Smart card - Knowledge

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licenses in Turkey have been issued as smart cards. A professional driver is required to insert his driver's license into a digital tachograph before starting to drive. The tachograph unit records speed violations for each driver and gives a printed report. The driving hours for each driver are also being monitored and reported. In 1990 the European Union conducted a feasibility study through BEVAC Consulting Engineers, titled "Feasibility study with respect to a European electronic drivers license (based on a smart-card) on behalf of Directorate General VII". In this study, chapter seven describes Turkey's experience.

143: 1493: 2676:, over the Internet, though the business model used in current electronic commerce applications still cannot use the full feature set of the electronic medium. An advantage of smart cards for electronic commerce is their use customize services. For example, for the service supplier to deliver the customized service, the user may need to provide each supplier with their profile, a boring and time-consuming activity. A smart card can contain a non-encrypted profile of the bearer, so that the user can get customized services even without previous contacts with the supplier. 33: 1573: 1691: 2095: 2103: 131: 2508: 1509: 2617:

loyalty programs and club memberships to name just a few. Multi-factor and proximity authentication can and has been embedded into smart cards to increase the security of all services on the card. For example, a smart card can be programmed to only allow a contactless transaction if it is also within range of another device like a uniquely paired mobile phone. This can significantly increase the security of the smart card.

70:, and some are both. Smart cards can provide personal identification, authentication, data storage, and application processing. Applications include identification, financial, public transit, computer security, schools, and healthcare. Smart cards may provide strong security authentication for single sign-on (SSO) within organizations. Numerous nations have deployed smart cards throughout their populations. 2685: 1501: 2735:") in the Netherlands combine a smart card with an unconnected card reader to avoid this problem. The customer enters a challenge received from the bank's website, a PIN and the transaction amount into the reader. The reader returns an 8-digit signature. This signature is manually entered into the personal computer and verified by the bank, preventing 2743:

data such as funds. Once an attacker develops a non-invasive attack for a particular smart card model, he or she is typically able to perform the attack on other cards of that model in seconds, often using equipment that can be disguised as a normal smart card reader. While manufacturers may develop new card models with additional

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therefore potentially untrustworthy, appliances such as ATMs. Smart cards are very flexible in providing authentication at different level of the bearer and the counterpart. Finally, with the information about the user that smart cards can provide to the other parties, they are useful devices for customizing products and services.

830:, are increasingly used as they only require power to refresh the displayed information. The displayed data remains visible, without the need for of any power supply. Bistable displays are also available in a variety of specifications, displaying digits or pixels. Bistable displays are available from E Ink Corporation among others. 3060: 308:"), Spain ("Monedero 4B"), Sweden ("Cash", decommissioned in 2004), Finland ("Avant"), UK ("Mondex"), Denmark ("Danmønt") and Portugal ("Porta-moedas Multibanco"). Private electronic purse systems have also been deployed such as the Marines corps (USMC) at Parris Island allowing small amount payments at the cafeteria. 377:

debate finally ended when Target sent out a notice stating unauthorized access to magnetic strips costing Target over 300 million dollars along with the increasing cost of online credit theft was enough for the United States to invest in the technology. The adaptation of EMV's increased significantly in 2015

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license type and number, and a photograph. Emergency medical information such as blood type, allergies, and biometrics (fingerprints) can be stored on the chip if the card holder wishes. The Argentina government anticipates that this system will help to collect more than $ 10 million per year in fines.

2415:, and other facilities. This requirement may be enforced at all times (such as for a laboratory containing valuable equipment), or just during after-hours periods (such as for an academic building that is open during class times, but restricted to authorized personnel at night), depending on security needs. 1642:, chip manufacturers are building to the more demanding GSM/3G standards. So, for example, although the EMV standard allows a chip card to draw 50 mA from its terminal, cards are normally well below the telephone industry's 6 mA limit. This allows smaller and cheaper financial card terminals. 373:. The credit card information stolen from Target in late 2013 was one of the largest indicators that American credit card information is not safe. Target made the decision on 30 April 2014 that it would try to implement the smart chip technology to protect itself from future credit card identity theft. 2742:

Smart cards have also been the targets of security attacks. These attacks range from physical invasion of the card's electronics, to non-invasive attacks that exploit weaknesses in the card's software or hardware. The usual goal is to expose private encryption keys and then read and manipulate secure

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The first main advantage of smart cards is their flexibility. Smart cards have multiple functions which simultaneously can be an ID, a credit card, a stored-value cash card, and a repository of personal information such as telephone numbers or medical history. The card can be easily replaced if lost,

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is the product of the 2017 merger of Oberthur Technologies and Morpho. The combined company has positioned itself as a global provider of financial cards, SIM cards, biometric devices as well as public and private identity solutions. Due to Oberthur's acquisition of NagraID Security in 2014, Idemia's

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AB (or Fingerprints) is a Swedish company specializing in biometric solutions. The company sells biometric sensors and has recently introduced payment cards incorporating a fingerprint sensor such as the Zwipe card, a biometric dual-interface payment card using an integrated sensor from Fingerprints.

