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the person to skip their exercise, even when a spouse is concerned about their well-being. The study also showed that social undermining can affect men and women differently. Men tend to feel as if they can overcome social undermining because they were still able to make a healthy eating decision. Women have stated that they tend to make bad eating decision when they are eating with other people such as their friends. Social undermining pressures can cause serious challenges when a person is trying to maintain healthy eating and trying to stay active. The study found that people that engage in undermining behavior tend to feel guilty about their own unhealthy behavior and may feel jealous of someone else maintaining their healthy behavior when they cannot achieve the same behavior. The study also suggests when a person is satisfied with their weight it can help the person resist against social undermining. By being satisfied with one's own weight can reduce the likelihood of social undermining in social situations when having dinner with friends. So when a person is not satisfied with their weight they receive more social undermining pressures from the people around them.
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where the winner takes all instead of working with other employees to make sure everyone is contributing to the work that needs to be completed. The competitiveness that is created between the coworkers is to attain bottom-line outcomes. When the employees are trying to attain bottom-line outcomes, with this winner-take-all mentality, they begin to want their co-workers to fail as that consequently means, to them, they, the undermining employee, must be succeeding. The supervisor's BLM causes employee social undermining. This happens because the employees may role-model after the adopted supervisor's BLM. Employee personality also plays a role in the relationship between BLM and undermining. Employees that have confidence in their work ability rely on their work ethic while employees who are low in confidence are more likely to engage in social undermining behavior to make themselves look better when it comes to the bottom line of success.
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effects on the spouse's ability to deal with other stressors. It can also lead to an increase of wishful thinking, poor psychological adjustment, maladaptive coping behaviors, and even decrease adaptive coping behaviors. This can give more attention to coping resources and it takes away from other stressors which causes the couple to have fewer chances resolving their problems. If the couple cannot resolve their problems it can cause marital conflict. Social undermining within the relationship can cause negative effects on the spouse physical health and can make the spouse vulnerable to different stressors. This can lead to depressive symptoms that can lessen the spouse self-esteem.
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characteristics in the environment that can influence a person's mental health. The study examined how adolescents reported their family support and undermining which reflected shared social reality (that is, all members of the family agree that support or undermining is occurring) and idiosyncratic perception (some family members believe that support or undermining has occurred, but others do not). The results of the study found that girls tend to report higher family stress and negative affect than boys. McCaskill and Lakey (2002) found that adolescents with previous outpatient treatment experience reported both lower family support and higher family stress.
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believe that there is a stronger positive relationship between experiences of psychological contract violation and subordinates' reports of abuse. It suggests that when someone has a negative work environment, it will affect their emotional training ground where this would result in negative home encounters. The findings from this study show that abused subordinates' family members reported a higher incidence of undermining in their home. When this occurs, complications arise at both home and work. Workplace abuse may be spawning negative interpersonal relations in the home, which may contribution to a downward spiral of relationships in both spheres.
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strongly correlated they do not form the same factor but constitute empirically distinct constructs. The study looked at the effect of financial strain, social support, and undermining on poor mental health the results found that it was not statistically significant. Social support and social undermining did have significant but the opposite effect on poor mental health. Vinokur and Ryn (1993) found that social support and undermining were shown in longitudinal design even when prior levels of mental health and the contribution of another critical stressful factor. Social support and undermining had a dynamic pattern influence on mental health.
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that increases the depressive symptoms on individuals that have endure high levels of social undermining. This can happen, because the support that a person can get from their spouse compared to a close friend is more exclusive and generally involves more frequent and emotionally intense interactions (Cutrone 1996; Vinokur & Vinokur & Vinokur- Kaplan, 1990) and depending on their relationship that can influence the social support or even the social undermining that affect the relationship.
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abusive relationship that offers low support and high undermining. A typical healthy close relationship has high support and low undermining. In a relationship between an adolescent and a parent, their relationship can offer high levels of support and even undermining. Depending on the relationship, patterns can change over time based on the characteristics and the situation of the relationship. Whether a relationship is positive or negative can have devastating effects.
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of the participant's depressive symptoms. The study found that
African American participants who had low levels of social undermining were able to fare better than the Caucasians participants in reducing their symptoms. When both groups of participants were given high levels of social undermining the African American participants had fewer achievements in symptom reduction, while the Caucasians participants had the reverse effect of symptom reduction.
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Cropanzano 1998. The fairness theory suggests that when individuals face negative situations (such as being undermined by coworkers or supervision) they make cognitive comparisons known as counterfactual thoughts; i.e., they compare what actually happened to what might have been. The results show that social undermining is closely related to attitudes and behavior regarding one person being or feeling "singled out".
