Smoke - Knowledge

1309:. Smoke is a significant component of ambient air pollution, often resulting from the burning of coal in power plants, forest fires, agricultural burning, and other sources of combustion. Ambient air pollution typically contains particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and other harmful substances, but the concentration of pollutants is generally lower than in cigarette smoke. However, prolonged exposure to ambient pollutants, especially particulate matter like PM2.5, can still pose serious health risks. For example, one day of exposure to PM2.5 at a concentration of 880 μg/m³ can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular problems, particularly for vulnerable populations like children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing health conditions. Long-term exposure to elevated PM2.5 levels is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases, including asthma, bronchitis, and heart disease. Additionally, PM2.5 particles are small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream, exacerbating health risks. Climate change can also worsen the frequency and intensity of pollution sources like wildfires, leading to higher concentrations of PM2.5 in certain regions. Such as occurs in Beijing, China, is the equivalent of smoking one or two cigarettes in terms of particulate inhalation by weight. The analysis is complicated, however, by the fact that the organic compounds present in various ambient particulates may have a higher carcinogenicity than the compounds in cigarette smoke particulates. Secondhand tobacco smoke is the combination of both sidestream and mainstream smoke emissions from a burning tobacco product. These emissions contain more than 50 carcinogenic chemicals. According to the United States 1329: 1317: 1164: 55: 132: 242: 109: 94: 5029: 1287: 1313:'s 2006 report on the subject, "Short exposures to secondhand smoke can cause blood platelets to become stickier, damage the lining of blood vessels, decrease coronary flow velocity reserves, and reduce heart variability, potentially increasing the risk of a heart attack". The American Cancer Society lists "heart disease, lung infections, increased asthma attacks, middle ear infections, and low birth weight" as ramifications of smoker's emission. 1248: 44: 5051: 1092: 33: 1705: 1153: 567:; smoke with significant tar content is yellow to brown. Combustion of solid fuels can result in the emission of many hundreds to thousands of lower volatility organic compounds in the aerosol phase. Presence of such smoke, soot, and/or brown oily deposits during a fire indicates a possible hazardous situation, as the atmosphere may be saturated with combustible pyrolysis products with concentration above the upper 121: 79: 5040: 460: 57: 61: 60: 56: 62: 59: 1283:, which are corrosive to both lungs and materials. When asleep the nose does not sense smoke nor does the brain, but the body will wake up if the lungs become enveloped in smoke and the brain will be stimulated and the person will be awoken. This does not work if the person is incapacitated or under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol. 1669:' which use several different optical methods, including more than one wavelength of light, inside a single instrument and apply an algorithm to give a good estimate of smoke. It has been claimed that these devices can differentiate types of smoke and so their probable source can be inferred, though this is disputed. 1906:

Stewart, Gareth J.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Nelson, Beth S.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Hopkins, James R.; Arya, Rahul; Mondal, Arnab; Jangirh, Ritu; Ahlawat, Sakshi; Yadav, Lokesh; Sharma, Sudhir K.; Dunmore, Rachel E.; Yunus, Siti S. M.; Hewitt, C. Nicholas; Nemitz, Eiko; Mullinger, Neil; Gadi, Ranu; Sahu, Lokesh

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in Paris in 1888, it is essentially a card with squares of black, white and shades of gray which is held up and the comparative grayness of the smoke judged. Highly dependent on light conditions and the skill of the observer it allocates a grayness number from 0 (white) to 5 (black) which has only a

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When smoke comes into contact with the surface of any substance or structure, the chemicals contained in it are transferred to it. The corrosive properties of the chemicals cause the substance or structure to decompose at a rapid rate. Certain materials or structures absorb these chemicals, which is

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Corrosivity of smoke produced by materials is characterized by the corrosion index (CI), defined as material loss rate (angstrom/minute) per amount of material gasified products (grams) per volume of air (m). It is measured by exposing strips of metal to flow of combustion products in a test tunnel.

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traces, penetration of aggressive chemicals through the casings of parts, and other effects can cause an immediate or gradual deterioration of parameters or even premature (and often delayed, as the corrosion can progress over long time) failure of equipment subjected to smoke. Many smoke components

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Danielsen, Pernille Høgh; Møller, Peter; Jensen, Keld Alstrup; Sharma, Anoop Kumar; Wallin, Håkan; Bossi, Rossana; Autrup, Herman; Mølhave, Lars; Ravanat, Jean-Luc; Briedé, Jacob Jan; de Kok, Theo Martinus; Loft, Steffen (18 February 2011). "Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Inflammation Induced by

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A light beam is passed through the smoke. A light detector is situated at an angle to the light source, typically at 90°, so that it receives only light reflected from passing particles. A measurement is made of the light received which will be higher as the concentration of smoke particles becomes

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The smoke is passed through an array of metal tubes which contain suspended wires. A (huge) electrical potential is applied across the tubes and wires so that the smoke particles become charged and are attracted to the sides of the tubes. This method can over-read by capturing harmless condensates,

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Smoke from oxygen-deprived fires contains a significant concentration of compounds that are flammable. A cloud of smoke, in contact with atmospheric oxygen, therefore has the potential of being ignited – either by another open flame in the area, or by its own temperature. This leads to effects like

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or wood ovens) can cause lung damage, artery damage and DNA damage leading to cancer, other respiratory and lung disease and cardiovascular disease. Air pollution, particulate matter and wood smoke may also cause brain damage because of particulates breaching the cardiovascular system and into the

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and some air pollutants are not consistent. At least one study has identified "the abundant presence in the human brain of magnetite nanoparticles that match precisely the high-temperature magnetite nanospheres, formed by combustion and/or friction-derived heating, which are prolific in urban,

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Stewart, Gareth J.; Nelson, Beth S.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Farren, Naomi J.; Hopkins, James R.; Ward, Martyn W.; Swift, Stefan J.; Arya, Rahul; Mondal, Arnab; Jangirh, Ritu; Ahlawat, Sakshi; Yadav, Lokesh; Sharma, Sudhir K.; Yunus, Siti S. M.; Hewitt, C. Nicholas; Nemitz, Eiko;

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Navarro, Kathleen M.; Kleinman, Michael T.; Mackay, Chris E.; Reinhardt, Timothy E.; Balmes, John R.; Broyles, George A.; Ottmar, Roger D.; Naher, Luke P.; Domitrovich, Joseph W. (June 2019). "Wildland firefighter smoke exposure and risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality".

