf (2018). 4933:Jenkins, David (2010). 4883:Hill, David T. (2011). 4610:Ministry of Information 4559:Contending Perspectives 4444:Ramuna (10 June 2009). 3973:Contending Perspectives 3687:Contending Perspectives 1675:redistributive taxation 1652:more favourably in the 1597:state-owned enterprises 1362:(PRRI) was declared in 1250:PKI coup d'etat attempt 1193:, and foreign minister 1065:University of Indonesia 889:National Maritime Union 657:Margono Djojohadikusumo 538:University of Indonesia 506:Sumitro Djojohadikusumo 455:Margono Djojohadikusumo 36:Sumitro Djojohadikusumo 5971:Djojohadikusumo family 5825:Prijadi Praptosuhardjo 5097:Asian Development Bank 5013:Kahin, George McTurnan 4985:Kahin, George McTurnan 4958:Kahin, Audrey (1999). 4906:Asian Economic Journal 4703:Eklöf, Stefan (1999). 3466:Kahin & Kahin 1997 3442:Kahin & Kahin 1997 3430:Kahin & Kahin 1997 3403:Kahin & Kahin 1997 3391:Kahin & Kahin 1997 3379:Kahin & Kahin 1997 3325:Kahin & Kahin 1997 3276:Kahin & Kahin 1997 3264:Kahin & Kahin 1997 3252:Kahin & Kahin 1997 3147:Kahin & Kahin 1997 1710:Hashim Djojohadikusumo 1703:President of Indonesia 1690: 1605:Asian financial crisis 1513: 1490:Hamengkubuwono IX 1440: 1385: 1327: 1171:indigenous Indonesians 1130: 1109:transmigration program 1003: 798: 752:Perhimpoenan Indonesia 713:International Brigades 648: 633:President of Indonesia 442:Hashim Djojohadikusumo 5961:Indonesian economists 5770:Djoeanda Kartawidjaja 1795:George McTurnan Kahin 1688: 1626:Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk 1561:Private sector career 1511: 1434: 1422:New Order (Indonesia) 1416:Further information: 1352:miljioener kerakjatan 1321: 1264:(Banteng Council) in 1228:Joining the rebellion 1122: 1052:indigenous Indonesian 997: 792: 778:Further information: 669:Bank Negara Indonesia 667:and later founder of 646: 575:. He implemented the 5966:Indonesian academics 5867:Bambang Brodjonegoro 5862:Muhamad Chatib Basri 5147:University of Sydney 4133:Djojohadikusumo 1986 4097:Djojohadikusumo 1986 4043:Djojohadikusumo 1986 3640:Susunan Kabinet R.I. 3553:Djojohadikusumo 1986 3017:Susunan Kabinet R.I. 2879:Susunan Kabinet R.I. 2852:Susunan Kabinet R.I. 2777:Susunan Kabinet R.I. 2588:Susunan Kabinet R.I. 2513:Susunan Kabinet R.I. 2033:Djojohadikusumo 1986 1772:Karet Bivak Cemetery 1746:Sumitro was an avid 1725:Aryo Djojohadikusumo 1601:Timor "national car" 1555:Umar Wirahadikusumah 1552:National Audit Board 1504:Minister of Research 1284:Abdul Haris Nasution 1234:Djuanda Kartawidjaja 651:Sumitro was born in 534:Minister of Research 389:Karet Bivak Cemetery 5931:People from Kebumen 5690:Samsi Sastrawidagda 5679:Ministry of Finance 5587:Minister of Finance 5560:Minister of Finance 5484:Suhadi Reksowardojo 4434:, pp. 377–378. 4236:, pp. 374–375. 4159:, pp. 394–395. 4072:, pp. 173–176. 4060:, pp. 165–166. 4009:, pp. 179–180. 3962:, pp. 308–316. 3857:, pp. 107–109. 3778:, pp. 178–179. 3727:, pp. 199–200. 3703:, pp. 188–192. 3673:, pp. 183–187. 3369:, pp. 208–209. 3357:, pp. 445–446. 3342:, pp. 206–207. 3290:, pp. 149–150. 3254:, pp. 104–106. 3191:, pp. 182–183. 3179:, pp. 196–197. 3093:, pp. 213–214. 3081:, pp. 217–220. 3069:, pp. 172–173. 2982:, pp. 450–455. 2895:, pp. 419–420. 2841:, pp. 331–339. 2655:, pp. 193–194. 2643:, pp. 225–227. 2607:, pp. 174–176. 2553:, pp. 141–144. 2415:, pp. 439–443. 2286:, pp. 396–401. 2274:, pp. 382–385. 2259:, pp. 132–135. 