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610:", which describes the full range of tactics available to activists at a given time and place. This repertoire consists of all of the tactics which have been proven to be successful by activists in the past, such as boycotts, petitions, marches, and sit-ins, and can be drawn upon by any new activists and social movements. Activists may also innovate new tactics of protest. These may be entirely novel, such as Douglas Schuler's idea of an "activist road trip", or may occur in response to police
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was one of the first occasions in which social networking technology was used by citizen-activists to circumvent state-controlled media and communicate directly with the rest of the world. These types of practices of
Internet activism were later picked up and used by other activists in subsequent mass mobilizations, such as the
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protests starting in late 2010. People living in the Middle East and North
African countries that were experiencing revolutions used social networking to communicate information about protests, including videos recorded on smart phones, which put the issues in front of an international audience. This
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While people's motivations for political activism may vary, one model examined activism in the
British Conservative party and found three primary motivations: (1) "incentives, such as ambitions for elective office", (2) "a desire for the party to achieve policy goals" and (3) "expressive concerns, as
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defined as "organized action taken by a group to improve social conditions", without regard to normative status. Following the surge of so-called "new social movements" in the United States in the 1960s, a new understanding of activism emerged as a rational and acceptable democratic option of protest
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Political activism on college campuses has been influential in left-wing politics since the 1960s, and recently there has been "a rise in conservative activism on US college campuses" and "it is common for conservative political organizations to donate money to relatively small conservative students
374:
activism are also important types. Human rights and environmental issues have historically been treated separately both within international law and as activist movements; prior to the 21st century, most human rights movements did not explicitly treat environmental issues, and likewise, human rights
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In addition, very wealthy
Americans can exercise political activism through massive financial support of political causes, and one study of the 400 richest Americans found "substantial evidence of liberal or right-wing activism that went beyond making contributions to political candidates." This
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held around the world in 2017 and 2018 were notable examples of science activism. Approaches to science activism vary from protests to more psychological, marketing-oriented approaches that takes into account such factors as individual sense of self, aversion to solutions to problems, and social
951:
Fashion activism was coined by Celine Semaan. Fashion activism is a type of activism that ignites awareness by giving consumers tools to support change, specifically in the fashion industry. It has been used as an umbrella term for many social and political movements that have taken place in the
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Online "left- and right-wing activists use digital and legacy media differently to achieve political goals". Left-wing online activists are usually more involved in traditional "hashtag activism" and offline protest, while right-wing activists may "manipulate legacy media, migrate to alternative
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Activists employ many different methods, or tactics, in pursuit of their goals. The tactics chosen are significant because they can determine how activists are perceived and what they are capable of accomplishing. For example, nonviolent tactics generally tend to garner more public sympathy than
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involves using the economic power of government, consumers, and businesses for social and economic policy change. Both conservative and liberal groups use economic activism to as a form of pressure to influence companies and organizations to oppose or support particular political, religious, or
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and the complex normative international framework have grown out of a number of transnational and widespread movements. Human rights were invoked and claimed in the contexts of anti-colonialism, anti-imperialism, anti-slavery, anti-apartheid, anti-racism, and feminist and indigenous struggles
526:
Activism is increasingly important on the political right in the United States and other countries, and some scholars have found: "the main split in conservatism has not been the long-standing one between economic and social conservatives detected in previous surveys (i.e., approximately the
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has pushed for increasing national self-reliance or, in some parts of the developing world, collectivist communist or socialist organization and affiliation. Activism has had major impacts on
Western societies as well, particularly over the past century through social movements such as the
375:
concerns were not typically integrated into early environmental activism. In the 21st century, the intersection between human rights and environmentalism has become increasingly important, leading to criticism of the mainstream environmentalist movement and the development of the
625:
Activism is not an activity always performed by those who profess activism as a profession. The term "activist" may apply broadly to anyone who engages in activism, or narrowly limited to those who choose political or social activism as a vocation or characteristic practice.
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to promote their own conception of the social good. The definition of judicial activism and whether a specific decisions is activist are controversial political issues. The legal systems of different nations vary in the extent that judicial activism may be permitted.
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is a type of visual activism that allows people to bring awareness to political or social discourse. It is a creative approach to activism as it allows people to send short and clear messages to society. People who contribute to craftivism are called "craftivists".
797:. Together they form a new "digital repertoire of contention" alongside the existing offline one. The rising use of digital tools and platforms by activists has also increasingly led to the creation of decentralized networks of activists that are self-organized and
1145:, or the influencing of decisions made by government, is another activist tactic. Many groups, including law firms, have designated staff assigned specifically for lobbying purposes. In the United States, lobbying is regulated by the federal government.
325:, as a protest against the oppressive taxes of their government, resulting in the imprisonment of 60,000 people and eventually independence of their nation. In nations throughout Asia, Africa and South America, the prominence of activism organized by
841:. Applying brand activism, businesses show concern for the communities they serve, and their economic, social, and environmental problems, which allows businesses to build sustainable and long-term relationships with the customers and prospects.
