Identity (social science)

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other people are ready and able to associate. At the same time, however, an inclusive boundary will also impose restrictions on the people it has included by limiting their inclusion within other boundaries. An example of this is the use of a particular language by a newcomer in a room full of people speaking various languages. Some people may understand the language used by this person while others may not. Those who do not understand it might take the newcomer's use of this particular language merely as a neutral sign of identity. But they might also perceive it as imposing an exclusive boundary that is meant to mark them off from the person. On the other hand, those who do understand the newcomer's language could take it as an inclusive boundary, through which the newcomer associates themself with them to the exclusion of the other people present. Equally, however, it is possible that people who do understand the newcomer but who also speak another language may not want to speak the newcomer's language and so see their marker as an imposition and a negative boundary. It is possible that the newcomer is either aware or unaware of this, depending on whether they themself knows other languages or is conscious of the plurilingual quality of the people there and is respectful of it or not.

463:. The central idea is that an individual's sense of identity is determined in large part by the degrees to which a person has made certain explorations and the extent to which they have commitments to those explorations or a particular identity. A person may display either relative weakness or strength in terms of both exploration and commitments. When assigned categories, there were four possible results: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement. Diffusion is when a person avoids or refuses both exploration and making a commitment. Foreclosure occurs when a person does make a commitment to a particular identity but neglected to explore other options. Identity moratorium is when a person avoids or postpones making a commitment but is still actively exploring their options and different identities. Lastly, identity achievement is when a person has both explored many possibilities and has committed to their identity. 948:

and overall quality of life play significant roles in these decisions. Individuals in such jobs face the challenge of forging an identity that aligns with their values and beliefs. Crafting a positive self-concept becomes more arduous when societal standards label their work as "dirty" or undesirable. Consequently, some individuals opt not to define themselves solely by their occupation but strive for a holistic identity that encompasses all aspects of their lives, beyond their job or work. On the other hand, individuals whose identity strongly hinges on their occupation may experience a crisis if they become unable to perform their chosen work. Therefore, occupational identity necessitates an active and adaptable process that ensures both

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works. In the same way as Barth, in his approach to ethnicity, advocated the critical focus for investigation as being "the ethnic boundary that defines the group rather than the cultural stuff that it encloses", social anthropologists such as Cohen and Bray have shifted the focus of analytical study from identity to the boundaries that are used for purposes of identification. If identity is a kind of virtual site in which the dynamic processes and markers used for identification are made apparent, boundaries provide the framework on which this virtual site is built. They concentrated on how the idea of community belonging is differently constructed by individual members and how individuals within the group conceive ethnic boundaries.

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contingency, negotiated and so on. Brubaker and Cooper note a tendency in many scholars to confuse identity as a category of practice and as a category of analysis. Indeed, many scholars demonstrate a tendency to follow their own preconceptions of identity, following more or less the frameworks listed above, rather than taking into account the mechanisms by which the concept is crystallised as reality. In this environment, some analysts, such as Brubaker and Cooper, have suggested doing away with the concept completely. Others, by contrast, have sought to introduce alternative concepts in an attempt to capture the dynamic and fluid qualities of human social self-expression.

683:. The strategic manipulator is a person who begins to regard all senses of identity merely as role-playing exercises, and who gradually becomes alienated from their social self. The pastiche personality abandons all aspirations toward a true or "essential" identity, instead viewing social interactions as opportunities to play out, and hence become, the roles they play. Finally, the relational self is a perspective by which persons abandon all sense of exclusive self, and view all sense of identity in terms of social engagement with others. For Gergen, these strategies follow one another in phases, and they are linked to the increase in popularity of 437:

primarily during adolescence and described potential outcomes that depend on how one deals with this conflict. Those who do not manage a resynthesis of childhood identifications are seen as being in a state of 'identity diffusion' whereas those who retain their given identities unquestioned have 'foreclosed' identities. On some readings of Erikson, the development of a strong ego identity, along with the proper integration into a stable society and culture, lead to a stronger sense of identity in general. Accordingly, a deficiency in either of these factors may increase the chance of an

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resolve all their conflicted identifications with others; therefore we should be alert to individuals with levels which are much higher or lower than the norm – highly diffused individuals are classified as diffused, and those with low levels as foreclosed or defensive. Weinreich applies the identity variant in a framework which also allows for the transition from one to another by way of biographical experiences and resolution of conflicted identifications situated in various contexts – for example, an

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not only careers or jobs but also activities such as travel, volunteering, sports, or caregiving. However, when individuals face limitations in their ability to participate or engage in meaningful activities, such as due to illness, it poses a threat to the active process and continued development of identity. Feeling socially unproductive can have detrimental effects on one's

939:. Importantly, the relationship between occupation and identity is bidirectional; occupation contributes to the formation of identity, while identity shapes decisions regarding occupational choices. Furthermore, individuals inherently seek a sense of control over their chosen occupation and strive to avoid stigmatizing labels that may undermine their occupational identity. 500:

important in clinical contexts such as anorexia nervosa. Harré also conceptualises components of self/identity – the "person" (the unique being I am to myself and others) along with aspects of self (including a totality of attributes including beliefs about one's characteristics including life history), and the personal characteristics displayed to others.

347:, in which an individual's identity is strongly associated with role-behavior or the collection of group memberships that define them. According to Peter Burke, "Identities tell us who we are and they announce to others who we are." Identities subsequently guide behavior, leading "fathers" to behave like "fathers" and "nurses" to act like "nurses". 378:. Individuals' identities are situated, but also contextual, situationally adaptive and changing. Despite their fluid character, identities often feel as if they are stable ubiquitous categories defining an individual, because of their grounding in the sense of personal identity (the sense of being a continuous and persistent self). 774:

context, misunderstandings can arise due to a misinterpretation of the significance of specific markers. Equally, an individual can use markers of identity to exert influence on other people without necessarily fulfilling all the criteria that an external observer might typically associate with such an abstract identity.