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Tsiodra, Irini; Grivas, Georgios; Tavernaraki, Kalliopi; Bougiatioti, Aikaterini; Apostolaki, Maria; Paraskevopoulou, Despina; Gogou, Alexandra; Parinos, Constantine; Oikonomou, Konstantina; Tsagkaraki, Maria; Zarmpas, Pavlos; Nenes, Athanasios; Mihalopoulos, Nikolaos (7 December 2021).

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A smoke sample is simply sucked through a filter which is weighed before and after the test and the mass of smoke found. This is the simplest and probably the most accurate method, but can only be used where the smoke concentration is slight, as the filter can quickly become blocked.

1829:, smoking is important as it is a simple, inexpensive, but very effective method of extracting particles containing active agents. More importantly, generating smoke reduces the particle size to a microscopic scale thereby increasing the absorption of its active chemical principles. 2308:

Flammability, smoke, toxicity, and corrosive gases of electric cable materials: report of the Task Force on Flammability, Smoke, Toxicity, and Corrosive Gases of Electric Cable Materials, National Materials Advisory Board, Commission on Sociotechnical Systems, National Research

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Tsai, Tsung-Lin; Lin, Yu-Ting; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Nakayama, Shoji F.; Tsai, Chon-Haw; Sun, Xian-Liang; Ma, Chaochen; Jung, Chau-Ren (October 2019). "Fine particulate matter is a potential determinant of Alzheimer's disease: A systemic review and meta-analysis".

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Stewart, Gareth J.; Nelson, Beth S.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Hopkins, James R.; Yunus, Siti S. M.; Hewitt, C. Nicholas; Nemitz, Eiko; Mandal, Tuhin K.; Gadi, Ranu; Sahu, Lokesh. K.; Rickard, Andrew R.; Lee, James D.; Hamilton, Jacqueline F. (2021).

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Liu, Qisijing; Wang, Wanzhou; Gu, Xuelin; Deng, Furong; Wang, Xueqin; Lin, Hualiang; Guo, Xinbiao; Wu, Shaowei (February 2021). "Association between particulate matter air pollution and risk of depression and suicide: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

1552:(29%). It also found that wood-burning is responsible for nearly half (43%) of annual PAH lung cancer-risk compared to the other sources and that wintertime PAH levels were 7 times higher than in other seasons, presumably due to an increased use of 1214:

Smoke from a typical house fire contains hundreds of different chemicals and fumes. As a result, the damage caused by the smoke can often exceed that caused by the actual heat of the fire. In addition to the physical damage caused by the smoke of a

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Flores-Pajot, Marie-Claire; Ofner, Marianna; Do, Minh T.; Lavigne, Eric; Villeneuve, Paul J. (November 2016). "Childhood autism spectrum disorders and exposure to nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter air pollution: A review and meta-analysis".

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The composition of smoke depends on the nature of the burning fuel and the conditions of combustion. Fires with high availability of oxygen burn at a high temperature and with a small amount of smoke produced; the particles are mostly composed of

58: 1540:, wood smoke may be responsible for 60% of fine particle air pollution in the winter. A year-long sampling campaign in Athens, Greece found a third (31%) of PAH urban air pollution to be caused by wood-burning, roughly as much as that of 773:

particles can be formed in fires with insufficient oxygen. The silica particles have about 10 nm size, clumped to 70–100 nm aggregates and further agglomerated to chains. Radioactive particles may be present due to traces of

1219:– which manifests itself in the form of stains – is the often even harder to eliminate problem of a smoky odor. Just as there are contractors that specialize in rebuilding/repairing homes that have been damaged by fire and smoke, 3447:

Sigsgaard, Torben; Forsberg, Bertil; Annesi-Maesano, Isabella; Blomberg, Anders; Bølling, Anette; Boman, Christoffer; Bønløkke, Jakob; Brauer, Michael; Bruce, Nigel; Héroux, Marie-Eve; Hirvonen, Maija-Riitta (24 September 2015).

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is technically a product of combustion detector, not a smoke detector. Ionization chamber type smoke detectors detect particles of combustion that are invisible to the naked eye. This explains why they may frequently

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A smoke sample is drawn through a tube where it is diluted with air, the resulting smoke/air mixture is then pulled through a filter and weighed. This is the internationally recognized method of measuring smoke from

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was the reason why the trapped rescue firefighters could not evacuate the building in time. Because of the striking similarity that each floor shared, the dense smoke caused the firefighters to become disoriented.

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Maher, Barbara A.; Ahmed, Imad A. M.; Karloukovski, Vassil; MacLaren, Donald A.; Foulds, Penelope G.; Allsop, David; Mann, David M. A.; Torres-Jardón, Ricardo; Calderon-Garciduenas, Lilian (27 September 2016).

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Lam, Juleen; Sutton, Patrice; Kalkbrenner, Amy; Windham, Gayle; Halladay, Alycia; Koustas, Erica; Lawler, Cindy; Davidson, Lisette; Daniels, Natalyn; Newschaffer, Craig; Woodruff, Tracey (21 September 2016).

2955:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. Archived from 594:; especially thiols tend to get adsorbed on surfaces and produce a lingering odor even long after the fire. Partial oxidation of the released hydrocarbons yields in a wide palette of other compounds: 3805: 1990: 2278: 1070:. Aliphatic polymers tend to generate the least smoke, and are non-self-extinguishing. However presence of additives can significantly increase smoke formation. Phosphorus-based and halogen-based 2230: 3392: 4321:

Fan, Shu-Jun; Heinrich, Joachim; Bloom, Michael S.; Zhao, Tian-Yu; Shi, Tong-Xing; Feng, Wen-Ru; Sun, Yi; Shen, Ji-Chuan; Yang, Zhi-Cong; Yang, Bo-Yi; Dong, Guang-Hui (January 2020).

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is a simple and widely used method of in-line capture where a measured volume of smoke is pulled through a filter paper and the dark spot so formed is compared with a standard.

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or under-read due to the insulating effect of the smoke. However, it is the necessary method for assessing volumes of smoke too great to be forced through a filter, i.e., from

1271:. Smoke inhalation can therefore quickly lead to incapacitation and loss of consciousness. Sulfur oxides, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride in contact with moisture form 2158: 1468:

with halogenated additives, etc.) have the highest CI as the corrosive acids are formed directly with water produced by the combustion, polymers containing halogen only (e.g.