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258:. Social undermining can affect a person's mental health, including an increase in depressive symptoms. This behavior is only considered social undermining if the person's perceived action is intended to hinder their target. When social undermining is seen in the work environment the behavior is used to hinder the co-worker's ability to establish and maintain a positive
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mental health over a period of time. In the study participants that received high levels of social undermining even after they return to their normal interactions the participant still returns to high level of undermining that affects the person mental health. These findings were found in relationships for men and women that were either unemployed or reemployed.
266:. Examples of how an employee can use social undermining in the work environment are behaviors that are used to delay the work of co-workers, to make them look bad or slow them down, competing with co-workers to gain status and recognition and giving co-workers incorrect or even misleading information about a particular job.
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did not. For social undermining, adolescents' idiosyncratic perceptions, the idiosyncratic perceptions of the other family members as well as shared social reality that was among family members did predict negative emotion. The study suggest that social support is not based on a shared reality, while social undermining is.
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line, and to neglect other outcomes of their actions, including interpersonal consequences. Research has found that a bottom-line mentality can cause a problem, especially if the employer uses BLM as an objective for them to strive for. If someone is hurt by their actions it is not a priority for those with a BLM.
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Researchers found that in adolescent self-reports, social undermining was related to negative affect and perceived support was more related to positive affect. The study found that adolescents' idiosyncratic perceptions of family support did predict positive emotion, but shared perceptions of support
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Research by Joseph et al. found that when participants are exposed to high levels of social undermining and even high levels of social support it can improve the participants course of antidepressive treatment. High levels of social support and social undermining could reduce and also cause remission
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can arise in different areas such as in the household, at school, and at a workplace. "Abusive supervision has been investigated as an antecedent to negative subordinate workplace outcome" ; "Workplace violence has combination of situational and personal factors" (e.g., Barling, 1996). The study
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Behaviors of social undermining can affect a person and their perceptions. The study conducted by Gant et al. addressed
African American workers' perceptions of co-workers and supervisors. The research by Duffy, Gangster, Shaw, Johnson, and Pagon addressed the fairness theory introduced by Folger and
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Social undermining can arise through interactions with co-workers and supervisors; these interactions have an effect on the workers that are being undermined and can affect their work performance. Vinokur found that those who alleged to have social undermining in the workplace reported to have poorer
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Social support can give a person coping resources that can reduce threat in a stressful situation. In a relationship if a partner has lower status or even lower power social undermining becomes more of threat for the relationship. Research concludes that social undermining has a greater impact on a
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Market, Stanforth, and Garcia found that social undermining used by family members, friends and coworkers can affect daily activities. Social undermining can affect exercise routines when their exercise routines can conflict with seeing friends or even coworkers. Friends and coworkers can influence
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Research conducted by
Horwitz et al. (1998) found that spouse undermining was almost twice as large as the effect for support. For example, a spouse that shows behaviors of withdrawal, avoidance and being overly critical can cause psychological distress in a relationship. This in turn causes stress
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which is "redirection of a harm doing behavior from a primary to a secondary target" (Tedeschi & Norman, 1985, p. 30). Family undermining arises from a negative work environment: when someone above you puts you down, one starts to think that one should be put down by one's family members.