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identified a "group of 'Staunch
Conservatives' (11 percent of the electorate) who are strongly religious, across-the-board socially and economically conservative, and more politically active than other groups on the Right. They support the
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study also found, in general, "old money is, if anything, more uniformly conservative than new money." Another study examined how "activism of the wealthy" has often increased inequality but is now sometimes used to decrease
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seeks to build new institutions which conform to cooperative principles, and generally does not lobby or protest politically. Other activists try to persuade people or government policy to remain the same, in an effort to
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or cyber-activism. Some scholars argue that many of these new tactics are digitally analogous to the traditional offline tools of contention. Other digital tactics may be entire new and unique, such as certain types of
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Historically, most activism has focused on creating substantive changes in the policy or practice of a government or industry. Some activists try to persuade people to change their behavior directly (see also
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or ensure continued funding for scientific research. It may also include efforts to increase perceived legitimacy of particular scientific fields or respond to the politicization of particular fields. The
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or non-governmental organizations with specific aims and objectives in mind. Most activist organizations do not manufacture goods, but rather mobilize personnel to recruit funds and gain media coverage.
770:
platforms, and work strategically with partisan media to spread their messages". Research suggests right-wing online activists are more likely to use "strategic disinformation and conspiracy theories".
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Some groups and organizations participate in activism to such an extent that it can be considered as an industry. In these cases, activism is often done full-time, as part of an organization's
696:
Political activism does not depend on a specific ideology or national history, as can be seen, for example, in the importance of conservative
British women in the 1920s on issues of tariffs.
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at 72 percent, far higher than the next most favorable group." One analysis found a group estimated to be 4% of the electorate who identified both as libertarians and staunch religious
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Design activism locates design at the center of promoting social change, raising awareness on social/political issues, or questioning problems associated with mass production and
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relief for donations to charitable organizations. Governments may attempt to deny these benefits to activists by restricting the political activity of tax-exempt organizations.
182:, in which numerous individuals coordinate an act of protest together. Collective action that is purposeful, organized, and sustained over a period of time becomes known as a
2169:
3444:
Hirscher, Anja-Lisa (2013). "Fashion
Activism Evaluation and Application of Fashion Activism Strategies to Ease Transition Towards Sustainable Consumption Behaviour".
1625:
1359:"Advocacy 2.0: An Analysis of How Advocacy Groups in the United States Perceive and Use Social Media as Tools for Facilitating Civic Engagement and Collective Action"
3473:"Counter-narratives Towards Sustainability in Fashion. Scoping an Academic Discourse on Fashion Activism through a Case Study on the Centre for Sustainable Fashion"
948:, which is imagining about an ideal society that is different from the current society, which is found to be effective for increasing collective action intentions.
225:
are more common on the right (in the United States). In addition, the perception of increased left-wing activism in science and academia may decrease conservative
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3951:"Celebrity Activism on Racial Justice during COVID-19: The Death of George Floyd, the Rise of Naomi Osaka, and the Celebritization of Race in Pandemic Times."
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records the
English words "activism" and "activist" as in use in the political sense from the year 1920 or 1915 respectively. The history of the word
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Many contemporary activists now utilize new tactics through the
Internet and other information and communication technologies (ICTs), also known as
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and Sarkar defined the phenomenon as an attempt by firms to solve the global problems its future customers and employees care about.
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defined as "the policy or practice of doing things with decision and energy", without regard to a political signification, whereas
59:
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in science and motivate some forms of conservative activism, including on college campuses. Some scholars have also shown how the
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Tom Bieling (Ed.): Design (&) Activism – Perspectives on Design as Activism and Activism as Design. Mimesis, Milano, 2019,
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stake in a corporation to put pressure on its management. The goals of activist shareholders range from financial (increase of
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and a less ideological category of 'somewhat conservative' Establishment Republicans." One example of this activism is the
781:, who work to protect the rights of people in relation to new technologies, particularly concerning the Internet and other
371:
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are all forms of consumer activism which boycott certain types of products. Other examples of consumer activism include
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Internet activism may also refer to activism which focuses on protecting or changing the Internet itself, also known as
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3798:"Team Science: Building Better Science Activists with Insights from Disney, Marketing, and Psychological Research"
313:, and has been paralleled by other rebellions and revolutions in Hungary, Russia, and more recently, for example,
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of their cause. Research has now begun to explore how contemporary activist groups use social media to facilitate
162:
Activism may be performed on a day-to-day basis in a wide variety of ways, including through the creation of art (
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480:
17:
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Markussen, T (2013). "The Disruptive Aesthetics of Design Activism: Enacting Design Between Art and Politics".
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by that company could be considered an expression of activism. However, the term commonly refers to a form of
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31:
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may also seek to reform perceived corruption or entrenched systems of power within the publishing industry.
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Activism in literature may publish written works that express intended or advocated reforms. Alternatively,
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Political activism, although often identified with young adults, occurs across peoples entire life-courses.