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and heaters. The largest exposure events are periods during the winter with reduced atmospheric dispersion to dilute the accumulated pollution, in particular due to the low

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bread in a toaster. As the bread heats up, the products of combustion increase in size. The fumes initially produced are invisible but become visible if the toast is burnt.

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A light beam is passed through the smoke and a detector opposite measures the light. The more smoke particles are present between the two, the less light will be measured.

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passing relationship to the actual quantity of smoke. Nonetheless, the simplicity of the Ringelmann scale means that it has been adopted as a standard in many countries.

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brain, which can increase the risk of developmental disorders, neurodegenerative disorders mental disorders, and suicidal behavior, although studies on the link between

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speeds. Research conducted about biomass burning in 2015, estimated that 38% of European total particulate pollution emissions are composed of domestic wood burning.

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from the fumes emitted from the red-hot heating elements of a toaster, before the presence of visible smoke, yet they may fail to activate in the early, low-heat

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Pope, C. Arden; Burnett, Richard T.; Turner, Michelle C.; Cohen, Aaron; Krewski, Daniel; Jerrett, Michael; Gapstur, Susan M.; Thun, Michael J. (November 2011).

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Mullinger, Neil; Gadi, Ranu; Sahu, Lokesh K.; Tripathi, Nidhi; Rickard, Andrew R.; Lee, James D.; Mandal, Tuhin K.; Hamilton, Jacqueline F. (18 February 2021).

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Oldfield, F.; Tolonen, K. & Thompson, R. (1981). "History of Particulate Atmospheric Pollution from Magnetic Measurements in Dated Finnish Peat Profiles".

3190: 1982: 2304: 3122: 2949: 3797: 2821:"Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Associated with Ambient Air Pollution and Cigarette Smoke: Shape of the Exposure–Response Relationships" 2258: 661:). Other particulates may be composed of drops of condensed tar, or solid particles of ash. The presence of metals in the fuel yields particles of metal 3425: 1951:"Comprehensive organic emission profiles, secondary organic aerosol production potential, and OH reactivity of domestic fuel combustion in Delhi, India" 2985: 854:; this results in smoke containing droplets of water. In absence of other color sources (nitrogen oxides, particulates...), such smoke is white and 4366: 2323: 2210: 844:, and the smoke damage in more distant areas outside of the room where the fire occurs is therefore primarily mediated by the smaller particles. 3543: 3384: 3226: 2733:

Properties of Polymers: Their Correlation with Chemical Structure; Their Numerical Estimation and Prediction from Additive Group Contributions

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and other conductive particles or nonconductive layers on or across the contacts. Deposited particles may adversely affect the performance of

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Smoke can obscure visibility, impeding occupant exiting from fire areas. In fact, the poor visibility due to the smoke that was in the

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National Research Council (U.S.). Task Force on Flammability, Smoke, Toxicity and Corrosive Gases of Electric Cable Materials (1978).

1014:). The ratio of hopanes and steranes to elemental carbon can be used to distinguish between emissions of gasoline and diesel engines. 4736: 3318: 4081:

Fu, Pengfei; Yung, Ken Kin Lam (15 September 2020). "Air Pollution and Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".

2901:"Exposure and risk from ambient particle-bound pollution in an airshed dominated by residential wood combustion and mobile sources" 1472:) have lower CI as the formation of acid is limited to reactions with airborne humidity, and halogen-free materials (polyolefins, 4945: 4449: 2869: 2012: 1715: 1066:, enhance generation of smoke. Aromatic groups integrated in the polymer backbone produce less smoke, likely due to significant 4527: 2338: 4498: 4459: 3044: 2741: 2676: 2507: 2426: 2387: 2348: 2272: 2224: 2176: 2126: 2079: 1589:(carbonized particles) and white 'smoke' which is not a smoke at all but merely a suspension of harmless water particulates. 1344: 3661: 2046: 1310: 4542: 4488: 2209:

Reuter, M.A.; Boin, U.M.J.; Schaik, A. van; Verhoef, E.; Heiskanen, K.; Yang, Yongxiang; Georgalli, G. (2 November 2005).

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on their surfaces, or by being dissolved in liquid droplets. Hydrogen chloride is well absorbed in the soot particles.

878: 3254:"Annual exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban environments linked to wintertime wood-burning episodes" 1907:

K.; Tripathi, Nidhi; Rickard, Andrew R.; Lee, James D.; Mandal, Tuhin K.; Hamilton, Jacqueline F. (18 February 2021).

1476:) have the lowest CI. However, some halogen-free materials can also release significant amount of corrosive products. 4231:

Lu, Jackson G (April 2020). "Air pollution: A systematic review of its psychological, economic, and social effects".

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and water. Fires burning with lack of oxygen produce a significantly wider palette of compounds, many of them toxic.

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why clothing, unsealed surfaces, potable water, piping, wood, etc., are replaced in most cases of structural fires.

1121: 551:) which are formed as combustion by products as well as less volatile oxygenated organic species such as phenolics, 4598:

Mohagheghzadeh, Abdolali; Faridi, Pouya; Shams-Ardakani, Mohammadreza; Ghasemi, Younes (2006). "Medicinal smokes".

3179: 2457:"Emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from domestic fuels used in Delhi, India" 1514: 421: 3007: 1745: 4726: 1573:

airborne particulate matter (PM)." Air pollution has also been linked to a range of other psychosocial problems.

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in the iron oxide particles, indicates the strength of Earth's magnetic field when they were cooled beyond their

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on the surface of the solid particles. Metal oxides can be present when metal-containing fuels are burned, e.g.

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Suavet, C.; Gattacceca, J.; Rochette, P.; Perchiazzi, N.; Folco, L.; Duprat, J.; Harvey, R. P. (4 April 2009).

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Inert particulate matter can be disturbed and entrained into the smoke. Of particular concern are particles of

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Braithwaite, Isobel; Zhang, Shuo; Kirkbride, James B.; Osborn, David P. J.; Hayes, Joseph F. (December 2019).

2794: 2769: 1683:, carbon monoxide is incompletely burned carbon, therefore it has long been assumed that measurement of CO in 847:

Aerosol of particles beyond visible size is an early indicator of materials in a preignition stage of a fire.

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This article is about the collection of airborne particulates and gases. For the practice of smoking, see

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and other deteriorations of the operating parameters or even cause short circuits and total failures.

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Smoke rising up from the smoldering remains of a recently extingished mountain fire in South Africa

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Smoke particulates, like other aerosols, are categorized into three modes based on particle size:

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A Cabinet of Philosophical Curiosities: A Collection of Puzzles, Oddities, Riddles, and Dilemmas

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World Trade Center on fire after terrorists flew planes into the buildings on September 11, 2001

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Hawkes, N. (22 May 2015). "Air pollution in UK: the public health problem that won't go away".