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Cranford found that spouse undermining and not spouse support can increase depressive symptoms within that relationship. Social undermining has been found to be a stronger indicator for psychological adaption than social support. When there is social undermining in a relationship it can have fatal
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on others. Researchers wanted to see how hostile attribution bias can moderate the relationship between perceptions of psychological contract violation and subordinates' perceptions of abusive supervision. Undermining does arise with abusive supervision, which affects families and aggression; they
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Joseph, N. T., Myers, H. F., Schettino, J. R., Olmos, N. T., Bingham-Mira, C., Lesser, I. M., & Poland, R. E. (2011). Support and undermining in interpersonal relationships are associated with treatment response to a trial of antidepressant medication. Psychiatry: Interpersonal And
Biological
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Research has shown that social undermining can have an effect on a person's health. It has been shown that social undermining can cause depressive symptoms. Depending on the relationship between a patient and their loved one, the loved one can support or undermine the patient and can even do both
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Another example of how social undermining can affect a person's relationship is shown by a study conducted by McCaskill and Lakey which examined social support and social undermining when it came to adolescents and family relationships. Social support and social undermining can reflect different
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Employees that have a BLM may learn these actions from their supervisors. BLMs can cause rivalries within the organization since the employee may feel as if the organization should have a winner or loser when it comes to completing work. Employees with this approach think of their work as a game
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is defined as profits or losses of a business. Greenbaum and colleagues found that some employees tend to focus on a bottom-line outcome, which may be related to their tendency to engage in social undermining behavior. Employees with a bottom line mentality (BLM) tend to focus on only the bottom
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The results showed that social support has weak positive effect while social undermining has more volatile effects. Even though the study found that a high level of social undermining has significant effects on mental health when the high levels are reduced there is an improvement in the person
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Vinokur and van Ryn used unemployed participants and some of the participants were reemployed to look at the impact that social support and social undermining can have on a person's mental health during economic hardships. They suggest that although the support and undermining are inversely and
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In a study of victims' perceptions of undermining they had experienced, Crossley found that when an offense was severe, the victim was more likely to believe that the offender committed the action with malicious intent or due to personal greed. Generally, victims' perceptions of the offenders'
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Social undermining and social support can have opposite effects on a person that can be negative or positive depending on the person or even the relationship. Being in a close relationship can provide a person both social undermining and social support. Example of these relationships can be an
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Social undermining has been very effective in the workplace. Various aspects of social undermining have affected the workplace and specific races. In workplaces, social undermining has connection with social interaction. Research has shown if a person has a supportive environment in their work
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Hoobler, J. M., Tepper, B. J., & Duffy, M. K. (2000). Moderating effects of coworkers' organizational citizenship behavior on relationships between abusive supervision and subordinates' attitudes and psychological distress. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the
Southern Management
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Various different empirical studies have found that undermining has three specific factors that develop counterfactual thoughts. For example: "what would my life be like if I were not the target of undermining?" These studies' findings indicate that "this rift plays a role in determining the
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Research has shown that "abusive supervision is a subjective assessment made by subordinates regarding their supervisors" behavior towards them over a period of time. For example, abusive supervision includes a "boss demeaning, belittling, or invading privacy of the subordinate.
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goals are more likely to be supportive of others, while those who have more selfish motives believe that people should take care of themselves. When people have goals to preserve their own self-image this can undermine their compassionate goals and make them less supportive.
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that was conducted looked at the link between abusive supervision and different workplace events. Social undermining can arise from abusive supervision, such as when a supervisor uses negative actions and it leads to "flow downhill"; a supervisor is perceived as abusive.
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in order to raise healthy children. Another study found that participants who endure social undermining regarding their eating and exercise behavior, try to ignore the pressure, and the undermining affects their exercise decisions more than eating decisions.
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Oetzel, J; Duran, B; Jiang, Y; Lucero, J (2007). "Social support and social undermining as correlates for alcohol, drug, and mental disorders in
American Indian women presenting for primary care at an Indian Health Service hospital".
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mental health and experienced less well-being. The study shows that undermining has a significant role in worker-supervisor and co-worker relationship and that it leads to various different outcomes such as feelings of irritability,
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Gant, LM; Nagda, BA; Brabson, HV; Jayaratne, S; Chess, WA; Singh, A (1993). "Effects of social support and undermining on
African American workers' perceptions of coworker and supervisor relationships and psychological well-being".
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Kasimatis, M., & Wells, G. (1995). Individual differences in counter-factual thinking. In N. Roese & J. Olson (Eds.), What might have been: The social psychology of counterfactual thinking (pp. 81–102). New York: Lawrence
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According to Duffy, Ganster, and Pagon, 2002, the definition of social undermining in a workplace is, behavior intended to hinder over time and not allowing a person to establish or maintain positive interpersonal relationships.
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Folger, R., & Cropanzano, R. (2001). Fairness theory: justice as accountability. In J. Greenberg & R. Copanzano (Eds.), Advances in organizational justice (pp. 1–55). Palo Alto, CA: Stanford
University
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intentions relate to whether the victim responds to the undermining in a negative fashion with feelings of anger and a desire for revenge, or in a positive fashion with a desire to reconcile with the offender.
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within the same interaction, which can increase the depressive symptoms. Creating more social support can improve treatment outcomes of a patient depending on the type of stress level the person is enduring.
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Duffy, Michelle K.; Shaw, Jason D.; Scott, Kristin L.; Tepper, Bennett J. (2006). "The moderating roles of self-esteem and neuroticism in the relationship between group and individual undermining behavior".
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setting, they are more likely to have a more satisfied life. Research has shown that social undermining exists in a separate and distinct continuum when looking at positive workplace behavior (e.g.
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Due to the differences in the scope of the effects of social undermining and social support, many researchers have concluded that they are separate constructs, rather than two ends of a continuum.