193:, tracts, and books to disseminate or propagate their messages and attempt to persuade their readers of the
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utilizes the medium of visual art as a method of social or political commentary. Art activism can activate
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Many government systems encourage public support of non-profit organizations by granting various forms of
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and offline protest are more common on the left. Working strategically with partisan media, migrating to
174:). For example, the refusal to buy clothes or other merchandise from a company as a protest against the
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330:
3936:
The Activist's Almanac: The Concerned Citizen's Guide to the Leading Advocacy Organizations in America
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The Leaderless Revolution: How Ordinary People will Take Power and Change Politics in the 21st Century
1408:"Canadian Advocacy 2.0: A Study of Social Media Use by Social Movement Groups and Activists in Canada"
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to reinforce "good" behavior and support companies one would like to succeed, or through boycott or
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619:
607:
3765:"Politics and the Perceived Boundaries of Science: Activism, Sociology, and Scientific Legitimacy"
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Ayres, Jeffrey M. (1999). "From the Streets to the Internet: The Cyber-Diffusion of Contention".
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through changes in corporate policy, financing structure, cost cutting, etc.) to non-financial (
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Hirscher, Anja-Lisa; Niinimäki, Kirsi (2013). "Fashion Activism through Participatory Design".
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144:
3855:"Do Pay-For-Placement Search Engines engage in Trademark "Use"?, IP Law360 – Godfrey and Kahn"
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Nolas, Sevasti-Melissa; Varvantakis, Christos; Aruldoss, Vinnarasan, eds. (18 December 2019).
1526:"College campus activism: Distinguishing between liberal reformers and conservative crusaders"
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558:"to be the core of this group of high-engagement voters" and labeled this group "Activists."
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The digital rights movement : the role of technology in subverting digital copyright
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Corbett, Sarah; Housely, Sarah (2011). "The Craftivist Collective Guide to Craftivism".
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1652:"Mobilizing the Wealthy: Doing "Privilege Work" and Challenging the Roots of Inequality"
1471:
433:; and others. The foundations of the global human rights movement involve resistance to
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2646:"Home and Politics: Women and Conservative Activism in Early Twentieth-Century Britain"
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in opposition to the government that is imposing the tax, to government policy, or as
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the protection of the human environment (by pollution prevention or the protection of
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driven by a utilitarian conservation ethic or a nature oriented preservationist ethic
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Whiteley, Paul F.; Seyd, Patrick; Richardson, Jeremy; Bissell, Paul (January 1994).
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1590:"The Myth of Old Money Liberalism: The Politics of the Forbes 400 Richest Americans"
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is the type of activism in which business plays a leading role in the processes of
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to penalize "bad" behavior and pressure companies to change or go out of business.
777:. The Digital Rights movement consists of activists and organizations, such as the
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102:
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2009:
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Scully, Maureen; Rothenberg, Sandra; Beaton, Erynn E.; Tang, Zhi (20 March 2017).
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industry. Fashion Activism uses a participatory approach to a political activity.
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Human rights activism seeks to protect basic rights such as those laid out in the
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operations. However, activist organizations engage in other activities as well.
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resistance. New tactics then spread to others through a social process known as
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violent ones. and are more than twice as effective in achieving stated goals.
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3974:, edited by Massimiliano Stramaglia. Lecce-Rovato, Italy: Pensa Multimedia.
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through organized or unified protest in recorded history dates back to the
54:
3415:"Fashion Activism: Changing the World One Trend at a Time | Peacock Plume"
2722:
2127:
1928:
674:
by holding government agencies accountable to oversight and transparency.
622:, and if successful, may become new additions to the activist repertoire.
3375:
3292:
Lin, Tom C. W. (18 March 2015). "Reasonable Investor(s)". Rochester, NY.
1242:
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1004:
934:
906:
754:
438:
434:
406:
113:
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2998:
Rolfe, Brett (2005). "Building an Electronic Repertoire of Contention".
2225:
591:), rather than to persuade governments to change laws. For example, the
3909:
2760:"Explaining Party Activism: The Case of the British Conservative Party"
2588:
2480:
2459:
McAdam, Doug (1983). "Tactical Innovation and the Pace of Insurgency".
1621:
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728:
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458:
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322:
167:
39:
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Mazzarella, Francesco; Storey, Helen; Williams, Dilys (1 April 2019).
3051:
Fuchs, Christian (2006). "The Self-Organization of Social Movements".
2307:
Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict
3554:"Craftivism for occupational therapists: finding our political voice"
1854:
The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups
1698:
1212:
863:
by boycotting goods produced with slave labor. Today, vegetarianism,
291:
279:
237:
132:
43:
3514:
Design activism : beautiful strangeness for a sustainable world
3197:
2580:
2472:
1605:
3098:
Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing without Organizations
2661:
2028:
The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century
1172:
1142:
941:
864:
690:
682:
535:). Instead, it is between an emergent group (Activists) that fuses
218:
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121:
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building in a community (including writing letters to newspapers),
86:
4030:
3133:
Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age
2853:
Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest
2496:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
2406:
Liberating Voices: A Pattern Language for Communication Revolution
2375:(Second revised ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
1589:
1454:
Freelon, Deen; Marwick, Alice; Kreiss, Daniel (4 September 2020).
2615:"Politically Active? 4 Tips for Incorporating Self-Care, US News"
860:
503:
442:
136:
89:) consists of efforts to promote, impede, direct or intervene in
27:
Efforts to make change in society toward a perceived greater good
2011:
No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945–1991
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686:
446:
152:
105:
4002:
3207:(1 December 2018). 98 Boston University Law Review 1535 (2018)
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Digitally Enabled Social Change: Activism in the Internet Age
2819:"The Evolution of Activism: From the Streets to Social Media"
2757:
3968:"The New Ethics of Pop: Celebrity Activism Since Lady Gaga."