1673:instead of through 1568:business consulting 1530:Suhadi Reksowardojo 1314:Rebellion and exile 1256:before escaping to 1153:and eventually the 1147:Burhanuddin Harahap 1115:Minister of Finance 1014:(PSI). He replaced 908:Following the 1948 845:Ministry of Finance 774:National Revolution 709:Sorbonne University 613:his former students 588:Burhanuddin Harahap 530:Minister of Finance 479:Sorbonne University 145:Burhanuddin Harahap 114:Minister of Finance 93:Suhadi Reksowardojo 5981:Indonesian Muslims 5700:Sunarjo Kolopaking 5476:Political offices 4941:Equinox Publishing 4918:10.1111/asej.12108 4866:Equinox Publishing 4760:Equinox Publishing 4653:Equinox Publishing 4643:Anderson, Benedict 4534:Thee Kian Wie 2012 4007:Thee Kian Wie 2001 3843:Thee Kian Wie 2003 3776:Thee Kian Wie 2001 3305:Andalas University 3043:Thee Kian Wie 2015 2827:Thee Kian Wie 2012 2791:Thee Kian Wie 2012 2752:Thee Kian Wie 2012 2740:Thee Kian Wie 2012 2728:Thee Kian Wie 2012 2716:Thee Kian Wie 2003 2704:Thee Kian Wie 2012 2605:Thee Kian Wie 2001 2575:Thee Kian Wie 2012 2527:Thee Kian Wie 2012 2449:Thee Kian Wie 2012 2437:Thee Kian Wie 2003 2425:Thee Kian Wie 2012 2380:The New York Times 1958:Thee Kian Wie 2001 1691: 1576:Astra conglomerate 1514: 1453:Widjojo Nitisastro 1447:and the ascent of 1441: 1328: 1308:Andalas University 1201:Ali Sastroamidjojo 1186:Western New Guinea 1131: 1069:Sunarjo Kolopaking 1056:Chinese Indonesian 1004: 973:Western New Guinea 923:The New York Times 900:ten-year licence. 818:Eelco van Kleffens 812:(UNSC) meeting in 799: 690:native Indonesians 649: 5903: 5902: 5850:Agus Martowardojo 5630: 5629: 5621:Succeeded by 5594:Succeeded by 5567:Succeeded by 5540:Succeeded by 5533:Minister of Trade 5518: 5506:Succeeded by 5494: 5433:978-981-13-3711-6 5408:978-9971-69-851-5 5380:978-981-4379-63-2 5352:978-981-230-178-9 5292:978-979-799-052-7 5277:Setiono, Benny G. 5175:978-979-9101-23-5 5131:978-1-5017-1881-6 5106:978-92-9262-203-9 5078:978-90-04-25397-1 5053:978-979-416-632-1 5032:978-0-87727-734-7 5023:SEAP Publications 5004:978-0-295-97618-1 4975:978-90-5356-395-3 4950:978-602-8397-49-0 4896:978-979-461-788-5 4875:978-979-3780-01-6 4850:978-1-134-32028-8 4825:978-0-429-97697-1 4769:978-979-3780-45-0 4741:978-9971-69-851-5 4662:978-979-3780-14-6 4634:978-0-415-14502-2 4608:(in Indonesian). 4594:(in Indonesian). 4099:, pp. 35–36. 4045:, pp. 29–30. 3794:(in Indonesian). 3625:978-623-262-992-9 3515:978-0-06-383867-3 3266:, pp. 72–73. 3149:, pp. 70–71. 2781:, pp. 17–19. 2754:, pp. 60–61. 2730:, pp. 51–56. 2541:, pp. 80–81. 2517:, pp. 13–15. 2327:, pp. 30–31. 2219:978-0-88692-723-3 2107:, pp. 83–84. 1717:political dynasty 1695:Lengkong incident 1658:social democratic 1618:Joseph Schumpeter 1584:William Suryajaya 1427:Minister of Trade 1270:regional autonomy 1032:Japanese invasion 1028:industrialization 998:Finance Minister 738:, and during the 717:Spanish Civil War 659:, a high ranking 631:being elected as 557:World War II 503: 502: 362:Dutch East Indies 228:Minister of Trade 16:(Redirected from 5998: 5884: 5815:Bambang Subianto 5668: 5667: 5656: 5649: 5642: 5633: 5632: 5604:Preceded by 5577:Preceded by 5550:Preceded by 5523:Preceded by 5512: 5488: 5481:Preceded by 5473: 5472: 5468: 5437: 5412: 5384: 5356: 5328: 5296: 5272: 5251: 5233: 5208: 5179: 5158: 5135: 5110: 5094: 5082: 5069:Brill Publishers 5057: 5036: 5008: 4979: 4954: 4929: 4900: 4879: 4854: 4829: 4804: 4773: 4745: 4720: 4699: 4666: 4638: 4613: 4599: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4324: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3993: 3987: 3978: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3918: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3788: 3779: 3773: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3683: 3674: 3668: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3343: 3337: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3165: 3159: 3150: 