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Finch, John F.; Okun, Morris A.; Pool, Gregory J.; Ruehlman, Linda S. (1999). "A Comparison of the
Influence of Conflictual and Supportive Social Interactions on Psychological Distress".
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Greenbaum, R. L.; Mawritz, M.; Eissa, G. (2012). "Bottom-line mentality as an antecedent of social undermining and the moderating roles of core self-evaluations and conscientiousness".
1359:"Stress-buffering or stress-exacerbation? Social support and social undermining as moderators of the relationship between perceived stress and depressive symptoms among married people"
1052:"Stress-buffering or stress-exacerbation? Social support and social undermining as moderators of the relationship between perceived stress and depressive symptoms among married people"
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When a subordinate is being abused, it can lead to negative affect towards their family where the subordinate starts undermining their family members. The undermining can arise from
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McCaskill, J. W.; Lakey, B. (2000). "Perceived support, social undermining, and emotion: Idiosyncratic and shared perspectives of adolescents and their families".
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Vinokur, A. D.; Van Ryn, M. (1993). "Social support and undermining in close relationships: Their independent effects on the mental health of unemployed persons".
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Vinokur, A. D.; Van Ryn, M. (1993). "Social support and undermining in close relationships: Their independent effects on the mental health of unemployed persons".
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Hershcovis, M. Sandy (2010). "'Incivility, social undermining, bullying... oh my!': A call to reconcile constructs within workplace aggression research".
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Research has shown that partners that offer social support can also offer social undermining. An example of this is when family members try to undermine
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Crocker, J.; Canevello, A. (2008). "Creating and undermining social support in communal relationships: The role of compassionate and self-image goals".
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their actions, efforts or characteristics. Social undermining is seen in relationships between family members, friends, personal relationships and
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Adams, S. H.; John, O. P. (1997). "A hostility scale for the
California Psychological Inventory: MMPI, observer Q-sort, and Big-five correlates".
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Folger, R., & Kass, E. (2000). Social comparison and fairness: a counterfactual simulations perspective. In J. Suls & L. Wheeler (Eds.),
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Mackert, M.; Stanforth, D.; Garcia, A. A. (2011). "Undermining of nutrition and exercise decisions: Experiencing negative social influence".
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Research has found that, depending on how the victim handles social undermining, it can have damaging effects when it comes to increased
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Creed, Peter A.; Moore, Kelli (2006). "Social Support, Social Undermining, and Coping in Underemployed and Unemployed Persons".
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directed towards a particular person or negative evaluations of the person as a way to prevent the person from achieving their
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Singh AK, Jayaratne S, Siefert K, Chess WA (1995). "Emotional support and social undermining as predictors of well-being".
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Finch, John F. (1998). "Social Undermining, Support Satisfaction, and Affect: A Domain-Specific Lagged Effects Model".
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Pettit, Nathan C. (2010). "Get Off My Back! The Impact of Status Distance and Status Change on Social Undermining".
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Duffy, M; Ganster, D; Shaw, J; Johnson, J; Pagon, M (2006). "The social context of undermining behavior at work".
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Folger, R., & Cropanzano, R. (1998). Organizational justice and human resource management. London: Sage.
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Social undermining in the workplace: construct refinement and relationship to retaliatory behaviors
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magnitude of the employee's reaction to the event by making the deprived state more salient".
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Green and Mean: Envy and Social Undermining in Organizations
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can be a reaction to this feeling of victimisation.
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2182:Society Against Violence in Education
1739:
1590:
1279:
796:
1449:Journal of Applied Social Psychology
1330:
678:
492:Post-traumatic embitterment disorder
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
1946:Bullying and emotional intelligence
1707:ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal
278:
13:
1614:Journal of Organizational Behavior
1268:
464:Emotional and behavioral reactions
14:
3352:
3341:Workplace harassment and bullying
2616:Machiavellianism in the workplace
1673:IACM 23rd Annual Conference Paper
947:Journal of Personality Assessment
34:This article has multiple issues.
3264:
3263:
1461:10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00010.x
1404:. Vol. 8. pp. 177–97.
1375:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2004.00069.x
1113:10.1111/j.1525-1446.2011.00940.x
1068:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2004.00069.x
504:
431:
166:
64:
23:
2569:Kauhajoki School of Hospitality
1636:Journal of Health Communication
1092:
1043:
1000:
973:
938:
890:
863:
853:
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
825:
790:
777:
710:
586:Occupational health psychology
1:
2611:List of LGBT-related suicides
2512:Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold
1826:Parental bullying of children
1690:Indian Journal of Social Work
1535:Journal of Applied Psychology
1410:10.1016/S1534-0856(06)08009-1
1314:Birkelbach, David B. (2007).