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Boundaries can be inclusive or exclusive depending on how they are perceived by other people. An exclusive boundary arises, for example, when a person adopts a marker that imposes restrictions on the behaviour of others. An inclusive boundary is created, by contrast, by the use of a marker with which

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and choice of space, whose effect depends on their recognition by other social beings. Markers help to create the boundaries that define similarities or differences between the marker wearer and the marker perceivers, their effectiveness depends on a shared understanding of their meaning. In a social

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Within identity theory, an identity is a set of meanings defining who one is in a role (e.g., father, plumber, student), in a group or social category (e.g., member of a church or voluntary association, an American, a female), or a unique individual (e.g., a highly moral person, an assertive person,

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Anthropologists have contributed to the debate by shifting the focus of research: One of the first challenges for the researcher wishing to carry out empirical research in this area is to identify an appropriate analytical tool. The concept of boundaries is useful here for demonstrating how identity

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factors and roles that impact one's identity. In Erikson's theory, he describes eight distinct stages across the lifespan that are each characterized by a conflict between the inner, personal world and the outer, social world of an individual. Erikson identified the conflict of identity as occurring

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Identity serves multiple functions, acting as a "self-regulatory structure" that provides meaning, direction, and a sense of self-control. It fosters internal harmony and serves as a behavioral compass, enabling individuals to orient themselves towards the future and establish long-term goals. As an

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is one of the parables of Jesus. it is about a shepherd who leaves his flock of ninety-nine sheep in order to find the one which is lost. The parable of the lost sheep is an example of the rediscovery of identity. Its aim is to lay bare the nature of the divine response to the recovery of the lost,

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As a non-directive and flexible analytical tool, the concept of boundaries helps both to map and to define the changeability and mutability that are characteristic of people's experiences of the self in society. While identity is a volatile, flexible and abstract 'thing', its manifestations and the

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In the realm of occupational identity, individuals make choices regarding employment based on the stigma associated with certain jobs. Likewise, those already working in stigmatized occupations may employ personal rationalization to justify their career path. Factors such as workplace satisfaction

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Identity is an ongoing and dynamic process that impacts an individual's ability to navigate life's challenges and cultivate a fulfilling existence. Within this process, occupation emerges as a significant factor that allows individuals to express and maintain their identity. Occupation encompasses

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for example, suggests treating identity as a process, to take into account the reality of diverse and ever-changing social experience. Some scholars have introduced the idea of identification, whereby identity is perceived as made up of different components that are 'identified' and interpreted by

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The modern notion of personal identity as a distinct and unique characteristic of individuals has evolved relatively recently in history beginning with the first passports in the early 1900s and later becoming more popular as a social science term in the 1950s. Several factors have influenced its

724:. At the same time, the Eriksonian approach to identity remained in force, with the result that identity has continued until recently to be used in a largely socio-historical way to refer to qualities of sameness in relation to a person's connection to others and to a particular group of people. 490:

Weinreich's identity variant similarly includes the categories of identity diffusion, foreclosure and crisis, but with a somewhat different emphasis. Here, with respect to identity diffusion for example, an optimal level is interpreted as the norm, as it is unrealistic to expect an individual to

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is the set of beliefs and practices generally held by an individual, involving adherence to codified beliefs and rituals and study of ancestral or cultural traditions, writings, history, mythology, and faith and mystical experience. Religious identity refers to the personal practices related to

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often lead to shifts in social identity. The extent of this change depends on the disparities between the individual's heritage culture and the culture of the host country, as well as the level of adoption of the new culture versus the retention of the heritage culture. However, the effects of

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Laing's definition of identity closely follows Erikson's, in emphasising the past, present and future components of the experienced self. He also develops the concept of the "metaperspective of self", i.e. the self's perception of the other's view of self, which has been found to be extremely

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theory, takes the view that identity is formed by a predominantly political choice of certain characteristics. In so doing, it questions the idea that identity is a natural given, characterised by fixed, supposedly objective criteria. Both approaches need to be understood in their respective

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Different social situations also compel people to attach themselves to different self-identities which may cause some to feel marginalized, switch between different groups and self-identifications, or reinterpret certain identity components. These different selves lead to constructed images

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communal faith along with rituals and communication stemming from such conviction. This identity formation begins with an association in the parents' religious contacts, and individuation requires that the person chooses the same or different religious identity than that of their parents.

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These different explorations of 'identity' demonstrate how difficult a concept it is to pin down. Since identity is a virtual thing, it is impossible to define it empirically. Discussions of identity use the term with different meanings, from fundamental and abiding sameness, to fluidity,

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active process, it profoundly influences an individual's capacity to adapt to life events and achieve a state of well-being. However, identity originates from traits or attributes that individuals may have little or no control over, such as their family background or ethnicity.

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individuals. The construction of an individual sense of self is achieved by personal choices regarding who and what to associate with. Such approaches are liberating in their recognition of the role of the individual in social interaction and the construction of identity.

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Illness Diagnosis: The diagnosis of an illness can provoke an identity shift, altering an individual's self-perception and influencing how they navigate life. Additionally, illnesses may result in changes in abilities, which can affect occupational identity and require

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Identity formation has to do with the complex manner in which human beings establish a unique view of self and is characterized by continuity and inner unity. It is therefore highly related to terms such as the self, self-concept, values, and personality

428:), which is described as an individual's personal sense of continuity. He suggested that people can attain this feeling throughout their lives as they develop and is meant to be an ongoing process. The ego-identity consists of two main features: one's 876:

Transition: Individuals experiencing gender dysphoria may embark on a journey to align their lives with their true gender identity. This process involves profound personal and social changes to establish an authentic sense of

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dichotomized between what people want to be (the ideal self) and how others see them (the limited self). Educational background and occupational status and roles significantly influence identity formation in this regard.

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can offer some insight into how identity is maintained. From the vantage point of self-psychology, there are two areas of interest: the processes by which a self is formed (the "I"), and the actual content of the

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going through family break-up may be in one state, whereas later in a stable marriage with a secure professional role may be in another. Hence, though there is continuity, there is also development and change.

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Vryan, Kevin D., Patricia A. Adler, Peter Adler. 2003. "Identity." pp. 367–390 in Handbook of Symbolic Interactionism, edited by Larry T. Reynolds and Nancy J. Herman-Kinney. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira.

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Occupation and Identity: The concept of occupation as a crucial aspect of identity was introduced by Christiansen in 1999, highlighting the influence of employment and work roles on an individual's sense of

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Weinreich, P. (1986). The operationalisation of identity theory in racial and ethnic relations, in J.Rex and D.Mason (eds). "Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Identity offers a way of thinking about the links between the personal and the social, that is, how the psychological and social aspects of the self are tied together to create a self-concept (Woodward,

546:, i.e., why they tend to favour those they consider a part of their "in-group" over those considered to be outsiders. Both questions have been given extensive attention by researchers working in the 712:

properties based on the uniqueness and individuality which makes a person distinct from others. Identity became of more interest to anthropologists with the emergence of modern concerns with

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Saunderson, Wendy; O'Kane, Maria (2003). "Anorexia nervosa: Analysing identity for predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating factors". In Weinreich, Peter; Saunderson, Wendy (eds.).

