Socialized medicine

817:(NICE), arguing that rationing by market pricing rather by government is the best way for care to be rationed. However, when defining any group scheme, the same rules must apply to everyone in the scheme so some coverage rules had to be established. Britain has a national budget for public funded health care, and recognizes there has to be a logical trade off between spending on expensive treatments for some against, for example, caring for sick children. NICE is therefore applying the same market pricing principles to make the hard job of deciding between funding some treatments and not funding others on behalf of everyone in the insured pool. This rationing does not preclude choice of obtaining insurance coverage for excluded treatment as insured persons do having the choice to take out supplemental health insurance for drugs and treatments that the NHS does not cover (at least one private insurer offers such a plan) or from meeting treatment costs out-of-pocket. 602:

care system is more costly. It noted that "the United States spent considerably more on health care than any other country ... most measures of aggregate utilization such as physician visits per capita and hospital days per capita were below the OECD median. Since spending is a product of both the goods and services used and their prices, this implies that much higher prices are paid in the United States than in other countries. The researchers examined possible reasons and concluded that input costs were high (salaries, cost of pharmaceutical), and that the complex payment system in the U.S. added higher administrative costs. Comparison countries in Canada and Europe were much more willing to exert

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of inpatient beds and people in the U.S. rationed out by being unable to afford their care are simply never counted and may never receive the care they need, a factor that is often overlooked. Statistics about waiting times in national systems are an honest approach to the issue of those waiting for access to care. Everyone waiting for care is reflected in the data, which, in the UK for example, are used to inform debate, decision-making and research within the government and the wider community. Some people in the U.S. are rationed out of care by unaffordable care or denial of access by

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is because the clock starts ticking when the patient has been referred to a specialist by the GP and it only stops when the medical procedure is completed. The 18-week maximum waiting period target thus includes all the time taken for the patient to attend the first appointment with the specialist, time for any tests called for by the specialist to determine precisely the root of the patient's problem and the best way to treat it. It excludes time for any intervening steps deemed necessary prior to treatment, such as recovery from some other illness or the losing of excessive weight.

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achievement, and has ranked its member nations by this measure. The U.S. ranking was 24th, worse than similar industrial countries with high public funding of health such as Canada (ranked 5th), the UK (12th), Sweden (4th), France (3rd) and Japan (1st). But the U.S. ranking was better than some other European countries such as Ireland, Denmark and Portugal, which came 27th, 28th and 29th respectively. Finland, with its relatively high death rate from guns and renowned high suicide rate came above the U.S. in 20th place. The British have a

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of the cost of health care" (73%). One third (32%) felt that socialized medicine is a system in which "the government tells doctors what to do". The poll showed "striking differences" by party affiliation. Among Republicans polled, 70% said that socialized medicine would be worse than the current system. The same percentage of Democrats (70%) said that a socialized medical system would be better than the current system. Independents were more evenly split, with 43% saying socialized medicine would be better and 38% worse.

3316:"95,000+ U.S. patients are currently waiting for an organ transplant; nearly 4,000 new patients are added to the waiting list each month. Every day, 17 people die while waiting for a transplant of a vital organ, such as a heart, liver, kidney, pancreas, lung or bone marrow. Because of the lack of available donors in this country, 3,916 kidney patients, 1,570 liver patients, 356 heart patients and 245 lung patients died in 2006 while waiting for life-saving organ transplants:National Kidney Foundation 3387:

hospitals in the United States decreased by 703, the number of hospital beds dropped by 198,000, and the number of EDs fell by 425. The result has been serious overcrowding. If the beds in a hospital are filled, patients cannot be transferred from the ED to inpatient units. This can lead to the practice of "boarding" patients—holding them in the ED, often in beds in hallways, until an inpatient bed becomes available. It is not uncommon for patients in some busy EDs to be boarded for 48 hours or more.

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system currently or that waiting lists in the U.S. are sometimes longer than the waiting lists in countries with socialized medicine. Proponents of the reform proposal point out a public insurer is not akin to a socialized medicine system because it will have to negotiate rates with the medical industry just as other insurers do and cover its cost with premiums charged to policyholders just as other insurers do without any form of subsidy.

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said that Grassley's claims were "just wrong" and reiterated health service in Britain provides health care on the basis of clinical need regardless of age or ability to pay. The chairman of the British Medical Association, Hamish Meldrum, said he was dismayed by the "jaw-droppingly untruthful attacks" made by American critics. The chief executive of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), told

842:; drug abuse; HIV/AIDS; normal pregnancy; gender reassignment; mobility aids, such as wheelchairs; organ transplant; injuries arising from dangerous hobbies (often called hazardous pursuits); pre-existing conditions; dental services; outpatient drugs and dressings; deliberately self-inflicted injuries; infertility; cosmetic treatment; experimental or unproven treatment or drugs; and war risks. Chronic illnesses, such as 999:

or emergency room) target-time for treatment from starting to run. The Department of Health vehemently denied the claim, because the A&E time begins when the ambulance arrives at the hospital and not after the handover. It defended the A&E target by pointing out that the percentage of people waiting four hours or more in A&E had dropped from just under 25% in 2004 to less than 2% in 2008. The original

2233:, December 14, 2007, "Jonathan Oberlander, a professor of health policy at UNC Chapel Hill, explained that the term itself has no meaning. There is no definition of socialized medicine. It originated with an American Medical Association campaign against government-provided health care a century ago and has been used recently to describe even private-sector initiatives such as HMOs." See also 525: 973:

reported the admission was as timely as they felt necessary. Medical facilities in the U.S. do not report waiting times in national statistics as is done in other countries and it is a myth to believe there is no waiting for care in the U.S. Some argue that wait times in the U.S. could actually be as long as or longer than in other countries with universal health care.

2214:: "'Socialism' is an arrangement under which the means of production are owned by the state. Government-run health insurance is not "socialism," and only an ignoramus would call it that. Rather, government-run health insurance is a form of "social insurance," that can be coupled with privately owned for-profit or not-for-profit health care delivery systems." 995:

antipathy towards the target-setting by politicians in the UK. Even the NICE criteria for public funding of medical treatments were never set by politicians. Nevertheless, politicians have set targets, for instance to reduce waiting times and to improve choice. Academics have pointed out that the claims of success of the targeting are statistically flawed.

883:, who had ALS and spoke with the aid of an American-accented voice synthesizer, would not have survived if he had been treated in the British National Health Service. Hawking was British and was treated throughout his life (67 years) by the NHS and issued a statement to the effect he owed his life to the quality of care he has received from the NHS. 3531:

in the United States than they charge for the same drugs in Britain, where they know that a higher price would put the drug outside the cost-effectiveness limits set by NICE. American patients, even if they are covered by Medicare or Medicaid, often cannot afford the copayments for drugs. That's rationing too, by ability to pay.