3144: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2593: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2177: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2149:The Jakarta Post 2140: 2123: 2117: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2006: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1938: 1932: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1892: 1881: 1875: 1868: 1862: 1859: 1853: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1824:The Jakarta Post 1807: 1721:Rahayu Saraswati 1708:and businessman 1706:Prabowo Subianto 1388: 1345: 1332:overseas Chinese 1301:Guided Democracy 1191:Johannes Leimena 1129: 1126: 1101:De Javasche Bank 979:Cabinet Minister 966: 962: 958: 953: 945: 918:Robert A. Lovett 904:Diplomatic talks 898: 865:Amir Sjarifuddin 785:Early Revolution 769: 757:Dutch resistance 725:Republican Spain 686: 629:Prabowo Subianto 621:Prabowo Subianto 495: 438:Prabowo Subianto 426: 424: 420: 411:Dora Marie Sigar 374: 350: 348: 336:Personal details 322: 310: 298: 281: 267: 255: 238: 218: 208: 196: 179: 165: 153: 141: 124: 102: 89: 70: 46: 32: 31: 21: 6006: 6005: 6001: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5926:Javanese people 5906: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5895: 5885: 5876: 5820:Bambang Sudibyo 5805:Mar'ie Muhammad 5681: 5672: 5662: 5660: 5626: 5624:Sujono Hadinoto 5617: 5609: 5599: 5590: 5582: 5572: 5563: 5555: 5545: 5536: 5528: 5511: 5502: 5487: 5471: 5434: 5409: 5381: 5353: 5293: 5222:10.2307/3350674 5176: 5132: 5107: 5092: 5079: 5054: 5033: 5005: 4983:Kahin, Audrey; 4976: 4951: 4897: 4876: 4851: 4826: 4770: 4742: 4717: 4663: 4635: 4584: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4556: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4532: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4481: 4479: 4469: 4465: 4455: 4453: 4452:(in Indonesian) 4442: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4361:(in Indonesian) 4351: 4347: 4337: 4335: 4326: 4325: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4296: 4294: 4293:(in Indonesian) 4283: 4279: 4269: 4267: 4266:(in Indonesian) 4256: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4216: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4192: 4190: 4189:(in Indonesian) 4179: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4109:Niwandhono 2021 4107: 4103: 4095: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4070:Niwandhono 2021 4068: 4064: 4058:Niwandhono 2021 4056: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4005: 3996: 3988: 3981: 3970: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3950:, p. 1032. 3946: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3929:(in Indonesian) 3919: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3824:(in Indonesian) 3814: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3790: 3789: 3782: 3774: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3684: 3677: 3669: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3565:Niwandhono 2021 3563: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3527: 3523: 3516: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3346: 3338: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3250: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3168: 3160: 3153: 3145: 3136: 3126: 3124: 3123:(in Indonesian) 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2968:Niwandhono 2021 2966: 2962: 2956:Niwandhono 2021 2954: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2876: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2849: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2629:Niwandhono 2021 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2596: 