6892:, this concept was not identical with the conception of the Freiburg school. In contrast to Eucken, who favoured a strictly procedural or rule-oriented liberalism in which the state solely sets the institutional framework and abstains generally from interference in the market, MĂŒller-Armack emphasised the state's responsibility actively to improve the market condition and simultaneously to pursue a social balance. In putting social policy on a par with economic policy, MĂŒller-Armack's concept was more emphatic regarding socio-political aims than the ordoliberal economic concept. As an extension of neoliberal thought, the social market economy was deliberately not a defined economic order but an adjustable holistic conception pursuing a complete humanistic societal order as a synthesis of seemingly conflicting objectives, namely economic freedom and social security. Although it is often viewed as a
6936:
5180:
5111:
effective allocation mechanism, but that output is maximized through sound state macroeconomic management of the economy. Social market economies posit that a strong social support network for the less affluent enhances capital output. By decreasing poverty and broadening prosperity to a large middle class, capital market participation is enlarged. Social market economies also posit that government regulation and even sponsorship of markets can lead to superior economic outcomes as evidenced in government sponsorship of the
Internet or basic securities regulation.
5025:
MĂŒller-Armack. In fact, his doctoral supervisor
Oppenheimer and especially Röpke, like Erhard a student of Oppenheimer, was his source of inspiration. Erhard perceived Röpke's books as works of revelation and considered the economist a brother in spirit. On 17 August 1948, Erhard referred to MĂŒller-Armack by whom he was strongly impressed most of all not as a theorist but as one who wanted to transfer theory into practice, as well as his concept of the social market economy. Soon after, at the second party congress of the
1001:. Social market refrains from attempts to plan and guide production, the workforce, or sales but support planned efforts to influence the economy through the organic means of a comprehensive economic policy coupled with flexible adaptation to market studies. Combining monetary, credit, trade, tax, customs, investment, and social policies, as well as other measures, this type of economic policy aims to create an economy that serves the welfare and needs of the entire population, thereby fulfilling its ultimate goal.
6721:
6932:("Market Economy in Dispute"), Erhard defended his concept of the social market economy alluding to the dualism between a controlled economy and a market economy. In view of the upcoming regional and federal elections, Adenauer, who was initially sceptical about Erhard, was not only impressed by the polarising slogan, such as "Controlled or Market Economy", but also by the efficacy of Erhard and his programme. The foundation for a successful political alliance was laid.
7245:
7175:
in 1996. In 2020, the EU nominal GDP per capita dropped from two thirds to about a half (53%) of the US one. In nominal terms, a
European citizen has become 20% poorer with respect to a US citizen, over the period 1996-2020. During the 24 years between 1996 and 2020 it has become relatively cheaper for a US citizen to stay in the EU, and it has become relatively more expensive for a EU citizen to stay in the US. Over this period of 24 years, from 1996 to 2020, the
4820:
4808:
3207:
2129:
8526:
in the Reich
Ministry of Economics, Otto Ohlendorf, argues, the term 'social market economy' was the outcome of a discussion with Ludwig Erhard on 12 Jan 1945. There is also some evidence that Harold Rasch, who in 1946/47 was deputy head of the inter-zonal economic administration in Minden, used the term in late 1947 and early 1948 independently of MĂŒller-Armack (1901â1978); cf. Rasch, H., Grundlagen der Wirtschaftsverfassung, Bad Godesberg, 1948.
3145:
7217:
2053:
8097:, Erlenbach-Zurich/ Stuttgart, 1957, pp. 71 ff. See also the contributions of WĂŒnsche, H. F., Welcher Marktwirtschaft gebĂŒhrt das Beiwort "sozial"? and Wartin, C., Zur sozialen Dimension marktwirtschaftlicher Ordnungen, in: Hohmann, K.; Schönwitz, D.; Weber, H. J.; WĂŒnsche, H. F. (eds.), Grundtexte zur Sozialen Marktwirtschaft, Band 2, Das Soziale in der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft, Stuttgart/New York, 1988, pp. 21-31, and pp. 411-415.
6733:
7231:
2065:
842:
7203:
6963:
responsibility, which find expression in the "social market economy" through genuine performance-based competition and the independent control of monopolies. Genuine performance-based competition exists when the rules of competition ensure that, under conditions of fair competition and equal opportunity, the better performance is rewarded. Market-driven prices regulate the interaction between all market participants.
7005:
upcoming political party clashes with particular energy for the CDU", realised the potential of subtle and systematic marketing to transform the concept from an economic theory, or even abstract economic policy, into the basis of a political party's propaganda and public image that held broad appeal. Eventually, on Sunday 14 August 1949 around 31 million
Germans were called to cast a vote for the first German
6824:
then completely helpless, left to his own devices, and society does not currently recognize any real obligation towards him beyond the usual help for the poor, even if he has been working all the time ever so faithfully and diligently. The usual help for the poor, however, leaves a lot to be desired, especially in large cities, where it is very much worse than in the country.
7096:
economic process. Throughout his political career, Joseph used his position to restate the principles of the social market economy and re-direct
Conservative policy in Britain. Joseph eventually set up a think tank in 1974 to study the model and initially called it the Ludwig Erhard Foundation and Institute for a Social Market Economy before settling on the name
4925:
than the ordoliberal economic concept. This dual principle also appeared in the name of the model. Although the adjective "social" often attracted criticism as a decorative fig leaf or conversely as a gateway for antiliberal interventionism, it meant more than simply distinguishing the concept from that of
7174:
In 1996, while the US nominal GDP per capita was $ 29,968, the EU nominal GDP per capita was $ 19,752. Twenty four years later, in 2020, the US nominal GDP per capita was $ 63,544 while the EU nominal GDP per capita was $ 33,928. The EU nominal GDP per capita was about two thirds (66%) of the US one,
7026:
FDP were in fact the only political party consistently gaining percentage of votes between 1946 and 1949. While these results affirmed the then general pro-market trend in public opinion, eventually, the electorate made its decision contingent on the satisfaction of its practical needs rather than on
7013:
Although the SPD turned out to be the most successful single party by gaining 29.12 per cent of the votes, the CDU/CSU combined attracted more votes, totalling 31 per cent and 139 mandates compared to 131 for the SPD. However, in fact both
Volksparteien had suffered large percentage losses over their
7004:
In the run-up to the federal elections in August 1949, the CDU/CSU consequently aligned their party platforms, policies and manifestos and campaigned with the social market economy. In particular, the former advertising manager for consumer goods Ludwig Erhard, who affirmed that he would "go into the
6957:
in the coal and steel industry, the system of employee property formation, the equalization of burdens, the creation of subsidized housing, child benefits, the agricultural Green Plan and the dynamism of pensions. On 20 June 1948, the principles of the social market economy espoused by the CDU became
8525:
is still controversial. In his autobiography
Wahrheit und Wirklichkeit. Der Weg aus den Weltkriegen in die Soziale Marktwirtschaft und eine kĂŒnftige Weltordnung, Homburg-Saarplatz, 1996, pp. 571 ff., Karl GĂŒnther Weiss, academic assistant to the former permanent representative of the State Secretary
7095:
for competition and innovation whilst the role of government was to help hold the ring, provide infrastructure, maintain a stable currency, a framework of laws, implementation of law and order, provision of a safety net (welfare state), defence of property rights and all other rights involved in the
6979:
as liaison body and information centre of the two political parties commonly referred to as the "Union", centred the social market economy. Finally, these principles were adopted as party platform and manifesto for the upcoming federal elections at the CDU's party conference in DĂŒsseldorf on 15 July
8482:
E.g. Götz, H. H., Die geistigen VÀter der sozialen
Marktwirtschaft, in: Eick, J. (ed.), So nutzt man den Wirtschaftsteil einer Tageszeitung, Frankfurt am Main, 1971, pp. 57-61 or Rieter, H.; Schmolz, M., The Ideas of German Ordoliberalism 1938â1945: Pointing the Way to a New Economic Order, in: The
8501:
Grossekettler, H., Adolf Lampe, die
Transformationsprobleme zwischen Friedens- und Kriegswirtschaften und die Arbeitsgemeinschaft Erwin von Beckerath, in: Goldschmidt, N. (ed.), Wirtschaft, Politik und Freiheit, Freiburg im Breisgau, 2005, p. 104 and Blumenberg-Lampe, C., Das Wirtschaftspolitische
6872:
believed in self-regulating market forces and limited indirect state interference. According to Eucken and his competitive order labelled ordoliberalism, the state must solely create a proper legal environment for the economy and maintain a healthy level of competition through measures that follow
6835:
After the collapse of the totalitarian Third Reich with its statist and corporatist economic policy, economists and academics at the University of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany advocated a neoliberal or new liberal and socio-economic order. In this context, it is important to distinguish between
6823:
The real grievance of the worker is the insecurity of his existence; he is not sure that he will always have work, he is not sure that he will always be healthy, and he foresees that he will one day be old and unfit to work. If he falls into poverty, even if only through a prolonged illness, he is
5142:
are part of the social security system. These insurances are funded by a combination of employee contributions, employer contributions and government subsidies. The social policy objectives include employment, housing and education policies as well as a socio-politically motivated balancing of the
4924:
conceived the social market economy as a regulatory policy idea aiming to combine free enterprise with a social program that is underpinned by market economic performance. In putting social policy on par with economic policy, MĂŒller-Armack's concept was more emphatic regarding socio-political aims
8846:
Karl Marx also influenced the European model indirectly through his warnings about the inherent instability of capitalism. Western Europe, composed of prosperous nations ruled by Marx's hated bourgeoisie, feared that if the economy were left to its own devices, Marx's prediction of collapse would
8197:
Regarding the influence of Oppenheimer on Erhard, see WĂŒnsche, H. F., Der Einfluss Oppenheimers auf Erhard und dessen Konzeption von der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft, in: Caspari, V.; Schefold, B. (eds.), Franz Oppenheimer und Adolph Lowe, Zwei Wirtschaftswissenschaftler der Frankfurter UniversitĂ€t,
7031:
and thus increasingly identified with the economic recovery and the improving economic conditions. Although the implementation of the social market economy benefited also from other crucial factors, including the eastâwest conflict and a favourable political and social climate within Germany and
6962:
The "social market economy" is the socially anchored law for the industrial economy, according to which the achievements of free and able individuals are integrated into a system that produces the highest level of economic benefit and social justice for all. This system is created by freedom and
4984:
postulated a so-called liberal socialism (i.e. socialism achieved via liberalism) as the pursuit of a societal order in which economic self-interest preserves its power and persists in free competition. This desirable order of freedom and equality was labelled by a later programmatic publication
5110:
as a theory or political or philosophical stance challenges the idea that the capitalist system is inherently antagonistic to social goals or to a political economy characterized by greater economic equality. The essence of the social market economy is the view that private markets are the most
8286:
Erhard, L., Marktwirtschaft im Streit der Meinungen, printed in: Erhard, L., Deutsche Wirtschaftspolitik â Der Weg der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft, DĂŒsseldorf/ Vienna/ New York/ Moscow, 1992, p. 70. Finally, Erhard used and described the term in an article in the Berliner Tagesspiegel on 23 April
6988:
not only provided a concrete, pragmatic and materialist economic programme but also an attractive slogan to reach consensus within the party and the public. While eventually the union of the two recently established political parties (i.e. the CDU and the CSU) possessed a coherent and unifying
5024:
that the freemarket economy did not need to be made social but that it was social in its origin. Erhard was rather inclined to Walter Eucken's ordoliberal competitive market order. Although he even considered himself an ordoliberal, Erhard based his economic conception neither on Eucken nor on
6855:
belonged to the Freiburg Circles and conversely no member of the Freiburg Circles can be attributed to the Freiburg school, which partly advocated different economic objectives. Both schools of economic thought considered that a certain form of planning was necessary for a transitional period
6776:
The social market economy was born and formed in times of severe economic but equally socio-political crises. Its conceptual architecture was set by particular historical experiences and political prerequisites: Germany's preoccupation with the social question since the late 19th century, the
5033:
capitalism and the Charybdis of a collectivist planned economy but also as a holistic and democratic social order, Erhard and in particular MĂŒller-Armack emphasised public acceptance and civic engagement as prerequisites for the success of the socio-economic model. For instance, MĂŒller-Armack
6923:
on 2 March 1948, the social market economy entered the political sphere. Soon after on 21 April 1948, Erhard informed the parliament about his economic policy and introduced the concept of the social market economy. Although there was no unanimous applause, both the liberal democrats and
6896:
of socio-political ideas rather than a precisely outlined theoretical order, the conception possessed an effective slogan, which facilitated its communication to both politics and the public. However, the eventual implementation required not only communication but also political backup.
8535:
MĂŒller-Armack, A., Soziale Marktwirtschaft â Handwörterbuch der Sozialwissenschaften, vol. 9, Göttingen, 1956, p. 390; Idem, Wirtschaftsordnung und Wirtschaftspolitik, Studien und Konzepte zur Sozialen Marktwirtschaft und zur EuropĂ€ischen Integration, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1966, p.
8136:
In regard to the different conceptions of the state see the study Lange-von Kulessa, J.; Renner, A., Die Soziale Marktwirtschaft Alfred MĂŒller-Armacks und der Ordoliberalismus der Freiburger Schule â Zur Unvereinbarkeit zweier Staatsauffassungen, in: ORDO 49, Stuttgart, 1998, pp.