1292:
Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics
851:
consists of activism carried out on behalf of consumers for
707:
measured by the strength of the respondent's partisanship".
566:
3880:
Soul of a Citizen: Living With Conviction in a Cynical Time
1822:
The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements
1296:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
855:
or by consumers themselves. For instance, activists in the
295:
3914:
The Activist's Handbook: A Primer for the 1990s and Beyond
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240:
can be difficult and has been described as a 'fine line'.
139:) of businesses, and demonstrative forms of activism like
2261:
Zunes, Stephen; Asher, Sarah Beth; Kurtz, Lester (1999).
1456:"False equivalencies: Online activism from left to right"
1125:. Many organizations in the activism industry are either
3470:
2710:
1700:
Rejecting refugees: political asylum in the 21st century
937:. Design Activism is not limited to one type of design.
189:
Historically, activists have used literature, including
2265:
Nonviolent Social Movements: A Geographical Perspective
1524:
Ince, Jelani; Finlay, Brandon M.; Rojas, Fabio (2018).
294:
6,000 slaves rebelled and were crucified from Capua to
2565:"The Origin and Current Meanings of Judicial Activism"
823:
social values and behaviors. This may be done through
170:), or simply in how one chooses to spend their money (
4007:
2196:"Environmentalism Was Once a Social-Justice Movement"
3903:
Nonviolence Speaks: Communicating against Repression
2952:
Hacktivism and the Future of Political Participation
1929:"Ancient History: Spartacus and the Slave Rebellion"
1453:
479:
the protection of nature or the natural environment
321:
thousands of protesting Indians participated in the
30:"Activist" redirects here. For similar titles, see
3241:Sarkar, Christian; Kotler, Philip (October 2018).
3095:
2262:
2050:Keckler, Charles; Rozell, Mark J. (3 April 2015).
2008:
1899:
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358:Activism has often been thought to address either
3769:Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World
3536:
290:, where under the leadership of former gladiator
233:of very wealthy Americans is a form of activism.
4043:
2297:
475:Environmental activism takes quite a few forms:
3654:Craftivism : the art of craft and activism
2260:
2111:"Human Rights and the Environment: Where Next?"
2052:"The Libertarian Right and the Religious Right"
1523:
1332:The Social Movements Reader: Cases and Concepts
975:Science activism may include efforts to better
521:
3616:
3267:"WHAT IS BRAND ACTIVISM? – ActivistBrands.com"
2919:Future Active: Media Activism and the Internet
213:online activists often use different tactics.
3972:Pop Cultures: Sconfinamenti Alterdisciplinari
2193:
2049:
1858:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
1327:
3734:"Why Some Scientists Are Embracing Activism"
3651:
3240:
2954:. Harvard University: Doctoral Dissertation.
2194:Britton-Purdy, Jedediah (7 September 2016).
2015:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
875:, a minimalist lifestyle intended to reduce
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2370:
2025:
1787:
1350:
1137:has often been used to refer to outsourced
783:information and communications technologies
498:the protection of the function of critical
309:erupted in response to the imposition of a
3684:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
243:
3780:
3731:
3716:
3511:
3488:
3361:
3011:
2965:Earl, Jennifer; Kimport, Katrina (2011).
2816:
2714:Political Activism across the Life Course
2643:
2126:
1423:
1374:
278:However, the history of the existence of
258:traces back to earlier understandings of
3938:(Simon & Schuster/Fireside, 1993).
3795:
3762:
3551:
3443:
3130:
1987:
1791:Introduction to the Science of Sociology
565:
69:
60:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
53:
38:
3906:, (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2003).
3561:British Journal of Occupational Therapy
3446:Research Journal of Textile and Apparel
3135:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Polity.
2408:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
2403:
2371:Tilly, Charles; Tarrow, Sidney (2015).
2309:. New York: Columbia University Press.
2226:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"
2006:
1834:
1794:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
921:from particular countries, adoption of
662:Judicial activism in the European Union
329:and especially under the leadership of
78:march in Washington, D.C., August 1970.
14:
4044:
3828:
3598:from the original on 27 September 2020
3243:Brand Activism: From Purpose to Action
2949:
2916:
2883:
2850:
2817:Sliwinski, Michael (21 January 2016).
2458:
1988:Pletcher, Kenneth (14 December 2015).
1868:
1819:
1804:
1788:Park, Robert; Burgess, Ernest (1921).
1696:
1587:
1287:
1248:Social engineering (political science)
3843:from the original on 5 December 2010.
3829:Fisher, Dana R. (14 September 2006).
3744:from the original on 11 December 2018
3425:from the original on 23 November 2020
3273:from the original on 29 November 2020
3163:
3053:Systemic Practice and Action Research
3050:
2997:
2846:
2844:
2562:
2544:from the original on 25 February 2021
2493:
2366:
2364:
2115:European Journal of International Law
2108:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2026:Meyer, David; Tarrow, Sidney (1998).