2585: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2411: 2407: 2399: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2349:Niwandhono 2021 2347: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2299: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2191: 2189: 2188:(in Indonesian) 2178: 2169: 2159: 2157: 2142: 2141: 2126: 2118: 2111: 2103: 2099: 2093:Niwandhono 2021 2091: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2063: 2055: 2051: 2043: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2019: 2015: 2009:Niwandhono 2021 2007: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1968: 1964: 1956: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1914: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1889:British Council 1882: 1878: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1801: 1780: 1768:atherosclerosis 1683: 1666:balanced budget 1638:W. Arthur Lewis 1614: 1563: 1540:Malari incident 1506: 1445:fall of Sukarno 1429: 1424: 1414: 1400:, and later in 1339: 1324:Indonesian Navy 1316: 1232:By the time of 1230: 1225: 1127: 1117: 1093:Hjalmar Schacht 1089:Ford Foundation 1061:Sujono Hadinoto 1048:Benteng program 1041:Wilopo Cabinets 992: 987: 981: 964: 960: 956: 951: 943: 910:Operation Kraai 906: 896: 787: 782: 776: 763: 740:Rotterdam Blitz 680: 641: 580:Benteng program 569:Socialist Party 483: 460: 428: 416: 412: 395:Political party 376: 372: 352: 346: 344: 326:Sujono Hadinoto 320: 308: 302:Mohammad Natsir 296: 282: 277: 265: 253: 239: 234: 216: 206: 194: 180: 175: 163: 151: 139: 125: 120: 100: 87: 71: 66: 49: 48:Sumitro in 1954 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6004: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5901: 5900: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5800:J. B. Sumarlin 5797: 5795:Radius Prawiro 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5775:Notohamiprodjo 5772: 5767: 5765:Sutikno Slamet 5762: 5760:Jusuf Wibisono 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5740:Jusuf Wibisono 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5659: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5636: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5619: 5610: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5592: 5583: 5580:Jusuf Wibisono 5578: 5574: 5573: 5570:Jusuf Wibisono 5568: 5565: 5556: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5543:Radius Prawiro 5541: 5538: 5529: 5526:Mohammad Jusuf 5524: 5520: 5519: 5507: 5504: 5495: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5470: 5469: 5451:(2): 249–272. 5438: 5432: 5413: 5407: 5385: 5379: 5357: 5351: 5335:, ed. (2003). 5329: 5311:(2): 173–181. 5297: 5291: 5273: 5252: 5216:(8): 183–211. 5209: 5191:(3): 369–385. 5180: 5174: 5159: 5136: 5130: 5111: 5105: 5083: 5077: 5058: 5052: 5037: 5031: 5009: 5003: 4980: 4974: 4955: 4949: 4930: 4912:(4): 439–444. 4901: 4895: 4880: 4874: 4855: 4849: 4830: 4824: 4805: 4787:(1): 124–151. 4774: 4768: 4750:Feith, Herbert 4746: 4740: 4721: 4715: 4700: 4667: 4661: 4639: 4633: 4614: 4600: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4565: 4550: 4538: 4526: 4514: 4489: 4463: 4436: 4424: 4412: 4384: 4382:, p. 382. 4372: 4345: 4316: 4314:, p. 408. 4304: 4277: 4250: 4248:, p. 440. 4238: 4226: 4200: 4173: 4171:, p. 411. 4161: 4149: 4147:, p. 379. 4137: 4125: 4113: 4111:, p. 177. 4101: 4086: 4074: 4062: 4047: 4035: 4033:, p. 132. 4023: 4011: 3994: 3979: 3964: 3952: 3940: 3910: 3908:, p. 443. 3898: 3896:, p. 122. 3886: 3884:, p. 373. 3871: 3869:, p. 230. 3859: 3847: 3845:, p. 130. 3835: 3808: 3780: 3765: 3753: 3751:, p. 118. 3741: 3739:, p. 185. 3729: 3717: 3715:, p. 193. 