8198:
Marburg, 1996, pp. 141-161; Haselbach, D., Franz Oppenheimer's Theory of Capitalism and of a Third Path, in: Koslowski, P. (ed.), The Theory of Capitalism in the German Economic Tradition. Historism, Ordo-Liberalism, Critical Theory, Solidarism, Berlin et al., 2000, pp. 54-86.
8847:
come true, and the proletariat would overthrow the ruling class Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced social welfare legislation in Germany between 1883 and 1888, despite violent political opposition, as a direct attempt to stave off Marx's socialist revolution.
7179:
has increased by 65% in the US, and by 51% in the EU. According to the consumer price index then, despite livelihood expenses have grown 14% less for a EU citizen compared to a US one, in the period 1996-2020, the EU citizen has become, nominally, 20% poorer.
6928:, the chairman of the CDU in the British zone of occupation, invited Erhard to also inform the party members about his socio-economic conception at the party convention in Recklinghausen, Germany on 28 August 1948. In a visionary and stirring speech, entitled
6912:. Although Erhard was rather inclined to Eucken's ordoliberal competitive market order and even considered himself an ordoliberal, he was strongly impressed by MĂŒller-Armack most of all not as a theorist but as one who wanted to transfer theory into practice.
5029:(CDU) in the British zone in Recklinghausen on 28 August 1948, Erhard circumscribed the concept as a "socially committed market economy". Whereas most neoliberal economists viewed the concept not only as an economic path between the Scylla of an untamed pure
5143:
distribution of income growth. In addition, there are provisions to restrain the free market (e.g. antitrust code, laws against the abuse of market power and so on). These elements help to diminish many of the occurring problems of a free market economy.
7157:
Although one of the main factors for the emergence of the European model of capitalism was the attempt to ameliorate the conditions of workers under capitalism and thus stave off the emergence of socialism or socialist revolution, American critics and
7059:(led by the SPD). The concept of the social market economy is still the common economic basis of major political parties in Germany including the CDU, FDP, and SPD, and a commitment to some form of social market economy is present in Article 3 of the
7009:
and to decide between the social market economy and a controlled economy advocated by the SPD. Of those eligible to vote, 25 million or 78.5 per cent actually went to the ballot boxes and showed a clear commitment to the emerging post-war democracy.
1095:
as not only taking into account the social responsibility of humanity but also the sustainable use and protection of natural resources. Countries with a social market economy include Austria, the Czech Republic, Croatia, Germany, Poland, and Japan.
6814:
developed a program in which industry and state work closely to stimulate economic growth by giving workers greater security. To trump the militant socialists, Bismarck gave workers a corporate status in the legal and political structures of the
5019:
Further in contrast to MĂŒller-Armack who emphasised the social aspect, for Erhard the social market economy was always first and foremost a market economic system. By proclaiming "the freer an economy is, the more social it is", Erhard once told
5053:. They share an involvement in the Anti-Nazi Opposition, whose search for a post-Nazi order for Germany is an important background for the development of this concept. Early protagonists had close contacts to the oppositional church-movement
5034:
stressed that by "more socialism" he meant the social engagement for and with the people. Equally, Erhard pointed out that the principles of the social market economy could only be achieved if the public was determined to give them priority.
7014:
previous Land election totals by failing to capture a comparable share of the enlarged electorate. The most remarkable advance by winning over a million extra votes and achieving 11.9 per cent of the total votes was that made by the liberal
6832:. The program included universal healthcare, compulsory education, sickness insurance, accident insurance, disability insurance and a retirement pension, none of which were then in existence to any great degree anywhere else in the world.
8511:
Röpke, W., Grundfragen rationeller Wirtschaftspolitik, in: Zeitschrift fĂŒr Schweizer Statistik & Volkswirtschaft, no. 1, 1941, p. 112; Idem, Civitas Humana â Grundfragen der Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsordnung, Erlenbach-Zurich,
8155:
Oppenheimer, F., System der Soziologie (III/1). Band 3: Theorie der reinen und politischen Ăkonomie, Teil 1: Grundlagen, Jena, 1910, p. 9. The economist Franz Oppenheimer (1864â1943) also published his economic conception in
8366:
Christine Blumenthal-Lampe: Das wirtschaftspolitische Programm der Freiburger Kreise: Entwurf einer freiheitlich-sozialen Nachkriegswirtschaft, Berlin 1973; Harald Jung: Soziale Marktwirtschaft und weltliche Ordnung, Berlin
8545:
Commun, P., Erhards Bekehrung zum Ordoliberalismus: Die grundlegende Bedeutung des wirtschaftspolitischen Diskurses in Umbruchszeiten, in: Freiburg Discussion Papers on Constitutional Economics 04/4, Freiburg im Breisgau,
8421:
Duden Wirtschaft von A bis Z. Grundlagenwissen fĂŒr Schule und Studium, Beruf und Alltag. 2. Aufl. Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut & F.A. Brockhaus 2004. Lizenzausgabe Bonn: Bundeszentrale fĂŒr politische Bildung
8564:
Wörtliche Berichte ĂŒber die 1.-40. Vollversammlung des Wirtschaftsrates des Vereinigten Wirtschaftsgebietes (Zweizonen-Wirtschaftsrat) in Frankfurt am Main, 8 vols., Wiesbaden/ Frankfurt am Main, 1947â1949, pp. 436
4976:, turning away from pure liberalism to demand a purposive state policy designed to regulate economic life and advocating a middle course between anarchic individualism, traditionalistic corporatism and bureaucratic
4953:. This socio-economic imperative actively managed by a strong stateâin contrast to the ordoliberal minimal state solely safeguarding the economic orderâis often labelled by the ambiguous but historical term
8178:
Oppenheimer supervised Erhard's doctoral thesis titled 'Wesen und Inhalt der Werteinheit', namely a study on various historical schools' perception of character and content of value, in the years 1922 to
8084:, vol. 9, Göttingen, 1956, p. 390; Idem, Wirtschaftsordnung und Wirtschaftspolitik, Studien und Konzepte zur Sozialen Marktwirtschaft und zur EuropÀischen Integration, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1966, p. 245.
8402:
7404:
8188:
Erhard, L., Franz Oppenheimer, dem Lehrer und Freund (1964), in: Hohmann, K. (ed.), Ludwig Erhard. Gedanken aus fĂŒnf Jahrzehnten, Reden und Schriften, DĂŒsseldorf/ Vienna/ New York, 1988b, p. 861.
6828:
Bismarck's program centered squarely on providing universal social insurance programs designed to increase productivity and focus the political attentions of the German workers on supporting
1091:
welfare state" (arising from the German social market economy) and the "labor-led social democratic welfare state". The concept of the model has since been expanded upon into the idea of an
4386:
7187:
wrote the European growth model achieved economic convergence effectively, helped poorer European nations reach the standard of their richer neighbors and become high-income economies.
8583:
Stoltenberg, G., Konrad Adenauer und die Soziale Marktwirtschaft, in: Die Politische Meinung, edited by the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS), vol. 45 (373), Sankt Augin, 2000, pp. 21 f.
4941:(ΔጰÏÎźÎœÎ·), which means being conducive to or working toward peace, moderation or conciliationâto overcome existing differences in society. The social market economy as an extension of
8216:
Comparative study Goldschmidt, N., Alfred MĂŒller-Armack and Ludwig Erhard: Social Market Liberalism, in: CREPHE-CREA Histoire du Liberalisme en Europe, Brochure no. 21, Paris, 2004.
7001:
but also limited the public relations of the party as a whole, especially in times of campaigning where the partially complex political programmes were simplified and popularised.
8862:
8492:
Blumenberg-Lampe, C. (ed.), Der Weg in die Soziale Marktwirtschaft: Referate, Protokolle, Gutachten der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Erwin von Beckerath 1943â1947, Stuttgart, 1986, p. 192.
7038:(Basic Law), which stressed individual freedom, human dignity and the subsidiarity of societal organisation, it was also the consistent efforts at political communication of the
6943:
Chancellor Adenauer of the ruling CDU implemented a new novel economic order amalgamating the promotion of free competition with the responsibility of the social government. The
6847:. Frequently, the two schools of thought were believed to be the same, although the first emerged from the latter and among the members of the Freiburg school only the founders
6975:
advocated Erhard's liberal and social economic model at the CSU's party convention in Straubing in May 1949, the economic principles elaborated by the Working Committee of the
6799:
not as a compromise but as a combination of seemingly conflicting objectives namely greater state provision for social security and the preservation of individual freedom.
4945:
thought was not a defined economic order but a holistic conception pursuing a complete humanistic societal order as a synthesis of seemingly conflicting objectives, namely
1047:
of capitalism. Rather than see it as an antithesis, some authors describe Rhine capitalism as a successful synthesis of the Anglo-American model with social democracy. The
8443:
Glossner, C. L.; Gregosz, D., The Formation and Implementation of the Social Market Economy by Alfred MĂŒller-Armack and Ludwig Erhard, Sankt Augustin/Berlin, 2011, S. 32.
6880:'s economic humanism leading to a "Civitas Humana", the ordoliberal competitive order was further developed by the Cologne school around the economist and anthropologist
8691:
Glossner, C. L., The Making of the German Post-War Economy â Political Communication and Public Reception of the social market economy after World War II, London, 2010.
7087:, the main political parties agreed on the nationalization of industry and close economic regulation. In the 1970s, Joseph introduced the idea as an alternative to the
7032:
abroad, the stabilising alliance between the conservative and liberal parties, the pro-market composition of the Economic Council and even the Federal Republic's own
5072:
described a similar concept, "Rhine capitalism". He compared the so-called "neo-American model" of a capitalistic market economy introduced by the administrations of
7051:) was identified with it. From the 1960s, the social market economy was the main economic model in mainland Western Europe, pursued by administrations of both the
8555:
Erhard, L., Deutsche Wirtschaftspolitik â Der Weg der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft, DĂŒsseldorf/ Vienna/ New York/ Moscow, 1992 (originally published in 1962), p. 592.
5123:
The social market contains central elements of a free market economy such as private property, free foreign trade, exchange of goods and free formation of prices.
8742:
6904:(Special Bureau for Money and Credit) within the Administration for Finance, i.e. an expert commission preparing the currency reform in the then Anglo-American
5095:. Albert analyzes the Rhenish model as the more equitable, efficient and less violent one. However, according to Albert complex psychological phenomena and the
9912:
8247:
Erhard, L., Deutsche Wirtschaftspolitik â Der Weg der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft, DĂŒsseldorf/Vienna/New York/Moscow, 1992 (originally published in 1962), p. 592.
7774:
Naoshi Yamawaki (2002). "Walter Eucken and Wilhelm Röpke. A reappraisal of their economic thought and the policy of ordoliberalism". In Yuichi Shionoya (ed.).
7191:
says: "One can say without exaggeration that Europe invented a âconvergence machineâ, taking in poor countries and helping them become high income economies."
2938:
30:
This article is about the economic model combining free-market capitalism with social policies. For the economic system in the People's Republic of China, see
4960:
The concept of the social market economy received fundamental impulses from reflection and critique of historical economic and social orders, namely Smithian
8399:
6873:
market principles. Thus, the paramount means by which economic policy can seek to improve the economy is by improving the institutional framework or "ordo".
6857:
3173:
4916:
as it emphasized the state's responsibility to work actively to improve the market condition and simultaneously to pursue a social balance. In contrast to
7413:
4150:
6998:
6916:
872:
10126:
9061:
8804:
7145:
7027:
any particular theoretical economic system. The advantage of the CDU and the CSU lay precisely in the fact that they were quasi-governing across the
6763:
9747:
2771:
6789:. These led to the eventual development of the social market economy as a viable socio-political and economic alternative between the extremes of
1051:
is contrasted and compared with other economic models, some of which are also described as middle ways or regional forms of capitalism, including
8296:
MĂŒller-Armack, A., The Social Market Economy as an Economic and Social Order, in: Review of Social Economy 36, Washington, D.C., 1978, pp. 326 f.
9276:
2293:
1663:
6971:(CSU) also expressed its commitment to a market economy with social balance and the then newly elected Bavarian Minister for Economic Affairs
6810:'s militant socialist movement. Germany implemented the world's first welfare state and universal healthcare program in the 1880s. Chancellor
9100:
8673:
Ahlener Programm, in: Heck, B. (ed.), Die CDU und ihr Programm â Programme, ErklĂ€rungen, Entschliessungen, Melle/ Sankt Augin, 1979, pp. 3-5.
6861:
4175:
4145:
8986:
Allen, Christopher S. "Ideas, institutions and organized capitalism: The German model of political economy twenty years after unification."
7042:
and corporate model that led to the implementation and eventual electoral validation of the social market economy in post-war West Germany.
9902:
4850:
4227:
2928:
2095:
8876:
9877:
7620:
The Dividing Line Between Success and Failure: A Comparison of Liberalism in the Netherlands and Germany in the 19th and 20th Centuries
2903:
6953:
could not have been brought about without secure social peace in the country. Adenauer's program centered on legislation establishing
8682:
Wengst, U., Die CDU/CSU im Bundestagswahlkampf 1949, in: Viertelsjahreshefte fĂŒr Zeitgeschichte (VfZ) 34, no. 1, Munich, 1986, p. 25.