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Change: When individuals undergo significant shifts in their career paths or occupational identities, they face the challenge of redefining themselves within a new professional context.

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accessed 8 December 2014. p. 1: "Western civilization owes far more to Catholic Church than most people—Catholic included—often realize. The Church in fact built Western civilization."

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In the face of environmental challenges and forced displacement, individuals may experience shifts in their identity as they adapt to new geographical locations and cultural contexts.

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in the 1970s. This was reinforced by an appreciation, following the trend in sociological thought, of the manner in which the individual is affected by and contributes to the overall

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Due to the multiple functions of identity which include self regulation, self-concept, personal control, meaning and direction, its implications are woven into many aspects of life.

3882: 979:: The emergence of psychology as a separate field of knowledge and study starting in the 19th century has played a significant role in shaping our understanding of identity. 2115: 512:

is compelled to investigate the question of how the personal self relates to the social environment. To the extent that these theories place themselves in the tradition of

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Hall, S. (1992). The Question of Cultural Identity. In: S. Hall, D. Held and T. McGrew (Eds.), Modernity and Its Futures. Milton Keynes. Cambridge: Open University Press.

926:. This established personal identity can serve as an "anchor" and play a "protective role" during the process of social and cultural identity transformations that occur. 826:, throughout history, various Western thinkers who contributed to the development of European identity were influenced by classical cultures and incorporated elements of 3674: 1015:: Understanding and assessing personality pathology has highlighted the significance of identity problems in comprehending individuals' psychological well-being. 316:

is shaped by social and cultural factors and how others perceive and acknowledge one's characteristics. The etymology of the term "identity" from the Latin noun

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is a specific form of personality formation, though often used only by certain practitioners to describe various forms of prayer and the process of knowing the

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Jary and Jary (1991) define identity as 'a sense of self that develops as the child differentiates from parents and the family, and takes a place in society.'

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Adoption entails exploring alternative familial features and reconciling with the experience of being adopted, which can significantly impact an individual's

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Early Christianity in its Hellenistic context. Volume 2, Christian origins and Hellenistic Judaism : social and literary contexts for the New Testament

884:: Relocating to a new country necessitates adaptation to unfamiliar societal norms, leading to adjustments in cultural, social, and occupational identities. 3907:

Tracy, S. J.; Tretheway, A. (2005). "Fracturing the Real-Self-Fake-Self Dichotomy: Moving Toward "Crystallized Organizational Discourses and Identities"".

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tradition has underscored individuals' responsibility for their own soul or spiritual well-being, contributing to a heightened focus on personal identity.

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Rise of Privacy: The Renaissance era witnessed a growing sense of privacy, leading to increased attention and importance placed on individual identities.

554:, it has been shown that merely crafting cognitive distinction between in- and out-groups can lead to subtle effects on people's evaluations of others. 3936:

Tracy, S. J.; Scott, C. (2006). "Sexuality, masculinity and taint management among firefighters and correctional officers: Getting down and dirty with

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Hughes, E (1951) Work and the self. In: Rohrer, J, Sherif, M (eds) Social Psychology at the Crossroads. New York: Harper & Brothers, pp. 313–323.

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emphasizes an individual's mental image of themselves and their "sameness with others". Identity encompasses various aspects such as occupational,

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and Antonio Canizares, 2012, "How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization," Reprint edn., Washington, D.C.: Regnery History,

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systems to specialized worker roles. This change impacted how individuals identified themselves in relation to their occupations.

748:. While they have been criticized, they continue to exert an influence on approaches to the conceptualisation of identity today. 4853: 285: 3585:

Cohen, A. (1998). "Boundaries and Boundary-Consciousness: Politicising Cultural Identity," in M. Anderson and E. Bort (Eds.),

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Kurzwelly, J (2019). "Being German, Paraguayan and Germanino: Exploring the Relation Between Social and Personal Identity".

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is the set of qualities, beliefs, personality traits, appearance, and/or expressions that characterize a person or a

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ways in which it is exercised are often open to view. Identity is made evident through the use of markers such as

4208: 1656:. Comparative Ethnic and Race Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 1988). pp. 299ff. 753: 358:, or the distinctive qualities or traits that make an individual unique. Identities are strongly associated with 17: 542:

and belonging. Another issue that researchers have attempted to address is the question of why people engage in

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Marcia, James E.; Waterman, Alan S.; Matteson, David R.; Archer, Sally L.; Orlofsky, Jacob L. (2012-12-06).

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Weinreich, Peter (1986). "14: The operationalisation of identity theory in racial and ethnic relations". In

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Stryker, Sheldon; Burke, Peter J. (December 2000). "The Past, Present, and Future of an Identity Theory".

3643:"Despite the Terrors of Typologies: The Importance of Understanding Categories of Difference and Identity" 3107: 4674: 2393: 574:

which investigated the different manners of behavior that individuals may have. Their typology includes:

484: 63: 3212:"Defining Lives: Occupation as Identity: An Essay on Competence, Coherence, and the Creation of Meaning" 2798:

Judaism and Hellenism : studies in their encounter in Palestine during the early Hellenistic period

1925:"The Evolution of Eriksonian and, Neo-Eriksonian Identity Theory and Research: A Review and Integration" 5581: 5555: 4201: 3259:"Employment and the Reconstruction of Self. A Model of Space for Maintenance of Identity by Occupation" 538:

Many people gain a sense of positive self-esteem from their identity groups, which furthers a sense of

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Hurd, Ellis (1 October 2010). "Confessions of Belonging: My Emotional Journey as Medical Translator".

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Chakkarath, Pradeep (17 October 2013). "Cultural identity". In Keith, Kenneth D.; et al. (eds.).

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theories go further by attempting to deal with the issue of identity at both the levels of individual

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Specialization in Work: The industrial period brought about a shift from undifferentiated roles in

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Bogaerts, Annabel; Luyckx, Koen; Bastiaens, Tim; Kaufman, Erin A.; Claes, Laurence (March 2021).

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experiences. These discussions have contributed to a broader understanding of diverse identities.

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Has an extremely rigid sense of social identity and strong identification with adult communities

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Shows extensive dependency upon others and no meaningful engagement with the community of adults

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Marvin Perry; Myrna Chase; James Jacob; Margaret Jacob; Theodore H. Von Laue (1 January 2012).