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private insurers in the UK will not pay for payments to a private primary care physician. Private insurers exclude many of the most common services as well as many of the most expensive treatments, whereas the vast majority of these are not excluded from the NHS but are obtainable at no cost to the patient. According to the

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party other than the patient and the doctor decides whether the procedure or the cost is justifiable. Supporters of reform point out that health care rationing already exists in the United States through insurance companies issuing denial for reimbursement on the grounds that the insurance company believes the procedure is

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The American way is not single-payer, government-controlled anything. That's a European way of doing something; that's frankly a socialist way of doing something. That's why when you hear Democrats in particular talk about single-mandated health care, universal health care, what they're talking about

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are also excluded from coverage. Insurers do not cover these because they feel they do not need to since the NHS already provides coverage and to provide the choice of a private provider would make the insurance prohibitively expensive. Thus in the UK there is cost shifting from the private sector to

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One of the goals of socialized medicine systems is ensuring universal access to health care. Opponents of socialized medicine say that access for low-income individuals can be achieved by means other than socialized medicine, for example, income-related subsidies can function without public provision

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Opponents claim that socialized medicine would require higher taxes but international comparisons do not support this; the ratio of public to private spending on health is lower in the U.S. than that of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, or any EU country, yet the per capita tax funding of health

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argues that the 2% Medicare cost figure ignores all costs shifted to doctors and hospitals, and alleges that Medicare is not very efficient at all when those costs are incorporated. Some studies have found that the U.S. wastes more on bureaucracy (compared to the Canadian level), and that this excess

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has argued that government has weak incentives to reduce costs because "nobody spends somebody else's money as wisely or as frugally as he spends his own". Others contend that health care consumption is not like other consumer consumption. Firstly there is a negative utility of consumption (consuming

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Some supporters argue that government involvement in health care would reduce costs not just because of the exercise of monopsony power, e.g. in drug purchasing, but also because it eliminates profit margins and administrative overhead associated with private insurance, and because it can make use of

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According to Robert J. Blendon, professor of health policy and political analysis at the Harvard School of Public Health, "The phrase 'socialized medicine' really resonates as a pejorative with Republicans. However, that so many Democrats believe that socialized medicine would be an improvement is an

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Two thirds of those polled said they understood the term "socialized medicine" very well or somewhat well. When offered descriptions of what such a system could mean, strong majorities believed that it means "the government makes sure everyone has health insurance" (79%) and "the government pays most

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reports that the median admission wait-time for elective inpatient treatment (non-urgent hospital treatment) in England at the end of August 2007, was just under 6 weeks, and 87.5% of patients were admitted within 13 weeks. Reported waiting times in England also overstate the true waiting-time. This

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In the UK, where government employees or government-employed sub-contractors deliver most health care, political interference is quite hard to discern. Most supply-side decisions are in practice under the control of medical practitioners and of boards comprising the medical profession. There is some

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Some argue that waiting lists result in great pain and suffering, but again evidence for this is unclear. In a recent survey of patients admitted to hospital in the UK from a waiting list or by planned appointment, only 10% reported they felt they should have been admitted sooner than they were. 72%

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There is a frequent misunderstanding to think that waiting happens in places like the United Kingdom and Canada but does not happen in the United States. For instance it is not uncommon even for emergency cases in some U.S. hospitals to be boarded on beds in hallways for 48 hours or more due to lack

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will result in a more systematic and logical allocation of health care. Opponents tend to believe that the law will eventually result in a government takeover of health care and ultimately to socialized medicine and rationing based not on being able to afford the care you want but on whether a third

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argue that all of the evidence indicates that public insurance of the kind available in several European countries achieves equal or better results at much lower cost, a conclusion that also applies within the United States. In terms of actual administrative costs, Medicare spent less than 2% of its

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But if the stories ... lead us to think badly of the British system of rationing health care, we should remind ourselves that the U.S. system also results in people going without life-saving treatment — it just does so less visibly. Pharmaceutical manufacturers often charge much more for drugs

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The number of patients visiting EDs has been growing rapidly. There were 113.9 million ED visits in 2003, for example, up from 90.3 million a decade earlier. At the same time, the number of facilities available to deal with these visits has been declining. Between 1993 and 2003, the total number of

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each year (approximately 865,000), these represent just 1.6% and 0.03% of all ambulance calls. The proportion of these attributable to patients left with ambulance crews is not recorded. At least one junior doctor has complained that the four-hour A&E target is too high and leads to unwarranted

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The veracity and significance of the claims of targeting interfering with clinical priorities are often hard to judge. For example, some UK ambulance crews have complained that hospitals would deliberately leave patients with ambulance crews to prevent an accident and emergency department (A&E,

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would have been refused the brain tumor treatment he was receiving in the United States had he instead lived a country with government run health care. This, he alleged, would have been due to rationing because of Kennedy's age (77 years) and the high cost of treatment. The UK Department of Health

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Some in the U.S. argue that if government were to use its size to bargain down health care prices, this would undermine American leadership in medical innovation. It is argued that the high level of spending in the U.S. health care system and its tolerance of waste is actually beneficial because it

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Socialized medicine amongst industrialized countries tends to be more affordable than in systems where there is little government involvement. A 2003 study examined costs and outputs in the U.S. and other industrialized countries and broadly concluded that the U.S. spends so much because its health

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and Fox News. In the UK, it is private health insurers that ration care (in the sense of not covering the most common services such as access to a primary care physician or excluding pre-existing conditions) rather than the NHS. Free access to a general practitioner is a core right in the NHS, but

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Others point out that the American health care system spends more on state-of-the-art treatment for people who have good insurance, and spending is reduced on those lacking it and question the costs and benefits of some medical innovations, noting, for example, that "rising spending on new medical

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Other studies have found no consistent and systematic relationship between the type of financing of health care and cost containment; the efficiency of operation of the health care system itself appears to depend much more on how providers are paid and how the delivery of care is organized than on

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The term is widely used by the American media and pressure groups. Some have even stretched use of the term to cover any regulation of health care, publicly financed or not. The term is often used to criticize publicly provided health care outside the US, but rarely to describe similar health care

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pleaded with Giuliani to stop using the NHS as a political football in American presidential politics. The article reported that not only the figures were five years out of date and wrong but also that US health experts disputed both the accuracy of Giuliani's figures and questioned whether it was

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wrote that government decision making would "override the differences in preferences and circumstances" for individuals and that it is a matter of personal liberty to be able to buy as much or as little care as one wants. Neither argument recognizes the fact that in most countries with socialized

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Some in the U.S. claim that socialized medicine would reduce health care quality. The quantitative evidence for this claim is not clear. The WHO has used Disability Adjusted Life Expectancy (the number of years an average person can expect to live in good health) as a measure of a nation's health

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Notwithstanding the arguments about Medicare, there is overall less bureaucracy in socialized systems than in the present mixed U.S. system. Spending on administration in Finland is 2.1% of all health care costs, and in the UK the figure is 3.3% whereas the U.S. spends 7.3% of all expenditures on

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payment system also stimulates expensive care by promoting procedures over visits through financially rewarding the former ($ 1,500 – for doing a 10-minute procedure) vs. the latter ($ 50 – for a 30–45 minute visit). This causes the proliferation of specialists (more expensive care) and creating,

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In the United States, neither of the main parties favors a socialized system that puts the government in charge of hospitals or doctors, but they do have different approaches to financing and access. Democrats tend to be favorably inclined towards reform that involves more government control over

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Although the marginal scope of free or subsidized medicine provided is much discussed within the political body in most countries with socialized health care systems, there is little or no evidence of strong public pressure for the removal of subsidies or the privatization of health care in those

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that commissions independent surveys of the quality of care given in its health institutions and these are publicly accessible over the internet. These determine whether health organizations are meeting public standards for quality set by government and allows regional comparisons. Whether these

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Opponents of reform invoke the term socialized medicine because they say it will lead to health care rationing by denial of coverage, denial of access, and use of waiting lists, but often do so without acknowledging coverage denial, lack of access and waiting lists exist in the U.S. health care

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government. Every time a tax cut is proposed, the guardians of the new medical-welfare state will argue that tax cuts would come at the expense of health care -- an argument that would resonate with middle-class families entirely dependent on the government for access to doctors and hospitals."