3705: 3693: 3675: 3658: 3646: 3631: 3624: 3605: 3603:, p. 442. 3593: 3591:, p. 250. 3581: 3579:, p. 168. 3569: 3567:, p. 194. 3557: 3545: 3543:, p. 252. 3533: 3531:, p. 490. 3521: 3514: 3494: 3492:, p. 115. 3482: 3480:, p. 162. 3470: 3468:, p. 204. 3458: 3456:, p. 224. 3446: 3444:, p. 202. 3434: 3432:, p. 197. 3422: 3420:, p. 226. 3407: 3405:, p. 145. 3395: 3393:, p. 140. 3383: 3381:, p. 137. 3371: 3359: 3344: 3329: 3327:, p. 120. 3317: 3292: 3280: 3278:, p. 103. 3268: 3256: 3241: 3239:, p. 183. 3229: 3227:, p. 186. 3217: 3215:, p. 198. 3205: 3203:, p. 142. 3193: 3181: 3166: 3164:, p. 450. 3151: 3134: 3107: 3105:, p. 224. 3095: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3057:, p. 171. 3047: 3045:, p. 206. 3035: 3033:, p. 406. 3023: 3008: 3006:, p. 467. 2996: 2994:, p. 458. 2984: 2972: 2970:, p. 164. 2960: 2958:, p. 118. 2945: 2943:, p. 479. 2933: 2931:, p. 758. 2921: 2919:, p. 147. 2909: 2907:, p. 126. 2897: 2885: 2870: 2868:, p. 179. 2858: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2817:, p. 129. 2807: 2805:, p. 111. 2795: 2783: 2768: 2766:, p. 229. 2756: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2708: 2693: 2691:, p. 108. 2681: 2679:, p. 263. 2669: 2667:, p. 138. 2657: 2645: 2633: 2631:, p. 185. 2621: 2619:, p. 124. 2609: 2594: 2579: 2567: 2565:, p. 137. 2555: 2543: 2531: 2529:, p. 143. 2519: 2504: 2502:, p. 288. 2492: 2490:, p. 122. 2480: 2465: 2453: 2441: 2429: 2417: 2405: 2393: 2365: 2353: 2351:, p. 170. 2341: 2339:, p. 110. 2329: 2317: 2315:, p. 138. 2305: 2303:, p. 339. 2288: 2276: 2261: 2249: 2247:, p. 214. 2237: 2235:, p. 128. 2225: 2218: 2199: 2167: 2156:on 20 May 2014 2124: 2109: 2097: 2095:, p. 168. 2085: 2083:, p. 317. 2073: 2071:, p. 262. 2061: 2049: 2047:, p. 275. 2037: 2025: 2013: 2011:, p. 167. 1998: 1986: 1974: 1962: 1960:, p. 173. 1939: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1902: 1893: 1876: 1863: 1854: 1845: 1835: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1779: 1776: 1729:Titiek Suharto 1682: 1679: 1634:Fabian Society 1613: 1610: 1562: 1559: 1526:Radius Prawiro 1505: 1502: 1494:Berkeley Mafia 1478:Mohammad Jusuf 1457:Mohammad Sadli 1443:Following the 1428: 1425: 1413: 1410: 1315: 1312: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1223:PRRI Rebellion 1221: 1205:second cabinet 1163:capital flight 1139:Bank Indonesia 1135:Jusuf Wibisono 1116: 1113: 1008:Natsir Cabinet 991: 988: 980: 977: 969:Mohammad Hatta 905: 902: 879:Martin Behrman 872:United Nations 786: 783: 775: 772: 688:(a school for 640: 637: 573:Natsir Cabinet 501: 500: 497: 496: 489: 485: 484: 482: 481: 476: 470: 468: 462: 461: 459: 458: 451: 449: 445: 444: 434: 430: 429: 414: 410: 409: 407: 403: 402: 396: 392: 391: 386: 382: 381: 375:(aged 83) 369: 365: 364: 342: 338: 337: 333: 332: 329: 328: 323: 317: 316: 311: 305: 304: 299: 297:Prime Minister 293: 292: 289: 285: 284: 274: 273: 271:Radius Prawiro 268: 262: 261: 259:Mohammad Jusuf 256: 250: 249: 246: 242: 241: 231: 230: 223: 222: 219: 213: 212: 211:Jusuf Wibisono 209: 203: 202: 197: 195:Prime Minister 191: 190: 187: 183: 182: 172: 171: 169:Jusuf Wibisono 166: 160: 159: 154: 148: 147: 142: 140:Prime Minister 136: 135: 132: 128: 127: 117: 116: 109: 108: 103: 97: 96: 90: 84: 83: 78: 74: 73: 63: 62: 55: 54: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6003: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5857: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5810:Fuad Bawazier 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5657: 5652: 5650: 5645: 5643: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5625: 5616: 5615: 5608: 5607:Tandiono Manu 5602: 5598: 5589: 5588: 5581: 5575: 5571: 5562: 5561: 