6174:
4180:
3300:
3166:
1043:
with roughly the same meaning as social market economy. It is also called "Rhine capitalism", typically when contrasting it with the
8722:
4570:
8521:
MĂŒller-Armack, A., Wirtschaftslenkung und Marktwirtschaft, Hamburg, 1946, p. 88. However, the question of the origins of the term
7045:
At first controversial, the model became increasingly popular in West Germany and Austria since in both states economic success (
5221:
4920:, who sought an answer to the social question by establishing a functioning competitive order within a constitutional framework,
4160:
711:
8635:
The CDU and the Social Market Economy: DĂŒsseldorf Guidelines for Economic Policy, Agricultural Policy, Social Policy and Housing
7861:
Tadeusz Kowalik (2003). "Systemic Variety under the Conditions of Globalization and Integration". In Grzegorz W. KoĆodko (ed.).
4649:
865:
7997:
James C. Van Hook, Rebuilding Germany: The Creation of the Social Market Economy 1945â1957, Cambridge University Press, 2004,
10119:
9887:
9752:
9007:
8969:
8927:
8387:
8065:
8038:
7973:
7938:
7907:
7876:
7845:
7814:
7758:
7689:
7632:
7598:
7476:
6756:
6304:
5862:
5026:
5004:, and he never liked the expression Third Way. In his opinion, the term was tainted, reminding him too much about ideas of a
4694:
4488:
4267:
2913:
2776:
946:
9848:
4520:
4381:
4329:
4324:
3159:
2872:
6888:("social market economy") in a publication in December 1946. Although it evolved from ordoliberalism as a new variant of
6868:, favoured productive governmental intervention, i.e. an economy regulated by a relatively strong state, Eucken, Böhm and
7076:
5852:
4637:
4349:
4200:
3802:
8703:
9757:
9742:
8458:
The Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia. Conservatives, Bureaucracy, and the Social Question, 1815â70
6990:
4560:
4458:
4406:
4344:
4339:
4277:
2781:
2766:
300:
8738:
7988:
MĂŒller-Armack, A., Soziale Marktwirtschaft â Handwörterbuch der Sozialwissenschaften, vol. 9, Göttingen, 1956, p. 249.
9897:
9762:
9093:
8950:
8839:
8002:
7783:
7722:
7539:
6968:
6645:
6384:
6312:
5982:
5962:
5892:
5279:
4565:
4190:
3945:
2923:
2786:
1590:
858:
235:
8574:
Görtemaker, M., Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Von der GrĂŒndung bis zur Gegenwart, Munich, 1999, p. 148.
10212:
10112:
9737:
9366:
9070:
6997:, did not introduce its own economic concept. This not only complicated the parliamentary work of the party in the
6749:
5565:
5194:
5161:
4843:
4600:
2761:
2386:
2088:
10151:
9872:
9822:
8877:"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Historical data from the era of the modern U.S. consumer price index (CPI)"
7015:
6980:
1949. In contrast to the previous ideological Ahlener Programm suggesting a rather abstract and anti-materialist
6232:
5080:
with what he called Rhine capitalism, present in Germany, France and in some of the Northern European economies.
4627:
3532:
2898:
2846:
9023:
Ptak, Ralf. "Neoliberalism in Germany: Revisiting the Ordoliberal Foundations of the Social Market Economy." in
6777:
criticism of liberal capitalism triggered by the world economic crisis of the early 1930s and a pronounced anti-
1036:
and protection of those unable to enter the market labor force because of old-age, disability, or unemployment.
9802:
9559:
9416:
7532:
Christian Democracy in the European Union, 1945/1995: Proceedings of the Leuven Colloquium, 15â18 November 1995
6806:
of capitalism was to ameliorate the conditions of workers under capitalism and thus to stave off the threat of
6782:
6558:
5842:
3995:
3564:
2826:
2581:
2436:
1072:
401:
9117:
8432:
8015:
9569:
9431:
8817:
8146:
Nipperdey, Th., Deutsche Geschichte 1866â1918. Erster Band: Arbeitswelt und BĂŒrgergeist, Munich 1993, p. 336.
8127:
MĂŒller-Armack, A., Auf dem Weg nach Europa. Erinnerungen und Ausblicke, TĂŒbingen/ Stuttgart, 1971, pp. 50 ff.
6423:
5638:
5613:
5348:
4473:
4453:
2591:
2451:
1854:
1512:
846:
741:
461:
451:
17:
6466:
4508:
10197:
10187:
9086:
6363:
6262:
5942:
5698:
2112:
1904:
1894:
771:
9058:
8115:
Röpke, W., Civitas Humana â Grundfragen der Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsordnung, Erlenbach-ZĂŒrich, 1944.
4937:, MĂŒller-Armack pursued a "Social Humanism" or "Social Irenics"âthe notion irenics derives from the Greek
10207:
10202:
10073:
9837:
9732:
9727:
9679:
9496:
9441:
7891:
7649:
6651:
6432:
6327:
4836:
4498:
4075:
3542:
3436:
3103:
2861:
2756:
2751:
2701:
2516:
2461:
2081:
1600:
1537:
1470:
1448:
8106:
Nicholls, A. J., The Bonn Republic â West German Democracy 1945â1990, London/ New York, 1997, pp. 59 ff.
7183:
This might however be partly explained by a number of poorer countries joining the EU in the 2000s. The
6935:
5126:
In contrast to the situation in a free market economy, the state is not passive and actively implements
3965:
10237:
9892:
9882:
9722:
9619:
9333:
8207:
Erhard, L., Wirtschaft und Bildung (17 Aug 1957), reprinted in: Hohmann, K. (ed.), l.c., 1988b, p. 515.
6677:
6492:
6473:
6355:
6247:
5245:
4550:
4215:
4000:
3682:
3527:
2918:
2908:
2746:
2641:
2352:
1909:
1425:
6576:
6444:
4968:
conceptions prepared the ground for the socio-economic concept. Already in the late 19th century, the
9917:
9827:
9812:
9777:
9717:
7097:
6548:
6459:
6439:
6376:
6340:
5912:
5250:
5135:
4661:
4555:
4165:
3955:
3635:
3621:
2943:
2851:
2836:
2801:
2741:
1683:
1370:
1092:
694:
622:
43:
9634:
8903:
5668:
2656:
10227:
10217:
10036:
9976:
9832:
9807:
9461:
9321:
9157:
9127:
7555:
7406:
Social Market Economy as Alternative Approach of Capitalism after the Financial and Economic Crisis
7109:
7060:
6989:
economic programme enabling a more consistent public front, the oldest German political party, the
6920:
6667:
6619:
6400:
6113:
6107:
6002:
5296:
4882:
4448:
4433:
4299:
4195:
3446:
3253:
3066:
3004:
2856:
2831:
2481:
2340:
2174:
2144:
1957:
1653:
1500:
1339:
1313:
1235:
1180:
1076:
230:
31:
4050:
3935:
10232:
9219:
7121:
6630:
6454:
6368:
6335:
6288:
5902:
5882:
5813:
5653:
5648:
5409:
5274:
5169:
4753:
4632:
4575:
4463:
4428:
4287:
4242:
4155:
3990:
3380:
3345:
3226:
2236:
1849:
1495:
1490:
1480:
1175:
796:
746:
627:
355:
225:
6881:
5231:
4921:
3832:
10063:
9907:
9817:
9767:
9371:
9311:
9194:
7289:
7279:
7141:
7117:
6322:
6257:
5420:
5376:
5139:
4666:
4642:
4610:
4580:
4545:
4540:
4515:
4376:
4294:
4170:
4140:
3365:
3093:
2933:
2841:
2791:
2391:
2330:
2211:
2002:
1879:
1673:
1532:
1463:
1350:
1308:
918:
806:
205:
9644:
8786:
7868:
7681:
7624:
6296:
2666:
10135:
10041:
9554:
9256:
9169:
9132:
8655:
Wirtschaftspolitische LeitsÀtze der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der CDU/CSU, (presumably April 1949).
8057:
Selling the Economic Miracle: Economic Reconstruction and Politics in West Germany, 1949â1957
8030:
Selling the Economic Miracle: Economic Reconstruction and Politics in West Germany, 1949â1957
7965:
7961:
7930:
7899:
7837:
7806:
7750:
7714:
7590:
7468:
7269:
6869:
6696:
6662:
6449:
6102:
5872:
5439:
5096:
5046:
4787:
4709:
4684:
4656:
4615:
4595:
4585:
4530:
4468:
4443:
4359:
4354:
4319:
4304:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4237:
4232:
4185:
4080:
4055:
4045:
3950:
3782:
3767:
3667:
3609:
3071:
2576:
2273:
2186:
2149:
1982:
1967:
1889:
1869:
1824:
1721:
1580:
1570:
1542:
1405:
1333:
950:
801:
106:
91:
9401:
8996:
8939:
7386:
6069:
5179:
3925:
2421:
1328:
10192:
9955:
9948:
9684:
9152:
7365:
7339:
7176:
5992:
5972:
5952:
5546:
5526:
5204:
4775:
4590:
4535:
4525:
4503:
4483:
4478:
4438:
4423:
4401:
4364:
4314:
4272:
4262:
4222:
3742:
3707:
3616:
3569:
3414:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3221:
2983:
2976:
2706:
2169:
2032:
1987:
1962:
1929:
1633:
1628:
1565:
1560:
1318:
1155:
1080:
1009:
706:
514:
411:
375:
220:
153:
101:
6044:
5808:
5575:
3732:
3206:
8:
10222:
10182:
10068:
10058:
10024:
10019:
10014:
9664:
9283:
9251:
9162:
9109:
8418:
7329:
7284:
7023:
6725:
6501:
6485:
6392:
6189:
6164:
6154:
5922:
5778:
5633:
5499:
5262:
5199:
5058:
4902:
4770:
4418:
4391:
4334:
4282:
4065:
3837:
3777:
3727:
3500:
3419:
3360:
3293:
3263:
3258:
3231:
3190:
3149:
3144:
3098:
3088:
3054:
3049:
3044:
2686:
2300:
2268:
2179:
2120:
1746:
1668:
1623:
1618:
1485:
1475:
1375:
1185:
1150:
1108:
998:
990:
816:
761:
756:
689:
679:
365:
200:
8941:
Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, And Institutions In A Changing Global Order
8890:
8719:
7892:
Susan Albers Mohrman; Philip H. Mirvis; Christopher G. Worley; Abraham B. Shani (2013).
5748:
5061:
and emphasized the reference of their concept to Catholic and Protestant social ethics.
5038:
9604:
9306:
8349:
8341:
7334:
7319:
7088:
6689:
6640:
6625:
6553:
6521:
6184:
6159:
6092:
5768:
5678:
5658:
5623:
5608:
5392:
5286:
5267:
5226:
4493:
4396:
4309:
4105:
4040:
3940:
3495:
3475:
3312:
2626:
2325:
1992:
1952:
1829:
1678:
1643:
1430:
1390:
1345:
1265:
1220:
1200:
821:
781:
652:
557:
176:
158:
148:
141:
8760:
6064:
6034:
5016:. He vehemently and consistently argued against the view that models were converging.
4929:
capitalism on the one side and of ordoliberal conceptions on the other. In drawing on
3757:
10146:
10090:
10053:
9962:
9922:
9699:
9579:
9544:
9436:
9426:
9421:
9396:
9271:
9003:
8965:
8946:
8923:
8835:
8761:"Christianity and the Social Market Economy in Britain, Germany and Northern Ireland"
8383:
8353:
8061:
8034:
7998:
7969:
7934:
7903:
7872:
7841:
7810:
7779:
7754:
7718:
7707:
7685:
7628:
7594:
7535:
7509:
The Philosophy of Social Market Economy: Michel Foucault's Analysis of Ordoliberalism
7472:
7222:
7047:
6945:
6811:
6657:
6543:
6169:
6097:
5753:
5728:
5593:
5107:
5077:
5054:
5001:
4981:
4812:
4085:
3842:
3772:
3747:
3737:
3717:
3537:
3424:
3355:
3317:
3120:
3083:
2990:
2948:
2721:
2601:
2566:
2456:
2446:
2441:
2416:
2288:
2057:
1924:
1791:
1781:
1726:
1648:
1522:
1507:
1385:
1355:
1285:
1275:
1210:
1044:
1033:
1029:
961:
674:
426:
406:
193:
186:
181:
9491:
9406:
5509:
4964:
liberalism on the one hand and Marxian socialism on the other. Furthermore, various
2511:
2426:
10085:
10046:
9983:
9969:
9782:
9689:
9599:
9524:
9456:
9451:
9386:
9316:
9236:
9184:
9174:
9142:
9137:
8333:
7512:
7304:
7274:
7259:
7236:
7208:
7184:
6954:
6844:
6829:
6635:
6204:
6118:
5932:
5783:
5723:
5643:
5570:
5560:
5553:
5504:
5425:
5321:
5013:
4946:
4728:
4721:
4060:
4010:
3975:
3920:
3827:
3812:
3787:
3722:
3692:
3559:
3510:
3485:
3468:
3463:
3397:
3322:
3248:
3236:
3115:
3076:
3011:
2997:
2806:
2711:
2621:
2546:
2476:
2471:
2406:
2335:
2253:
2201:
2191:
2159:
2154:
1859:
1834:
1786:
1766:
1711:
1688:
1638:
1517:
1420:
1410:
1400:
1365:
1255:
1205:
1195:
1190:
1025:
1021:
1013:
969:
938:
930:
667:
602:
587:
539:
529:
523:
496:
481:
252:
215:
9629:
9476:
9411:
6877:
5743:
5688:
5628:
5099:
lets the American model appear more attractive and dynamic to the general public.