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by two conservative Republicans argues that government sponsored health care will legitimatize support for government services generally, and make an activist government acceptable. "Once a large number of citizens get their health care from the state, it dramatically alters their attachment to

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said that Giuliani's tactic of "injecting a little fear" exploited cancer, which was "apparently not beneath a survivor with presidential aspirations". Giuliani's repetition of the error even after it had been pointed out to him earned him more criticism and was awarded four "Pinocchios" by the

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in 1917 as praising socialized medicine as a way to "discover disease in its incipiency", help end "venereal diseases, alcoholism, tuberculosis", and "make a fundamental contribution to social welfare". However, by the 1930s, the term socialized medicine was routinely used negatively by

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Doctors in the two countries have different philosophies for treating the disease with the US putting more emphasis on early diagnosis and surgery. An analysis of mortality rates suggests that about 25 out of 100,000 men are dying from prostate cancer each year in both Britain and the

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or will not assist even though the doctor has recommended it. A public insurance plan was not included in the Affordable Care Act but some argue that it would have added to health care access choices, and others argue that the central issue is whether health care is rationed sensibly.

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warning its audience the "dangers" that socialized medicine could bring. The recording was widely played at Operation Coffee Cup meetings. Other pressure groups began to extend the definition from state managed health care to any form of state finance in health care. President

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medicine, a parallel system of private health care allows people to pay extra to reduce their waiting time. The exception is that some provinces in Canada disallow the right to bypass queuing unless the matter is one in which the rights of the person under the constitution.

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and insurers or simply because they cannot afford co-pays or deductibles even if they have insurance. These people wait an indefinitely long period and may never get care they need, but actual numbers are simply unknown because they are not recorded in official statistics.

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resulted in a mass Internet protest on websites such as Twitter and Facebook under the banner title "welovetheNHS" with positive stories of NHS experiences to counter the negative ones being expressed by these politicians and others and by certain media outlets such as

2244:, National Public Radio, Morning Edition, December 6, 2007: "The term socialized medicine, technically, to most health policy analysts, actually doesn't mean anything at all," says Jonathan Oberlander, a professor of health policy at the University of North Carolina." 740:

said the role of the government in health care should be restricted to financing hard cases. Universal coverage can also be achieved by making purchase of insurance compulsory. For example, European countries with socialized medicine in the broader sense, such as

326:, and others who consulted leading cancer experts and found that Giuliani's cancer survival statistics to be false, misleading or "flat wrong", the numbers having been reported to have been obtained from an opinion article by Giuliani health care advisor 1003:

article reported that in London, 14,700 ambulance turnarounds were longer than an hour and 332 were more than two hours when the target turnaround time is 15 minutes. However, in the context of the total number of emergency ambulance attendances by the

932:) is worth much more than the price they would pay. Opponents also state categorizing patients based on factors such as social value to the community or age will not work in a heterogeneous society without a common ethical consensus such as the U.S. 2330: 701:

of the general public showed overwhelming support for the tax funding of health care. Nine out of ten people agreed or strongly agreed with a statement that the NHS should be funded from taxation with care being free at the point of use.

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Government involvement in health care was ardently opposed by the AMA, which distributed posters to doctors with slogans such as "Socialized medicine ... will undermine the democratic form of government." According to T.R. Reid

408:, "strictly speaking, the term "socialized medicine" should be reserved for health systems in which the government operates the production of health care and provides its financing." Still others say the term has no meaning at all. 133:

fall under that definition. In specific regard to military benefits of a (currently) volunteer military, such care is an owed benefit to a specific group as part of an economic exchange, which muddies the definition yet further.

477:, which fits the looser definition of socialized medicine. Part B coverage (Medical) requires a monthly premium of $ 96.40 (and possibly higher) and the first $ 135 of costs per year also fall to the senior, not the government. 116:

services, which are systems where health care is delivered by private business with partial or total government funding, fit the broader definition, as do the health care systems of most of Western Europe. In the United States,

162:, which has negative connotations to some people in American political culture. As such, its usage is controversial, and at odds with the views of conservatives in other countries prepared to defend socialized medicine such as 886:

Some argue that countries with national health care may use waiting lists as a form of rationing compared to countries that ration by price, such as the United States, according to several commentators and healthcare experts.

958:, stated rationing by ability to pay rather than by anticipated medical benefits in the U.S. makes its system more unproductive, with poor people avoiding preventive care and eventually using expensive emergency treatment. 583:

health care financing and citizens' right of access to health care. Republicans are broadly in favor of the status quo, or a reform of the financing system that gives more power to the citizen, often through tax credits.

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Opponents of the current reform care proposals fear that U.S. comparative effective research (a plan introduced in the stimulus bill) will be used to curtail spending and ration treatments, which is one function of the

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The term was popularized by a public relations firm working for the American Medical Association in 1947 to disparage President Truman's proposal for a national health care system. It was a label, at the dawn of the

155:, maintains that the term is merely a political pejorative that has been defined to mean different levels of government involvement in health care, depending on what the speaker was arguing against at the time. 3598:

Quote "Britain's National Health Service provides 95 percent of the nation's care from an annual budget, so paying for costly treatments means less money for, say, sick children." from NY Times article Dec 2,

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in administration. In certain circumstances, a volume purchaser may be able to guarantee sufficient volume to reduce overall prices while providing greater profitability to the seller, such as in so-called

3335:"Right now more than 8,000 people in the UK need an organ transplant that could save or improve their life. But each year around 400 people die while waiting for a transplant". National Kidney Federation. 4154: 1692:

Say something too kind about single-payer and there's a Republican around the corner ready to brand you a socialist"..."Say something too harsh and you will alienate many on the left wing of the party.

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power to drive down prices, whilst the highly fragmented buy side of the U.S. health system was one factor that could explain the relatively high prices in the United States of America. The current

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and went on to repeat the claim in campaign speeches for three months before making them in a radio advertisement. After the radio ad began running, the use of the statistic was widely criticized by

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When the term "socialized medicine" first appeared in the United States in the early 20th century, it bore no negative connotations. Otto P. Geier, chairman of the Preventive Medicine Section of the

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has been described in terms of socialized medicine, but the act's objective is rather socialized insurance, not government ownership of hospitals and other facilities as is common in other nations.

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Webster's New World Medical Dictionary, "Single-payer health care is distinct and different from socialized medicine in which doctors and hospitals work for and draw salaries from the government."