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Another issue of interest in social psychology is related to the notion that there are certain

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immigration and acculturation on identity can be moderated if the person possesses a strong

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Interacts to some degree with role-models, but ultimately these relationships are abandoned

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Qualities, beliefs, personality, looks and/or expressions that distinguish a person or group

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Possesses greater psychological resources than the Refuser (i.e., intelligence, charisma)

8: 5362: 4923: 4868: 4788: 4730: 4613: 4508: 4238: 3784: 3023:"Climate migrants and new identities? The geopolitics of embracing or rejecting mobility" 2363:"Religious Identity Formation Among Adolescents: The Role of Religious Secondary Schools" 1051: 533: 344: 219: 4064: 3991: 3984: 3580:

Two-Dimensional: an essay on the anthropology of power and symbolism in complex society.

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Phinney, Jean S.; Horenczyk, Gabriel; Liebkind, Karmela; Vedder, Paul (September 2001).

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political and historical contexts, characterised by debate on issues of class, race and

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Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multi-Cultural Identities and the Politics of Anti-Racism.

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Calhoun, C. (1994). "Social Theory and the Politics of Identity," in C. Calhoun (Ed.),

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Schmeck, Klaus; Schlüter-Müller, Susanne; Foelsch, Pamela A; Doering, Stephan (2013).

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Varieties of social explanation: an introduction to the philosophy of social science.

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There has been an increased emphasis on gender identity, including issues related to

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to a collective group as a fixed thing, defined by objective criteria such as common

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Being yourself: essays on identity, action, and social life. Feminist constructions.

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The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had To Be Reborn

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The Politics of Multiculturalism in the New Europe: Racism, Identity and Community.

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The Cambridge Handbook of Social Theory: Volume 2: Contemporary Theories and Issues

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which a person may use to adapt to the social world. Cote and Levine developed a

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Marvin Perry; Myrna Chase; James Jacob; Margaret Jacob; Jonathan W Daly (2015).

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Identity transformations can occur in various contexts, some of which include:

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Possesses clear personal values and attitudes, but also a deep fear of change

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The foundations of social science; an analysis of their psychological aspects

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Sökefeld, M. (1999). "Debating Self, Identity, and Culture in Anthropology."

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The first favours a primordialist approach which takes the sense of self and

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Has a sense of dissatisfaction due to high personal and social expectations

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to take an explicit interest in identity. An essential feature of Erikson's

5216: 5211: 5186: 5116: 5051: 5011: 4981: 4976: 4888: 4878: 4768: 4503: 4498: 4486: 4407: 4393: 4317: 3742: 3274: 3243: 2879: 1810: 1730: 1479: 1301: 1274: 1258:"The role of identity in the DSM-5 classification of personality disorders" 898: 823: 728: 709: 645:

Sense of personal identity is almost exhausted by sense of social identity

476: 452: 413: 409: 386: 367: 359: 309: 302: 73: 3227: 3085: 2895: 2058: 1901: 1820: 822:, personal and secular identity are deeply influenced by the formation of 312:, and it remains a consistent aspect throughout different stages of life. 5497: 5292: 5266: 5261: 5061: 5046: 4913: 4893: 4873: 4725: 4700: 4659: 4520: 4429: 4419: 4381: 4339: 4302: 4268: 3530: 3441:

Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism

3329:"Understanding transgender people, gender identity and gender expression" 2610: 2443: 2050:

Analysing identity : cross-cultural, societal, and clinical contexts

1005: 914: 881: 492: 480: 472: 371: 146: 78: 3069: 2697:

The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization

389:

noted in 1998: "At some point in the 1970s this term was borrowed from

308:

Identity emerges during childhood as children start to comprehend their

5502: 5462: 5031: 5021: 4898: 4828: 4715: 4684: 4664: 4608: 4603: 4558: 4453: 3849: 3619:

Working identity: unconventional strategies for reinventing your career

3196: 976: 949: 736: 684: 363: 351: 68: 3820: 2994: 1622: 1359: 662:

Is responsive to communities that provide opportunity for self-growth

600:

Develops cognitive blocks that prevent adoption of adult role-schemas

5542: 5492: 5256: 5131: 4858: 4629: 4553: 4460: 4434: 4354: 3975:

The Anthropology of Ethnicity: 'Beyond Ethnic Groups and Boundaries'.

3400: 3354:"Identity Impairment as a Central Dimension in Personality Pathology" 3164: 2773:

Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society, Volume I: To 1789

2519: 1885: 1219:

Franco-Zamudio, Jamie; Dorton, Harold (2014). "Collective Identity".

1212: 986: 770: 745: 713: 620:

Has no meaningful engagement with or commitment to adult communities

539: 521: 340: 332:, educational, generational, and political identities, among others. 325: 4193: 3841: 3748:

Oneself as Another (Soi-même comme un autre), trans. Kathleen Blamey

3642: 3180: 1255: 5467: 4943: 4669: 4639: 4598: 4593: 4359: 4334: 4093: 4030:

Analysing identity: cross-cultural, societal, and clinical contexts

4003:

Analysing identity: cross-cultural, societal, and clinical contexts

3812: 3553:

Camilleri, C.; Kastersztein, J. & Lipiansky E.M. et al. (1990)

3495:

Narrative and Identity: Studies in Autobiography, Self and Culture.

1647: 1149:

Schwartz, Seth J.; Luyckx, Koen; Vignoles, Vivian L., eds. (2011).

766: 732: 448: 321: 4153:

Identity Process Theory: Identity, Social Action and Social Change

2086:. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 306–308. 1342:

Schwartz, Seth J.; Montgomery, Marilyn J.; Briones, Ervin (2006).

4705: 4568: 4349: 4307: 4290: 1579:

Cheek, Jonathan M. (1989), Buss, David M.; Cantor, Nancy (eds.),

1031: 394: 3479:

Living Boundaries: Frontiers and Identity in the Basque Country.

659:

Accepts personal skills and competencies and uses them actively

483:, the differences between complex and simple ways of organizing 5487: 4578: 4548: 4400: 4312: 4243: 4177: 4144:

Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment

3827: 867: 466:

Although the self is distinct from identity, the literature of

398: 3351: 2967: 2367:

International Christian Community of Teacher Educators Journal

1758: 942: 4588: 4583: 4563: 4371: 3481:

Brussels: Presses interuniversitaires européenes, Peter Lang.

1585:

Personality Psychology: Recent Trends and Emerging Directions

3647:

Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies

3594:

Self Consciousness: An Alternative Anthropology of Identity.

1969: 4573: 1538:, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, pp. 63–78, 617:

Is apathetic toward application of psychological resources

49: 955: 2047:

Weinreich, Peter; Saunderson, Wendy (December 18, 2002).

