47:
564:
orgasm, and initiating sex, greater comfort undressing in front of their partner, having sex with the lights on, trying new sexual behaviors (e.g. anal sex), and pleasing their partner sexually than those dissatisfied. Positive body image was inversely related to self-consciousness and importance of physical attractiveness, and directly related to relationships with others and overall satisfaction.
555:
African
American or European American male face for fractions of a second. These experiments found no evidence of automatic stereotype activation when perceivers were cognitively busy and when they had not received negative feedback. When perceivers had received negative feedback, however, evidence of stereotype activation emerged even when perceivers were cognitively busy.
546:
adolescents. It is probable that by promoting physical fitness, increased physical performance, lessening body mass and promoting a more favourable body shape and structure, exercise will provide more positive social feedback and recognition from peer groups, and this will subsequently lead to improvement in an individual's self-image.
415:" stereotyped group. The study began when Fein and Spencer gave participants an ostensible test of intelligence. Some of them received negative feedback, and others, positive and supportive feedback. In the second half of the experiment, the participants were asked to evaluate another person who either belonged to a
502:
Self-image disparity was found to be positively related to chronological age (CA) and intelligence. Two factors thought to increase concomitantly with maturity were capacity for guilt and ability for cognitive differentiation. However, males had larger self-image disparities than females, Caucasians
410:
Fein and
Spencer (1997) conducted a study on Self-image Maintenance and Discriminatory Behavior. This study showed evidence that increased prejudice can result from a person's need to redeem a threatened positive perception of the self. The aim of the study was to test whether a particular threat to
520:
In the earliest stages of development, infants are not aware that images in mirrors are themselves. Research was done on 88 children between 3 and 24 months. Their behaviors were observed before a mirror. The results indicated that children's awareness of self-image followed three major age-related
423:
in a more antagonistic or opposing way, than the participants who were given excellent reports on their intelligence test. They suggested that the negative feedback on the test threatened the participants' self-image and they evaluated the target in a more negative manner, all in efforts to restore
541:
Regular practice of endurance exercise was related to a more favourable body-image. There was a strong association between participation in sports and the type of personality that tends to be resistant to drug and alcohol addiction. Physical exercise was further significantly related to scores for
563:
A magazine survey that included items about body image, self-image, and sexual behaviors was completed by 3,627 women. The study found that overall self-image and body image are significant predictors of sexual activity. Women who were more satisfied with body image reported more sexual activity,
554:
Does self-image threatening feedback make perceivers more likely to activate stereotypes when confronted by members of a minority group? Participants in Study 1 saw an Asian
American or European American woman for several minutes, and participants in Studies 2 and 3 were exposed to drawings of an
545:
It is likely that discussion of recreational or exercise involvement may provide a useful point of entry for facilitating dialogue among adolescents about concerns relating to body image and self-esteem. In terms of psychotherapeutic applications, physical activity has many additional rewards for
511:
A child's self-awareness of who they are differentiates into three categories around the age of five: their social self, academic persona, and physical attributes. Several ways to strengthen a child's self-image include communication, reassurance, support of hobbies, and finding good role models.
427:
A present study extends the studies of Fein and
Spencer in which the principal behavior examined was avoidance behavior. In the study, Macrae et al. (2004) found that participants that had a salient negative stereotype of "skinheads" attached, physically placed themselves further from a skinhead
580:
Men showed significant dissatisfaction with penile size, despite perceiving themselves to be of average size. Importantly, there were significant relationships between penile dissatisfaction and comfort with others seeing their penis, and with likelihood of seeking medical advice with regard to
406:
may be the way individuals maintain their self-image. When individuals evaluate a member of a stereotyped group, they are less likely to evaluate that person negatively if their self-images had been bolstered through a self-affirmation procedure, and they are more likely to evaluate that person
393:
Another factor that contributes to a negative self-image is the beauty values of the society in which a person lives. In the
American society, a popular beauty ideal is a slimness. Oftentimes, girls believe that they do not measure up to society's "thin" standards, which leads to their having a
378:
Poor self-image may be the result of accumulated criticisms that the person collected as a child which have led to damaging their own view of themselves. Children in particular are vulnerable to accepting negative judgments from authority figures because they have yet to develop competency in
318:
is the mental picture, generally of a kind that is quite resistant to change, that depicts not only details that are potentially available to an objective investigation by others (height, weight, hair color, etc.), but also items that have been learned by persons about themselves, either from
581:
penile and/or sexual function. Given the negative consequences of low body satisfaction and the importance of early intervention in sexually related illnesses (e.g., testicular cancer), it is imperative that attention be paid to male body dissatisfaction.