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pointed out that Americans do not talk about public libraries or the police or the fire department as being "socialized" and do not have negative opinions of these. Media personalities such as

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has pointed out that all health systems contain elements of rationing (such as coverage rules) and the public health care plan will therefore implicitly involve some element of rationing.

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newspaper that "it is neither true, nor is it anything you could extrapolate from anything we've ever recommended" that Kennedy would be denied treatment by the NHS. The business journal

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The original meaning was confined to systems in which the government operates health care facilities and employs health care professionals. This narrower usage would apply to the British

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have also weighed in behind the concept of public involvement in healthcare. A 2008 poll indicates that Americans are sharply divided when asked about their views of the expression

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Health care professionals have tended to avoid the term because of its pejorative nature, but if they use it, they do not include publicly funded private medical schemes such as

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The term is often used by conservatives in the U.S. to imply that the privately run health care system would become controlled by the government, thereby associating it with

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specific to the health care markets. When the government covers the cost of health care, there is no need for individuals or their employers to pay for private insurance.

429:, with a large percentage of Democrats holding favorable views, while a large percentage of Republicans holding unfavorable views. Independents tend to somewhat favor it. 389:. Many conservatives use the term to evoke negative sentiment toward health care reform that would involve increasing government involvement in the US health care system. 685:

results indicate a better or worse situation to that in other countries such as the U.S. is hard to tell because these countries tend to lack a similar set of standards.

248:. As part of the plan, doctors' wives would organize coffee meetings in an attempt to convince acquaintances to write letters to Congress opposing the program. In 1961, 2379: 1925: 1814: 1395: 2447: 488:, indicated that Americans are currently divided in their opinions of socialized medicine, and this split correlates strongly with their political party affiliation. 2131: 2025: 753:

via the tax system. Such systems give the consumer a free choice amongst competing insurers whilst achieving universality to a government directed minimum standard.

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Most industrialized countries and many developing countries operate some form of publicly funded health care with universal coverage as the goal. According to the

3586: 1950: 1305: 866:" to decide whether old people could live or die, again widely taken to be a reference to NICE. U.S. Senator Chuck Grassley alleged that he was told that Senator 756:

Compulsory health insurance or savings are not limited to so-called socialized medicine, however. Singapore's health care system, which is often referred to as a

2226: 950:, stated "there is much merit in using waiting lists as a rationing mechanism for elective health care if the waiting lists are managed efficiently and fairly". 1998: 232:, meant to suggest that anybody advocating universal access to health care must be a communist. And the phrase has retained its political power for six decades. 4175: 3909: 2841: 749:, operate in this way. A legal obligation to purchase health insurance is akin to a mandated health tax, and the use of public subsidies is a form of directed 907:

as treatment for older patients with renal problems, even to those who can privately afford the costs, has been cited as another example. A 1999 study in the

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countries. The political distaste for government involvement in health care in the U.S. is a unique counter to the trend found in other developed countries.

2075: 1417: 1573: 254: 3035: 1553: 1157:, p. 60: "One of the terms to denigrate and attack any system under which complete medical aid would be provided to every citizen through public funding." 4182: 3467: 4135: 3637: 3256: 814: 3931: 2104: 1973: 3320: 2050: 1713: 3295: 1846: 3371: 2938: 1598: 170:

poll, 37% of American adults have a positive view of socialism, including 57% of Democrat-leaning voters and 16% of Republican-leaning voters.

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indication of their dissatisfaction with our current system." Physicians' opinions have become more favorable toward "socialized medicine".

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Mirror (UK newspaper) on public reaction and rage in UK to Palin, Grassley, IBD, and Fox (Hanan) interviews intended to denigrate the NHS

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analyzed the British National Health Service and found that its waiting times function as an effective market disincentive, with a low

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hospital trusts and health systems that operate in other countries as diverse as Finland, Spain, Israel, and Cuba. The United States

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This article is about the term "socialized medicine" as it is used in U.S. politics. For national health care systems generally, see

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are examples of socialized medicine in the stricter sense of government administered care, but they are for limited populations.

442: 101: 82: 3627:"Are you buying private medical insurance? Take a look at this guide before you decide (Association of British Insurers, 2008)" 3011: 2820: 1756: 3875: 2258: 1687: 93:, would also fall under this narrow definition. When used in that way, the narrow definition permits a clear distinction from 3730: 3191: 3059: 2306: 1915: 1116: 586:

Supporters of government involvement in health care argue that government involvement ensures access, quality, and addresses

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of the allegation of cost shifting in the U.S. from public providers such as Medicare and Medicaid to the private sector.

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There is considerable argument about whether any of the health bills currently before congress will introduce rationing.

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underpins American leadership in medical innovation, which is crucial not just for Americans, but for the entire world.

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Giffin, Robert B.; Shari M. Erickson; Megan McHugh; Benjamin Wheatley; Sheila J. Madhani; Candace Trenum (June 2006).

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Setting new standards for your care: 2007 NHS patient leaflet on the 18 week maximum wait time promise for Dec 2008.

2448:"Poll Finds Americans Split by Political Party Over Whether Socialized Medicine Better or Worse Than Current System" 1988: 3096: 2769: 1472: 779: 764:

system, makes use of a combination of compulsory participation and state price controls to achieve the same goals.

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Audio of Senator Grassly repeating allegation Sen Kennedy would not receive care in the UK on grounds of his age.

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Olivier Garceau, "Organized Medicine Enforces its 'Party Line'", Public Opinion Quarterly, September 1940, p. 416.

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Countries with social security programs in operation, January 1, 1955, by type of program and date of legislation

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due to cost (compared to only 6% of Canadians). Britain's former age-based policy that once prevented the use of

835: 805: 481: 241: 1570: 2487: 1550: 746: 485: 452: 78: 2281: 3460: 2327:"Michael Moore and Oprah Ask Audience: Why Should US Health Care be for Profit? | Video | AlterNet" 1530: 351: 3626: 2818:

USA wastes more on health care bureaucracy than it would cost to provide health care to all of the uninsured

820:

The debate in the U.S. over rationing has enraged some in the UK and statements made by politicians such as

2386:

Editorial on U.S. "socialized medicine" in the military, the Veterans Health Administration, and Medicare,

1081: 593:

Opponents also claim that the absence of a market mechanism may slow innovation in treatment and research.

543: 179: 152: 50: 3253: 1370: 215:

and many others. Truman announced before describing his proposal that: "This is not socialized medicine".

3317: 3132: 2731: 1038: 698: 501: 474: 192: 49:

in American political discourse. The term was first widely used in the United States by advocates of the

4132: 2094: 1965: 1590: 1484: 3287: 2045: 2040: 1732: 1705: 1169:

Edward Conrad Smith, New Dictionary of American Politics, p. 350: "A somewhat loose term applied to..."

912: 697:

Taxation is not necessarily an unpopular form of funding for health care. In England, a survey for the

667:

administrative cost would be sufficient to provide health care to the uninsured population in the U.S.

629: 505:, shows that physicians support universal health care and national health insurance by almost 2 to 1. 4209: 1743:

We've got to solve our health care problem with American principles, not the principles of socialism.