5554: 5548: 5544: 5535: 5534: 5527: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5510: 5509:B. J. Habibie 5501: 5500: 5493: 5492: 5485: 5479: 5474: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5445: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5389:Thee Kian Wie 5386: 5382: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5361:Thee Kian Wie 5358: 5354: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5333:Thee Kian Wie 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5301:Thee Kian Wie 5298: 5294: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5167: 5166: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5118: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5090: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5045: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4831: 4827: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4781: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4728: 4722: 4718: 4716:87-87062-68-2 4712: 4708: 4707: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4586: 4574: 4573:McCawley 2020 4569: 4562: 4560: 4554: 4547: 4542: 4535: 4530: 4523: 4518: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4428: 4422:, p. 41. 4421: 4416: 4400: 4399: 4394: 4388: 4381: 4376: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4321: 4313: 4308: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4247: 4246:Ichimura 2016 4242: 4235: 4230: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4170: 4165: 4158: 4153: 4146: 4141: 4135:, p. 38. 4134: 4129: 4123:, p. 64. 4122: 4117: 4110: 4105: 4098: 4093: 4091: 4084:, p. 68. 4083: 4078: 4071: 4066: 4059: 4054: 4052: 4044: 4039: 4032: 4027: 4021:, p. 56. 4020: 4015: 4008: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3992:, p. 79. 3991: 3986: 3984: 3977:, p. 79. 3976: 3974: 3968: 3961: 3956: 3949: 3944: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3915: 3907: 3906:Ichimura 2016 3902: 3895: 3890: 3883: 3878: 3876: 3868: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3844: 3839: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3797: 3793: 3787: 3785: 3777: 3772: 3770: 3763:, p. 62. 3762: 3757: 3750: 3745: 3738: 3733: 3726: 3721: 3714: 3709: 3702: 3697: 3691:, p. 78. 3690: 3688: 3682: 3680: 3672: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3655: 3654:McCawley 2020 3650: 3643: 3641: 3635: 3627: 3621: 3617: 3616: 3609: 3602: 3601:Ichimura 2016 3597: 3590: 3585: 3578: 3573: 3566: 3561: 3555:, p. 32. 3554: 3549: 3542: 3537: 3530: 3525: 3517: 3511: 3507: 3506: 3498: 3491: 3486: 3479: 3474: 3467: 3462: 3455: 3450: 3443: 3438: 3431: 3426: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3404: 3399: 3392: 3387: 3380: 3375: 3368: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3349: 3341: 3336: 3334: 3326: 3321: 3306: 3302: 3296: 3289: 3284: 3277: 3272: 3265: 3260: 3253: 3248: 3246: 3238: 3233: 3226: 3221: 3214: 3209: 3202: 3197: 3190: 3185: 3178: 3173: 3171: 3163: 3158: 3156: 3148: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3104: 3099: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3068: 3067:Lindblad 2008 3063: 3056: 3055:Lindblad 2008 3051: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3027: 3021:, p. 23. 3020: 3018: 3012: 3005: 3000: 2993: 2988: 2981: 2976: 2969: 2964: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2942: 2937: 2930: 2925: 2918: 2913: 2906: 2901: 2894: 2889: 2883:, p. 22. 2882: 2880: 2874: 2867: 2866:Lindblad 2008 2862: 2856:, p. 20. 2855: 2853: 2847: 2840: 2835: 2829:, p. 33. 2828: 2823: 2816: 2815:Lindblad 2008 2811: 2804: 2803:Lindblad 2008 2799: 2792: 2787: 2780: 2778: 2772: 2765: 2760: 2753: 2748: 2742:, p. 62. 