4930:
3980:
2651:
2496:
2431:
10031:
9867:
9614:
9519:
9381:
9266:
9209:
9179:
9065:
8746:
8726:
8707:
8406:
8378:
8055:
8028:
7955:
7924:
7893:
7862:
7831:
7800:
7744:
7675:
7618:
7584:
7462:
7344:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7125:
6994:
6925:
6900:
MĂŒller-Armack's concept soon met with the conception of the then Chairman of the
6856:
following the war. However, whereas the pivotal members of the Freiburg Circles,
6840:
6796:
6778:
6682:
6600:
6267:
6237:
6194:
6144:
6134:
6087:
5793:
5788:
5763:
5336:
5291:
5092:
5091:, Rhine capitalism according to Albert has its foundations on publicly organized
5088:
5084:
5021:
4950:
4913:
4898:
4886:
4824:
4120:
4110:
4095:
4015:
4005:
3985:
3877:
3857:
3817:
3792:
3702:
3596:
3584:
3574:
3515:
3375:
3370:
3241:
3137:
3061:
2893:
2636:
2541:
2401:
2283:
2226:
2196:
2069:
1914:
1819:
1776:
1756:
1751:
1741:
1736:
1658:
1453:
1032:. The social element of the model instead refers to support for the provision of
973:
953:
922:
894:
791:
751:
716:
612:
572:
567:
534:
380:
360:
350:
340:
325:
305:
240:
126:
51:
9659:
8483:
European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 1, London, 1993, pp. 87-114.
6924:
conservatives widely welcomed the transition to a more market-oriented economy.
6703:
6242:
5663:
4901:. The term "social" was established by Adenauer to prevent further reference to
2681:
10009:
9990:
9772:
9654:
9589:
9584:
9539:
9501:
9466:
9376:
9293:
9224:
7299:
7294:
7072:
6865:
6837:
6737:
6588:
6563:
6536:
6179:
6139:
6049:
6012:
5803:
5738:
5733:
5404:
5209:
5009:
4909:
4867:
on the basis of a competitive economy. The social market economy is opposed to
4864:
4792:
4765:
4760:
4733:
4689:
4035:
3970:
3822:
3797:
3762:
3712:
3652:
3579:
3480:
3441:
3431:
3305:
3273:
3039:
3018:
2796:
2676:
2611:
2606:
2561:
2521:
2486:
2396:
2310:
2241:
2022:
2007:
1977:
1899:
1395:
1240:
1230:
1160:
1145:
1140:
994:
957:
776:
592:
486:
330:
9787:
8646:
Wirtschaftspolitische Richtlinien der CSU in Bayern, (supposedly end of 1948).
8305:
MĂŒller-Armack, A., Religion und Wirtschaft, Bern/ Stuttgart, 1950, pp. 559 ff.
5703:
5683:
5598:
4025:
3847:
2811:
1761:
10176:
10078:
9941:
9694:
9674:
9609:
9549:
9446:
9345:
9288:
9241:
9231:
9204:
8700:
7314:
7188:
7163:
7019:
6909:
6889:
6848:
6816:
6791:
6672:
6214:
6059:
6039:
5818:
5673:
5618:
5539:
5383:
5362:
5214:
5119:
The main elements of the social market economy in Germany are the following:
5073:
5069:
5005:
4997:
4996:
This position was widely shared by Oppenheimer's doctoral student and friend
4917:
4869:
4748:
4070:
4030:
3960:
3930:
3897:
3892:
3872:
3752:
3677:
3589:
3452:
3268:
3108:
2969:
2716:
2696:
2631:
2571:
2466:
2364:
2305:
2258:
2248:
2221:
2012:
1884:
1844:
1716:
1380:
1280:
1260:
981:
934:
826:
811:
617:
607:
597:
582:
562:
491:
335:
257:
168:
131:
121:
111:
9018:
Freedom with responsibility: the social market economy in Germany, 1918-1963
8664:
Narr, W.-D., CDU-SPD. Programm und Praxis seit 1945, Stuttgart, 1966, p. 95.
7511:. UniversitÀt Freiburg, Freiburger Diskussionspapiere zur Ordnungsökonomik.
7506:
6993:(SPD), led by the advocate of economic planning and extensive socialisation
6852:
6581:
5042:
4885:
to establish fair competition, maintaining a balance between a high rate of
10156:
9797:
9669:
9649:
9639:
9594:
9564:
9486:
9471:
9328:
9189:
9147:
9052:
9032:
8610:
Schwarz, H.-P., Adenauer. Der Aufstieg. 1876â1952, Stuttgart, 1986, p. 602.
8265:
Hentschel, V., Ludwig Erhard â Ein Politikerleben, Berlin, 1998, pp. 75-78.
8093:
Hayek, F. A. v., "Was ist und was heisst 'sozial'?", in: Hunold, A. (ed.),
7159:
7092:
7084:
7080:
7052:
6972:
6950:
6803:
6568:
6252:
6199:
6149:
6054:
5823:
5773:
5718:
5531:
5494:
5458:
5432:
5037:
Important figures in the development of the concept include Eucken, Röpke,
4894:
4782:
4115:
4090:
4020:
3867:
3697:
3687:
3490:
2821:
2691:
2671:
2661:
2616:
2586:
2506:
2491:
2347:
2206:
2164:
1934:
1874:
1801:
1585:
1360:
1270:
1084:
1068:
1064:
1048:
942:
701:
577:
441:
436:
431:
416:
370:
345:
320:
315:
262:
116:
10104:
7746:
Europe's Promise: Why the European Way is the Best Hope in an Insecure Age
9574:
9534:
9481:
9391:
9261:
9246:
9199:
8998:
Political Economy of Modern Capitalism: Mapping Convergence and Diversity
8962:
Selling the Economic Miracle: Reconstruction and Politics in West Germany
7264:
7056:
7039:
7034:
6786:
6129:
5798:
5758:
5708:
5693:
5603:
5399:
5341:
5257:
5240:
5131:
4100:
3902:
3887:
3862:
3657:
3642:
3549:
3402:
3350:
2596:
2556:
2501:
2411:
2278:
2263:
2216:
2017:
1919:
1839:
1595:
1290:
1245:
1215:
1170:
1088:
766:
721:
684:
662:
657:
270:
245:
8891:"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices"
5474:
4819:
9842:
9529:
9301:
9214:
8345:
8277:
Hentschel, V., Ludwig Erhard â Ein Politikerleben, Berlin, 1998, p. 25.
7324:
7250:
7075:, the concept of the social market economy was first introduced by the
6209:
6123:
5415:
5356:
5127:
4942:
4933:'s anthropo-sociological approach of an economic humanism leading to a
4878:
4738:
4704:
4699:
4369:
3882:
3672:
3647:
3554:
3407:
3387:
3198:
2866:
2551:
2320:
2231:
1997:
1706:
1527:
1458:
1116:
1052:
986:
941:. The social market economy was originally promoted and implemented in
926:
96:
64:
9078:
8324:
Friedrich, Carl J. (1955). "The Political Thought of Neo-Liberalism".
7516:
9792:
9624:
8729:. Free Democratic Party of Germany. p. 14. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
7006:
6807:
5519:
5451:
5316:
4980:. In the early 20th century, the Frankfurt sociologist and economist
4965:
4905:, which was used in the early party agenda Ahlener Programm in 1947.
4890:
4874:
4807:
4605:
3807:
3327:
2816:
2646:
2128:
2037:
2027:
1972:
1796:
1731:
1575:
1323:
1130:
1060:
1056:
1017:
1005:
786:
310:
275:
210:
74:
69:
8452:
E. P. Hennock. "Social Policy under the Empire: Myths and Evidence"
8337:
7612:
7610:
7244:
7144:
and improvement of the quality of the environment. It shall promote
8710:. Christian Democratic Union of Germany. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
8620:
8169:
Oppenheimer, F., Weder so â noch so. Der dritte Weg, Potsdam, 1933.
7366:"Social Capitalism and Social Capital â Definitions and Discussion"
7309:
6595:
5000:, though the latter displaced adjective and subject by promoting a
4743:
4716:
4620:
4411:
3662:
3505:
1864:
1771:
1225:
1135:
163:
8904:
Golden Growth: Restoring the Lustre of the European Economic Model
8830:
Gregory, Paul R.; Stuart, Robert C. (2003). "The European Model".
8433:
Eintrag: keyword "social market economy" = Soziale Marktwirtschaft
979:
The social market economy was designed to be a middle way between
9340:
8823:
8123:
8121:
8082:
Soziale Marktwirtschaft â Handwörterbuch der Sozialwissenschaften
7798:
7607:
7216:
6976:
5713:
5331:
4977:
3852:
3458:
3392:
2359:
2052:
1165:
965:
519:
295:
7802:
Critical Political Studies: Debates and Dialogues from the Left
7709:
Fighting for Partnership: Labor and Politics in Unified Germany
7650:"Addressing the Marketing Problem of the Social Market Economy"
7230:
7028:
6905:
6479:
5369:
3522:
2064:
841:
647:
8118:
7586:
Taking the High Road: Communities Organize for Economic Change
7490:
7488:
7202:
6876:
In drawing on both Eucken's ordoliberal competitive order and
1250:
8834:(7th ed.). Southwestern Publishing House. p. 207.
8273:
8271:
5083:
While the neo-American model builds largely on the ideas of
4912:, this concept was not identical with the conception of the
8419:
keyword "social market economy" = âSoziale Marktwirtschaftâ
7485:
6529:
5465:
5326:
4863:
Social market economies aim to combine free initiative and
8268:
7166:
and sometimes mistakenly identify it as being socialist.
7162:
identify the social market model with the notions of the
6939:
Konrad Adenauer, a proponent of the social market economy
4972:("Catheder Socialists") engaged in social reforms in the
1008:
by right-wing critics. Although aspects were inspired by
8805:"Why is Labour still so obsessed with the German model?"
8621:"Biography of Konrad Adenauer, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung"
8400:
Roman Herzog Institute: Social Market Economy in Germany
8225:
Erhard, L., Wirken und Reden, Ludwigsburg, 1966, p. 320.
7864:
Emerging Market Economies: Globalization and Development
7132:, a highly competitive social market economy, aiming at
8863:"Comparing United States and European Union by Economy"
8314:
Erhard, L., Wohlstand fĂŒr alle, GĂŒtersloh, 1963, p. 11.
8160:, Bern/ Leipzig, 1935 under the pseudonym F. D. Pelton.
7922:
6919:
as Director of the Administration for Economics in the
4877:
economic systems, and combines private enterprise with
8832:
Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century
8502:
Programm der "Freiburger Kreise", Berlin, 1973, p. 64.
8332:(2). American Political Science Association: 509â525.
7578:
7576:
4908:
Although the social market economy model evolved from
7507:
Nils Goldschmidt, Hermann Rauchenschwandtner (2007).
7198:
997:, which was influenced by the political ideology of
7573:
4151:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
8995:
8938:
8937:Koppstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark Irving (2005),
8857:
8855:
8323:
7792:
7706:
7442:
6843:(or Freiburg school of law and economics) and the
6802:One of the major factors for the emergence of the
5049:and MĂŒller-Armack, who originally coined the term
1004:The social segment is often wrongly confused with
8936:
7953:
7885:
7616:
7436:
6958:the foundation of modern German economic policy:
972:alike. Its origins can be traced to the interwar
10174:
7363:
8852:
7916:
7895:Building Networks for Sustainable Effectiveness
7860:
7773:
7673:
8053:
8026:
7947:
7617:Van Schie, P. G. C.; Voermann, Gerrit (2006).
4897:, good working conditions, social welfare and
10120:
9094:
8993:
8829:
8758:
8741:. Social Democratic Party of Germany. p. 24.
7829:
7704:
6757:
4844:
4176:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
4146:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
3167:
2089:
866:
8238:(University of Chicago Press, 1991), p. 117.
7957:Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices
7926:Reclaiming Universities from a Runaway World
7799:Abigail B. Bakan; Eleanor MacDonald (2002).
7767:
6701:
6687:
6586:
6534:
6499:
6490:
6464:
6430:
6421:
5551:
5517:
5472:
5463:
5449:
5430:
5390:
5381:
5367:
10134:
8917:
8768:Journal of the Irish Christian Study Centre
7960:(2nd ed.). Cengage Learning. pp.
7854:
7823:
7749:. University of California Press. pp.
7742:
7738:
7736:
7734:
7523:
7494:
7460:
7402:
10127:
10113:
9878:Christian Democrat Organization of America
9101:
9087:
8370:
8236:The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism
7698:
7667:
7647:
6764:
6750:
5102:
4851:
4837:
3174:
3160:
2904:Christian Democrat Organization of America
2096:
2082:
873:
859:
8994:Crouch, Colin; Streeck, Wolfgang (2000),
8920:Deutsche Wirtschaftsgeschichte: seit 1945
7112:set the following goals in Article 3(3):
4181:International Federation of Liberal Youth
1016:, the social market approach rejects the
9059:Essay on Germany's Social Market Economy
7731:
7582:
7534:. Leuven University Press. p. 478.
7529:
6934:
9277:Friendly separation of church and state
9108:
7169:
6930:Marktwirtschaft im Streit der Meinungen
4161:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
2294:Friendly separation of church and state
917:, is a socioeconomic model combining a
14:
10175:
8959:
8784:
8601:MĂŒller-Armack, A., l.c., 1971, p. 247.