912:Journal of Applied Psychology
872:Academy of Management Journal
692:Academy of Management Journal
652:Journal of Applied Psychology
617:
269:
2656:Social dominance orientation
2641:Psychopathy in the workplace
1765:
1720:10.1249/FIT.0b013e3181a1b79a
982:Academy of Management Review
16:Type of anti-social behavior
7:
2788:Counterproductive behaviour
2621:Narcissism in the workplace
1547:10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1066
1525:10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.04.005
1496:10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.06.001
1357:Cranford, James A. (2004).
1297:Crossley, Craig D. (2005).
1280:Duffy, Michelle K. (1998).
1251:10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.06.001
959:10.1207/s15327752jpa6902_11
924:10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1125
591:Passive-aggressive behavior
497:
470:counterproductive behaviors
10:
3357:
1167:10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.350
1021:10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.555
741:10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.350
633:Processes, 74(3), 240-254.
315:
260:interpersonal relationship
3262:
3181:
2725:
2593:
2500:
2354:
2336:International Day of Pink
2331:Anti-bullying legislation
2313:
2268:
2197:
2190:
2129:
1928:
1773:
1648:10.1080/10810730601152771
897:Association, Orlando, FL.
393:
3290:Aspects of organizations
2938:Hostile work environment
2661:Suicide among LGBT youth
1233:Crossley, C. D. (2009).
1209:10.1177/0146167200269007
1050:Cranford, J. A. (2004).
994:10.5465/amr.1999.2202131
811:10.1177/0146167295216008
335:Hostile attribution bias
3321:Harassment and bullying
3275:Aspects of corporations
3063:Quality of working life
2753:Artificial intelligence
1956:Character assassination
1605:10.1111/1467-6494.00014
1576:10.1111/1467-6494.00066
536:Character assassination
195:less pertinent examples
3326:Interpersonal conflict
3285:Aspects of occupations
2346:Think Before You Speak
2240:James O'Higgins Norman
2172:It Gets Better Project
1883:Information technology
1593:Journal of Personality
1564:Journal of Personality
1363:Personal Relationships
1331:Fang, Ruolian (2010).
1056:Personal Relationships
415:Nutrition and exercise
373:Individual differences
3023:Performance appraisal
2773:Computer surveillance
2631:Personality disorders
2606:Just-world hypothesis
1846:Relational aggression
1101:Public Health Nursing
357:Bottom-line mentality
262:, success and a good
235:is the expression of
3331:Communication theory
3168:Workplace harassment
3158:Work–family conflict
2873:Employee recognition
2371:William Arthur Gibbs
2255:Christina Salmivalli
2205:Anna Costanza Baldry
2152:Bystander Revolution
2137:Act Against Bullying
2116:Workplace incivility
2041:Moving the goalposts
1868:Workplace harassment
1796:Displaced aggression
1478:Crossley, C (2009).
611:Workplace incivility
606:Workplace aggression
350:displaced aggression
99:"Social undermining"
84:improve this article
3316:Psychological abuse
3038:Positive psychology
2933:Health surveillance
2863:Employee monitoring
2858:Employee experience
2853:Employee engagement
2848:Employee assistance
2833:Effects of overtime
2738:Abusive supervision
2626:Personal boundaries
2601:Emotional blackmail
2281:Louise Burfitt-Dons
2220:David P. Farrington
2066:Psychological abuse
1791:Disability bullying
1781:Abusive supervision
318:Abusive supervision
312:Abusive supervision
233:Social undermining
191:improve the article
3068:Queen bee syndrome
2636:Playing the victim
2564:Matti Juhani Saari
2556:Jokela High School
2551:Pekka-Eric Auvinen
2395:Nicola Ann Raphael
2326:Anti-Bullying Week
2101:Social undermining
1873:Workplace bullying
1831:Peer victimization
601:Setting up to fail
3303:
3302:
3028:Personality clash
2973:Kiss up kick down
2684:
2683:
2389:Dawn-Marie Wesley
2321:Anti-Bullying Day
2309:
2308:
2031:Kiss up kick down
1816:Military bullying
1419:978-0-7623-1300-6
1351:Academic articles
581:Negativity effect
571:Kiss up kick down
512:Psychology portal
298:depersonalization
237:negative emotions
230:
229:
222:
212:
211:
160:
159:
152:
134:
57:
3348:
3267:
3266:
2983:Machiavellianism
2928:Health promotion
2883:Employee surveys
2878:Employee silence
2711:
2704:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2443:Kenneth Weishuhn
2413:Sladjana Vidovic
2301:Lizzie Velásquez
2260:Kenneth Westhues
2215:Dorothy Espelage
2195:
2194:
2096:Social exclusion
2056:Personal attacks
1991:False accusation
1893:Legal profession
1856:Higher education
1760:
1753:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1697:
1684:
1667:
1629:
1608:
1587:
1558:
1528:
1507:
1474:
1472:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1423:
1396:
1386:
1346:
1337:(Ph.D. thesis).