542:
physical and psychological well-being. Adolescents who engaged regularly in physical activity were characterised by lower anxiety-depression scores, and displayed much less social behavioural inhibition than their less active counterparts…
390:" personalities seem to be prone to having negative self-images. This is because such people constantly set the standard for success high above a reasonable, attainable level. Thus, they are constantly disappointed in this "failure."
366:, self-schemas store information and influence the way we think and remember. For example, research indicates that information which refers to the self is preferentially encoded and recalled in memory tests, a phenomenon known as "
528:
In the second year of life, wariness and withdrawal appeared; self-admiring and embarrassed behavior accompanied those avoidance behaviors starting at 14 months, and was shown by 75% of the subjects after 20 months of
576:, analyzed how (perceived) penile size affected body satisfaction in males. Based on the responses received from 110 heterosexual individuals (67 men; 43 women) to questions on the matter, the article concluded:
379:
evaluating such comments. Also, adolescents are highly targeted to suffer from poor body-image issues. Individuals who already exhibit a low sense of self-worth may be vulnerable to develop social disorders.
428:
target compared to those in which the stereotype was not as apparent. Therefore, greater salience of a negative stereotype led participants to show more stereotype-consistent behavior towards the target.
402:
When people are in the position of evaluating others, self-image maintenance processes can lead to a more negative evaluation depending on the self-image of the evaluator. That is to say
1118:
Barnett, Marjorie C. (1968). "'I Can't' Versus 'He Won't'; Further
Considerations of the Psychical Consequences of the Anatomic and Physiological Differences Between the Sexes".
419:, or one who did not. The results of the experiment showed that the participants who had previously received unfavorable comments on their test, evaluated the target of the
503:
had larger disparities and higher ideal self-images than
African Americans, and socioeconomic status (SES) affected self-images differentially for the 2nd and 5th graders.
407:
stereotypically if their self-images have been threatened by negative feedback. Individuals may restore their self-esteem by derogating the member of a stereotyped group.
890:
Flett, Gordon L.; Panico, Teresa; Hewitt, Paul L. (June 2011). "Perfectionism, Type A Behavior, and Self-Efficacy in
Depression and Health Symptoms among Adolescents".
1366:
Kirkcaldy, B. D.; Shephard, R. J.; Siefen, R. G. (2002). "The relationship between physical activity and self-image and problem behaviour among adolescents".
454:, where persons who existed in a digitally created world would subconsciously maintain the physical appearance that they had become accustomed to projecting.
525:
From about 6 through 12 months of age, the first prolonged and repeated reaction of an infant to their mirror image is that of a sociable “playmate”.
532:
During the last part of the second year of life, from 20 to 24 months of age, 65% of the subjects demonstrated recognition of their mirror images.
447:, or certain position of social entitlement, or lack thereof. The term was used at least as early as 1968, but was popularized in fiction by the
1409:
Spencer, S. J.; Fein, S.; Wolfe, C. T.; Fong, C.; Duinn, M. A. (1998). "Automatic
Activation of Stereotypes: The Role of Self-Image Threat".
370:". Self-schemas are also considered the traits people use to define themselves, they draw information about the self into a coherent scheme.
1489:
Johnston, Lucy; McLellan, Tracey; McKinlay, Audrey (2014). "(Perceived) Size Really Does Matter: Male
Dissatisfaction With Penis Size".