7454:
7448:
10108:
9888:European Christian Political Movement
9753:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
9082:
9033:"Germany - The Social Market Economy"
7929:. McGraw-Hill International. p.
6305:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
5863:Lectures on the Philosophy of History
5027:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
4991:Neither thus, nor thus. The third way
2914:European Christian Political Movement
2777:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
7898:. Emerald Group Publishing. p.
7713:. Cornell University Press. p.
6819:. In March 1884, Bismarck declared:
1083:textbook distinguishes between the "
9748:Christian Democratic People's Party
9055:â United States Library of Congress
9027:(Harvard UP, 2009) pp. 98â138.
8818:Treaty on European Union, Article 3
8701:"60 years of social market economy"
5853:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
5064:
4201:Liberal South East European Network
2772:Christian Democratic People's Party
24:
8979:
8592:Erhard, L., l.c., 1992, pp. 69-85.
7923:Melanie Walker; Jon Nixon (2004).
4987:Weder so â noch so. Der dritte Weg
937:. It is sometimes classified as a
933:within the market and generally a
25:
10249:
9898:Conservative Christian Fellowship
9763:Christian Social Union in Bavaria
9046:
8785:Biffen, John (12 December 1994).
8326:American Political Science Review
7805:. McGill-Queen's Press. pp.
7680:. University of Alberta. p.
7152:
7103:
7066:
6969:Christian Social Union in Bavaria
6785:formed by the experiences of the
6313:Christian Social Union in Bavaria
5893:Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man
4191:Liberal Network for Latin America
3624:(contributions to liberal theory)
2924:Conservative Christian Fellowship
2787:Christian Social Union in Bavaria
847:Business and economics portal
9738:Christian Democratic and Flemish
8456:1998 16(1): 58â74; Herman Beck,
7648:Marktanner, Marcus (June 2010).
7243:
7229:
7215:
7201:
6884:, who therefore coined the term
6795:capitalism and the collectivist
6731:
6719:
5566:Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918
5178:
5130:measures. Some elements such as
5114:
4818:
4806:
3205:
3143:
2762:Christian Democratic and Flemish
2127:
2063:
2051:
956:in 1949 and today it is used by
840:
9873:Centrist Democrat International
9758:Christian Social People's Party
8897:
8883:
8869:
8811:
8797:
8778:
8752:
8732:
8713:
8694:
8685:
8676:
8667:
8658:
8649:
8640:
8627:
8613:
8604:
8595:
8586:
8577:
8568:
8558:
8549:
8539:
8529:
8515:
8505:
8495:
8486:
8476:
8463:
8446:
8437:
8425:
8412:
8393:
8360:
8317:
8308:
8299:
8290:
8280:
8259:
8250:
8241:
8228:
8219:
8210:
8201:
8191:
8182:
8172:
8163:
8149:
8140:
8130:
8109:
8100:
8087:
8074:
8047:
8020:
8008:
7991:
7982:
7867:. Ashgate Publishing. pp.
7641:
7548:
7464:Moral Economy of Welfare States
7364:Tristan Claridge (9 May 2017).
2899:Centrist Democrat International
2782:Christian Social People's Party
1075:, and the contemporary Chinese
8945:, Cambridge University Press,
8720:Wiesbaden Programme of the FDP
7833:Corporations and the Third Way
7623:. LIT Verlag MĂŒnster. p.
7500:
7430:
7396:
7380:
7357:
6652:Die Freischwebende Intelligenz
6559:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
6385:German National People's Party
5843:Addresses to the German Nation
3565:Separation of church and state
1073:East Asian model of capitalism
993:. It was strongly inspired by
13:
1:
8379:Capitalism Against Capitalism
7437:Koppstein & Lichbach 2005
7351:
7116:The Union shall establish an
7055:(led by the CDU/CSU) and the
6646:Criticism of multiculturalism
6424:Bibliothek des Konservatismus
1855:Critique of political economy
1513:Critique of political economy
742:Commons-based peer production
462:Socialism of the 21st century
8918:Abelshauser, Werner (2004).
8739:Hamburg Programme of the SPD
8633:Christian Democratic Union,
7677:Germany--phoenix in Trouble?
7146:scientific and technological
7124:of Europe based on balanced
6902:Sonderstelle Geld und Kredit
5943:The Concept of the Political
1905:Periodizations of capitalism
7:
9903:Centre for European Studies
9838:Popular Republican Movement
9733:Christian Democratic Appeal
8988:German politics and society
8431:Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon:
8256:Nicholls, A. J., l.c., 1994
8158:Sprung ĂŒber ein Jahrhundert
8014:Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon:
7836:. Hart Publishing. p.
7583:Reynolds, David B. (2002).
7368:. Socialcapitalresearch.com
7194:
6641:Conservatism in Switzerland
6433:Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung
6328:Ecological Democratic Party
2929:Centre for European Studies
2862:Popular Republican Movement
2757:Christian Democratic Appeal
1601:Simple commodity production
10:
10254:
9893:Konrad Adenauer Foundation
9743:Christian Democratic Party
9071:Short Definition from the
9030:U.S. Library of Congress.
9025:The Road from Mont Pelerin
8911:
8749:Retrieved 10 October 2022.
7954:Lowell Barrington (2012).
7778:. Routledge. p. 199.
7655:. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung
7018:(FDP) led by the chairman
6678:Philosophical anthropology
6493:Studienzentrum Weikersheim
6474:Konrad Adenauer Foundation
6467:Institut fĂŒr Staatspolitik
5152:
5147:
2919:Konrad Adenauer Foundation
2767:Christian Democratic Party
1910:Perspectives on capitalism
1039:Some authors use the term
947:Christian Democratic Union
921:economic system alongside
29:
10142:
10001:
9932:
9918:Center for Public Justice
9859:
9778:Croatian Democratic Union
9718:American Solidarity Party
9709:
9511:
9358:
9116:
9053:The Social Market Economy
9016:Nicholls, Anthony James.
8469:Frederic B. M. Hollyday,
7098:Centre for Policy Studies
6460:Hans Filbinger Foundation
6440:Forum of German Catholics
6377:German Conservative Party
5913:Prussianism and Socialism
4788:Sexually liberal feminism
4695:Bias in American academia
4166:European Democratic Party
3622:List of liberal theorists
2944:Center for Public Justice
2802:Croatian Democratic Union
2742:American Solidarity Party
1093:eco-social market economy
236:Socialist-oriented market
10037:Christian libertarianism
9977:Sollicitudo rei socialis
9322:Environmental protection
9128:Catholic social teaching
8960:Spicka, Mark E. (2007).
7776:German Historical School
7674:Matthias Zimmer (1997).
7556:"GHDI - Document - Page"
7530:Lamberts, Emiel (1997).
7389:. Economics Dictionary.
7120:. It shall work for the
7110:Treaty on European Union
7061:Treaty on European Union
6921:Bizonal Economic Council
6668:Pan-European nationalism
6003:Germany Abolishes Itself
5160:This article is part of
5097:functioning of the press
4974:Verein fĂŒr Socialpolitik
3447:Labor theory of property
3067:Christian libertarianism
3005:Sollicitudo rei socialis
2341:Environmental protection
2145:Catholic social teaching
1181:Economic interventionism
1099:
1077:socialist market economy
939:regulated market economy
32:Socialist market economy
10213:Economy of West Germany
10136:Social models in Europe
9883:European People's Party
9723:Austrian People's Party
8523:Soziale Marktwirtschaft
8054:Mark E. Spicka (2007),
8027:Mark E. Spicka (2007),
8016:Soziale Marktwirtschaft
7589:. M.E. Sharpe. p.
7122:sustainable development
6991:Social Democratic Party
6949:or economic miracle of
6886:Soziale Marktwirtschaft
6726:Conservatism portal
6636:Conservatism in Austria
6577:SĂŒddeutsche Monatshefte
6455:Hanns Seidel Foundation
6445:Gerhard Löwenthal Prize
6369:Free Conservative Party
6356:Bavarian People's Party
6336:Family Party of Germany
6289:Alternative for Germany
5903:The Decline of the West
5171:Conservatism in Germany
5103:Social capitalism model
5051:Soziale Marktwirtschaft
5045:, Oppenheimer, Erhard,
4156:Arab Liberal Federation
3346:Consent of the governed
2909:European People's Party
2747:Austrian People's Party
1850:Criticism of capitalism
907:Rhine-Alpine capitalism
899:soziale Marktwirtschaft
9908:European Ideas Network
9195:Economic progressivism
8759:Esmond Birnie (1994).
7830:Sally Wheeler (2002).
7705:Lowell Turner (1998).
7290:Neoclassical economics
7150:
7140:, and a high level of
6986:DĂŒsseldorfer LeitsĂ€tze
6965:
6940:
6915:When Erhard succeeded
6826:
6702:
6688:
6587:
6535:
6500:
6491:
6465:
6431:
6422:
5552:
5518:
5473:
5464:
5450:
5431:
5391:
5382:
5368:
5140:unemployment insurance
5008:, somewhere between a
4171:European Liberal Youth
4141:Africa Liberal Network
3366:Economic globalization
2934:European Ideas Network
2212:Economic progressivism
1880:Exploitation of labour
1591:Primitive accumulation
919:free-market capitalist
898:
10042:Christian nationalism
9833:Polish People's Party
9803:National Action Party
9298:Social market economy
9257:Person Dignity Theory
9170:Consistent life ethic
9133:Christian corporatism
9002:, SAGE Publications,
8990:28.2 (2010): 130-150.
8725:3 August 2017 at the
8706:14 March 2013 at the
7467:. Routledge. p.
7270:Libertarian socialism
7114:
7016:Free Democratic Party
6960:
6938:
6870:Constantin von Dietze
6821:
6697:Theory of generations
6663:Liberalism in Germany
6450:German Burschenschaft
6401:German People's Party
5699:Moeller van den Bruck
5445:Social market economy
5136:universal health care
5047:Constantin von Dietze
4813:Liberalism portal
4685:Anti-authoritarianism
4186:Liberal International
3072:Christian nationalism
2857:Polish People's Party
2827:National Action Party
2316:Social market economy
2274:Person Dignity Theory
2187:Consistent life ethic
2150:Christian corporatism
2058:Capitalism portal
1870:Culture of capitalism
1825:Capitalist propaganda
1581:Industrial Revolution
1571:Commercial Revolution
1071:, Japanese corporate
976:of economic thought.
887:social market economy
9956:Graves de communi re
9949:Populorum progressio
8095:Masse und Demokratie
7743:Steven Hill (2010).
7461:Steffen Mau (2003).
7340:Humanistic economics
7177:consumer price index
7170:Economic performance
7024:economically liberal
6882:Alfred MĂŒller-Armack
5993:Moral und Hypermoral
5973:Fascism in Its Epoch
5953:On the Marble Cliffs
5547:German reunification
5527:German Confederation
4922:Alfred MĂŒller-Armack
3617:Age of Enlightenment
3570:Separation of powers
2984:Graves de communi re
2977:Populorum progressio
2033:Right-libertarianism
1963:Classical liberalism
1930:Venture philanthropy
1566:Capitalism and Islam
1561:Age of Enlightenment
1156:Capital accumulation
1081:comparative politics
1010:democratic socialism
772:Newly industrialized
515:Collective ownership
376:Vertical archipelago
27:Socio-economic model
10198:Economic ideologies
10188:Christian democracy
10059:Religious democracy
10025:Christian socialism
10020:Christian communism
10015:Christian anarchism
9728:Christian Democracy
9284:Religious pluralism
9252:Option for the poor
9110:Christian democracy
8080:MĂŒller-Armack, A.,
7419:on 11 November 2020
7330:Types of capitalism
7285:Keynesian economics
6858:Erwin von Beckerath
6620:Böckenförde dilemma
6502:Tradition und Leben
6486:Queen Louise League
6297:BĂŒndnis Deutschland
5923:Ideology and Utopia
5500:Anti-Socialist Laws
5200:Christian democracy
5085:Friedrich von Hayek
5059:Dietrich Bonhoeffer
4970:Kathedersozialisten
4957:("The Third Way").
4903:Christian socialism
4825:Politics portal
3528:Civil and political
3501:Popular sovereignty
3361:Economic liberalism
3150:Christianity portal
3089:Religious democracy
3055:Christian socialism
3050:Christian communism
3045:Christian anarchism
2752:Christian Democracy
2301:Religious pluralism
2269:Option for the poor
2121:Christian democracy
2070:Business portal
1186:Economic liberalism
1176:Competitive markets
1020:ideas of replacing
999:Christian democracy
991:socialist economics
757:Inclusive Democracy
10208:Economy of Germany
10203:Economy of Austria
9913:Schuman Foundation
9307:Sphere sovereignty
9064:2005-05-11 at the
9020:(Oxford UP, 2000).
8964:. Berghahn Books.