1327:
1310:
1301:(Ph.D. thesis).
1293:
1284:(Ph.D. thesis).
1263:
1262:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1192:
1179:
1178:
1160:
1140:
1125:
1124:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1079:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1004:
998:
997:
977:
971:
970:
942:
936:
935:
918:(5): 1125–1133.
907:
898:
894:
888:
887:
867:
861:
857:
851:
850:
829:
823:
822:
794:
788:
781:
775:
771:
765:
762:
753:
752:
734:
714:
708:
707:
687:
676:
675:
664:10.1037/a0025217
647:
634:
630:
514:
509:
508:
507:
474:job satisfaction
421:parenting styles
279:In the workplace
225:
218:
207:
204:
198:
170:
169:
162:
155:
148:
144:
141:
135:
133:
92:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3280:Aspects of jobs
3258:
3219:Labour movement
3177:
3118:Toxic workplace
3088:Robotics safety
3018:Parkinson's law
3008:Office politics
2993:Micromanagement
2868:Employee morale
2838:Emotional labor
2823:Divide and rule
2798:Culture of fear
2721:
2715:
2685:
2680:
2589:
2504:
2502:Murder–suicides
2496:
2491:Tyrone Unsworth
2473:Rebecca Sedwick
2467:Rehtaeh Parsons
2431:Jamey Rodemeyer
2359:
2350:
2305:
2264:
2186:
2162:Ditch the Label
2125:
1976:Destabilisation
1966:Culture of fear
1924:
1920:Toxic workplace
1863:Sexual bullying
1851:School bullying
1836:Prison bullying
1769:
1764:
1626:10.1002/job.689
1435:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1271:
1269:Further reading
1266:
1231:
1224:
1193:
1182:
1158:10.1.1.502.7301
1141:
1128:
1097:
1093:
1048:
1044:
1005:
1001:
978:
974:
943:
939:
908:
901:
895:
891:
868:
864:
858:
854:
830:
826:
795:
791:
782:
778:
772:
768:
763:
756:
732:10.1.1.502.7301
715:
711:
688:
679:
648:
637:
631:
624:
620:
615:
551:Divide and rule
541:Destabilisation
510:
505:
503:
500:
466:
434:
417:
396:
375:
359:
320:
314:
281:
272:
226:
215:
214:
213:
208:
202:
199:
188:
171:
167:
156:
145:
139:
136:
93:
91:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3354:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3185:
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3179:
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3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
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3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
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3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2813:Discrimination
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2666:Victim blaming
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2594:Related topics
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2548:
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2535:
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2522:
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2520:
2508:
2506:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2425:Tyler Clementi
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2367:
2365:
2352:
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2333:
2328:
2323:
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2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2091:Smear campaign
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2061:Physical abuse
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1951:Cancel culture
1948:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1698:
1685:
1668:
1642:(2): 187–206.
1630:
1620:(3): 499–519.
1609:
1588:
1570:(4): 581–621.
1559:
1541:(5): 1066–77.
1529:
1508:
1475:
1444:
1436:|journal=
1418:
1397:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1328:
1311:
1294:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1222:
1203:(7): 820–832.
1180:
1151:(2): 350–359.
1126:
1107:(5): 402–410.
1091:
1042:
1015:(3): 555–575.
999:
988:(3): 452–471.
972:
953:(2): 408–424.
937:
899:
889:
878:(2): 178–190.
862:
852:
824:
805:(6): 620–628.
789:
776:
766:
754:
725:(2): 350–359.
709:
698:(2): 331–352.
677:
658:(2): 343–359.