1253:
Phillips, D. A.; Zigler, E. F. (1980). "Children's self-image disparity: Effects of age, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and gender".
1305:
411:
the self would instigate increased stereotyping and lead to actual discriminatory behavior or tendencies towards a member of a "
302:
1454:
Ackard, D. M.; Kearney-Cooke, A.; Peterson, C. B. (2000). "Effect of body image and self-image on women's sexual behaviors".
1202:
1173:
1102:
1073:
826:
749:
1467:
969:
Florack, A.; Scarabis, M.; Gosejohann, S. (2005). "The Effects of Self-Image Threat on the Judgment of Out-Group Targets".
934:
Fein, S.; Spencer, S. J. (1997). "Prejudice as self-image maintenance: Affirming the self through derogating others".
859:
353:
These six types may or may not be an accurate representation of the person. All, some, or none of them may be true.
1532:
1152:
Women remain 'depriving competitors,' and the residual self image is 'I don't have the equipment to attract men.
778:
Rogers, T. B.; Kuiper, N. A.; Kirker, W. S. (1977). "Self-Reference and the Encoding of Personal Information".
382:
Negative self-images can arise from a variety of factors. A prominent factor, however, is personality type.
1522:
320:
627:
80:
1044:
467:
383:
295:
116:
612:
444:
367:
231:
474:. The psychological profile of victimisation includes a pervasive sense of helplessness, passivity,
356:
A more technical term for self-image that is commonly used by social and cognitive psychologists is
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662:
168:
657:
617:
271:
1065:
1059:
251:
246:
241:
132:
32:
1031:
288:
1281:"Empowering Self-Esteem in Young Kids: Proven Strategies for Parents | Kids Bedtime Stories"
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111:
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8:
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28:
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855:
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622:
491:
440:
343:
Self-image resulting from how the individual perceives how others see the individual.
340:
Self-image resulting from how the individual perceives the individual seeing oneself.
267:
226:
1395:
1147:
955:
1498:
1463:
1426:
1418:
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Katz, P.; Zigler, E. (1967). "Self-image Disparity: A Developmental Approach".
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791:
137:
20:
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1379:
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903:
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Self-image resulting from how others perceive how the individual sees oneself.
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1023:
729:
702:
682:
471:
189:
58:
1306:"Tips to Build Self-Esteem and Self-Confidence in Your Child (and Yourself)"
741:
349:
Self-image resulting from how others perceive how others see the individual.
1475:
1387:
677:
592:
324:
90:
24:
1352:
1344:
1239:
1139:
1431:
1095:
Shifting Identities, Shifting Racisms: A Feminism & Psychology Reader
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841:
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687:
602:
358:
163:
95:
36:
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597:
40:
1502:
1231:
996:
Macrae (1994). "Self-image Maintenance and Discriminatory Behavior".
479:
403:
1331:
Amsterdam, B. (1972). "Mirror self-image reactions before age two".
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the judgments of others. In some formulations, it is a component of
1468:
10.1002/1098-108X(200012)28:4<422::AID-EAT10>3.0.CO;2-1
1193:
Who's Pulling Your Strings? How to Break The Cycle of Manipulation
842:
Schacter, Daniel L.; Daniel T. Gilbert; Daniel M. Wegner (2011).
637:
549:
1166:
Like a Splinter in Your Mind: The Philosophy Behind the Matrix
875:
Adler, Ronald B.; Rosenfeld, Lawrence B.; Proctor, Russell F.
494:. This way of thinking can lead to hopelessness and despair.
483:
463:
1453:
66:
968:
850:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishers. pp.
334:
Self-image resulting from how an individual sees oneself.
1488:
337:
Self-image resulting from how others see the individual.
16:
Mental picture of self that comes from different sources
1365:
877:
Interplay: The Process of Interpersonal Communication
1408:
929:
927:
482:, negative thinking, strong feelings of self-guilt,
1190:
1120:Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
843:
814:
777:
924:
889:
874:
730:"Negative Political Ads and American Self Images"
439:is the concept that individuals tend to think of
1514:
1088:
1058:Lankton, Stephen R.; Lankton, Carol H. (1986).