1341: 671:

formulated additional classifications, which include the

2747:

Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1789

1809:

Weinreich, Peter; Saunderson, Wendy, eds. (2005-12-08).

1316:"The term identity comes from the Latin noun Definition" 1142: 858: 687:

culture and the rise of telecommunications technology.

354:, the term "identity" is most commonly used to describe 3108:"Life After Diagnosis: How Illness Changed My Identity" 3016: 578:

Cote and Levine's identity formation strategy typology

3447: 2862:

ADAMS, GERALD R.; MARSHALL, SHEILA K. (October 1996).

2136:

Benet-Martínez, Verónica; Hong, Ying-Yi, eds. (2014).

1175: 1148: 5343:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

3399:

Feinberg, Todd E.; Keenan, Julian Paul (2005-08-18).

1223:. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 256–259. 805:

with the lost sheep representing a lost human being.

631:

Shows disdain for imperfections within the community

4027: 3358:

Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment

3305:"Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Definitions" 2398:

The Encyclopedia of Child and Adolescent Development

1218: 4000: 2910:"Making a Radical Career Change | Psychology Today" 2046: 2034: 2022: 1870:"Development and validation of ego-identity status" 1843: 1808: 432:and development, and the culmination of social and 4092: 4001:Weinreich, Peter; Saunderson, Wendy, eds. (2003). 3799:(1968). "Identity Salience and Role Performance". 3616: 2135: 1973:Ego Identity: A Handbook for Psychosocial Research 3724:Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2517: 2391: 2319:Questions of Cultural Identity: SAGE Publications 1262:Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 1182:Herman, William E. (2011). "Identity Formation". 1112:Covington, Peter (2008). "Culture and Identity". 5568: 3795: 3450:Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology 2478:"The Q Parables of Jesus: "Sapiential" Parables" 2257: 2255: 1393: 561: 4150: 4098:Self, Ego, and Identity: Integrative Approaches 4072:Questioning Identity: Gender, Class, Ethnicity. 1587:, New York, NY: Springer US, pp. 275–285, 1581:"Identity Orientations and Self-Interpretation" 708:to refer to this idea of selfhood in a loosely 451:emerged in 1966, driven largely by the work of 4189:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Identity 3973:Vermeulen, H. & Gowers, C. (Eds.) (1994). 3906: 3500: 3398: 3151: 3139: 2576: 2448:. Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. 2294: 2282: 1184:Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development 4209: 3992:Dynamic sociology. Series in American studies 3741: 2861: 2693: 2252: 2138:The Oxford handbook of multicultural identity 2084:The Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural Psychology 1688: 1502:"Identity: Definition, Types, & Examples" 1186:. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 779–781. 279: 4451: 4405: 4391: 3985:Dynamic sociology, or Applied social science 3684: 3263:Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy 3216:The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 3209: 2743: 2392:Etengoff, Chana; Rodriguez, Eric M. (2020), 2140:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. 2007: 2005: 1874:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1682: 952:and continuity amid shifting circumstances. 4151:Jaspal, Rusi; Breakwell, Glynis M. (2014). 3734:Modood, T. & Werbner P. (Eds.) (1997). 3601:Beyond the Body: Death and Social Identity. 2945:"Transition meaning | transgender identity" 2800:. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock Publishers. 2671:Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age 2662: 1530:Burke, Peter (2020), Kivisto, Peter (ed.), 943:Navigating stigma and occupational identity 909: 4216: 4202: 4056:Werbner, P. and T. Modood. (Eds.) (1997). 3935: 3774: 3493:Brockmeier, J. & Carbaugh, D. (2001). 3165:"Identifying Identity: A Semantic History" 2400:, American Cancer Society, pp. 1–10, 2315: 2261: 2081: 2011: 1996: 1855: 1735:Dark Continent: Europe's twentieth century 286: 272: 3779:, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 3567:. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co. 3529: 3411:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173413.001.0001 3067: 2993: 2737: 2687: 2565:by Thomas Zanzig, Marilyn Kielbasa 2000, 2543:An Introduction to Christian Spirituality 2002: 1976:. Springer Science & Business Media. 1733:(1998). "The Social Contract in Crisis". 1694: 1645: 1291: 1273: 1111: 690: 4155:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 3775:Cote, James E.; Levine, Charles (2002), 3751:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 3557:Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. 3484: 3465: 3438: 3256: 1922: 1452:Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 1151:Handbook of Identity Theory and Research 929: 455:. This model focuses on the concepts of 343:, emphasis is placed by sociologists on 4146:. New York: Farrar, Strause and Giroux. 4122: 3791:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 3777:Identity Formation, Agency, and Culture 3497:Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 3448:Barnard, A.; Spencer, J., eds. (1996). 3210:Christiansen, Charles H. (1999-11-01). 3162: 1781: 1729: 1394:Laliberte-Rudman, Debbie (April 2002). 956:Factors shaping the concept of identity 704:have most frequently employed the term 503: 14: 5569: 3614: 3571:Carey, H. C. & McLean, K. (1864). 3489:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 3473:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2932: 2828: 2795: 2168: 2108: 1867: 1181: 1118:. Dublin: Folens Limited. p. 12. 527: 4223: 4197: 4127:(3rd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. 3765: 3685:Leary, M. R.; Tangney, J. P. (2003). 3637: 3560: 3456: 2668: 2609: 2441: 2348: 1653:Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations 1578: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1337: 1335: 968:Influence: In Western societies, the 859:Contexts Influencing Identity Changes 412:(1902–94) became one of the earliest 4141: 3987:. New York: D. Appleton and company. 3783: 3548:Social Theory and Identity Politics. 2360: 2215: 834:, leading to some movements such as 3867:IDENTITIES: How Governed, Who Pays? 3068:Grotevant, Harold D. (1997-09-01). 