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Smoke damage to electronic equipment can be significantly more extensive than the fire itself.

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Smoke can contain a wide variety of chemicals, many of them aggressive in nature. Examples are

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Chun, HeeKyoung; Leung, Cheryl; Wen, Shi Wu; McDonald, Judy; Shin, Hwashin H. (January 2020).

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Many compounds of smoke from fires are highly toxic and/or irritating. The most dangerous is

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Weisskopf, Marc G.; Kioumourtzoglou, Marianthi-Anna; Roberts, Andrea L. (December 2015).

1826: 1036: 741:; this can be used to distinguish magnetic particles of terrestrial and meteoric origin. 449: 4659: 4561: 4406: 4338: 4138: 3990: 3901: 3755: 3623: 3269: 2623: 2579: 2472: 1924: 283:) of solid particles and liquid droplets that are close to the ideal range of sizes for 5085: 4694: 4669: 4425: 4390: 4358: 4303: 4256: 4205: 4180: 4158: 4106: 4058: 4033: 4009: 3974: 3774: 3739: 3715: 3688: 3643: 3591: 3487: 3365: 3291: 2925: 2900: 2845: 2820: 2544: 2317: 1878: 1461: 1441: 1220: 1195: 1052: 1048: 998:

smokes differ in the ratio of guaiacols/syringols. Markers for vehicle exhaust include

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are present in smoke from liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Minute metal particles produced by

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Oil fires and smoke, after Iraqi forces set fire to oil wells during the First Gulf War

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Szultka, Seweryn; Czapp, Stanislaw; Tomaszewski, Adam; Ullah, Hayat (February 2023).

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domestic combustion, especially for industrial uses, is the largest single source of

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commented at length on the difficulty of assessing smoke, and distinguished between

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Ambient Air and Wood Smoke Particulate Matter in Human A549 and THP-1 Cell Lines".

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particles are generally referred to as gas or fumes. This is best illustrated when

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Traces of vanadium in high-temperature combustion products form droplets of molten

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Smoke from heating appliances is commonly measured in one of the following ways:

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is not significant for structural materials, but delicate structures, especially

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Most of the smoke material is primarily in coarse particles. Those undergo rapid

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without adequate oxygen supply, also results in production of a large amount of

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Pyrolysis of Organic Molecules: Applications to Health and Environmental Issues

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Ronald C. Lasky; Ronald Lasky; Ulf L. Österberg; Daniel P. Stigliani (1995).

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There are various proprietary optical smoke measurement devices such as the '

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companies specialize in restoring fabrics that have been damaged in a fire.

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and bioaccumulated radioisotopes can be reintroduced into the atmosphere by

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radius between 2.5 and 20 nm, likely forming by condensation of carbon

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Presence of sulfur can lead to formation of gases like hydrogen sulfide,

536: 516: 67: 3450:"Health impacts of anthropogenic biomass burning in the developed world" 3090: 3073: 2836: 2564:"Meteoric smoke fallout revealed by superparamagnetism in Greenland ice" 4993: 4757: 4094: 3446: 3011: 2548: 1967: 1950: 1863: 1819: 1799: 1614: 1465: 1286: 1208: 1180: 1075: 1059: 1018: 754: 476: 425: 397: 377: 284: 191: 163: 151: 87: 83: 3798:"Air pollution particles in young brains linked to Alzheimer's damage" 3705: 3579: 3353: 1247: 947:

Some components of smoke are characteristic of the combustion source.

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projectiles after impacting the target ignite, producing particles of

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compounds from P and Sb based fire retardants, and many others. Such

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Many compounds can be associated with particulates; whether by being

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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Evaluation of Sources and Effects

3250: 2216: 1691:. However it is far from clear how accurate the correspondence is. 1684: 1564: 1549: 1457: 1416: 1268: 1244:

is also a danger of smoke that can cause serious injury and death.

1157: 1067: 1040: 1025: 995: 991: 960: 948: 921: 910: 890: 862: 766: 710: 627: 623: 619: 611: 607: 603: 595: 556: 532: 527:. It also results in the emission of a range of smaller oxygenated 496: 401: 361: 345: 341: 337: 179: 32: 2602: 1152: 112:

Volatility distribution of volatile organic compound emissions in

3687:

Bede-Ojimadu, Onyinyechi; Orisakwe, Orish Ebere (20 March 2020).

3385:"Wood burning at home now biggest cause of UK particle pollution" 3149: 1843: 1373: 1369: 1007: 975: 964: 937: 914: 886: 779: 775: 742: 524: 508: 488: 333: 276: 219: 207: 36: 20: 3857: 2110:

Nancy Caroline's Emergency Care in the Streets, Canadian Edition

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can be affected by corrosion of surfaces, and by deposition of

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purposes. It can also be a flavoring agent and preservative.

227: 167: 162:

or otherwise mixed into the mass. It is commonly an unwanted

71: 4664: 4637: 3246: 3244: 3071: 2705:"Organic Speciation International Workshop Synthesis_topic7" 4818: 4808: 4710: 3971: 3564: 1873: 1794:

Throughout recorded history, humans have used the smoke of

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Smoke emissions may contain characteristic trace elements.

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oxides and their reaction products can be formed from some

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may be also present. Heavier hydrocarbons may condense as

5003: 3241: 2453: 1947: 1905: 866: 564: 301: 198:), defensive and offensive capabilities in the military ( 147: 3740:"News Feature: How air pollution threatens brain health" 1183:

particles emitted from a fire are referred to as smoke.

316:. Carbon and hydrogen are almost completely oxidized to 4679: 2870:"Is PM2.5 From Air Pollution The Same As From Smoking?" 2534: 2208: 4391:"Magnetite pollution nanoparticles in the human brain" 3662:"Don't underestimate the health dangers of wood smoke" 3150:"Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment" 2818: 408:

additives, increasing smoke toxicity and corrosivity.