635:
621:
619:
616:
614:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
517:
516:
515:
499:
496:
465:
462:
433:
430:
416:
413:
395:
392:
379:social support
374:
371:
358:
355:
316:Main article:
313:
310:
286:social support
280:
277:
271:
268:
228:
227:
210:
209:
174:
172:
165:
158:
157:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3353:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3261:
3255:
3254:Whistleblower
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:Strike action
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3093:Role conflict
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:Relationships
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:Control freak
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:Victimisation
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2577:Elliot Rodger
2575:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2543:Virginia Tech
2541:
2540:
2539:
2538:Seung-Hui Cho
2536:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2479:Leelah Alcorn
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2419:Phoebe Prince
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2401:Ryan Halligan
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2377:Kelly Yeomans
2375:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:SuEllen Fried
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
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2256:
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2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2230:Heinz Leymann
2228:
2226:
2225:Shelley Hymel
2223:
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2218:
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2200:
2196:
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2167:GRIN Campaign
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2130:Organizations
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:Embarrassment
1984:
1982:
1979:
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1888:Legal aspects
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1827:
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1814:
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1809:
1807:
1806:LGBT bullying
1804:
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1799:
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1792:
1789:
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1786:Cyberbullying
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1645:
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1627:
1623:
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1610:
1606:
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1599:(3): 315–34.
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1569:
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1455:(2): 321–39.
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941:
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917:
913:
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904:
893:
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881:
877:
873:
866:
856:
848:
844:
841:(2): 158–64.
840:
836:
828:
820:
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812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
786:
780:
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489:
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482:psychosomatic
479:
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461:
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454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
432:Mental health
429:
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422:
412:
408:
404:
400:
391:
388:
387:compassionate
385:. Those with
384:
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180:
175:This article
173:
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151:
143:
132:
129:
125:
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118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3234:Organization
3224:Labor rights
3204:Headquarters
3137:
3123:Toxic leader
3103:Spirituality
2968:Kick the cat
2958:Intervention
2898:Feminisation
2748:Anti-pattern
2646:Scapegoating
2437:Jamie Hubley
2383:Hamed Nastoh
2296:Liam Hackett
2276:Andrea Adams
2250:Debra Pepler
2121:Verbal abuse
2100:
2051:Name calling
2021:Intimidation
1981:Discrediting
1941:Blacklisting
1913:Toxic leader
1710:
1706:
1696:(3): 349–60.
1693:
1689:
1672:
1639:
1635:
1617:
1613:
1596:
1592:
1567:
1563:
1538:
1534:
1516:
1512:
1487:
1483:
1452:
1448:
1401:
1369:(1): 23–40.
1366:
1362:
1333:
1315:
1298:
1281:
1245:(1): 14–24.
1242:
1238:
1200:
1196:
1148:
1144:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1062:(1): 23–40.
1059:
1055:
1045:
1012:
1008:
1002:
985:
981:
975:
950:
946:
940:
915:
911:
892:
875:
871:
865:
855:
838:
834:
827:
802:
798:
792:
784:
779:
769:
722:
718:
712:
695:
691:
655:
651:
556:Gamesmanship
546:Discrediting
526:Blacklisting
490:
486:
467:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
426:
418:
409:
405:
401:
397:
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367:
360:
347:
333:
329:
321:
306:
302:
290:
282:
273:
245:
232:
231:
216:
200:
189:Please help
177:may contain
176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
3249:Trade union
3239:Remote work
3214:Job sharing
3189:Corporation
3138:Undermining
3058:Psychopathy
2908:Goofing off
2903:Generations
2888:Empowerment
2733:Absenteeism
2717:Aspects of
2676:Victimology
2651:Self-esteem
2505:(incidents)
2455:Amanda Todd
2449:Audrie Pott
2407:Megan Meier
2210:Wendy Craig
2147:Bullying UK
2011:Humiliation
1996:Gaslighting
1713:(3): 14–9.
1470:10072/12541
835:Social Work
561:Gaslighting
478:self-esteem
362:Bottom line
324:supervision
252:criticizing
3310:Categories
3295:Employment
3194:Employment
3003:Narcissism
2953:Inequality
2948:Incivility
2923:Harassment
2893:Evaluation
2828:Drug tests
2743:Aggression
2719:workplaces
2582:Isla Vista
2525:Jeff Weise
2485:Conrad Roy
2461:Jadin Bell
2245:Dan Olweus
2235:Gary Namie
2036:Mind games
2016:Incivility
2006:Harassment
1971:Defamation
1519:: 105–26.
618:References
576:Mind games
484:symptoms.
270:Definition
264:reputation
256:co-workers
183:irrelevant
140:March 2015
110:newspapers
39:improve it
3336:Workplace
3268:Templates
3053:Profanity
3048:Probation
2988:Menopause
2978:Listening
2918:Happiness
2818:Diversity
2803:Democracy
2793:Coworking
2517:Columbine
2286:Tim Field
2269:Activists
2198:Academics
2142:Ban Bossy
2081:Screaming
2026:Isolation
1729:150158108
1490:: 14–24.