2631: 1221:Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology 1153:. New York, NY: Springer New York. 853: 550:. For example, in work relating to 424:identity (often referred to as the 24: 4086: 3944:Management Communication Quarterly 3921:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2005.tb00331.x 3881:. 9 September 2004. Archived from 3801:Journal of Marriage and the Family 3321: 3297: 3250: 2750:. Cengage Learning. pp. 33–. 2694:Jonathan Daly (19 December 2013). 2589:. Cengage Learning. p. XXIX. 2563:Christian Meditation for Beginners 2224:(10). SAGE Publications: 783–791. 2181:(3). Informa UK Limited: 221–235. 1518: 1434: 1382: 1332: 418:theory of psychosocial development 30:For other uses of "Identity", see 25: 5598: 4170: 3994:. New York: Johnson Reprint Corp. 3679:doi:10.1080/15283488.2019.1604348 3501:Brubaker, R.; Cooper, F. (2000). 2775:. Cengage Learning. p. 105. 1506:The Berkeley Well-Being Institute 1446:Unruh, Anita M. (December 2004). 1249: 514:"psychological" social psychology 5413:The Closing of the American Mind 5333:Civilization and Its Discontents 5313:A Vindication of Natural Society 4176: 3021:; Lazrus, Heather (2016-05-18). 2586:Western Civilization: Since 1400 1923:Schwartz, Seth J. (2001-01-01). 656:Consciously desires self-growth 518:"sociological" social psychology 404: 3431: 3392: 3345: 3203: 3169:The Journal of American History 3156: 3145: 3133: 3124: 3100: 3070:"Coming to Terms with Adoption" 3061: 3027:Social & Cultural Geography 3010: 2961: 2937: 2926: 2902: 2855: 2822: 2789: 2764: 2744:Marvin Perry (1 January 2012). 2700:. A&C Black. pp. 7–9. 2603: 2556: 2536: 2511: 2470: 2435: 2385: 2354: 2342: 2309: 2300: 2288: 2276: 2267: 2209: 2162: 2129: 2092:10.1002/9781118339893.wbeccp128 2075: 2040: 2035:Weinreich & Saunderson 2003 2028: 2023:Weinreich & Saunderson 2003 2016: 1990: 1963: 1916: 1861: 1849: 1844:Weinreich & Saunderson 2003 1837: 1802: 1775: 1751: 1723: 1676: 1639: 1615: 1572: 1494: 1400:Journal of Occupational Science 1108:Collins Dictionary of Sociology 845: 3599:Hallam, E. M., et al. (1999). 3163:Gleason, Philip (March 1983). 2644:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2406:10.1002/9781119171492.wecad458 1788:. W. W. Norton & Company. 1759:"APA Dictionary of Psychology" 1308: 1192:10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_1443 1100: 781: 697:Australian Aboriginal identity 603:Engages in childlike behavior 210:Personal identity (philosophy) 13: 1: 5303:Oration on the Dignity of Man 4100:. New York: Springer-Verlag. 4096:; Lapsley, Daniel K. (1988). 3688:Handbook of self and identity 3677:. Identity. 19 (2): 144–156. 3039:10.1080/14649365.2015.1089589 2649:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2316:Hall, S.; du Gay, P. (1996). 1709:10.1080/15283488.2019.1604348 1412:10.1080/14427591.2002.9686489 1229:10.1007/978-1-4614-5583-7_381 1093: 568:identity formation strategies 562:Identity formation strategies 524:and of collective behaviour. 5373:The Society of the Spectacle 3896:(4), August–October, 417–31. 3768:The Ethnic Origin of Nations 3659:10.1080/1369801X.2014.993332 3564:Principles of social science 3459:Ethnic Groups and Boundaries 2490:10.5040/9780567678744.ch-007 2361:Wang, Timothy (2012-01-01). 2187:10.1080/14675986.2012.699373 1593:10.1007/978-1-4684-0634-4_21 393:and applied with abandon to 7: 3870:Malaga: Entelequia. 2nd Ed. 3864:Hasan Bülent Paksoy (2006) 3830:Social Psychology Quarterly 3745:; Blamey, Kathleen (1995). 3691:. New York:Guilford Press. 3471:Language and Symbolic Power 3405:. Oxford University Press. 2829:Porter, Stanley E. (2013). 1737:. New York: Vintage Books. 1019: 64:Self-knowledge (psychology) 10: 5603: 3942:scum of law enforcement". 3903:New York: Greenwood Press. 3623:. Harvard Business Press. 3370:10.1007/s10862-020-09804-9 3152:Tracy & Tretheway 2005 3140:Tracy & Tretheway 2005 2518:Jeremias, Joachim (1963). 2295:Brubaker & Cooper 2000 2283:Brubaker & Cooper 2000 1785:Identity: Youth and Crisis 1464:10.1177/000841740407100508 785: 737:biological characteristics 694: 531: 100:Self-categorization theory 29: 5577:Identity (social science) 5551: 5455: 5443:Intellectuals and Society 5393:The Culture of Narcissism 5284: 4952: 4744: 4693: 4622: 4536: 4529: 4469: 4231: 4183:Identity (social science) 4123:Jenkins, Richard (2008). 4106:10.1007/978-1-4615-7834-5 3709:Boulder: Westview Press. 3615:Ibarra, Herminia (2003). 2673:. Phoenix. p. xiii. 1941:10.1207/S1532706XSCHWARTZ 1868:Marcia, James E. (1966). 1782:Erikson, Erik H. (1968). 1544:10.1017/9781316677452.005 1159:10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9 1011:Relevance of Identity in 802:Parable of the Lost Sheep 548:social identity tradition 215:Identity (social science) 32:Identity (disambiguation) 5587:Sociological terminology 5433:The Malaise of Modernity 5383:The History of Sexuality 4482:Catholic social teaching 4063:Williams, J. M. (1920). 3977:Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis. 3956:10.1177/0893318906287898 3875:"Social Identity Theory" 3587:The Frontiers of Europe. 3573:Manual of social science 3555:Stratégies Identitaires. 3487:Ethnicity without Groups 3257:Jakobsen, Klara (2001). 2974:Journal of Social Issues 2230:10.1177/1077800410383117 2169:Kislev, Elyakim (2012). 2116:"Social Identity Theory" 1683:Leary & Tangney 2003 1088: 910:Immigration and identity 739:. The second, rooted in 430:personal characteristics 381: 160:As applied to activities 152:True self and false self 5513:Philosophy of education 4067:. New York: A.A. Knopf. 3899:Thompson, R.H. (1989). 3789:Mind, Self, and Society 3522:10.1023/A:1007068714468 2986:10.1111/0022-4537.00225 2914:www.psychologytoday.com 2796:Hengel, Martin (2003). 2545:by F. Antonisamy, 2000 2484:, T&T Clark, 2018, 2442:Green, Joel B. (1997). 2175:Intercultural Education 1650:; Mason, David (eds.). 887:Identity Change due to 255:Respectability politics 4452: 4406: 4392: 3901:Theories of Ethnicity. 3720:Meyers, D. T. (2004). 3589:London: Printer Press. 3275:10.1080/11038120120825 2880:10.1006/jado.1996.0041 2868:Journal of Adolescence 2524:. C. Scribner's Sons. 2262:Cote & Levine 2002 2025:, pp. 65–7, 105–6 2012:Cote & Levine 2002 1997:Cote & Levine 2002 1856:Cote & Levine 2002 1275:10.1186/1753-2000-7-27 961:evolution, including: 741:social constructionist 691:In social anthropology 552:social identity theory 235:Social identity threat 230:In-group and out-group 225:Social identity theory 116:Self-perception theory 5518:Philosophy of history 5508:Philosophy of culture 5403:A Conflict of Visions 4070:Woodward, K. (2004). 4032:. London: Routledge. 4005:. London: Routledge. 3673:Kurzwelly, J (2019). 