256:. The smoke kills by a combination of thermal damage, 4540: 1058:

Polymers are a significant source of smoke. Aromatic

4493:. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Health Sciences. 4320: 4123: 3930: 3858:"Stanford study shows wood smoke can harm the brain" 3686: 3418:"Wood burning heaters and your health - Fact sheets" 3154:

Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment

1901: 1899: 1722: 252:is the primary cause of death in victims of indoor 4525: 2899:Cupitt, L T; Glen, W G; Lewtas, J (October 1994). 340:gas can be produced instead of water. Contents of 2729: 1896: 951:and its derivatives are products of pyrolysis of 5067: 3180:"Wood smoke major source of pollution in winter" 2898: 2730:Krevelen, D.W. van; Nijenhuis, Klaas te (2009). 2499:The Common Sense Approach to Hazardous Materials 2340:Analytical Pyrolysis of Natural Organic Polymers 2300: 2298: 2296: 1637:A measure of smoke color. Invented by Professor 1078:between the polymer chains has such effect too. 328:, while nitrogen-containing materials can yield 4675:7 things you need to know about smoke detectors 4541:Harrison & others, Roy M (26 August 2013). 4395:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3744:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2660: 2658: 2656: 2312:. National Academies. pp. 107–. NAP:15488. 1494: 1487:materials are preferable for cable insulation. 1175:detects particle sizes greater than 7 μm ( 1074:decrease production of smoke. Higher degree of 444:); other compounds may be formed as well, e.g. 4695: 4276: 4272: 4270: 2293: 1082:Visible and invisible particles of combustion 765:particles are present in smokes from burning 4280:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2795:"How Bad Is Wildfire Smoke for Your Health?" 2653: 2414: 2322:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2020:SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering 1731:introducing citations to additional sources 1452:by absorbing or scattering the light beams. 1320:Reduced visibility due to wildfire smoke in 1251:Processing fish while being exposed to smoke 653:in such smokes is most commonly composed of 158:, together with the quantity of air that is 4226: 4224: 1338:Lightning Bolts Army Parachute Display Team 1120:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 66:Billowing smoke at Takaosan Yakuoin Temple 4702: 4688: 4267: 4174: 4172: 3828:"Air Pollution May Damage People's Brains" 3382: 2867: 2375: 2336: 2252: 2250: 2248: 471:Pyrolysis of burning material, especially 101:released in smoke from a variety of solid 4737:Native American use of fire in ecosystems 4424: 4414: 4204: 4057: 4008: 3998: 3948: 3773: 3763: 3714: 3704: 3536:"Wood stove pollution is a burning issue" 3465: 3277: 3089: 2924: 2844: 2587: 2561: 2480: 2212:The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology 2204: 2202: 2200: 1966: 1932: 1263:, sometimes with the additive effects of 1140:Learn how and when to remove this message 463:Emission of soot in the fumes of a large 4530:(Report). National Academies. p. 4. 4447: 4221: 3208: 3144: 3142: 3140: 2668:Physical properties of polymers handbook 2605:"Magnetic properties of micrometeorites" 2376:Moldoveanu, Serban (16 September 2009). 2160:Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology 2152: 2150: 1721:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1327: 1315: 1285: 1246: 1162: 1151: 685:. Many organic compounds, typically the 458: 240: 130: 119: 107: 92: 77: 53: 42: 31: 4946:International Flame Research Foundation 4660:'Fire inversions' lock smoke in valleys 4454:. Oxford University Press. p. 89. 4169: 3737: 3412: 3410: 3383:Carrington, Damian (16 February 2021). 2868:St Cyr, MD, Richard (16 January 2013). 2502:. Fire Engineering Books. p. 129. 2260:Toxicity of Plastics and Rubber in Fire 2256: 2245: 2156: 2106: 850:Burning of hydrogen-rich fuel produces 790:can be present in case of fires during 725:can be also produced in the smoke from 312:, or in case of incomplete combustion, 294: 16:Mass of airborne particulates and gases 5068: 4486: 4080: 3339: 3308: 3106: 3036:Optoelectronics for data communication 2197: 2074:. Government Institutes. p. 528. 1536:annually. In some towns and cities in 1427:, are strongly affected. Corrosion of 1297:is a major modifiable risk factor for 440:(which hydrolyzes readily to HF and CO 4683: 4648:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911. 4526:National Academies (1 January 1983). 3395:from the original on 27 December 2022 3302: 3137: 2880:from the original on 16 February 2021 2337:Moldoveanu, S.C. (11 November 1998). 2147: 2045:. Virginia Academy of Science. 1976. 1993:from the original on 23 November 2022 1345:Worcester Cold Storage Warehouse fire 729:burning in the atmosphere.) Magnetic 571:, and sudden inrush of air can cause 218:, etc.). It is used in rituals where 97:Chemical composition distribution of 5039: 4038:Current Environmental Health Reports 3808:from the original on 22 January 2022 3546:from the original on 9 December 2020 3428:from the original on 9 November 2022 3407: 3196:from the original on 8 December 2020 3119:NSW Environment Protection Authority 2664: 2641:from the original on 5 February 2022 2495: 2418:A dictionary of the coal tar colours 2071:Environmental Engineering Dictionary 1698: 1694: 1118:adding citations to reliable sources 1085: 944:particulates also have such effect. 932:, which is a concern especially for 836:, with particles in micrometer range 432:. Pyrolysis of fluoropolymers, e.g. 2988:from the original on 7 January 2017 2947: 2067: 2049:from the original on 19 August 2020 13: 4369:from the original on 31 March 2022 4230: 3868:from the original on 1 August 2021 3668:from the original on 26 March 2021 3510:Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 3229:from the original on 21 April 2021 3172: 3125:from the original on 19 April 2021 3008:"telegram.com – Warehouse Tragedy" 2770:"How small can the naked eye see?" 2685:from the original on 2 August 2020 1955:Environmental Science: Atmospheres 1798:to cure illness. A sculpture from 1407:from high-temperature fires where 150:emitted when a material undergoes 14: 5102: 4653: 4579:from the original on 7 March 2020 4507:from the original on 3 April 2023 4487:Watson, Donna S. (8 March 2010). 4468:from the original on 3 April 2023 4185:Environmental Health Perspectives 3258:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3053:from the original on 16 July 2020 2905:Environmental Health Perspectives 2825:Environmental Health Perspectives 2750:from the original on 14 July 2020 2711:from the original on 26 July 2017 2516:from the original on 3 April 2023 2461:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2435:from the original on 4 April 2023 2396:from the original on 3 April 2023 2357:from the original on 3 April 2023 2281:from the original on 3 April 2023 2233:from the original on 3 April 2023 2185:from the original on 4 April 2023 2135:from the original on 3 April 2023 2088:from the original on 3 April 2023 2013:"Smoke Production and Properties" 1913:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 1051:containing contaminants from the 1010:, and specific nitroarenes (e.g. 761:can be present in engine smokes. 