1048: 393: 264: 196: 195:

who wished to imply it represented socialism, and by extension, communism. Universal health care and

90: 4155:

Percentage of population covered under national health programs , selected countries , 1955 and 1970

4084:

http://www.londonambulance.nhs.uk/publications/areport/London%20Ambulance%20Service%20AR%2006-07.pdf

3364: 2931: 2909: 2838:"Figure 14. Percentage of National Health Expenditures Spent on Health Administration and Insurance" 4219: 3399: 1216: 1005: 547: 466: 386: 245: 118: 94: 58: 3975: 3507: 3217: 2400: 2195:"Kevin Drum and Uwe Reinhardt on social insurance | Physicians for a National Health Program" 392:

Medical staff, academics and most professionals in the field and international bodies such as the

3784: 2234: 1851: 1682: 1246: 1154: 1013: 946: 681: 658: 340: 74: 1678:"Tempering health-care goals; Democrats' proposals build on current system, reject single-payer" 1619: 727:

technologies designed to address heart disease has not meant that more patients have survived".

2168: 1350: 1108: 847: 456: 411:

In more recent times, the term has gained a more positive reappraisal. Documentary movie maker

141:

and others, the United States is the only wealthy, industrialized nation that does not provide

4065: 2632: 2194: 1138: 838:(ABI), a typical policy will exclude the following: going to a general practitioner; going to 3225: 3221: 1761: 1448: 1377:, Institute of Medicine at the National Academies of Science, 2004-01-14, accessed 2007-10-22 1053: 750: 742: 648: 539: 514: 460: 397: 204: 188: 142: 138: 30: 20: 2601: 1652: 97:

systems, in which the government finances health care but is not involved in care delivery.

4204: 3032: 2787: 2099: 1180:

An American Health Dilemma: Race, medicine, and health care in the United States, 1900–2000

1032: 900: 839: 357: 237: 109: 2633:"Purchase commitments: Big business bias or solution to the "neglected diseases" dilemma?" 2041:"Rudy's unhealthy stats; Some good reporting holds Giuliani's phony cancer numbers at bay" 1870: 8: 3837: 2703: 2528:

Anderson, Gerard F.; Reinhardt, Uwe E.; Hussey, Peter S.; Petrosyan, Varduhi (May 2003).

2376: 2146: 2127: 2021: 1945: 1221: 783: 640:, which overuses expensive forms of technology that is of marginal or no proven benefit. 335: 322: 148: 62: 3779: 3576: 2723: 662:

resources on administration, while private insurance companies spent more than 13%. The

3870: 3581: 3512: 3133:"The Singapore health system – achieving positive health outcomes with low expenditure" 2426:

http://questions.medicare.gov/cgi-bin/medicare.cfg/php/enduser/std_adp.php?p_faqid=2100

1657: 1521:"Who's Afraid of Socialized Medicine? Two dangerous words that kill health-care reform" 1492: 1101: 624: 401: 200: 3814: 3609:

https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2009/08/14/welove-thenhs-115875-21595748/The

3430: 1071:

The American Heritage Medical Dictionary, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

240:

during the late 1950s and early 1960s in opposition to the Democrats' plans to extend

3950: 3485: 3187: 2999:

Survey of the general public's views on NHS system reform – in England: BMA June 2007

2988: 2880: 2748: 2640: 2551: 2530:"It's the prices, stupid: why the United States is so different from other countries" 2302: 2066:"Rudy Giuliani uses the NHS as 'political football to give Hillary Clinton a kicking" 1819: 1112: 969:

morals and that stops beneficial rationing by social value, which benefits everyone.

951: 260: 163: 105: 3865: 3362: 3008: 2817: 2169:"Single-payer health care - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms" 1677: 3810: 2744: 2740: 2682: 2581: 2541: 1786: 1141:, Routledge, p. 252: "...what the Americans liked to call "socialized medicine"..." 955: 929: 896: 792: 373:. Opponents of state involvement in health care tend to use the looser definition. 167: 4183:

Includes information about he healthcare systems of various countries in the 1970s

4001:"There's rationing in health care now, and there still would be under reform bill" 3722: 3056: 2254: 1196:

The Healing of America: A Global Quest for Better, Cheaper, and Fairer Health Care

928:, argue time rationing leaves patients worse off since their time (measured as an 381:

clinics and hospitals, military health care, or the single payer programs such as

4139: 4090: 4072: 4054: 4036: 3324: 3283: 3260: 3158: 3119: 3100: 3063: 3039: 3015: 2824: 2773: 2710: 2491: 2383: 2357: 2241: 1875: 1626: 1577: 1557: 1374: 1309: 1253: 1043: 962: 904: 880: 851: 737: 643: 607: 305: 208: 104:

have attempted to broaden the term by applying it to any publicly funded system.

54: 4103: 1791: 1620:

President Truman Addresses Congress on Proposed Health Program, Washington, D.C.

965:

has written that U.S. culture overly emphasizes individual autonomy rather than

396:

tend to avoid use of the term. Outside the US, the terms most commonly used are

3905: 3353:. (Note: The UK population is about one sixth the size of the U.S. population). 2855: 2795: 1993: 1525: 1035:– tabular comparisons of the U.S., Canada, and other countries not shown above. 1026: 937: 867: 825: 663: 612: 587: 317: 3663: 1266: 1012:

Political targeting of waiting-times in Britain has had dramatic effects. The

4198: 3801:

Martin, S. (1999). "Rationing by waiting lists: an empirical investigation".

3698:"The Most Outrageous U.S. Lies About Global Healthcare | Foreign Policy" 3264: 3139: 2644: 1333: 966: 925: 761: 706: 422: 412: 405: 327: 289: 279: 249: 4047: 3151: 2546: 2529: 1284: 3269: 3075: 3019: 2752: 2686: 2569: 2555: 1920: 920: 918:

Supporters of private price rationing over waiting time rationing, such as

863: 654: 636:

attributes the present cost crisis mainly to the practice of what he calls

633: 331: 3112: 2474:, Reuters, March 31, 2008 (first reported in Annals of Internal Medicine). 1267:"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition" 4176:

Contains information on healthcare coverage in various European countries

4162:

Contains information on health coverage in various countries in the 1980s

3897: 1941:"Giuliani's bid to woo New Hampshire independents centers on health care" 977: 933: 821: 757: 263:

opposed plans to expand government role in healthcare during his time in

126: 34: 3400:"What does the Department of Health do? - Health Questions - NHS Direct" 3093: 2766: 647:

more health care does not make one better off) and secondly there is an

33:—medical and hospital care for all by means of government regulation of 4169:

Contains information on healthcare access in various European countries

4004: 3828: 1123:....socialized medicine, a pejorative term used to help polarize debate 892: 46: 29:

is a term used in the United States to describe and discuss systems of

3337: 3318:

http://www.kidney.org/news/newsroom/fs_new/25factsorgdon&trans.cfm

4133:

http://www.18weeks.nhs.uk/Content.aspx?path=/What-is-18-weeks/patient

3033:"Poor U.S. Scores in Health Care Don't Measure Nobels and Innovation" 2150: 2070: 1969: 1899: 1737: 895:

compared 27% of Canadians reportedly waiting four months or more for

603: 346: 313: 301: 212: 159: 113: 42: 3788:. 1999 February 13; 318 (7181): 412–414. Accessed September 1, 2009. 2484: 1815:"Giuliani breezes through state; He attends Tampa fundraising event" 694:

in those countries is already lower than that of the United States.