734:Presidential Campaigns and American Self Images
1368:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
1252:
1061:Enchantment and Intervention in Family Therapy
1057:
550:Automatic activation of stereotypes and threat
515:
296:
1255:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1220:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
936:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
780:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
50:A cartoon representation of one's self-image
998:Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale
933:
1411:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
1217:
558:
303:
289:
1456:International Journal of Eating Disorders
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727:
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45:
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1182:
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1097:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. p. 31.
806:
497:
470:often get trapped into a self-image of
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572:An article published in the journal,
330:Self-image may consist of six types:
536:
1491:Psychology of Men & Masculinity
1064:. New York: Brunner/Mazel. p.
574:Psychology of Men & Masculinity
13:
1168:. Malden: Blackwell. p. 212.
821:(2nd ed.). Worth Publishers.
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14:
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728:Gronbeck, Bruce E. (2019-06-26),
386:, high achievers and those with "
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771:
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227:Personal identity (philosophy)
1:
1310:Center for Children and Youth
736:, Routledge, pp. 60–81,
714:
1189:Braiker, Harriet B. (2004).
421:negatively stereotyped group
417:negatively stereotyped group
7:
1333:Developmental Psychobiology
971:Swiss Journal of Psychology
628:Fear of negative evaluation
585:
516:Evolved awareness in mirror
431:
319:personal experiences or by
81:Self-knowledge (psychology)
10:
1549:
1267:10.1037/0022-3514.39.4.689
1132:10.1177/000306516801600312
792:10.1037/0022-3514.35.9.677
404:stereotyping and prejudice
117:Self-categorization theory
18:
1423:10.1177/01461672982411001
1380:10.1007/s00127-002-0554-7
1197:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1012:Literature and Psychology
983:10.1024/1421-0185.64.2.87
948:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.31
904:10.1007/s12144-011-9103-4
368:self-referential encoding
232:Identity (social science)
668:Psychological projection
663:Positive mental attitude
443:as projecting a certain
177:As applied to activities
169:True self and false self
19:Not to be confused with
1164:Lawrence, Matt (2004).
813:Schacter (2010-12-10).
742:10.4324/9780429302947-5
658:The Honest Body Project
618:End-of-history illusion
559:Women's sexual behavior
424:their own self-esteem.
272:Respectability politics
1533:Psychological theories
583:
252:Social identity threat
247:In-group and out-group
242:Social identity theory
133:Self-perception theory
51:
33:Self-perception theory
1345:10.1002/dev.420050403
613:Dunning–Kruger effect
578:
568:Men's sexual behavior
394:negative self-image.
49:
648:Identity performance
498:Children's disparity
112:Neural basis of self
1523:Conceptions of self
1089:Bhavnani, Kum-Kum;
653:Inferiority complex
633:Figure rating scale
445:physical appearance
437:Residual self-image
237:Collective identity
1312:. 11 December 2013
892:Current Psychology
643:Identity formation
608:Culture of poverty
277:Political identity
148:Self-consciousness
52:
29:Self-consciousness
1417:(11): 1139–1152.
1204:978-0-07-140278-1
1175:978-1-4051-2523-9
1126:(3–4): 588–600 .
1104:978-0-8039-7787-7
1075:978-0-87630-428-0
1039:Missing or empty
828:978-1-4292-3719-2
751:978-0-429-30294-7
693:Self (psychology)
638:Ideas of fairness
623:Face (self image)
537:Physical activity
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268:Identity politics
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374:Poor self-image
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206:Self-disclosure
185:Self-assessment
143:Self-reflection
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41:Self-confidence
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1497:(2): 225–228.
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1462:(4): 422–429.
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1261:(4): 689–700.
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918:"Risk Factors"
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898:(2): 105–116.
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977:(2): 87–101.
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920:. 2017-02-21.
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879:. p. 25.
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