230:is burned to produce a smell for 5049: 5038: 5028: 5027: 4670:Shedding new light on wood smoke 4327:Science of the Total Environment 3838:from the original on 12 May 2021 3516:from the original on 14 May 2021 3321:from the original on 14 May 2021 3160:from the original on 11 May 2019 2257:Fardell, P.J. (1 January 1993). 1714:relies largely or entirely on a 1703: 1515:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1505:Wood smoke is a major source of 1456:Polymers containing halogen and 1090: 1047:; this is a concern in e.g. the 1000:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 513:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 422:2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin 392:subjected to fire or halocarbon 356:) may lead to the production of 245:Carmel Fire Smoke Habonim 031210 4727:Control of fire by early humans 4591: 4534: 4519: 4480: 4441: 4381: 4347:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134721 4314: 4117: 4074: 4025: 3965: 3924: 3880: 3850: 3820: 3790: 3738:Peeples, Lynne (23 June 2020). 3731: 3680: 3654: 3602: 3568:Chemical Research in Toxicology 3558: 3528: 3498: 3440: 3376: 3333: 3115:"reducing-wood-smoke-emissions" 3112: 3065: 3026: 3000: 2974: 2941: 2892: 2861: 2812: 2787: 2762: 2723: 2697: 2612:Journal of Geophysical Research 2596: 2562:Lanci, L.; Kent, D. V. (2006). 2555: 2528: 2489: 2447: 2408: 2369: 2343:. Elsevier. pp. 152, 428. 2330: 2042:The Virginia Journal of Science 467:truck, without particle filters 436:, in presence of oxygen yields 416:(PCB), e.g. from burning older 272:and other combustion products. 124:Smoke being emitted from a lit 4665:Burning Issues wood smoke Site 4570:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.08.026 4083:Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 3039:. Academic Press. p. 43. 2100: 2061: 2033: 2005: 1975: 1941: 1576: 1501:Wildfire § Health effects 1483:fires are of special concern; 519:, studied as a carcinogen, or 430:polychlorinated dibenzodioxins 1: 4233:Current Opinion in Psychology 2421:. Heywood and Co. p. 8. 2169:Jones & Bartlett Learning 2119:Jones & Bartlett Learning 1889: 1679:Smoke is incompletely burned 1581:As early as the 15th century 1563:Wood smoke (for example from 865:is present in emissions from 4600:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4245:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.06.024 4147:10.1016/j.envres.2019.108638 4000:10.1371/journal.pone.0161851 3950:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113307 3910:10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.030 3632:10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.060 3506:"Wood smoke and your health" 3454:European Respiratory Journal 3311:"Wood Smoke and Your Health" 2568:Geophysical Research Letters 2068:Lee, C.C. (1 January 2005). 1814:in front of him for burning 1621:Electrostatic precipitation. 1495:Health effects of wood smoke 1355: 1322:Sheremetyevo Airport, Moscow 974:, a product of pyrolysis of 873:; oil plants also emit some 186:), but may also be used for 142:is a suspension of airborne 7: 3467:10.1183/13993003.01865-2014 3309:US EPA, OAR (28 May 2013). 2984:. American Cancer Society. 1832: 934:internal combustion engines 354:brominated flame retardants 176:internal combustion engines 10: 5109: 4630: 4292:10.1007/s11356-021-12357-3 3216:"Air pollution and health" 2265:iSmithers Rapra Publishing 2157:Mauseth, James D. (1991). 1806:(522–486 BC), the king of 1519:volatile organic compounds 1498: 1226: 986:is a pyrolysis product of 978:trees, is an indicator of 955:and are characteristic of 930:high temperature corrosion 529:volatile organic compounds 99:volatile organic compounds 18: 5022: 4959: 4938: 4912: 4884: 4863: 4837: 4801: 4745: 4717: 4612:10.1016/j.jep.2006.09.005 4050:10.1007/s40572-015-0073-9 3279:10.5194/acp-21-17865-2021 2736:. Elsevier. p. 864. 2382:. Elsevier. p. 643. 2165:Burlington, Massachusetts 2115:Burlington, Massachusetts 1854:Health impacts of sawdust 1659:Combined optical methods. 1261:carbon monoxide poisoning 963:and derivates, and other 959:smoke; other markers are 669:may also be formed, e.g. 665:. Particles of inorganic 414:polychlorinated biphenyls 4951:The Combustion Institute 4709: 2482:10.5194/acp-21-2407-2021 1934:10.5194/acp-21-2383-2021 1349:Worcester, Massachusetts 713:particles, spherules of 308:. Sulfur content yields 4645:Encyclopædia Britannica 4550:Atmospheric Environment 4416:10.1073/pnas.1605941113 3937:Environmental Pollution 3832:The Scientist Magazine® 3765:10.1073/pnas.2008940117 3693:Annals of Global Health 2665:Mark, James E. (2006). 2496:Fire, Frank L. (2009). 2107:Carlone, Nancy (2009). 1859:Inversion (meteorology) 1610:Filter/dilution tunnel. 1470:polytetrafluoroethylene 1434:electrically conductive 1403:-containing materials, 1393:fire suppression agents 1332:Red smoke carried by a 869:fired power plants and 394:fire suppression agents 336:, and nitrogen oxides. 4793:Spontaneous combustion 4448:Sorensen, Roy (2016). 4127:Environmental Research 3890:Environmental Research 3612:Environmental Research 1485:low smoke zero halogen 1340: 1325: 1291: 1252: 1168: 1160: 769:; small proportion of 745:is composed mainly of 614:(often aromatic, e.g. 561:Heterocyclic compounds 468: 246: 136: 128: 117: 105: 90: 75: 51: 40: 25:Smoke (disambiguation) 23:. For other uses, see 3422:www.health.nsw.gov.au 2917:10.1289/ehp.94102s475 2415:Staff writer (1892). 1869:Open burning of waste 1639:Maximilian Ringelmann 1511:particulate pollution 1331: 1319: 1289: 1250: 1166: 1155: 687:aromatic hydrocarbons 473:incomplete combustion 462: 264:irritation caused by 244: 134: 123: 111: 96: 81: 65: 46: 35: 4490:Perioperative Safety 3512:. 16 November 2009. 2774:www.sciencefocus.com 2632:10.1029/2008JB005831 2589:10.1029/2006GL026480 1987:Chemistry LibreTexts 1849:Great Smog of London 1727:improve this article 1653:Optical obscuration. 1114:improve this section 928:on metals and cause 719:ferrous ferric oxide 446:carbon tetrafluoride 295:Chemical composition 166:of fires (including 4562:2013AtmEn..80..540H 4407:2016PNAS..11310797M 4401:(39): 10797–10801. 4339:2020ScTEn.701m4721F 4139:2019ER....177j8638T 3991:2016PLoSO..1161851L 3902:2016ER....151..763F 3864:. 2 December 2017. 3756:2020PNAS..11713856P 3750:(25): 13856–13860. 3624:2019ER....173..462N 3270:2021ACP....2117865T 3264:(23): 17865–17883. 3223:healthywa.wa.gov.au 3091:10.3390/fire6020041 2837:10.1289/ehp.1103639 2624:2009JGRB..114.4102S 2580:2006GeoRL..3313308L 2473:2021ACP....21.2407S 1925:2021ACP....21.2383S 1827:drug administration 1646:Optical scattering. 1442:Electrical contacts 1037:radioactive fallout 924:. These attack the 511:and its derivates, 452:, and highly toxic 450:hexafluoropropylene 384:can be formed from 324:of carbon produces 4095:10.3233/JAD-200483 3862:ABC7 San Francisco 3804:. 