615:

refers to as, "the world's best healthcare system for rescue care".

3961:

Healthcare Commission: 'Survey of adult inpatients in the NHS 2007'

3161:

ABC station KBMC report on case featured by Michael Moore in Sicko!

2776:, The New York Review of Books, Volume 53, Number 5, March 23, 2006 2586: 2573: 2273: 1303:"Socialized Medicine: Let's Try a Dose, We're Bound to Feel Better" 1086:, 1965, p.59 (cited as an example of a standard propaganda device). 982: 959: 843: 470: 382: 370: 229: 122: 57:'s 1947 health care initiative. It was later used in opposition to 38: 2902:"NHS Surveys :: Focused on patients' experience :: Home" 2724:"Information asymmetry, insurance and the decision to hospitalize" 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 1520: 1449:"The end is Nye, by Philip Johnston | Public Finance Opinion" 3668: 3365:"The Future of Emergency Care in the United States Health System" 980:

for example contested in an interview that they do not. However,

309: 130: 2527: 2298:

Uwe Reinhardt, Germany's Health Care and Health Insurance System

1591:"Progressive Party Platform of 1912 – Teaching American History" 767: 4030:

Cass Business School: Academics challenge A&E waiting times

2431: 1938: 1730: 1367: 508: 3545:"Myths as Barriers to Health Care Reform in the United States" 2505:"Medicare for All Means Innovation for None | RealClearPolicy" 2450:(Press release). Harvard School of Public Health. 2007-02-14. 2602:"Single Payer FAQ – Physicians for a National Health Program" 2294: 1098: 417: 284: 2901: 1583: 899:

with 26% of Americans reporting that they did not fulfill a

304:, Giuliani claimed that he had a better chance of surviving 244:

to include health insurance for the elderly, later known as

3179: 3113:

The Mythology of Boomers Bankrupting Our Healthcare System

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Crisis of Abundance: Rethinking How We Pay for Health Care

2144: 1963: 1986: 1709: 1706:"Giuliani attacks Democratic health plans as "socialist"" 1388:"The Case for Universal Health Care in the United States" 1368:

Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations

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and Paul Ryan, The Wall Street Journal, January 16, 2009

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actions that are not in the best interests of patients.

3152:

Man Dies After Insurance Co. Refuses To Cover Treatment

2693: 2377:"The Socialists Are Coming! The Socialists Are Coming!" 2342:

Video of Oprah Winfrey show on the issue of health care

1514: 1512: 1510: 1473:

Democrats More Positive About Socialism Than Capitalism

989: 270:

In more recent times, the term was brought up again by

3780:

Points for pain: waiting list priority scoring systems

3142:, Watson Wyatt Healthcare Market Review, October 2004. 3125: 2953:

UN Human Development Report 2007/2008 Table 6 Page 247

1939:

Cillizza, Chris; Murray, Shailagh (October 28, 2007).

862:

Palin had alleged that America will create rationing "

4066:

copy of original Observer story from Guardian website

3692: 3690: 2217: 1418:"Free to Choose: A Conversation with Milton Friedman" 41:. Because of historically negative associations with 1507: 1155:

Weasel Words: The Dictionary of American Doublespeak

255:

Ronald Reagan Speaks Out Against Socialized Medicine

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In July 2007, one month after the release of 236:The AMA conducted a nationwide campaign called 3542: 2721: 2117: 2011: 1895:"Giuliani pays homage to Thatcher on UK visit" 1812: 1754: 1675: 1485:"World at War is Facing a Shortage of Doctors" 1185: 45:in American culture, the term is usually used 2722:Blomqvist, Åke; Léger, Pierre Thomas (2005). 2472:Doctors support universal health care: survey 2295:Dunlop, David W; Martins, Jo. M (June 1995). 1200: 1160: 1144: 1128: 1074: 768:Rationing (access, coverage, price, and time) 300:as socialized medicine that was European and 3550:. 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London. p. 2. 1054:Universal health care 751:income redistribution 649:information asymmetry 515:Health care economics 461:Indian Health Service 398:universal health care 225: 205:Franklin D. Roosevelt 143:universal health care 139:Institute of Medicine 31:universal health care 21:Universal health care 3080:The Washington Times 2390:, September 28, 2007 2100:St. Petersburg Times 1551:National Health Care 1033:Health care compared 913:elasticity of demand 358:St. Petersburg Times 238:Operation Coffee Cup 110:general practitioner 3845:on February 5, 2013 3838:The Washington Post 3729:. August 12, 2009. 1946:The Washington Post 1314:The Washington Post 889:The Washington Post 784:Affordable Care Act 630:purchase commitment 540:improve the article 427:socialized medicine 415:in his documentary 336:Manhattan Institute 323:The Washington Post 149:Jonathan Oberlander 63:Affordable Care Act 27:Socialized medicine 4142:18 week NHS target 4138:2008-11-12 at the 4089:2008-10-29 at the 4071:2016-07-18 at the 4053:2008-05-17 at the 4035:2008-09-10 at the 3871:OpinionJournal.com 3582:The New York Times 3513:The New York Times 3323:2009-07-11 at the 3292:The New York Times 3259:2009-09-03 at the 3157:2012-01-19 at the 3118:2009-02-14 at the 3099:2007-06-27 at the 3062:2008-04-11 at the 3046:, October 5, 2006. 3044:The New York Times 3038:2011-07-08 at the 3014:2018-01-20 at the 2906:www.nhssurveys.org 2823:2008-02-23 at the 2772:2007-06-27 at the 2709:2008-04-26 at the 2490:2008-05-30 at the 2388:The New York Times 2382:2009-04-24 at the 2240:2017-07-07 at the 2128:WashingtonPost.com 2022:WashingtonPost.com 1762:SeacoastOnline.com 1658:The New York Times 1625:2012-03-08 at the 1576:2008-03-30 at the 1556:2008-05-13 at the 1493:The New York Times 1373:2007-08-18 at the 1308:2016-08-22 at the 1252:2017-07-07 at the 1194:T.R. Reid, (2009) 788:health care reform 625:economies of scale 544:encyclopedic style 486:Harris Interactive 402:public health care 201:Theodore Roosevelt 184:The New York Times 102:health care reform 3831:(June 17, 2009). 3286:(June 17, 2009). 3193:978-0-7656-1479-7 2702:Milton Friedman, 2681:(10): 1073–1074. 2308:978-0-8213-3253-5 1900:TimesOnline.co.uk 1820:The Tampa Tribune 1794:on April 21, 2021 1316:, March 23, 2008. 1301:Jacob S. Hacker, 1118:978-0-7656-1478-0 952:Arthur Kellermann 576: 575: 568: 261:Dwight Eisenhower 164:Margaret Thatcher 106:Canada's Medicare 4227: 4210:Health economics 4143: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4099: 4093: 4081: 4075: 4063: 4057: 4045: 4039: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 3997: 3991: 3986: 3984: 3983: 3974:. Archived from 3968: 3962: 3960: 3954: 3946: 3944: 3943: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3841:. Archived from 3825: 3819: 3818: 3798: 3789: 3777: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3764: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3694: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3681: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3642: 3631: 3623: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3556: 3549: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3527: 3525: 3503: 3497: 3495: 3489: 3481: 3479: 3478: 3472: 3465: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3404:nhsdirect.nhs.uk 3396: 3390: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3376: 3369: 3360: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3349: 3333: 3327: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3284:Leonhardt, David 3280: 3274: 3251: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3213: 3202: 3201: 3177: 3162: 3149: 3143: 3129: 3123: 3109: 3103: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3072: 3066: 3053: 3047: 3029: 3023: 3006: 3000: 2998: 2992: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2975: 2969:. Archived from 2968: 2960: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2949: 2943: 2937:. January 2008. 2936: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2898: 2892: 2890: 2884: 2876: 2874: 2873: 2867: 2860: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2834: 2828: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2792: 2783: 2777: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2728: 2719: 2713: 2700: 2691: 2690: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2656: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2570:Glied, Sherry A. 2566: 2560: 2559: 2549: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2515: 2501: 2495: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2459: 2444: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2407:. 1 October 2007 2397: 2391: 2375:Phillip Boffey, 2373: 2367: 2366: 2349: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2338: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2251: 2245: 2224: 2215: 2209: 2207: 2206: 2191: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2180: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2124:The Fact Checker 2115: 2109: 2108: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2018:The Fact Checker 2009: 2003: 2002: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1855:. p. BCE1. 1842: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1790:. Archived from 1777: 1771: 1770: 1752: 1746: 1745: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1648: 1639: 1636: 1630: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1587: 1581: 1567: 1561: 1548: 1542: 1541: 1539: 1538: 1516: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1489: 1481: 1475: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1461: 1460: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1436: 1435: 1429: 1423:. Archived from 1422: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1384: 1378: 1365: 1359: 1358: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1338: 1332:. Archived from 1331: 1323: 1317: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1263: 1257: 1244: 1233: 1232: 1230: 1229: 1220:. Archived from 1207: 1198: 1192: 1183: 1176: 1170: 1167: 1158: 1151: 1142: 1137:Dorothy Porter, 1135: 1126: 1125: 1106: 1096: 1087: 1078: 1072: 1069: 956:Emory University 930:opportunity cost 897:elective surgery 671:administration. 638:premium medicine 571: 564: 560: 557: 551: 527: 526: 519: 366:for recidivism. 352:Health Secretary 182:, was quoted in 4235: 4234: 4230: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4220:Right to health 4195: 4194: 4151: 4146: 4140:Wayback Machine 4131: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4100: 4096: 4091:Wayback Machine 4082: 4078: 4073:Wayback Machine 4064: 4060: 4055:Wayback Machine 4046: 4042: 4037:Wayback Machine 4028: 4024: 4014: 4012: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3981: 3979: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3948: 3947: 3941: 3939: 3932:"Archived copy" 3930: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3895: 3891: 3881: 3879: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3846: 3826: 3822: 3799: 3792: 3778: 3771: 3762: 3760: 3753:"The Spectator" 3751: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3707: 3705: 3696: 3695: 3688: 3679: 3677: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3592: 3590: 3573: 3569: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3541: 3537: 3523: 3521: 3504: 3500: 3483: 3482: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3461:"Archived copy" 3459: 3458: 3454: 3444: 3442: 3435:www.hc-sc.gc.ca 3427: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3361: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3325:Wayback Machine 3315: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3281: 3277: 3261:Wayback Machine 3252: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3214: 3205: 3194: 3178: 3165: 3159:Wayback Machine 3150: 3146: 3130: 3126: 3120:Wayback Machine 3110: 3106: 3101:Wayback Machine 3091: 3087: 3073: 3069: 3064:Wayback Machine 3054: 3050: 3040:Wayback Machine 3030: 3026: 3016:Wayback Machine 3007: 3003: 2986: 2985: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2964:"Archived copy" 2962: 2961: 2957: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2878: 2877: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2856:"Archived copy" 2854: 2853: 2849: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2825:Wayback Machine 2815: 2811: 2803: 2790: 2784: 2780: 2774:Wayback Machine 2764: 2760: 2726: 2720: 2716: 2711:Wayback Machine 2701: 2694: 2667: 2663: 2654: 2652: 2629: 2625: 2615: 2613: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2567: 2563: 2526: 2522: 2513: 2511: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2492:Wayback Machine 2482: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2457: 2455: 2446: 2445: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2410: 2408: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2384:Wayback Machine 2374: 2370: 2358:Harvard Gazette 2351: 2350: 2346: 2336: 2334: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2309: 2293: 2289: 2270: 2266: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2242:Wayback Machine 2225: 2218: 2204: 2202: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2178: 2176: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2143: 2139: 2116: 2112: 2103:. p. 14A. 2091: 2087: 2062: 2058: 2037: 2033: 2010: 2006: 1985: 1981: 1962: 1958: 1949:. p. A02. 