2741: 2736: 2729: 2724: 2718:, p. 20. 2717: 2712: 2706:, p. 46. 2705: 2700: 2698: 2690: 2689:Lindblad 2008 2685: 2678: 2673: 2666: 2661: 2654: 2649: 2642: 2637: 2630: 2625: 2618: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2592:, p. 17. 2591: 2589: 2583: 2577:, p. 29. 2576: 2571: 2564: 2559: 2552: 2547: 2540: 2539:Lindblad 2008 2535: 2528: 2523: 2516: 2514: 2508: 2501: 2496: 2489: 2484: 2478:, p. 44. 2477: 2476:Lindblad 2008 2472: 2470: 2463:, p. 91. 2462: 2457: 2451:, p. 40. 2450: 2445: 2438: 2433: 2427:, p. 39. 2426: 2421: 2414: 2409: 2403:, p. 98. 2402: 2397: 2382: 2381: 2376: 2369: 2363:, p. 84. 2362: 2357: 2350: 2345: 2338: 2333: 2326: 2321: 2314: 2309: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2285: 2284:Anderson 2006 2280: 2273: 2272:Anderson 2006 2268: 2266: 2258: 2257:Anderson 2006 2253: 2246: 2241: 2234: 2229: 2221: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2203: 2187: 2183: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2122:, p. 38. 2121: 2116: 2114: 2106: 2105:Anderson 2006 2101: 2094: 2089: 2082: 2077: 2070: 2065: 2059:, p. 21. 2058: 2053: 2046: 2041: 2035:, p. 29. 2034: 2029: 2023:, p. 15. 2022: 2017: 2010: 2005: 2003: 1995: 1990: 1984:, p. 62. 1983: 1978: 1971: 1966: 1959: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1937:, p. 55. 1936: 1931: 1927: 1906: 1897: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1873: 1867: 1858: 1849: 1840: 1836: 1828: 1826: 1825: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1799:Vedi R. Hadiz 1796: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764:heart failure 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752:autobiography 1749: 1744: 1742: 1741:B. J. Habibie 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1687: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1630:Irving Fisher 1627: 1623: 1619: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1572:Mochtar Lubis 1569: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1543: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1510: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1438: 1433: 1423: 1419: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1387: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1325: 1320: 1311: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1297: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262:Dewan Banteng 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1220: 1218: 1217:human capital 1214: 1213:trade balance 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1178:1955 election 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1121: 1112: 1110: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1020:Halim Cabinet 1017: 1016:Tandiono Manu 1013: 1009: 1001: 996: 986: 976: 974: 970: 949: 940: 935: 933: 929: 928:Marshall Plan 925: 924: 919: 915: 911: 901: 894: 890: 885: 881: 880: 873: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 841:Sutan Sjahrir 838: 833: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 804: 796: 791: 781: 771: 767: 762: 758: 754: 753: 747: 746: 741: 737: 732: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 697: 695: 691: 687: 684: 679: 674: 670: 666: 662: 661:civil servant 658: 654: 645: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 616: 614: 609: 604: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 578: 577:protectionist 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 498: 494: 490: 486: 480: 477: 475: 472: 471: 469: 467: 463: 456: 453: 452: 450: 446: 443: 439: 436:4, including 435: 431: 408: 404: 400: 397: 393: 390: 387: 385:Resting place 383: 379: 370: 366: 363: 359: 355: 343: 339: 334: 330: 327: 324: 318: 