1969:from the original on 9 September 2019
1926:
1897:
1849:
1328:Goodwin, Jeff; Jasper, James (2009).
629:
574:in U.S. history, started by activist
399:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3956:(Published online: March 16, 2022).
3732:Hernandez, Daniela (22 April 2017).
3698:
3093:
2855:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2798:from the original on 27 January 2022
2764:British Journal of Political Science
2692:from the original on 27 January 2022
2246:(2007), p. 19. "In fact, the modern
2206:from the original on 19 October 2021
2168:(11): 2. Spring 2004. Archived from
1645:
1643:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1564:from the original on 27 January 2022
1519:
1517:
1502:from the original on 21 October 2021
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1405:
1357:Obar, Jonathan; et al. (2012).
1356:
1323:
1321:
1116:
859:of the late 1700s protested against
808:
718:
677:Political activism may also include
353:
3652:Greer, Betsy, ed. (21 April 2014).
3291:
2888:. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.
2607:
1399:
977:communicate the benefits of science
970:
24:
3869:
2921:. Annandale, N.S.W.: Pluto Press.
2841:
2440:from the original on 27 March 2019
2361:
2034:
1939:from the original on 27 March 2019
1906:. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
1807:Social Theory and Social Structure
1759:
1731:
502:elements or processes such as the
317:. In 1930 under the leadership of
25:
4073:
3954:International Review of Sociology
3763:Scheitle, Christopher P. (2018).
3552:Youngson, Bel (5 February 2019).
3343:from the original on 25 June 2019
2739:from the original on 29 June 2023
2644:Thackeray, David (October 2010).
2625:from the original on 6 April 2019
2563:Kmiec, Keenan D. (October 2004).
2349:from the original on 13 July 2022
2090:from the original on 29 June 2023
2056:Perspectives on Political Science
1640:
1628:from the original on 29 June 2023
1576:
1514:
1440:
1412:Canadian Journal of Communication
1336:(2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
1318:
753:came into a global lens with the
4029:
4017:
3631:10.5325/utopianstudies.22.2.0344
2232:from the original on 4 May 2009.
2135:from the original on 5 June 2018
1927:Czech, Kenneth P. (April 1994).
988:
897:opposition to taxation in itself
510:
286:of the 1st century BC(E) in the
201:and collective action combining
3847:
3822:
3789:
3756:
3725:
3692:
3645:
3610:
3545:
3530:
3505:
3464:
3437:
3407:
3390:
3355:
3325:
3285:
3259:
3234:
3218:Corporate America Tackles Trump
3210:
3190:
3157:
3124:
3087:
3044:
2991:
2969:. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
2958:
2943:
2910:
2877:
2810:
2751:
2704:
2637:
2556:
2530:
2487:
2452:
2422:
2397:
2331:
2291:
2254:
2236:
2218:
2187:
2147:
2109:Boyle, Alan (11 October 2012).
2102:
2019:
2000:
1981:
1951:
1920:
1902:From Mobilization to Revolution
1891:
1862:
1843:
1828:
1813:
1798:
1781:
1753:
1725:
928:
492:the conservation of depletable
386:
127:, running or contributing to a
116:. Forms of activism range from
3918:University of California Press
3857:. 11 July 2011. Archived from
3333:"Activist Investor Definition"
1877:. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.
1873:The Strategy of Social Protest
1837:The Structure of Social Action
1690:
1281:
779:Electronic Frontier Foundation
464:
58:Civil rights activists at the
13:
1:
4003:Commons Social Change Library
3962:10.1080/03906701.2022.2052457
3718:10.1126/science.272.5265.1081
3490:10.1080/14606925.2019.1595402
3198:Incorporating Social Activism
2068:10.1080/10457097.2015.1011476
1824:. New York: Harper & Row.
1588:Burris, Val (1 August 2000).
1363:Journal of Information Policy
1274:
766:in Turkey in 2013, and more.
666:Activists can also be public
401:including such liberties as:
32:The Activist (disambiguation)
3806:. Vol. 43, no. 4.
3512:Fuad-Lake, Alastair (2009).
3458:10.1108/RJTA-17-01-2013-B003
2461:American Sociological Review
2269:. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
2143:– via Oxford Academic.
606:developed the concept of a "
522:Libertarian and conservative
489:heritage or quality of life)
298:in what became known as the
7:
3516:. Sterling, VA: Earthscan.
3216:White, Ben and Romm, Tony,
3102:. New York: Penguin Press.
2030:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1869:Gamson, William A. (1975).
1767:Online Etymology Dictionary
1739:Online Etymology Dictionary
1425:10.22230/cjc.2014v39n2a2678
1198:Counterculture of the 1960s
1155:
654:Judicial activism in Canada
251:Online Etymology Dictionary
10:
4078:
3796:Campbell, Troy H. (2019).
3539:European Academy of Design
2950:Samuel, Alexandra (2004).
2650:Journal of British Studies
2538:"Introduction to Activism"
2508:10.1177/000271629956600111
1703:. Routledge. p. 258.
1376:10.5325/jinfopoli.2.2012.1
812:
745:Category:Internet activism
722:
658:Judicial activism in India
647:
633:
561:
514:
468:
390:
29:
3131:Castells, Manuel (2015).