1937: 1933: 1912: 1908: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1876:BBC News Online 1869: 1868: 1864: 1843: 1839: 1830: 1828: 1811: 1807: 1797: 1795: 1778: 1774: 1753: 1749: 1729: 1725: 1702: 1698: 1674: 1670: 1649: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1627:Wayback Machine 1618: 1614: 1604: 1602: 1589: 1588: 1584: 1578:Wayback Machine 1569:Chris Farrell, 1568: 1564: 1558:Wayback Machine 1549: 1545: 1536: 1534: 1517: 1508: 1499: 1497: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1471: 1467: 1458: 1456: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1433: 1431: 1430:on May 30, 2008 1427: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1401: 1399: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1375:Wayback Machine 1366: 1362: 1349: 1348: 1344: 1336: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1320: 1310:Wayback Machine 1300: 1296: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1254:Wayback Machine 1245: 1236: 1227: 1225: 1208: 1201: 1193: 1186: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1161: 1152: 1145: 1136: 1129: 1119: 1097: 1090: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1044:Social medicine 1023: 992: 963:Daniel Callahan 905:kidney dialysis 881:Stephen Hawking 776: 770: 747:The Netherlands 738:Milton Friedman 733: 720: 691: 677: 675:Quality of care 644:Milton Friedman 608:fee-for-service 599: 588:market failures 572: 561: 555: 552: 537: 528: 524: 517: 511: 449: 435: 364:Washington Post 306:prostate cancer 242:Social Security 211:as part of his 209:Harry S. Truman 176: 174:History of term 71: 55:Harry S. Truman 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4233: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4193: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4144: 4125: 4094: 4076: 4058: 4040: 4022: 3992: 3963: 3923: 3906:CATO Institute 3889: 3856: 3820: 3790: 3769: 3744: 3714: 3686: 3654: 3613: 3601: 3567: 3535: 3498: 3452: 3421: 3391: 3355: 3328: 3309: 3275: 3243: 3203: 3192: 3163: 3144: 3138:2012-12-10 at 3124: 3111:Maggie Mahar, 3104: 3085: 3067: 3048: 3024: 3001: 2955: 2923: 2893: 2847: 2844:on 2011-07-20. 2829: 2809: 2796:Cato Institute 2778: 2758: 2714: 2692: 2661: 2623: 2593: 2587:10.3386/w13881 2572:(March 2008). 2561: 2534:Health Affairs 2520: 2496: 2476: 2464: 2430: 2428:Medicare rates 2418: 2392: 2368: 2344: 2318: 2307: 2287: 2264: 2246: 2216: 2186: 2160: 2137: 2110: 2085: 2056: 2031: 2004: 1994:PolitiFact.com 1979: 1956: 1931: 1906: 1886: 1862: 1837: 1805: 1772: 1747: 1723: 1696: 1686:. p. A5. 1668: 1640: 1631: 1612: 1582: 1580:, BusinessWeek 1562: 1543: 1506: 1476: 1465: 1440: 1409: 1379: 1360: 1342: 1339:on 2006-10-24. 1318: 1294: 1276: 1258: 1234: 1199: 1184: 1171: 1159: 1143: 1127: 1117: 1088: 1073: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1030: 1027:Appeal to fear 1022: 1019: 991: 988: 938:CATO Institute 868:Edward Kennedy 826:Chuck Grassley 769: 766: 732: 729: 719: 716: 690: 687: 676: 673: 664:Cato Institute 598: 595: 574: 573: 542:by writing in 531: 529: 522: 510: 507: 434: 431: 318:PolitiFact.com 175: 172: 70: 67: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4232: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4141: 4137: 4134: 4129: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4092: 4088: 4085: 4080: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4062: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4044: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4026: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3989: 3988:Business Week 3978:on 2008-10-07 3977: 3973: 3967: 3958: 3952: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3860: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3795: 3787: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3774: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3691: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3665: 3658: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3610: 3605: 3588: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3571: 3553: 3546: 3539: 3532: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3502: 3493: 3487: 3469: 3462: 3456: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3388: 3373: 3366: 3359: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3326: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3265:Megan McArdle 3262: 3258: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3199: 3195: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3140:archive.today 3137: 3134: 3128: 3121: 3117: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3076:Kling, Arnold 3071: 3065: 3061: 3058: 3052: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3034: 3031:Tyler Cowen, 3028: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3010: 3005: 2996: 2990: 2976:on 2008-02-27 2972: 2965: 2959: 2940: 2933: 2927: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2888: 2882: 2864: 2857: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2813: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2789: 2782: 2775: 2771: 2768: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2739:(4): 775–93. 2738: 2734: 2733: 2725: 2718: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2699: 2697: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2627: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2540:(3): 89–105. 2539: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2480: 2473: 2468: 2453: 2449: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2427: 2422: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2354: 2348: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2250: 2243: 2239: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2227:"Dirty Words" 2223: 2221: 2213: 2200: 2196: 2190: 2174: 2170: 2164: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2114: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2089: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2060: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2035: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2008: 2000: 1996: 1995: 1990: 1983: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1935: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1910: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1866: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1841: 1827:on 2007-11-21 1826: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1809: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1776: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1751: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1727: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1700: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1672: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1647: 1645: 1635: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1616: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1566: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1547: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1495: 1494: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1469: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1426: 1419: 1413: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1383: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1364: 1356: 1352: 1346: 1335: 1328: 1322: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1298: 1290: 1286: 1280: 1272: 1268: 1262: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1224:on 2010-11-05 1223: 1219: 1218: 1213: 1206: 1204: 1197: 1191: 1189: 1181: 1175: 1166: 1164: 1156: 1150: 1148: 1140: 1134: 1132: 1124: 1120: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1104: 1095: 1093: 1085: 1084: 1077: 1068: 1064: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1018: 1015: 1010: 1007: 1002: 996: 987: 985: 984: 979: 974: 970: 968: 967:communitarian 964: 961: 957: 953: 949: 948: 942: 939: 935: 931: 927: 926:Megan McArdle 923: 922: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 884: 882: 878: 874: 869: 865: 860: 858: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 832: 827: 823: 818: 816: 810: 807: 801: 797: 794: 789: 785: 781: 775: 765: 763: 759: 754: 752: 748: 744: 739: 728: 724: 715: 712: 708: 707:opinion piece 703: 700: 695: 686: 683: 672: 668: 665: 660: 656: 652: 650: 645: 641: 639: 635: 631: 626: 620: 616: 614: 609: 605: 594: 591: 589: 584: 580: 570: 567: 559: 549: 545: 541: 535: 530: 521: 520: 516: 506: 504: 503: 497: 493: 489: 487: 483: 478: 476: 473:are forms of 472: 468: 464: 462: 458: 454: 448: 444: 440: 430: 428: 424: 423:Oprah Winfrey 420: 419: 414: 413:Michael Moore 409: 407: 406:Uwe Reinhardt 403: 399: 395: 390: 388: 384: 380: 374: 372: 367: 365: 360: 359: 353: 349: 348: 343: 342: 337: 333: 330:, a Canadian 329: 328:David Gratzer 325: 324: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 290:Rudy Giuliani 287: 286: 281: 280:Michael Moore 277: 273: 268: 266: 262: 257: 256: 251: 250:Ronald Reagan 247: 243: 239: 233: 231: 224: 222: 216: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 191:opponents of 190: 185: 181: 171: 169: 165: 161: 156: 154: 150: 146: 144: 140: 135: 132: 128: 124: 120: 115: 111: 107: 103: 98: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 66: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 28: 22: 4128: 4116:. Retrieved 4107: 4097: 4079: 4061: 4043: 4025: 4015:September 7, 4013:. Retrieved 3995: 3987: 3980:. Retrieved 3976:the original 3966: 3940:. Retrieved 3926: 3916:September 7, 3914:. Retrieved 3892: 3882:September 1, 3880:. Retrieved 3869: 3859: 3849:September 7, 3847:. Retrieved 3843:the original 3836: 3823: 3806: 3802: 3783: 3761:. Retrieved 3747: 3735:. Retrieved 3726: 3717: 3706:. Retrieved 3678:. Retrieved 3667: 3657: 3647:September 5, 3645:. Retrieved 3604: 3591:. Retrieved 3580: 3570: 3559:. Retrieved 3538: 3529: 3522:. Retrieved 3511: 3501: 3475:. Retrieved 3455: 3443:. Retrieved 3434: 3424: 3412:. Retrieved 3403: 3394: 3385: 3379:. Retrieved 3358: 3346:. Retrieved 3331: 3312: 3302:September 7, 3300:. Retrieved 3291: 3278: 3270:The Atlantic 3268: 3236:September 7, 3234:. Retrieved 3182: 3147: 3131:John Tucci, 3127: 3107: 3088: 3079: 3070: 3055:Julie Chan, 3051: 3043: 3027: 3020:Peter Wehner 3004: 2978:. Retrieved 2971:the original 2958: 2946:. Retrieved 2926: 2914:. 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