8745:2008-09-11 at the
8405:2011-02-24 at the
8060:, Berghahn Books,
8033:, Berghahn Books,
7335:Welfare capitalism
7320:Social corporatism
7280:RehnâMeidner model
7089:post-war consensus
6941:
6738:Germany portal
6690:Stahlhelm-Fraktion
6626:European New Right
6554:Deutsche Rundschau
6364:Conservative Party
5669:JĂŒnger (Friedrich)
5421:Political theology
4883:state intervention
3496:Permissive society
3476:Limited government
2939:Schuman Foundation
2326:Sphere sovereignty
1830:Capitalist realism
1221:Goods and services
1201:Fictitious capital
929:to establish both
695:Material balancing
177:Buddhist economics
10238:Social liberalism
10170:
10169:
10102:
10101:
10091:Ethical socialism
10054:Liberal democracy
9963:Quadragesimo anno
9923:Paneuropean Union
9813:Nationalist Party
9272:Religious liberty
9037:countrystudies.us
9009:978-0-7619-5653-2
8971:978-1-84545-223-0
8929:978-3-406-51094-6
8388:978-1-870332-54-5
8067:978-1-84545-223-0
8040:978-1-84545-223-0
7975:978-1-133-71036-3
7940:978-0-335-21291-0
7909:978-1-78190-887-7
7878:978-0-7546-3706-6
7847:978-1-901362-63-3
7816:978-0-7735-6956-0
7760:978-0-520-24857-1
7691:978-0-88864-305-6
7634:978-3-8258-7668-5
7600:978-0-7656-0745-4
7478:978-1-134-37055-9
7403:Ralph M. Wrobel,
7223:Capitalism portal
7048:Wirtschaftswunder
6946:Wirtschaftswunder
6812:Otto von Bismarck
6774:
6773:
6658:German militarism
5963:The Questionnaire
5576:Völkisch movement
5297:Historical School
5292:Right-Hegelianism
5132:pension insurance
5108:Social capitalism
5078:Margaret Thatcher
5055:Bekennende Kirche
5002:social liberalism
4982:Franz Oppenheimer
4861:
4860:
4700:Bias in the media
4216:Regional variants
3533:Natural and legal
3184:
3183:
3121:Ethical socialism
3084:Liberal democracy
2991:Quadragesimo anno
2949:Paneuropean Union
2837:Nationalist Party
2289:Religious liberty
2106:
2105:
1925:Spontaneous order
1895:History of theory
1538:New institutional
1508:Market monetarism
1443:Economic theories
1276:Supply and demand
1211:Free price system
1045:Anglo-Saxon model
1041:social capitalism
1034:equal opportunity
1030:economic planning
1024:and markets with
915:social capitalism
883:
882:
393:By regional model
187:Sabbath economics
16:(Redirected from
10245:
10129:
10122:
10115:
10106:
10105:
10086:Social democracy
10047:Theoconservatism
9984:Centesimus annus
9970:Laborem exercens
9783:Democratic Rally
9367:Arizmendiarrieta
9317:Environmentalism
9237:Multiculturalism
9185:Dignity of labor
9175:Cultural mandate
9143:Communitarianism
9138:Christian ethics
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7495:Abelshauser 2004
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7305:Market structure
7275:Market socialism
7260:Crony capitalism
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7237:Economics portal
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7209:Socialism portal
7206:
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7185:World Bank Group
6999:Economic Council
6982:Gemeinwirtschaft
6955:co-determination
6917:Johannes Semmler
6845:Freiburg Circles
6830:Kaiser Wilhelm I
6781:as well as anti-
6766:
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5734:Ritter (Gerhard)
5571:Oster conspiracy
5557:
5554:Historikerstreit
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5505:Carlsbad Decrees
5478:
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5440:Social hierarchy
5436:
5426:Prussian virtues
5396:
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5322:Christian values
5182:
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5065:Rhine capitalism
5039:Alexander RĂŒstow
5014:central planning
4947:economic freedom
4893:, low levels of
4873:policies and to
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4839:
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4729:Economic freedom
4722:Radical centrism
3560:Secular humanism
3486:Natural monopoly
3437:Internationalism
3254:Internationalist
3209:
3186:
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3176:
3169:
3162:
3147:
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3116:Social democracy
3077:Theoconservatism
3012:Centesimus annus
2998:Laborem exercens
2807:Democratic Rally
2387:Arizmendiarrieta
2336:Environmentalism
2254:Multiculturalism
2202:Dignity of labor
2192:Cultural mandate
2160:Communitarianism
2155:Christian ethics
2131:
2108:
2107:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2068:
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1860:Critique of work
1835:Capitalist state
1518:Critique of work
1401:Regulated market
1303:Economic systems
1256:Private property
1206:Financial market
1196:Entrepreneurship
1191:Economic surplus
1104:
1103:
1026:social ownership
1022:private property
1014:social democracy
970:social democrats
964:and modern (non-
931:fair competition
903:Rhine capitalism
875:
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861:
845:
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603:Municipalization
588:Financialization
558:Collectivization
540:Social ownership
530:Private property
524:Common ownership
482:Common ownership
296:Closed (autarky)
253:State capitalism
231:Socialist market
216:Market socialist
52:Economic systems
39:
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10228:Mixed economies
10218:Freiburg School
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10032:Christian right
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9823:Patriotic Union
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9267:Public morality
9210:Just war theory
9180:Culture of life
9112:
9107:
9066:Wayback Machine
9049:
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9041:; not copyright
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8980:Further reading
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8407:Wayback Machine
8398:
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8382:. Whurr; 1993.
8376:Michel Albert.
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7345:Planned economy
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7138:social progress
7134:full employment
7130:price stability
7126:economic growth
7118:internal market
7106:
7069:
6995:Kurt Schumacher
6926:Konrad Adenauer
6841:Freiburg school
6797:planned economy
6779:totalitarianism
6770:
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6601:Welt am Sonntag
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6341:The Republicans
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6075:
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5251:State Socialism
5190:
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5105:
5093:social security
5089:Milton Friedman
5067:
5022:Friedrich Hayek
4951:social security
4914:Freiburg school
4899:public services
4887:economic growth
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3597:State of nature
3585:Social services
3575:Social contract
3538:To own property
3341:
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3217:
3180:
3138:Politics portal
3136:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3062:Christian right
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2894:Catholic Action
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2284:Public morality
2227:Just war theory
2197:Culture of life
2139:
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1948:
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1939:
1915:Post-capitalism
1820:Anti-capitalism
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1161:Capital markets
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974:Freiburg school
962:social liberals
954:Konrad Adenauer
923:social policies
901:), also called
879:
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832:
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797:Post-industrial
792:Post-capitalist
752:Hunter-gatherer
737:
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635:
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613:Nationalization
573:Demutualization
568:Corporatization
553:
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535:State ownership
510:
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469:
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356:Robinson Crusoe
291:
290:By coordination
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267:Traditionalist
127:Neomercantilist
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10233:Ordoliberalism
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10002:Related topics
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9808:National Party
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9773:Civic Platform
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9334:in Catholicism
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9294:Social justice
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9047:External links
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8922:. C. H. Beck.
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8787:"Keith Joseph"
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8454:German History
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7560:German History
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7295:Market failure
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7153:Misconceptions
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7104:European Union
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7073:United Kingdom
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7067:United Kingdom
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6613:Related topics
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6598:
6593:
6589:Verlag Antaios
6584:
6579:
6574:
6566:
6564:Junge Freiheit
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6532:
6527:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6497:
6488:
6483:
6476:
6471:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6428:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6398:
6390:
6382:
6374:
6366:
6361:
6347:
6346:
6338:
6333:
6325:
6320:
6319:
6318:
6302:
6294:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6165:von Schleicher
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6013:Finis Germania
6009:
5999:
5989:
5979:
5969:
5959:
5949:
5939:
5929:
5919:
5909:
5899:
5889:
5879:
5869:
5859:
5849:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5814:von Treitschke
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5664:JĂŒnger (Ernst)
5661:
5656:
5654:von Hildebrand
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5549:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5529:
5524:
5515:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5470:
5461:
5456:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5388:
5379:
5374:
5365:
5360:
5353:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5243:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5224:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5202:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5175:
5174:
5166:
5165:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5124:
5116:
5113:
5104:
5101:
5066:
5063:
5010:market economy
4955:Der Dritte Weg
4935:Civitas Humana
4910:ordoliberalism
4865:social welfare
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4815:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:Utilitarianism
4790:
4785:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4766:Libertarianism
4763:
4761:Land value tax
4758:
4757:
4756:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4734:Egalitarianism
4731:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4690:Anti-communism
4687:
4681:
4679:Related topics
4678:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4635:
4633:Arizona School
4625:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4601:United Kingdom
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3728:Wollstonecraft
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3580:Social justice
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3481:Market economy
3478:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3456:
3449:
3444:
3442:Invisible hand
3439:
3434:
3432:Harm principle
3429:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3040:Christian left
3036:
3035:
3033:Related topics
3032:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2852:People's Party
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2832:National Party
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2797:Civic Platform
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2353:in Catholicism
2345:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2311:Social justice
2308:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2060:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2023:Ordoliberalism
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1900:Market economy
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1814:Related topics
1813:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1684:State monopoly
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1241:Liberalization
1238:
1233:
1231:Invisible hand
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1146:Businessperson
1143:
1141:Business cycle
1138:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1101:
1098:
995:ordoliberalism
881:
880:
878:
877:
870:
863:
855:
852:
851:
850:
849:
834:
833:
830:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
807:Resource-based
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
738:
735:
734:
731:
730:
727:
726:
725:
724:
719:
714:
704:
699:
698:
697:
692:
687:
682:
672:
671:
670:
665:
660:
650:
644:
641:
640:
637:
636:
633:
632:
631:
630:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
593:Liberalization
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
554:
551:
550:
547:
546:
543:
542:
537:
532:
527:
517:
511:
509:Property types
508:
507:
504:
503:
500:
499:
494:
489:
484:
478:
475:
474:
471:
470:
467:
466:
465:
464:
458:Latin America
456:
455:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
421:
420:
419:
414:
409:
404:
395:
392:
391:
388:
387:
384:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
292:
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
279:
278:
273:
265:
260:
255:
250:
249:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
198:
197:
196:
191:
190:
189:
179:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
145:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
94:
88:
85:
84:
81:
80:
78:
77:
72:
67:
61:
58:
55:
54:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10250:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10180:
10178:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10152:Mediterranean
10150:
10148:
10145:
10144:
10141:
10137:
10130:
10125:
10123:
10118:
10116:
10111:
10110:
10107:
10092:
10089:
10088:
10087:
10084:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10061:
10060:
10057:
10055:
10052:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10035:
10034:
10033:
10030:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10012:
10011:
10008:
10004:
10000:
9993:
9992:
9988:
9986:
9985:
9981:
9979:
9978:
9974:
9972:
9971:
9967:
9965:
9964:
9960:
9958:
9957:
9953:
9951:
9950:
9946:
9944:
9943:
9942:Rerum novarum
9939:
9935:
9931:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9862:
9860:Organisations
9858:
9851:
9850:
9846:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9818:New Democracy
9816:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9712:
9708:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9685:von der Leyen
9683:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9514:
9510:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9462:Nell-Breuning
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9361:
9357:
9347:
9344:
9343:
9342:
9339:
9335:
9332:
9331:
9330:
9327:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9314:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9289:Social Gospel
9287:
9285:
9282:
9278:
9275:
9274:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9242:Neo-Calvinism
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9232:Mixed economy
9230:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9217:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9205:Human dignity
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9150:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9125:
9121:
9119:
9115:
9111:
9104:
9099:
9097:
9092:
9090:
9085:
9084:
9081:
9075:
9074:
9069:
9067:
9063:
9060:
9057:
9054:
9051:
9050:
9038:
9034:
9029:
9026:
9022:
9019:
9015:
9011:
9005:
9000:
8999:
8992:
8989:
8985:
8984:
8973:
8967:
8963:
8958:
8954:
8952:0-521-60395-1
8948:
8943:
8942:
8935:
8931:
8925:
8921:
8916:
8915:
8905:
8900:
8892:
8886:
8878:
8872:
8864:
8858:
8856:
8848:
8843:
8841:0-618-26181-8
8837:
8833:
8826:
8820:, paragraph 3
8819:
8814:
8806:
8800:
8792:
8788:
8781:
8773:
8769:
8762:
8755:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8735:
8728:
8724:
8721:
8716:
8709:
8705:
8702:
8697:
8688:
8679:
8670:
8661:
8652:
8643:
8636:
8630:
8622:
8616:
8607:
8598:
8589:
8580:
8571:
8561:
8552:
8542:
8532:
8524:
8518:
8508:
8498:
8489:
8479:
8472:
8466:
8459:
8455:
8449:
8440:
8434:
8428:
8420:
8415:
8408:
8404:
8401:
8396:
8389:
8385:
8381:
8380:
8373:
8363:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8320:
8311:
8302:
8293:
8283:
8274:
8272:
8262:
8253:
8244:
8237:
8234:F. A. Hayek,
8231:
8222:
8213:
8204:
8194:
8185:
8175:
8166:
8159:
8152:
8143:
8133:
8124:
8122:
8112:
8103:
8096:
8090:
8083:
8077:
8069:
8063:
8059:
8058:
8050:
8042:
8036:
8032:
8031:
8023:
8017:
8011:
8004:
8003:0-521-83362-0
8000:
7994:
7985:
7977:
7971:
7967:
7963:
7959:
7958:
7950:
7942:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7927:
7919:
7911:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7896:
7888:
7880:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7865:
7857:
7849:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7834:
7826:
7818:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7803:
7795:
7787:
7785:1-134-62044-6
7781:
7777:
7770:
7762:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7747:
7739:
7737:
7735:
7726:
7724:0-8014-8483-9
7720:
7716:
7711:
7710:
7701:
7693:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7678:
7670:
7651:
7644:
7636:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7621:
7613:
7611:
7602:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7587:
7579:
7577:
7561:
7557:
7551:
7543:
7541:9789061868088
7537:
7533:
7526:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7503:
7496:
7491:
7489:
7480:
7474:
7470:
7466:
7465:
7457:
7450:
7445:
7439:, p. 156
7438:
7433:
7415:
7408:
7407:
7399:
7392:
7391:The Economist
7388:
7383:
7367:
7360:
7356:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7315:Mixed economy
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7252:
7246:
7241:
7238:
7232:
7227:
7224:
7218:
7213:
7210:
7204:
7199:
7192:
7190:
7189:Indermit Gill
7186:
7181:
7178:
7167:
7165:
7164:welfare state
7161:
7149:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7113:
7111:
7101:
7099:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7064:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7049:
7043:
7041:
7037:
7036:
7030:
7025:
7021:
7020:Theodor Heuss
7017:
7011:
7008:
7002:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6987:
6983:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6964:
6959:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6947:
6937:
6933:
6931:
6927:
6922:
6918:
6913:
6911:
6910:Ludwig Erhard
6907:
6903:
6898:
6895:
6891:
6890:neoliberalism
6887:
6883:
6879:
6878:Wilhelm Röpke
6874:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6854:
6850:
6849:Walter Eucken
6846:
6842:
6839:
6833:
6831:
6825:
6820:
6818:
6817:German Empire
6813:
6809:
6805:
6800:
6798:
6794:
6793:
6792:laissez-faire
6788:
6784:
6780:
6767:
6762:
6760:
6755:
6753:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6739:
6729:
6727:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6706:
6705:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6673:Pan-Germanism
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6621:
6617:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6513:
6512:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6481:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6420:
6419:
6416:Organizations
6413:
6412:
6402:
6399:
6394:
6391:
6386:
6383:
6378:
6375:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6306:
6303:
6298:
6295:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6277:
6276:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6224:
6223:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5995:
5994:
5990:
5985:
5984:
5980:
5975:
5974:
5970:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5935:
5934:
5930:
5925:
5924:
5920:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5905:
5904:
5900:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5885:
5884:
5880:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5833:
5832:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5799:Strauss (Leo)
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5588:Intellectuals
5585:
5584:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5541:
5540:German Empire
5538:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5384:In Treue fest
5380:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5364:
5363:Germanisation
5361:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5275:Revolutionary
5273:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5246:Paternalistic
5244:
5242:
5239:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5215:Ritter School
5213:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5168:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5115:Main elements
5112:
5109:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5074:Ronald Reagan
5071:
5070:Michel Albert
5062:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5035:
5032:
5031:laissez-faire
5028:
5023:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5006:mixed economy
5003:
4999:
4998:Ludwig Erhard
4994:
4992:
4988:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4962:laissez-faire
4958:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4931:Wilhelm Röpke
4928:
4927:laissez-faire
4923:
4919:
4918:Walter Eucken
4915:
4911:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4870:laissez-faire
4866:
4854:
4849:
4847:
4842:
4840:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4749:Individualism
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4628:United States
4626:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4228:Latin America
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4212:
4211:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4133:Organizations
4130:
4129:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3590:Welfare state
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3453:Laissez-faire
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3030:
3029:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2970:Rerum novarum
2967:
2966:
2959:
2958:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2887:Organizations
2884:
2883:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:New Democracy
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2731:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:von der Leyen
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2531:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:Nell-Breuning
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:Social Gospel
2304:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:Neo-Calvinism
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2249:Mixed economy
2247:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2222:Human dignity
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:Neoliberalism
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1958:Authoritarian
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1885:Globalization
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:Crisis theory
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1701:Intellectuals
1698:
1697:
1690:
1689:Technological
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1481:Institutional
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1340:Laissez-faire
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1314:Authoritarian
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1281:Surplus value
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1261:Privatization
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:
982:laissez-faire
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
935:welfare state
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
911:Rhenish model
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
876:
871:
869:
864:
862:
857:
856:
854:
853:
848:
843:
838:
837:
836:
835:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
802:Post-scarcity
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
747:Expeditionary
745:
743:
740:
739:
733:
732:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
708:
705:
703:
700:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
676:
673:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
639:
638:
629:
626:
625:
624:
623:Socialization
621:
619:
618:Privatization
616:
614:
611:
609:
608:Mutualization
606:
604:
601:
599:
598:Marketization
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
583:Expropriation
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
563:Communization
561:
559:
556:
555:
549:
548:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
525:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
506:
505:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
473:
472:
463:
460:
459:
457:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
422:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
397:
396:
390:
389:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
301:Decentralized
299:
297:
294:
293:
287:
286:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
266:
264:
261:
259:
258:Social credit
256:
254:
251:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
226:Participatory
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
202:
199:
195:
192:
188:
185:
184:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
143:
140:
138:
137:Social market
135:
133:
132:Protectionist
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
112:Laissez-faire
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
99:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
83:
82:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
57:
56:
53:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
18:Social market
10161:
9989:
9982:
9975:
9968:
9961:
9954:
9947:
9940:
9847:
9798:Kataeb Party
9768:Centre Party
9427:John Paul II
9359:Philosophers
9329:Subsidiarity
9220:Conservative
9190:Distributism
9148:Conservatism
9072:
9036:
9024:
9017:
8997:
8987:
8961:
8940:
8919:
8899:
8885:
8871:
8845:
8831:
8825:
8813:
8799:
8791:The Guardian
8790:
8780:
8771:
8767:
8754:
8734:
8715:
8696:
8687:
8678:
8669:
8660:
8651:
8642:
8634:
8629:
8615:
8606:
8597:
8588:
8579:
8570:
8560:
8551:
8541:
8531:
8522:
8517:
8507:
8497:
8488:
8478:
8473:(1970) p. 65
8470:
8465:
8457:
8453:
8448:
8439:
8427:
8414:
8395:
8377:
8372:
8362:
8329:
8325:
8319:
8310:
8301:
8292:
8282:
8261:
8252:
8243:
8235:
8230:
8221:
8212:
8203:
8193:
8184:
8174:
8165:
8157:
8151:
8142:
8132:
8111:
8102:
8094:
8089:
8081:
8076:
8056:
8049:
8029:
8022:
8010:
7993:
7984:
7956:
7949:
7925:
7918:
7894:
7887:
7863:
7856:
7832:
7825:
7801:
7794:
7775:
7769:
7745:
7708:
7700:
7676:
7669:
7657:. Retrieved
7643:
7619:
7585:
7563:. Retrieved
7559:
7550:
7531:
7525:
7508:
7502:
7463:
7456:
7451:, p. 2.
7444:
7432:
7421:, retrieved
7414:the original
7405:
7398:
7390:
7382:
7370:. Retrieved
7359:
7182:
7173:
7160:Eurosceptics
7156:
7115:
7107:
7093:free markets
7085:World War II
7083:. Following
7081:Keith Joseph
7077:Conservative
7070:
7053:centre-right
7046:
7044:
7033:
7012:
7003:
6985:
6981:
6973:Hanns Seidel
6966:
6961:
6951:West Germany
6944:
6942:
6929:
6914:
6901:
6899:
6893:
6885:
6875:
6834:
6827:
6822:
6804:German model
6801:
6790:
6783:collectivism
6775:
6704:Ăberfremdung
6650:
6618:
6569:Kreuzzeitung
6478:
6393:German Party
6349:
6348:
6323:Centre Party
6283:
6155:von Radowitz
6098:von Bismarck
6029:Commentators
6011:
6001:
5991:
5981:
5971:
5961:
5951:
5941:
5931:
5921:
5911:
5907:(1918, 1922)
5901:
5891:
5881:
5873:Degeneration
5871:
5861:
5851:
5841:
5594:Benedict XVI
5533:
5510:
5495:20 July plot
5459:Subsidiarity
5444:
5433:Sittlichkeit
5355:
5350:Gemeinschaft
5349:
5263:Cameralistic
5232:
5118:
5106:
5082:
5068:
5050:
5036:
5030:
5018:
4995:
4990:
4986:
4973:
4969:
4961:
4959:
4954:
4938:
4934:
4926:
4907:
4895:unemployment
4868:
4862:
4783:Pirate Party
4643:Jeffersonian
4551:South Africa
4041:Lloyd George
3636:Philosophers
3543:To bear arms
3491:Open society
3451:
3227:Conservative
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2871:
2822:Kataeb Party
2792:Centre Party
2447:John Paul II
2380:Philosophers
2348:Subsidiarity
2315:
2237:Conservative
2207:Distributism
2165:Conservatism
1935:Wage slavery
1875:Evergreening
1586:Mercantilism
1533:Neoclassical
1415:
1361:Mercantilist
1338:
1271:Rent seeking
1236:Visible hand
1085:conservative
1069:Nordic model
1065:polder model
1063:, the Dutch
1049:German model
1040:
1038:
1003:
980:
978:
958:ordoliberals
943:West Germany
914:
910:
906:
902:
890:
886:
884:
712:Peer-to-peer
707:Self-managed
642:Coordination
578:Deregulation
446:
263:Distributist
136:
117:Mercantilist
36:
10193:Corporatism
10147:Anglo-Saxon
9991:Laudato si'
9788:Fianna FĂĄil
9620:MikoĆajczyk
9512:Politicians
9312:Stewardship
9247:Neo-Thomism
9200:Familialism
9158:Progressive
7449:Spicka 2007
7265:Corporatism
7079:politician
7057:centre-left
7040:cooperative
7035:Grundgesetz
6866:Jens Jessen
6862:Adolf Lampe
6838:ordoliberal
6787:Third Reich
6683:Remigration
6263:Wackenroder
6248:von Savigny
6233:Böckenförde
6205:von Westarp
6108:von Gerlach
6082:Politicians
5754:von Salomon
5561:The Junkers
5400:Medievalism
5377:Imperialism
5342:Meritocracy
5337:Aristocracy
5287:Romanticism
5258:Prussianism
5241:Neue Rechte
5227:Nationalist
4611:Gladstonian
4571:Switzerland
4556:South Korea
4499:Philippines
4459:New Zealand
4454:Netherlands
4111:Verhofstadt
4106:Balcerowicz
3915:Politicians
3843:Collingwood
3783:Tocqueville
3658:Montesquieu
3550:Rule of law
3351:Due process
3019:Laudato si'
2812:Fianna FĂĄil
2642:MikoĆajczyk
2535:Politicians
2331:Stewardship
2264:Neo-Thomism
2217:Familialism
2175:Progressive
2018:Objectivism
2003:Libertarian
1920:Speculation
1840:Consumerism
1674:Progressive
1613:Development
1596:Physiocracy
1543:Supply-side
1351:Libertarian
1329:Free-market
1309:Anglo-Saxon
1291:Wage labour
1246:Marginalism
1216:Free market
1171:Corporation
1089:corporatist
925:and enough
817:Traditional
767:Manorialism
762:Information
736:Other types
722:Open access
685:Cybernetics
427:Anglo-Saxon
412:Singaporean
371:Underground
366:Subsistence
271:Corporatist
246:Syndicalist
206:Communalist
92:Associative
86:By ideology
59:Major types
10223:Liberalism
10183:Capitalism
10177:Categories
9843:VMRO-DPMNE
9700:Windthorst
9605:Mazowiecki
9545:De Gasperi
9397:Dooyeweerd
9387:Chesterton
9302:Solidarity
9262:Popularism
9215:Liberalism
9118:Principles
7659:10 October
7565:10 October
7517:10419/4374
7423:21 October
7352:References
7325:Tripartism
7251:Law portal
7142:protection
6967:After the
6853:Franz Böhm
6582:Der TĂŒrmer
6238:von Gierke
6210:Wilhelm II
6185:von Storch
6170:Stresemann
6160:Rauschning
6103:Fehrenbach
6035:Kubitschek
5836:Literature
5784:Sloterdijk
5475:Volksgeist
5416:Patriotism
5410:Organicism
5405:Monarchism
5357:Geopolitik
5311:Principles
5222:Monarchism
5189:Ideologies
5128:regulative
5043:Franz Böhm
4943:neoliberal
4879:regulation
4739:Empiricism
4710:Democratic
4705:Capitalism
4616:Manchester
4449:Montenegro
4434:Luxembourg
4370:Venizelism
4300:Costa Rica
3555:Secularism
3388:Federalism
3340:Principles
3199:Liberalism
2867:VMRO-DPMNE
2722:Windthorst
2627:Mazowiecki
2567:De Gasperi
2417:Dooyeweerd
2407:Chesterton
2321:Solidarity
2279:Popularism
2232:Liberalism
2138:Principles
1998:Liberalism
1983:Humanistic
1968:Democratic
1947:Ideologies
1782:Schumpeter
1528:Monetarist
1459:Chartalism
1406:Regulatory
1381:Neoliberal
1334:Humanistic
1117:Capitalism
1053:Tony Blair
987:capitalism
951:Chancellor
927:regulation
822:Transition
782:Plantation
690:Indicative
552:Transition
402:East Asian
173:Religious
149:Democratic
122:Neoliberal
107:Democratic
97:Capitalist
65:Capitalism
9933:Documents
9793:Fine Gael
9680:Vogelsang
9675:Tindemans
9645:Pöttering
9525:Andreotti
9497:Vogelsang
9442:Lamennais
9073:Economist
8354:145643424
7091:allowing
7007:Bundestag
6808:Karl Marx
6572:(Defunct)
6525:(Defunct)
6175:vom Stein
6145:von Papen
6119:Hugenberg
6114:Goerdeler
6045:Safranski
5804:Steinbuch
5729:von Ranke
5679:Koselleck
5644:Heidegger
5614:von Galen
5520:Freikorps
5511:ErklÀrung
5452:Sonderweg
5317:Authority
5268:Socialist
4985:entitled
4966:Third Way
4891:inflation
4875:socialist
4754:Anarchist
4662:Venezuela
4638:Classical
4606:Cobdenism
4509:Cracovian
4464:Nicaragua
4429:Lithuania
4288:Hong Kong
4243:Australia
4081:Roosevelt
4051:StÄhlberg
4046:Venizelos
4001:Sarmiento
3991:Gladstone
3951:Lamartine
3921:Jefferson
3773:Martineau
3723:De Gouges
3708:Condorcet
3693:Priestley
3356:Democracy
3328:Third Way
3289:Christian
3284:Religious
3222:Classical
2962:Documents
2817:Fine Gael
2702:Vogelsang
2697:Tindemans
2667:Pöttering
2547:Andreotti
2517:Vogelsang
2462:Lamennais
2038:Third Way
2028:Privatism
1988:Inclusive
1973:Dirigisme
1767:von Mises
1654:Illiberal
1634:Corporate
1629:Community
1576:Feudalism
1486:Keynesian
1476:Classical
1319:Corporate
1131:Austerity
1079:. A 2012
1061:dirigisme
1059:, French
1057:Third Way
1018:communist
1006:socialism
985:forms of
787:Plutonomy
668:Regulated
497:Voluntary
423:European
276:Feudalism
221:Mutualist
211:Communist
201:Socialist
182:Christian
102:Corporate
75:Communism
70:Socialism
10064:Buddhist
9635:Pastrana
9580:Korfanty
9570:Ketteler
9520:Adenauer
9502:Williams
9492:Tischner
9452:Maritain
9447:Leo XIII
9437:Korfanty
9432:Ketteler
9422:Habsburg
9402:Gebhardt
9382:Berggrav
9062:Archived
8743:Archived
8723:Archived
8704:Archived
8471:Bismarck
8409:(german)
8403:Archived
8005:, p. 185
7310:Monopoly
7195:See also
7148:advance.