315: 314:Tandiono Manu 312: 306: 303: 300: 294: 290: 286: 280: 275: 272: 269: 263: 260: 257: 251: 247: 243: 237: 232: 229: 224: 220: 214: 210: 204: 201: 198: 192: 188: 184: 178: 173: 170: 167: 161: 158: 155: 149: 146: 143: 137: 133: 129: 123: 118: 115: 110: 107: 106:B. J. Habibie 104: 98: 94: 91: 85: 82: 79: 75: 69: 64: 61: 56: 52: 45: 40: 33: 30: 19: 5891: 5856:Hatta Rajasa 5854: 5790:Ali Wardhana 5754: 5744: 5730:Lukman Hakim 5720:Lukman Hakim 5612: 5585: 5558: 5531: 5514: 5513: 5497: 5490: 5489: 5448: 5442: 5418: 5393: 5365: 5337: 5308: 5304: 5281: 5263:(2): 60–82. 5260: 5256: 5213: 5188: 5184: 5164: 5141: 5116: 5088: 5063: 5042: 5017: 4989: 4960: 4935: 4909: 4905: 4885: 4860: 4835: 4810: 4784: 4778: 4754: 4726: 4705: 4682:(3): 27–39. 4679: 4675: 4647: 4619: 4604: 4590: 4568: 4558: 4553: 4541: 4529: 4522:Gardner 2019 4517: 4505:. Retrieved 4492: 4480:. Retrieved 4476: 4466: 4454:. Retrieved 4449: 4439: 4427: 4415: 4403:. Retrieved 4396: 4387: 4375: 4363:. Retrieved 4358: 4348: 4336:. Retrieved 4332:liputan6.com 4331: 4312:Katoppo 2000 4307: 4295:. Retrieved 4290: 4280: 4268:. Retrieved 4263: 4253: 4241: 4229: 4217:. Retrieved 4212: 4203: 4191:. Retrieved 4186: 4176: 4169:Katoppo 2000 4164: 4157:Katoppo 2000 4152: 4140: 4128: 4116: 4104: 4077: 4065: 4038: 4026: 4014: 3972: 3967: 3960:Katoppo 2000 3955: 3948:Setiono 2008 3943: 3931:. Retrieved 3926: 3901: 3889: 3867:Jenkins 2010 3862: 3855:Jenkins 2010 3850: 3838: 3826:. Retrieved 3822:liputan6.com 3821: 3811: 3799:. Retrieved 3756: 3744: 3732: 3720: 3708: 3696: 3686: 3656:, p. 4. 3649: 3644:, p. x. 3639: 3634: 3614: 3608: 3596: 3589:Gardner 2019 3584: 3572: 3560: 3548: 3541:Katoppo 2000 3536: 3524: 3504: 3497: 3485: 3478:Gardner 2019 3473: 3461: 3449: 3437: 3425: 3398: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3320: 3308:. Retrieved 3295: 3288:Gardner 2019 3283: 3271: 3259: 3232: 3220: 3208: 3201:Gardner 2019 3196: 3184: 3125:. Retrieved 3120: 3110: 3098: 3086: 3074: 3062: 3050: 3038: 3026: 3016: 3011: 2999: 2987: 2975: 2963: 2936: 2929:Setiono 2008 2924: 2912: 2900: 2888: 2878: 2873: 2861: 2851: 2846: 2834: 2822: 2810: 2798: 2793:, p. 8. 2786: 2776: 2771: 2759: 2747: 2735: 2723: 2711: 2684: 2677:Webster 2011 2672: 2660: 2653:Gardner 2019 2648: 2636: 2624: 2612: 2587: 2582: 2570: 2558: 2546: 2534: 2522: 2512: 2507: 2495: 2483: 2461:Gardner 2019 2456: 2444: 2439:, p. 8. 2432: 2420: 2408: 2401:Gardner 2019 2396: 2384:. Retrieved 2378: 2368: 2361:Gardner 2019 2356: 2344: 2332: 2325:Gardner 2019 2320: 2308: 2279: 2252: 2240: 2228: 2208: 2202: 2190:. Retrieved 2185: 2158:. 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N. Aidit 1159:Ong Eng Die 1128: 1952 937:During the 764: [ 681: [ 401:(1955–1960) 380:, Indonesia 351:29 May 1917 309:Preceded by 254:Preceded by 221:Ong Eng Die 207:Preceded by 157:Ong Eng Die 152:Preceded by 88:Preceded by 5910:Categories 5785:Frans Seda 5618:1950–1951 5591:1952–1953 5564:1955–1956 5537:1968–1973 5503:1973–1978 5231:1813/53469 5155:2123/27770 4780:Itinerario 4507:10 January 4031:Eklöf 1999 3933:3 December 3927:Bisnis.com 3828:10 January 3454:Kahin 1999 3367:Kahin 1999 3340:Kahin 1999 3237:Kahin 1999 3225:Kahin 1999 3213:Kahin 1999 3189:Kahin 1999 3177:Kahin 1999 3103:Fakih 2015 3091:Fakih 2015 3079:Fakih 2015 3004:Feith 2006 2992:Feith 2006 2980:Feith 2006 2941:Feith 2006 2893:Feith 2006 2839:Feith 2006 2764:Feith 2006 2413:Kahin 2003 2313:Foray 2021 2301:Kahin 2003 2245:Fakih 2015 2233:Foray 2021 1918:References 1756:Rawamangun 1699:Manadonese 1461:Emil Salim 1435:President 1391:Sudjatmoko 1356:Kerakjatan 1288:army chief 983:See also: 914:L.N. 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