6 October 2020. 3348:(may22 1): h2757. 2982:"Secondhand Smoke" 2962:on 1 February 2017 2948:General, Surgeon. 2911:(suppl 4): 75–84. 2121:. pp. 20–28. 2029:on 21 August 2008. 1968:10.1039/D0EA00009D 1879:Ultrafine particle 1462:polyvinyl chloride 1341: 1326: 1292: 1253: 1221:fabric restoration 1196:ionization chamber 1169: 1161: 1053:Chernobyl disaster 1049:Zone of alienation 926:passivation layers 879:produces emissions 877:. Coal combustion 796:Chernobyl disaster 651:particulate matter 586:, sulfur dioxide, 569:flammability limit 469: 454:perfluoroisobutene 350:polyvinyl chloride 247: 194:), communication ( 137: 129: 118: 106: 91: 76: 52: 41: 5063: 5062: 4972:List of wildfires 4500:978-0-323-06985-4 4461:978-0-19-046863-7 3706:10.5334/aogh.2725 3580:10.1021/tx100407m 3354:10.1136/bmj.h2757 3046:978-0-12-437160-6 3014:on 29 August 2013 2874:My Health Beijing 2831:(11): 1616–1621. 2743:978-0-08-054819-7 2678:978-0-387-31235-4 2509:978-0-912212-11-1 2428:978-1-4097-0169-9 2389:978-0-444-53113-1 2350:978-0-444-82203-1 2274:978-1-85957-001-2 2226:978-0-08-045792-5 2178:978-0-03-093893-1 2128:978-1-284-05384-5 2081:978-0-86587-848-8 1983:"15.11: Colloids" 1792: 1791: 1777: 1695:Medicinal smoking 1583:Leonardo da Vinci 1382:hydrofluoric acid 1362:hydrochloric acid 1281:hydrofluoric acid 1211:stage of a fire. 1150: 1149: 1142: 842:dry precipitation 825:accumulation mode 792:nuclear accidents 739:Curie temperature 697:fuels containing 438:carbonyl fluoride 382:Hydrogen fluoride 358:hydrogen chloride 322:Partial oxidation 63: 5098: 5053: 5042: 5041: 5031: 5030: 4876:Death by burning 4838:Individual fires 4704: 4697: 4690: 4681: 4680: 4649: 4641: 4624: 4623: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4578: 4547: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4428: 4418: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4286:(8): 9029–9049. 4274: 4265: 4264: 4228: 4219: 4218: 4208: 4176: 4167: 4166: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4061: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4012: 4002: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3952: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3777: 3767: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3718: 3708: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3469: 3460:(6): 1577–1588. 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3414: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3281: 3248: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3220: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3195: 3184: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3146: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3093: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3010:. 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Archived from 2017: 2009: 2003: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1989:. 27 June 2016. 1979: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1936: 1919:(4): 2383–2406. 1903: 1804:Darius the Great 1796:medicinal plants 1787: 1784: 1778: 1776: 1735: 1707: 1699: 1633:Ringelmann scale 1596:In-line capture. 1425:microelectronics 1399:from burning of 1368:, produced from 1366:hydrobromic acid 1265:hydrogen cyanide 1242:Smoke inhalation 1145: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1125: 1094: 1086: 1072:flame retardants 763:Amorphous silica 703:Depleted uranium 675:ammonium nitrate 671:ammonium sulfate 636:carboxylic acids 588:carbon disulfide 584:carbonyl sulfide 330:hydrogen cyanide 314:hydrogen sulfide 270:hydrogen cyanide 250:Smoke inhalation 64: 5108: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5018: 4955: 4934: 4908: 4880: 4859: 4833: 4797: 4783:Fire protection 4741: 4713: 4708: 4656: 4636: 4633: 4628: 4627: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4545: 4539: 4535: 4524: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4501: 4485: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4462: 4446: 4442: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4319: 4315: 4275: 4268: 4229: 4222: 4197:10.1289/EHP4595 4177: 4170: 4122: 4118: 4079: 4075: 4030: 4026: 3985:(9): e0161851. 3970: 3966: 3929: 3925: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3736: 3732: 3685: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3607: 3603: 3563: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3416: 3415: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3381: 3377: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3307: 3303: 3249: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3148: 3147: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3111: 3107: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3047: 3031: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2946: 2942: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2866: 2862: 2817: 2813: 2803: 2801: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2753: 2751: 2744: 2728: 2724: 2714: 2712: 2707:. Wrapair.org. 2703: 2702: 2698: 2688: 2686: 2679: 2663: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2607: 2601: 2597: 2560: 2556: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2510: 2494: 2490: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2429: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2390: 2374: 2370: 2360: 2358: 2351: 2335: 2331: 2315: 2314: 2303: 2294: 2284: 2282: 2275: 2255: 2246: 2236: 2234: 2227: 2207: 2198: 2188: 2186: 2179: 2171:. p. 234. 2155: 2148: 2138: 2136: 2129: 2105: 2101: 2091: 2089: 2082: 2066: 2062: 2052: 2050: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2006: 1996: 1994: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1946: 1942: 1904: 1897: 1892: 1835: 1816:Peganum harmala 1788: 1782: 1779: 1736: 1734: 1720: 1708: 1697: 1675:carbon monoxide 1673:Inference from 1626:bituminous coal 1604:ASTM smoke pump 1579: 1538:New South Wales 1521:(VOCs) such as 1513:, pollution by 1503: 1497: 1450:optoelectronics 1413:phosphoric acid 1378:fire retardants 1358: 1324:, 7 August 2010 1311:Surgeon General 1295:Cigarette smoke 1257:carbon monoxide 1229: 1146: 1135: 1129: 1126: 1111: 1095: 1084: 771:silicon nitride 679:sodium chloride 541:hydroxy acetone 443: 418:transformer oil 326:carbon monoxide 306:nitrogen oxides 297: 266:carbon monoxide 54: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5106: 5105: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5046: 5035: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5009:Slash-and-burn 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4888: 4886: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4763:Dust explosion 4760: 4755: 4753:Chain reaction 4749: 4747: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4732:Historic fires 4729: 4723: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4707: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4654:External links 4652: 4651: 4650: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4590: 4533: 4518: 4499: 4479: 4460: 4440: 4380: 4313: 4266: 4220: 4191:(12): 126002. 