6596:Die Welt
6180:Stoecker
6093:Ancillon
6088:Adenauer
6070:WeiĂmann
6050:Sarrazin
5819:Voegelin
5794:Spengler
5789:Spaemann
5779:Sieferle
5769:Schlegel
5764:Schelsky
5724:Plessner
5624:Gogarten
5233:Völkisch
5195:Agrarian
5162:a series
4744:Humanism
4717:Centrism
4667:Zimbabwe
4621:Whiggism
4581:Thailand
4546:Slovenia
4541:Slovakia
4516:Portugal
4489:Paraguay
4412:Liberism
4377:Honduras
4295:Colombia
4268:Bulgaria
4061:Rathenau
4036:Milyukov
3956:Macaulay
3926:KoĆĆÄ
taj
3898:Kymlicka
3878:Friedman
3823:Cassirer
3813:Hobhouse
3748:Constant
3743:Humboldt
3703:Beccaria
3668:Rousseau
3663:Voltaire
3506:Property
3469:Positive
3464:Negative
3420:Religion
3398:Economic
3371:Equality
3294:Catholic
3264:National
3259:Muscular
3237:Feminist
3232:Cultural
3191:a series
3189:Part of
3094:Buddhist
2657:Pastrana
2602:Korfanty
2592:Ketteler
2542:Adenauer
2522:Williams
2512:Tischner
2472:Maritain
2467:Leo XIII
2457:Korfanty
2452:Ketteler
2442:Habsburg
2422:Gebhardt
2402:Berggrav
2113:a series
2111:Part of
1865:Cronyism
1777:Rothbard
1752:Marshall
1737:Friedman
1669:Merchant
1624:Consumer
1619:Advanced
1454:Austrian
1449:American
1376:National
1371:Monopoly
1324:Dirigist
1226:Investor
1136:Business
1125:Concepts
1109:a series
1107:Part of
675:Planning
326:Informal
311:Dirigist
164:Georgist
159:Feminist
44:a series
42:Part of
10069:Islamic
9710:Parties
9665:Strauss
9655:Schuman
9640:Pethrus
9630:Quadros
9615:Metsola
9600:Martens
9540:Caldera
9472:Pius XI
9457:Mounier
9341:Welfare
9153:Liberal
8912:Sources
8460:. 1995.
8346:1951819
8137:79-104.
7372:1 March
7071:In the
6984:, these
6977:CDU/CSU
6894:mélange
6549:COMPACT
6522:Antaios
6350:Defunct
6280:Parties
6268:Wagener
6253:Schmitt
6227:Jurists
6195:Wagener
6190:Strauss
6065:StĂŒrmer
5809:Tönnies
5774:Schmitt
5759:Scheler
5714:Novalis
5609:Gadamer
5532:German
5489:History
5332:Elitism
5205:Liberal
5153:Germany
5148:History
4978:statism
4657:Uruguay
4596:Ukraine
4586:Tunisia
4531:Senegal
4521:Romania
4469:Nigeria
4444:Moldova
4387:Iceland
4382:Hungary
4360:Germany
4355:Georgia
4345:Finland
4340:Estonia
4330:Ecuador
4325:Denmark
4320:Czechia
4305:Croatia
4258:Bolivia
4253:Belgium
4248:Austria
4238:Armenia
4233:Albania
4101:Jenkins
4096:Kennedy
4086:Pearson
4071:Einaudi
4056:Gokhale
4016:Itagaki
4011:Naoroji
4006:Mommsen
3986:Lincoln
3976:Mazzini
3961:Kossuth
3946:Broglie
3941:BolĂvar
3936:Artigas
3931:Madison
3793:Spencer
3778:Emerson
3768:Bastiat
3753:Ricardo
3713:Bentham
3653:Spinoza
3610:History
3511:Private
3459:Liberty
3393:Freedom
3313:Secular
3301:Islamic
3279:Radical
3216:Schools
3099:Islamic
2735:Parties
2687:Strauss
2677:Schuman
2662:Pethrus
2652:Quadros
2637:Metsola
2622:Martens
2562:Caldera
2492:Pius XI
2477:Mounier
2360:Welfare
2170:Liberal
1993:Liberal
1953:Anarcho
1890:History
1722:Malthus
1717:Ricardo
1679:Rentier
1664:Marxist
1644:Finance
1555:Origins
1523:Marxist
1471:Chicago
1431:Welfare
1391:Private
1346:Liberal
1166:Company
1151:Capital
966:Marxist
945:by the
717:Sharing
680:In kind
628:Marxist
520:Commons
487:Private
476:Sectors
447:Rhenish
417:Keralan
407:Chinese
381:Virtual
361:Sharing
351:Planned
341:Natural
306:Digital
194:Islamic
154:Fascist
142:Welfare
10157:Nordic
10079:Mormon
10074:Jewish
9690:WaĆÄsa
9670:Sturzo
9610:Merkel
9590:Kuyper
9565:Joseph
9550:Erhard
9487:Sturzo
9412:Görres
9407:Gilson
9377:Belloc
9372:Baader
9163:Social
9006:
8968:
8949:
8926:
8838:
8637:(1949)
8386:
8352:
8344:
8064:
8037:
8001:
7972:
7937:
7906:
7875:
7871:â215.
7844:
7813:
7782:
7757:
7721:
7688:
7631:
7597:
7538:
7475:
7029:Bizone
7022:. The
6906:Bizone
6544:Cicero
6480:PEGIDA
6388:(DNVP)
6284:Active
6215:Winnig
6200:Weidel
6128:
6112:
6017:(2017)
6007:(2010)
5997:(1969)
5987:(1966)
5977:(1963)
5967:(1951)
5957:(1939)
5947:(1932)
5937:(1931)
5927:(1929)
5917:(1919)
5897:(1918)
5887:(1913)
5877:(1892)
5867:(1837)
5857:(1820)
5847:(1806)
5749:RĂŒstow
5719:Pieper
5704:MĂŒller
5684:Löwith
5674:Klages
5649:Herder
5634:Hamann
5629:Görres
5619:Gehlen
5604:Freyer
5599:BlĂŒher
5414:
5393:Kultur
5370:Heimat
4939:eirÄnÄ
4889:, low
4650:Modern
4591:Turkey
4576:Taiwan
4566:Sweden
4536:Serbia
4526:Russia
4504:Poland
4484:Panama
4479:Norway
4439:Mexico
4424:Latvia
4402:Israel
4365:Greece
4350:France
4315:Cyprus
4273:Canada
4263:Brazil
4223:Europe
4121:Macron
4066:Madero
4031:Deakin
4021:Levski
3996:Cavour
3981:JuĂĄrez
3971:Cobden
3903:Badawi
3893:Nozick
3873:Berlin
3863:Popper
3838:Keynes
3833:Ortega
3798:Arnold
3758:Guizot
3718:Korais
3683:Turgot
3643:Milton
3523:Rights
3516:Public
3425:Speech
3403:Market
3376:Gender
3323:Techno
3318:Social
3306:Jewish
3242:Equity
3148:
3109:Mormon
3104:Jewish
2712:WaĆÄsa
2692:Sturzo
2632:Merkel
2612:Kuyper
2587:Joseph
2572:Erhard
2507:Sturzo
2432:Görres
2427:Gilson
2397:Belloc
2392:Baader
2180:Social
1792:Weaver
1787:Veblen
1762:Walras
1757:Pareto
1747:Keynes
1649:Global
1416:Social
1386:Nordic
1356:Market
1266:Profit
1067:, the
949:under
913:, and
909:, the
895:German
777:Palace
653:Market
648:Barter
492:Public
452:Soviet
437:Nordic
432:German
398:Asian
331:Market
10162:Rhine
9695:Weber
9660:Söder
9650:Prodi
9595:Letta
9560:Groen
9535:Buzek
9482:Stein
9477:Röpke
9467:Pesch
9417:Groen
9346:State
8764:(PDF)
8546:2004.
8512:1944.
8422:2004.
8367:2009.
8350:S2CID
8342:JSTOR
8287:1949.
8179:1925.
8071:p. 53
8044:p. 80
7809:â70.
7753:â20.
7653:(PDF)
7417:(PDF)
7410:(PDF)
6516:Media
6404:(DVP)
6380:(DkP)
6372:(FKP)
6359:(BVP)
6344:(REP)
6331:(ĂDP)
6316:(CSU)
6308:(CDU)
6292:(AFD)
6258:Stahl
6243:Möser
6150:Petry
6055:Stein
5824:Weber
5744:Röpke
5709:Nolte
5689:LĂŒbbe
5659:Hoppe
5639:Hegel
5534:Reich
5280:Young
4776:Right
4561:Spain
4419:Japan
4407:Italy
4392:India
4335:Egypt
4283:China
4278:Chile
4116:Obama
4091:Ohlin
4026:Kemal
3883:Rawls
3858:Hayek
3848:Äapek
3828:Mises
3818:Croce
3808:Weber
3803:Acton
3733:Staël
3698:Paine
3688:Burke
3673:Smith
3648:Locke
3415:Press
3408:Trade
3381:Legal
3249:Green
2717:Weber
2682:Söder
2672:Prodi
2617:Letta
2582:Groen
2557:Buzek
2502:Stein
2497:Röpke
2487:Pesch
2437:Groen
2365:State
1802:Coase
1797:Weber
1742:Hayek
1707:Smith
1639:Crony
1501:Post-
1421:State
1411:Rhine
1366:Mixed
1286:Value
1251:Money
1100:Model
827:World
812:Token
702:Price
442:Dutch
336:Mixed
241:State
169:Green
9849:More
9625:Moro
9585:Kurz
9575:Kohl
9555:Frei
9530:Beel
9225:Ordo
9004:ISBN
8966:ISBN
8947:ISBN
8924:ISBN
8836:ISBN
8536:245.
8384:ISBN
8062:ISBN
8035:ISBN
7999:ISBN
7970:ISBN
7935:ISBN
7904:ISBN
7873:ISBN
7842:ISBN
7811:ISBN
7780:ISBN
7755:ISBN
7719:ISBN
7686:ISBN
7661:2022
7629:ISBN
7595:ISBN
7567:2022
7536:ISBN
7473:ISBN
7425:2015
7374:2020
7136:and
7128:and
7108:The
6864:and
6851:and
6836:the
6537:Cato
6530:Bild
6396:(DP)
6300:(BD)
6140:Merz
6135:Krah
6130:Kohl
6124:Jung
6040:Kuby
5983:Envy
5694:Mann
5513:2018
5466:Volk
5327:Duty
5210:Ordo
5138:and
5087:and
5076:and
5057:and
5012:and
4949:and
4881:and
4771:Left
4494:Peru
4397:Iran
4310:Cuba
4076:King
3966:DeĂĄk
3868:Aron
3788:Mill
3763:List
3678:Kant
3274:Ordo
2873:More
2647:Moro
2607:Kurz
2597:Kohl
2577:Frei
2552:Beel
2242:Ordo
1772:Rand
1732:Marx
1712:Mill
1659:Late
1491:Neo-
1028:and
1012:and
989:and
891:SOME
885:The
663:Open
658:Free
346:Open
321:Gift
316:Dual
9392:Day
8565:ff.
8334:doi
7869:214
7682:157
7625:103
7513:hdl
4993:).
3888:Sen
3738:Say
3269:Neo
2412:Day
2008:Neo
1978:Eco
1727:Say
1496:New
1464:MMT
1396:Raw
1055:'s
10179::
9035:.
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