3065:10.1007/s11213-005-9006-0
3022:10.1080/14742830500051945
2776:10.1017/S0007123400006797
2540:. Permanent Culture Now.
2404:Schuler, Douglas (2008).
1835:Parsons, Talcott (1937).
3782:10.1177/2378023118769544
3701:"The Activist Scientist"
3573:10.1177/0308022619825807
2884:Hector, Postigo (2012).
2851:Zeynep, Tufekci (2017).
2228:. United Nations. 1948.
1994:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1668:10.1177/0007650317698941
1127:non-profit organizations
923:environmentally friendly
608:repertoire of contention
305:In English history, the
236:Separating activism and
203:politics with technology
108:with the desire to make
3991:(Thomas Nelson, 2004).
3966:Deflem, Mathieu. 2019.
3949:Deflem, Mathieu. 2022.
3831:"The Activism Industry"
3738:The Wall Street Journal
3223:4 November 2019 at the
3203:1 February 2021 at the
3000:Social Movement Studies
2917:Meikle, Graham (2002).
1963:Encyclopædia Britannica
1898:Tilly, Charles (1978).
1839:. New York: Free Press.
1809:. New York: Free Press.
1805:Merton, Robert (1945).
1480:10.1126/science.abb2428
1406:Obar, Jonathan (2014).
1288:Tarrow, Sidney (1998).
1228:List of peace activists
1208:Demonstration (protest)
1183:Asian American activism
1069:Guerrilla communication
1000:Communities of practice
881:conspicuous consumption
461:of indigenous peoples.
344:women's rights movement
244:Definitions of activism
176:exploitation of workers
3313:Cite journal requires
2007:Goodwin, Jeff (2001).
1850:Olson, Mancur (1965).
1697:Bohmer, Carol (2010).
1656:Business & Society
1218:Human rights activists
801:, or what is known as
733:Online social movement
579:
517:Animal Rights Movement
335:social revolutionaries
221:, and manipulation of
79:
67:
51:
3836:The American Prospect
3094:Clay, Shirky (2008).
2723:10.4324/9781351201797
2569:California Law Review
2434:Public Sphere Project
2248:civil rights movement
2162:Human Rights Dialogue
1820:Hoffer, Eric (1951).
1049:Nonviolent resistance
857:free produce movement
813:Further information:
723:Further information:
679:political campaigning
569:
393:Human rights movement
377:environmental justice
348:civil rights movement
219:alternative platforms
166:), computer hacking (
73:
64:civil rights movement
57:
42:
4057:Community organizing
3970:pp. 113–129 in
3699:Daie, Jaleh (1996).
3376:10.1162/DESI_a_00195
3164:Carne, Ross (2013).
2621:. 27 February 2017.
2430:"Activist Road Trip"
2373:Contentious Politics
1010:Cooperative movement
903:Shareholder activism
593:cooperative movement
570:The longest running
3900:with Wendy Varney.
3775:: 237802311876954.
3231:, (6 February 2017)
3168:. New York: Plume.
2595:on 17 December 2019
2128:10.1093/ejil/chs054
1472:2020Sci...369.1197F
1466:(6508): 1197–1201.
1163:Advocacy evaluation
1089:Performance Theater
1025:Transition movement
1020:Guerrilla gardening
853:consumer protection
825:ethical consumerism
713:economic inequality
419:freedoms of thought
415:freedom of movement
260:collective behavior
112:toward a perceived
3808:Center for Inquiry
3803:Skeptical Inquirer
3477:The Design Journal
2829:on 30 January 2016
2175:on 10 January 2022
1959:"Peasants' Revolt"
1542:10.1111/soc4.12603
1253:Spiritual activism
1233:Media manipulation
1188:Civil disobedience
995:Community building
955:Craft activism or
893:civil disobedience
803:franchise activism
762:in Spain in 2011,
640:Judges may employ
636:Political movement
630:Political activism
580:
541:Tea Party movement
266:. As late as 1969
129:political campaign
110:changes in society
80:
76:women's liberation
68:
52:
4062:Activism by issue
3997:978-0-7852-6057-8
3892:978-0-312-59537-1
3884:St Martin's Press
3663:978-1-55152-535-8
3483:(sup1): 821–833.
3402:978-88-6977-241-2
3252:978-0-9905767-9-2
2343:Activist Handbook
2303:Stephan, Maria J.
1760:Harper, Douglas.
1732:Harper, Douglas.
1710:978-0-415-77375-1
1530:Sociology Compass
1223:List of activists
1203:Cultural activism
1135:activism industry
1117:Activism industry
982:March for Science
965:literary activism
925:policies, etc.).
915:shareholder value
849:Consumer activism
820:Economic activism
815:Economic activism
809:Economic activism
790:Internet activism
751:Internet activism
737:Anonymous (group)
725:Internet activism
719:Internet activism
650:Judicial activist
642:judicial activism
529:Libertarian right
494:natural resources
431:peaceful assembly
417:; constitutional
354:Types of activism
300:Third Servile War
272:social action was
180:collective action
172:economic activism
125:elected officials
16:(Redirected from
4069:
4034:
4033:
4022:
4021:
4013:
3863:
3862:
3861:on 11 July 2011.