3561:Carey, H. C. (1877). 3485:Brubaker, R. (2002). 3309:Human Rights Campaign 3228:10.5014/ajot.53.6.547 3086:10.1300/J145v01n01_02 2521:The parables of Jesus 2322:. SAGE Publications. 2118:. Universiteit Twente 2059:10.4324/9780203988800 2053:. Routledge, London. 1821:10.4324/9780203988800 1013:Personality Pathology 930:Occupational identity 673:strategic manipulator 444:The "Neo-Eriksonian" 5523:Political philosophy 5323:Democracy in America 4185:at Wikimedia Commons 3990:Ward, L. F. (1968). 3983:Ward, L. F. (1897). 3909:Communication Theory 3891:Current Anthropology 3885:on 31 December 2006. 3770:. Oxford: Blackwell. 3766:Smith, A.D. (1986). 3452:. London: Routledge. 3439:Anderson, B (1983). 2617:. Berlin: Springer. 2394:"Religious Identity" 1115:Success in Sociology 1042:Identity performance 809:Christian meditation 677:pastiche personality 586:Psychological signs 508:At a general level, 504:In social psychology 420:was the idea of the 95:Neural basis of self 5363:One-Dimensional Man 4142:Fukuyama, Francis. 4094:Gil G. Noam, Gil G. 4074:London: Routledge. 3879:Universiteit Twente 3705:Little, D. (1991). 3603:London: Routledge. 3503:"Beyond 'Identity'" 2218:Qualitative Inquiry 1567:an outgoing person) 579: 534:Collective identity 528:Collective identity 345:collective identity 220:Collective identity 5483:Cultural pessimism 5478:Cultural criticism 4377:National character 4060:London: Zed Books. 3738:London: Zed Books. 3596:London: Routledge. 3592:Cohen, A. (1994). 3578:Cohen, A. (1974). 3550:Oxford: Blackwell. 3510:Theory and Society 3457:Barth, F. (1969). 3074:Adoption Quarterly 2445:The Gospel of Luke 1812:Analysing Identity 1763:dictionary.apa.org 1627:dictionary.apa.org 1067:Self-consciousness 1037:Identity formation 889:Climate Migration: 794:religious identity 788:Religious identity 589:Personality signs 577: 475:which compose the 260:Political identity 131:Self-consciousness 5582:Identity politics 5564: 5563: 5280: 5279: 4425:Spontaneous order 4415:Social alienation 4264:Cultural heritage 4225:Social philosophy 4181:Media related to 4162:978-1-107-02270-6 4134:978-0-203-92741-0 4115:978-1-4615-7836-9 4039:978-0-415-64581-2 4012:978-0-415-64581-2 3758:978-0-226-71329-8 3630:978-1-57851-778-7 3582:London: Routledge 3477:Bray, Z. (2004). 3420:978-0-19-517341-3 3019:Stratford, Elaine 3017:Farbotko, Carol; 2833:. Leiden: Brill. 2807:978-1-59244-186-0 2782:978-1-305-44548-2 2757:978-1-111-83720-4 2707:978-1-4411-1851-6 2680:978-0-7538-2413-9 2669:Green, P (2008). 2639:"Hellenistic Age" 2596:978-1-111-83169-1 2499:978-0-5676-7872-0 2482:The Parables in Q 2415:978-1-119-17149-2 2329:978-1-4462-2920-0 2147:978-0-19-979669-4 1983:978-1-4613-8330-7 1830:978-1-134-42522-8 1795:978-0-393-31144-0 1744:978-0-307-55550-2 1602:978-1-4684-0634-4 1553:978-1-107-16269-3 1360:10.1159/000090300 1348:Human Development 1238:978-1-4614-5582-0 1201:978-0-387-77579-1 1168:978-1-4419-7987-2 1027:Cultural identity 924:personal identity 666: 665: 391:social psychology 356:personal identity 296: 295: 251:Identity politics 16:(Redirected from 5594: 5528:Social criticism 5448: 5438: 5428: 5418: 5408: 5398: 5388: 5378: 5368: 5358: 5348: 5338: 5328: 5318: 5308: 5298: 4534: 4533: 4516:Frankfurt School 4494:Communitarianism 4457: 4411: 4397: 4218: 4211: 4204: 4195: 4194: 4180: 4166: 4147: 4138: 4119: 4051: 4024: 3968: 3938:America's heroes 3932: 3886: 3861: 3824: 3797:Stryker, Sheldon 3792: 3780: 3771: 3762: 3702: 3670: 3634: 3622: 3568: 3543: 3533: 3507: 3490: 3474: 3467:Bourdieu, Pierre 3462: 3453: 3444: 3443:. London: Verso. 3425: 3424: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3339: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3315: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3160: 3154: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3118: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3014: 3008: 3007: 2997: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2955: 2941: 2935: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2920: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2741: 2735: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2580: 2574: 2560: 2554: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2506: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2430: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2250: 2249: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2009: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1886:10.1037/h0023281 1865: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1770: 1769: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1670: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1633: 1619: 1613: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1527: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1512: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1443: 1432: 1431: 1391: 1380: 1379: 1339: 1330: 1329: 1327: 1326: 1312: 1306: 1305: 1295: 1277: 1253: 1247: 1246: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1146: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1104: 1057:Racial dysphoria 1002:gender dysphoria 998:Gender Identity: 854:Identity changes 718:social movements 580: 576: 288: 281: 274: 194:Self-concealment 37: 36: 21: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5547: 5473:Critical theory 5451: 5446: 5436: 5426: 5416: 5406: 5396: 5386: 5376: 5366: 5356: 5346: 5336: 5326: 5316: 5306: 5296: 5276: 4954: 4948: 4746: 4740: 4689: 4618: 4525: 4477:Budapest School 4465: 4254:Cosmopolitanism 4227: 4222: 4173: 4163: 4135: 4125:social identity 4116: 4089: 4087:Further reading 4084: 4040: 4013: 3873: 3842:10.2307/2695840 3785:Mead, George H. 3759: 3699: 3631: 3505: 3461:. Oslo: Bergen. 