1438:ignored (
1428:cite book
1343:650219089
1324:212625374
1217:144096368
1153:CiteSeerX
819:145721609
727:CiteSeerX
480:and even
179:excessive
45:talk page
3182:See also
3173:Workwear
3163:Workload
3153:Wellness
3143:Violence
3133:Turnover
3128:Training
3108:Strategy
3098:Sabotage
3073:Rat race
3013:Overwork
2843:Emotions
2808:Deviance
2778:Conflict
2758:Bullying
2530:Red Lake
2357:suicides
2355:Notable
2177:Kidscape
2111:Taunting
2106:Swatting
2071:Rudeness
1961:Coercion
1936:Betrayal
1929:Elements
1908:Teaching
1898:Medicine
1878:Academia
1767:Bullying
1664:29630725
1656:17365359
1584:10444852
1555:16953768
1504:17696350
1393:16946802
1307:66462264
1290:40863581
1259:17696350
1121:22092423
1086:16946802
1029:18729694
932:16953773
672:22268488
596:Sedition
531:Bullying
498:See also
322:Abusive
203:May 2015
185:examples
3199:Factory
3148:Virtual
3083:Revenge
3043:Privacy
2998:Mobbing
2768:Culture
2763:Climate
2314:Actions
2191:Experts
2076:Sarcasm
2046:Nagging
1903:Nursing
1821:Mobbing
1681:1612873
1384:1557676
1175:8366424
1077:1557676
1037:1662615
967:9392898
884:1556375
860:Erlbaum
847:8480245
749:8366424
704:3069350
339:project
294:anxiety
124:scholar
3229:Office
3113:Stress
3033:Phobia
2963:Jargon
2913:Gossip
2726:Topics
2584:, 2014
2571:, 2008
2558:, 2007
2545:, 2007
2532:, 2005
2519:, 1999
2493:(2016)
2487:(2014)
2481:(2014)
2475:(2013)
2469:(2013)
2463:(2013)
2457:(2012)
2451:(2012)
2445:(2012)
2439:(2011)
2433:(2011)
2427:(2010)
2421:(2010)
2415:(2008)
2409:(2006)
2403:(2003)
2397:(2001)
2391:(2000)
2385:(2000)
2379:(1997)
2373:(1877)
2001:Gossip
1811:Hazing
1801:Doxing
1727:
1679:
1662:
1654:
1582:
1553:
1502:
1416:
1391:
1381:
1341:
1322:
1305:
1288:
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1215:
1173:
1155:
1119:
1084:
1074:
1035:
1027:
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845:
817:
774:Press.
747:
729:
702:
670:
394:Health
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
2943:Humor
2086:Shame
1774:Types
1725:S2CID
1660:S2CID
1500:S2CID
1274:Books
1255:S2CID
1213:S2CID
1033:S2CID
880:JSTOR
815:S2CID
700:JSTOR
521:Abuse
383:goals
342:blame
248:anger
241:goals
131:JSTOR
117:books
2362:List
1841:Rank
1677:SSRN
1652:PMID
1580:PMID
1551:PMID
1440:help
1414:ISBN
1389:PMID
1339:OCLC
1320:OCLC
1303:OCLC
1286:OCLC
1171:PMID
1117:PMID
1082:PMID
1025:PMID
963:PMID
928:PMID
843:PMID
745:PMID
668:PMID
103:news
3209:Job
1715:doi
1644:doi
1622:doi
1601:doi
1572:doi
1543:doi
1521:doi
1517:101
1492:doi
1488:108
1465:hdl
1457:doi
1406:doi
1379:PMC
1371:doi
1247:doi
1243:108
1205:doi
1163:doi
1109:doi
1072:PMC
1064:doi
1017:doi
990:doi
955:doi
920:doi
807:doi
737:doi
660:doi
288:).
181:or
86:by
3312::
1723:.
1711:13
1709:.
1705:.
1694:56
1692:.
1675:.
1658:.
1650:.
1640:12
1638:.
1618:32
1616:.
1597:66
1595:.
1578:.
1568:67
1566:.
1549:.
1539:91
1537:.
1515:.
1498:.
1486:.
1482:.
1463:.
1453:36
1451:.
1432::
1430:}}
1426:{{
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1387:.
1377:.
1367:11
1365:.
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1253:.
1241:.
1237:.
1225:^
1211:.
1201:26
1199:.
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1169:.
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1147:.
1129:^
1115:.
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1103:.
1080:.
1070:.
1060:11
1058:.
1054:.
1031:.
1023:.
1013:95
1011:.
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951:69
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914:.
902:^
876:43
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217:(
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201:(
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153:)
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138:(
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114:·
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55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