3851:
3845:
3844:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3810:. pp. 34–39
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3683:
3675:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3558:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3492:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3411:
3405:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3337:Carried Interest
3329:
3323:
3322:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3301:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3238:
3232:
3214:
3208:
3196:Lin, Tom C. W.,
3194:
3188:
3187:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3101:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3015:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2825:. Archived from
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2591:. Archived from
2575:(5): 1441–1478.
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2299:Chenoweth, Erica
2295:
2289:
2288:
2268:
2258:
2252:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2174:
2159:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2130:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2047:
2032:
2031:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1905:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1876:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1662:(6): 1075–1113.
1647:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1585:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1451:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1378:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1335:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1295:
1285:
1263:Water protectors
1258:Student activism
1193:Community leader
971:Science activism
946:utopian thinking
940:Art activism or
471:Environmentalism
327:social movements
307:Peasants' Revolt
223:mainstream media
215:Hashtag activism
199:civic engagement
21:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4028:
4016:
4008:
3876:Paul Rogat Loeb
3872:
3870:Further reading
3867:
3866:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3827:
3823:
3813:
3811:
3794:
3790:
3761:
3757:
3747:
3745:
3730:
3726:
3697:
3693:
3677:
3676:
3664:
3650:
3646:
3619:Utopian Studies
3615:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3556:
3550:
3546:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3510:
3506:
3469:
3465:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3419:peacockplume.fr
3413:
3412:
3408:
3395:
3391:
3360:
3356:
3346:
3344:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3314:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3274:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3239:
3235:
3225:Wayback Machine
3215:
3211:
3205:Wayback Machine
3195:
3191:
3176:
3162:
3158:
3143:
3129:
3125:
3110:
3092:
3088:
3049:
3045:
3013:10.1.1.457.9077
2996:
2992:
2977:
2963:
2959:
2948:
2944:
2929:
2915:
2911:
2896:
2882:
2878:
2863:
2849:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2733:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2581:10.2307/3481421
2561:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2492:
2488:
2473:10.2307/2095322
2457:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2402:
2398:
2383:
2369:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2339:"Direct action"
2337:
2336:
2332:
2317:
2296:
2292:
2277:
2259:
2255:
2241:
2237:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2048:
2035:
2024:
2020:
2005:
2001:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1867:
1863:
1848:
1844:
1833:
1829:
1818:
1814:
1803:
1799:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1742:
1730:
1726:
1711:
1695:
1691:
1648:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1606:10.2307/3097235
1594:Social Problems
1586:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1522:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1452:
1441:
1404:
1400:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1326:
1319:
1304:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1158:
1119:
1037:Culture jamming
991:
973:
931:
817:
811:
747:
721:
672:whistle blowers
664:
638:
632:
616:countermovement
564:
537:both ideologies
533:Christian right
524:
519:
513:
473:
467:
395:
389:
381:climate justice
372:religious right
356:
340:Labour movement
331:civil activists
246:
184:social movement
131:, preferential
66:in August 1963.
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Social activist
15:
12:
11:
5:
4075:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4039:
4038:
4026:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3982:
3964:
3947:
3929:
3907:
3895:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3846:
3821:
3788:
3755:
3724:
3711:(5265): 1081.
3691:
3662:
3644:
3625:(2): 344–351.
3609:
3567:(6): 383–385.
3544:
3529:
3522:
3504:
3463:
3436:
3406:
3389:
3354:
3324:
3315:|journal=
3284:
3258:
3251:
3233:
3209:
3189:
3174:
3156:
3141:
3123:
3108:
3086:
3059:(1): 101–137.
3043:
2990:
2975:
2957:
2942:
2928:978-1864031485
2927:
2909:
2894:
2876:
2861:
2840:
2809:
2750:
2731:
2703:
2662:10.1086/654913
2656:(4): 826–848.
2636:
2606:
2555:
2529:
2502:(1): 132–143.
2486:
2467:(6): 735–754.
2451:
2421:
2414:
2396:
2381:
2360:
2330:
2315:
2290:
2276:978-1577180753
2275:
2253:
2235:
2217:
2186:
2155:"Introduction"
2146:
2121:(3): 613–642.
2101:
2033:
2018:
1999:
1980:
1950:
1919:
1912:
1890:
1883:
1861:
1842:
1827:
1812:
1797:
1780:
1752:
1724:
1709:
1689:
1639:
1600:(3): 360–378.
1575:
1513:
1439:
1398:
1349:
1342:
1317:
1302:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1268:Youth activism
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1238:Restorationism
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1168:Advocacy group
1165:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1105:Strike action
1103:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1061:
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1051:
1044:Peace activism
1041:
1040:
1039:
1032:Media activism
1029:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
990:
987:
972:
969:
930:
927:
885:tax resistance
835:Brand activism
810:
807:
775:digital rights
741:Digital rights
720:
717:
634:Main article:
631:
628:
598:counter change
563:
560:
523:
520:
515:Main article:
512:
509:
508:
507:
496:
490:
483:
469:Main article:
466:
463:
391:Main article:
388:
385:
366:concerns, but
355:
352:
319:Mahatma Gandhi
245:
242:
157:hunger strikes
145:street marches
26:
9:
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3656:. Vancouver.