3434: 3429: 3428: 3421: 3397: 3393: 3350: 3346: 3337: 3335: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3313: 3311: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3255: 3251: 3208: 3204: 3181:10.2307/1901196 3161: 3157: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3116: 3114: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3066: 3062: 3015: 3011: 2966: 2962: 2953: 2951: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2931: 2927: 2918: 2916: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2860: 2856: 2841: 2827: 2823: 2808: 2794: 2790: 2783: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2742: 2738: 2721:Thomas E. Woods 2719: 2715: 2708: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2608: 2604: 2597: 2581: 2577: 2561: 2557: 2541: 2537: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2456: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2426: 2416: 2390: 2386: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2260: 2253: 2214: 2210: 2167: 2163: 2148: 2134: 2130: 2121: 2119: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2045: 2041: 2037:, pp. 22–3 2033: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2010: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1968: 1964: 1921: 1917: 1866: 1862: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1831: 1807: 1803: 1796: 1780: 1776: 1767: 1765: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1745: 1728: 1724: 1693: 1689: 1681: 1677: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1644: 1640: 1631: 1629: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1577: 1573: 1554: 1528: 1519: 1510: 1508: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1444: 1435: 1392: 1383: 1340: 1333: 1324: 1322: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1254: 1250: 1239: 1217: 1213: 1202: 1180: 1176: 1169: 1147: 1143: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1062:Role engulfment 1047:Online identity 1022: 975:Development of 958: 945: 937:social identity 932: 912: 874:Gender Identity 861: 856: 848: 820:Western culture 790: 784: 702:Anthropologists 699: 693: 681:relational self 564: 536: 530: 510:self-psychology 506: 468:self-psychology 446:identity status 439:identity crisis 407: 384: 292: 189:Self-disclosure 168:Self-assessment 126:Self-reflection 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Social identity 15: 12: 11: 5: 5600: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5533:Social science 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5439: 5429: 5423:Gender Trouble 5419: 5409: 5399: 5389: 5379: 5369: 5359: 5353:The Second Sex 5349: 5339: 5329: 5319: 5309: 5299: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4958: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4750: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4540: 4538: 4531: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4479: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4403: 4398: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4345:Invisible hand 4342: 4337: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4288: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4221: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4186: 4172: 4171:External links 4169: 4168: 4167: 4161: 4148: 4139: 4133: 4120: 4114: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4068: 4061: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4038: 4011: 3998: 3995: 3988: 3981: 3978: 3971: 3933: 3915:(2): 168–195. 3904: 3897: 3887: 3871: 3862: 3836:(4): 284–297. 3825: 3813:10.2307/349494 3793: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3757: 3739: 3732: 3718: 3703: 3697: 3682: 3671: 3653:(2): 174–195. 3635: 3629: 3612: 3597: 3590: 3583: 3576: 3569: 3558: 3551: 3544: 3498: 3491: 3482: 3475: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3419: 3391: 3344: 3320: 3296: 3249: 3222:(6): 547–558. 3202: 3175:(4): 910–931. 3155: 3144: 3132: 3123: 3099: 3060: 3033:(4): 533–552. 3009: 2980:(3): 493–510. 2960: 2936: 2925: 2901: 2874:(5): 429–442. 2854: 2840:978-9004234765 2839: 2821: 2806: 2788: 2781: 2763: 2756: 2736: 2713: 2706: 2686: 2679: 2661: 2630: 2623: 2602: 2595: 2575: 2555: 2535: 2510: 2498: 2469: 2454: 2434: 2414: 2384: 2353: 2341: 2328: 2308: 2299: 2287: 2275: 2266: 2264:, pp. 3–5 2251: 2208: 2161: 2146: 2128: 2107: 2100: 2074: 2067: 2039: 2027: 2015: 2001: 1989: 1982: 1962: 1915: 1880:(5): 551–558. 1860: 1848: 1846:, pp. 7–8 1836: 1829: 1801: 1794: 1774: 1750: 1743: 1722: 1703:(2): 144–156. 1687: 1675: 1662: 1638: 1614: 1601: 1571: 1552: 1517: 1493: 1458:(5): 290–295. 1433: 1381: 1331: 1307: 1248: 1237: 1211: 1200: 1174: 1167: 1141: 1124: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1072:Self-discovery 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1009: 994: 990: 983: 980: 973: 957: 954: 944: 941: 931: 928: 911: 908: 907: 906: 902: 892: 885: 878: 871: 860: 857: 855: 852: 847: 844: 832:Jewish culture 786:Main article: 783: 780: 722:social context 710:Eriksonian way 692: 689: 669:Kenneth Gergen 664: 663: 660: 657: 654: 650: 649: 646: 643: 640: 636: 635: 632: 629: 626: 622: 621: 618: 615: 612: 608: 607: 604: 601: 598: 594: 593: 590: 587: 584: 563: 560: 544:discrimination 532:Main article: 529: 526: 505: 502: 485:self-knowledge 441:or confusion. 406: 403: 383: 380: 294: 293: 291: 290: 283: 276: 268: 265: 264: 263: 262: 257: 245: 244: 240: 239: 238: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 204: 203: 199: 198: 197: 196: 191: 183: 182: 178: 177: 176: 175: 170: 162: 161: 157: 156: 155: 154: 149: 141: 140: 139:Value judgment 136: 135: 134: 133: 128: 123: 121:Self-awareness 118: 110: 109: 105: 104: 103: 102: 97: 89: 88: 84: 83: 82: 81: 76: 71: 66: 58: 57: 53: 52: 46: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5599: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5550: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5538:Social theory 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5374: 5370: 5365: 5364: 5360: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5192:Radhakrishnan 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4953:20th and 21st 4951: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4745:18th and 19th 4743: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4214: 4212: 4207: 4205: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4164: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4090: 4081: 4080:0-415-32967-1 4077: 4073: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3807:(4): 558–64. 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3750: 3749: 3744: 3743:Ricoeur, Paul 3740: 3737: 3733: 3731: 3730:0-7425-1478-1 3727: 3723: 3719: 3716: 3715:0-8133-0566-7 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3698:1-57230-798-6 3694: 3690: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3626: 3621: 3620: 3613: 3610: 3609:0-415-18291-3 3606: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3531:2027.42/43651 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3436: 3422: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3402:The Lost Self 3395: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3153: 3148: 3142:, p. 169 3141: 3136: 3127: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2950: 2949:Identiversity 2946: 2940: 2934: 2929: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2799: 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