4168: 4116: 4089:(2): 701–714. 4073: 4044:(4): 430–439. 4024: 3964: 3923: 3879: 3849: 3819: 3789: 3730: 3679: 3653: 3601: 3574:(2): 168–184. 3557: 3527: 3497: 3439: 3406: 3375: 3332: 3301: 3240: 3207: 3171: 3136: 3105: 3064: 3045: 3025: 2999: 2973: 2940: 2891: 2860: 2811: 2786: 2761: 2742: 2722: 2696: 2677: 2652: 2618:(B4): B04102. 2595: 2574:(13): L13308. 2554: 2527: 2508: 2488: 2446: 2427: 2407: 2388: 2368: 2349: 2329: 2292: 2273: 2244: 2225: 2196: 2177: 2146: 2127: 2099: 2080: 2060: 2032: 2004: 1974: 1961:(2): 104–117. 1940: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1884:Greenhouse Gas 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1834: 1831: 1823:Santalum album 1790: 1789: 1725:. Please help 1711: 1709: 1702: 1696: 1693: 1578: 1575: 1530:United Kingdom 1496: 1493: 1357: 1354: 1228: 1225: 1200:smoke detector 1148: 1147: 1098: 1096: 1089: 1083: 1080: 838: 837: 829: 821: 814:geometric mean 707:uranium oxides 689:, may be also 545:methyl acetate 441: 406:fire retardant 390:fluoropolymers 318:carbon dioxide 310:sulfur dioxide 296: 293: 285:Mie scattering 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5104: 5103: 5092: 5091:Air pollution 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5056: 5052: 5047: 5045: 5036: 5034: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939:Organizations 4937: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4705: 4700: 4698: 4693: 4691: 4686: 4685: 4682: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4647: 4646: 4640: 4639:"Smoke" 4635: 4634: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4606:(2): 161–84. 4605: 4601: 4594: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4537: 4529: 4522: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4483: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4273: 4271: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4225: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4173: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3411: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3245: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3211: 3192: 3188: 3181: 3175: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3038: 3037: 3029: 3013: 3009: 3003: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2958: 2951: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2800: 2799:Yale Medicine 2796: 2790: 2775: 2771: 2765: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2726: 2710: 2706: 2700: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2599: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2531: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2492: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2450: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2411: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2372: 2356: 2352: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2333: 2325: 2319: 2311: 2310: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2218: 2215:. Amsterdam: 2214: 2213: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2153: 2151: 2134: 2130: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2111: 2103: 2087: 2083: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2064: 2048: 2044: 2043: 2036: 2025: 2021: 2014: 2008: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1978: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1944: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1786: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1744: – 1743: 1739: 1738:Find sources: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1716:single source 1712:This section 1710: 1706: 1701: 1700: 1692: 1690: 1689:smoke control 1686: 1682: 1678: 1676: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1574: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1509:, especially 1508: 1507:air pollution 1502: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1429:circuit board 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1411:gets formed, 1410: 1409:nitrous oxide 1406: 1402: 1398: 1397:sulfuric acid 1394: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1303:heart disease 1300: 1296: 1288: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1165: 1159: 1156:Smoke from a 1154: 1144: 1141: 1133: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1099:This section 1097: 1093: 1088: 1087: 1079: 1077: 1076:cross-linking 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1033:hot particles 1029: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1012:1-nitropyrene 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 848: 845: 843: 835: 834: 830: 827: 826: 822: 819: 815: 811: 808: 807: 806: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 788:hot particles 786:in the fuel; 785: 784:radionuclides 781: 777: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 751:calcium oxide 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 723:nanoparticles 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 580: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 549:ethyl formate 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 466: 461: 457: 455: 451: 447: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 386:fluorocarbons 383: 379: 375: 371: 370:chloromethane 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 292: 290: 289:visible light 286: 282: 278: 273: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 243: 239: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 196:smoke signals 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 133: 127: 122: 115: 110: 104: 100: 95: 89: 85: 82:Smoke from a 80: 73: 69: 50: 47:Smoke from a 45: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 4984:Firefighting 4925:Fire worship 4828: 4768:Fire ecology 4643: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4581:. 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Molten 922:vanadates 883:aluminium 767:silicones 731:remanence 715:magnetite 699:aluminium 646:, etc.). 596:aldehydes 577:backdraft 573:flashover 557:furanones 501:acetylene 485:aliphatic 410:Pyrolysis 348:(e.g. in 262:pulmonary 258:poisoning 232:spiritual 180:oil lamps 160:entrained 156:pyrolysis 126:cigarette 5033:Category 4620:17030480 4574:Archived 4505:Archived 4466:Archived 4435:27601646 4367:Archived 4355:31715478 4300:33481201 4253:31557706 4215:31850801 4155:31421449 4103:32741830 4068:26399256 4019:27653281 3979:PLOS ONE 3959:31733973 3918:27609410 3866:Archived 3836:Archived 3806:Archived 3784:32493753 3725:32211302 3666:Archived 3640:30981117 3596:11668269 3588:21235221 3544:Archived 3514:Archived 3492:41697986 3484:26405285 3426:Archived 3393:Archived 3370:40717317 3362:26001592 3319:Archived 3227:Archived 3191:Archived 3189:. 2007. 3158:Archived 3123:Archived 3051:Archived 2986:Archived 2878:Archived 2855:21768054 2748:Archived 2709:Archived 2683:Archived 2636:Archived 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