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3523:9781844076444
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3365:
3364:Design Issues
3358:
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1178:Animal rights
1176:
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1107:
1106:
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1100:
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1094:Protest songs
1092:
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1084:Direct action
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1079:Demonstration
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604:Charles Tilly
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589:direct action
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556:conservatives
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284:slave revolts
281:
276:
273:
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264:social action
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49:
48:Paris Commune
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3898:Brian Martin
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3801:
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3306:cite journal
3287:
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2741:. Retrieved
2713:
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2433:
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2351:. Retrieved
2342:
2333:
2306:
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2244:Human Rights
2243:
2238:
2220:
2208:. Retrieved
2200:The Atlantic
2199:
2189:
2177:. Retrieved
2170:the original
2165:
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2118:
2114:
2104:
2092:. Retrieved
2062:(2): 92–99.
2059:
2055:
2027:
2021:
2010:
2002:
1993:
1990:"Salt March"
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1962:
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1941:. Retrieved
1932:
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1872:
1864:
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1737:
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1655:
1630:. Retrieved
1597:
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1533:
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929:Art activism
907:shareholders
901:
887:, a form of
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581:
547:Pew Research
545:
536:
525:
500:earth system
474:
396:
387:Human rights
360:human rights
357:
304:
288:Roman Empire
277:
275:or appeal.
271:
268:activism was
267:
255:
249:
247:
235:
188:
161:
82:
81:
36:
3985:Victor Gold
3932:David Walls
3814:10 November
3748:10 November
2548:20 December
2094:19 February
1773:17 December
1745:17 December
1243:Slacktivism
1139:fundraising
1065:Propaganda
1059:Peace vigil
1054:Peace camps
1005:Cooperative
935:consumerism
877:materialism
764:Occupy Gezi
755:Arab Spring
691:petitioning
572:peace vigil
465:Environment
451:segregation
439:imperialism
435:colonialism
407:citizenship
383:movements.
368:libertarian
122:petitioning
114:common good
62:during the
4046:Categories
3989:Liberwocky
3920:, 1996).
3910:Randy Shaw
3886:, 2010).
3672:1032507461
2833:6 February
2823:Law Street
2802:27 January
2696:27 January
2599:25 January
2444:1 November
2210:19 October
2179:19 October
2139:19 October
1933:HistoryNet
1762:"activist"
1734:"activism"
1632:4 February
1568:27 January
1506:27 January
1275:References
1015:Grassroots
957:craftivism
869:freeganism
829:divestment
799:leaderless
795:hacktivism
729:Hacktivism
648:See also:
612:oppression
459:oppression
455:patriarchy
423:expression
346:, and the
323:Salt March
211:right-wing
168:hacktivism
3680:cite book
3639:141667893
3581:0308-0226
3499:1460-6925
3452:: 23–38.
3370:(1): 38.
3184:795168105
3151:896126968
3118:168716646
3073:1094-429X
3030:1474-2837
3008:CiteSeerX
2985:727948420
2904:812346336
2871:961312425
2792:154681634
2784:1469-2112
2670:1545-6986
2524:154834235
2516:0002-7162
2391:909883395
2325:810145714
2242:Clapham,
2084:145428669
2076:1045-7097
1973:12 August
1943:12 August
1719:743396687
1684:157605628
1676:0007-6503
1614:0037-7791
1558:150160691
1550:1751-9020
1496:221471947
1385:246628982
1312:727948411
1213:Dissident
1133:The term
909:using an
905:involves
703:groups".
668:watchdogs
620:diffusion
552:Tea Party
315:Hong Kong
292:Spartacus
238:terrorism
231:influence
207:Left-wing
191:pamphlets
133:patronage
95:political
44:Barricade
4052:Activism
4024:Politics
3841:Archived
3742:Archived
3602:30 April
3593:Archived
3589:86850023
3429:24 April
3423:Archived
3384:17301556
3341:Archived
3271:Archived
3229:Politico
3221:Archived
3201:Archived
3081:38385359
3038:10619520
2937:50165391
2796:Archived
2737:Archived
2690:Archived
2686:27993371
2678:20941876
2623:Archived
2542:Archived
2438:Archived
2436:. 2008.
2347:Archived
2305:(2013).
2285:40753886
2230:Archived
2204:Archived
2133:Archived
2088:Archived
1967:Archived
1937:Archived
1626:Archived
1562:Archived
1500:Archived
1488:32883863
1369:: 1–25.
1173:Advocacy
1156:See also
1143:Lobbying
1075:Protest
942:artivism
865:veganism
683:lobbying
531:and the
487:cultural
427:religion
411:property
311:poll tax
256:activism
164:artivism
99:economic
87:advocacy
83:Activism
4036:Society
4010:Portals
3705:Science
3347:17 July
3298:2579510
3277:1 April
2629:5 March
2619:US News
2589:3481421
2481:2095322
2353:13 July
1622:3097235
1468:Bibcode
1460:Science
1434:2254742
1393:1956352
861:slavery
578:in 1981
562:Methods
504:climate
443:slavery
195:justice
153:sit-ins
149:strikes
141:rallies
137:boycott
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