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First generation Complex Cards require a power supply even in standby mode. As such, product designers generally included a battery in their design. Incorporating a battery creates an additional burden in terms of complexity, cost, space and flexibility in an already dense design. Including a battery

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The plastic or paper card in which the chip is embedded is fairly flexible. The larger the chip, the higher the probability that normal use could damage it. Cards are often carried in wallets or pockets, a harsh environment for a chip and antenna in contactless cards. PVC cards can crack or break if

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as a single system for all smart-card applications. MyKad started as identity cards carried by all citizens and resident non-citizens. Available applications now include identity, travel documents, drivers license, health information, an electronic wallet, ATM bank-card, public toll-road and transit

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EMue Technologies, headquartered in Melbourne, Australia, designed and developed authentication solutions for the financial services industry from 2009 to 2015. The company's flagship product, developed in collaboration with Cyril Lalo and Philippe Guillaud, was the eMue Card, a Visa CodeSure credit

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The Ellipse patented technologies enable smart card manufacturers to use their existing dual interface payment card manufacturing process and supply chain to build battery-free, second generation Complex Cards with display capabilities. Thanks to this ease of integration, smart card vendors are able

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prohibits the storage of the CSC by the merchant or any stakeholder in the payment chain. Although designed to be a security feature, the static CSC is susceptible to fraud as it can easily be memorized by a shop attendant, who could then use it for fraudulent online transactions or sale on the dark

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encapsulated in the card. To implement this function, the crypto processor must be initialized with a seed value, which enables the identification of the OTPs respective of each card. The hash of seed value has to be stored securely within the card to prevent unauthorized prediction of the generated

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Argentina's Mendoza province began using smart card driver's licenses in 1995. Mendoza also had a high level of road accidents, driving offenses, and a poor record of recovering fines. Smart licenses hold up-to-date records of driving offenses and unpaid fines. They also store personal information,

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EMV cards can have either contact or contactless interfaces. They work as if they were a normal EMV card with a contact interface. Via the contactless interface they work somewhat differently, in that the card commands enabled improved features such as lower power and shorter transaction times. EMV

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Stratos was created in 2012 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. In 2015, Stratos developed the Stratos Bluetooth Connected Card, which was designed to integrate up to three credit and debit card in a single card format and featured a smartphone app used to manage the card. Due to its Lithium ion thin film

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Coin was a US-based startup founded in 2012 by Kanishk Parashar. It developed a Complex Card capable of storing the data of several credit and debit cards. The card prototype was equipped with a display and a button that enabled the user to switch between different cards. In 2015, the original Coin

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AudioSmartCard was founded in 1993 and specialized in the development and marketing of acoustic tokens incorporating security features. These acoustic tokens exchanged data in the form of sounds transmitted over a phone line. In 1999, AudioSmartCard transitioned to a new leadership under Cyril Lalo

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The Complex Card concept began in 1999 when Cyril Lalo and Philippe Guillaud, its inventors, first designed a smart card with additional components. The first prototype was developed collaboratively by Cyril Lalo, who was the CEO of AudioSmartCard at the time, and Henri Boccia and Philippe Patrice,

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Displaying data is an essential part of Complex Card functionalities. Depending on the information that needs to be shown, displays can be digital or alphanumeric and of varying lengths. Displays can be located either on the front or back of the card. A front display is the most common solution for

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Use of "Contactless" smart cards in transport has also grown through the use of low cost chips NXP Mifare Ultralight and paper/card/PET rather than PVC. This has reduced media cost so it can be used for low cost tickets and short term transport passes (up to 1 year typically). The cost is typically

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Before 2014, the consensus in America was that there were enough security measures to avoid credit card theft and that the smart chip was not necessary. The cost of the smart chip technology was significant, which was why most of the corporations did not want to pay for it in the United States. The

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The second main advantage is security. Smart cards can be electronic key rings, giving the bearer ability to access information and physical places without need for online connections. They are encryption devices, so that the user can encrypt and decrypt information without relying on unknown, and

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Spain started issuing national ID cards (DNI) in the form of smart cards in 2006 and gradually replaced all the older ones with smart cards. The idea was that many or most bureaucratic acts could be done online but it was a failure because the Administration did not adapt and still mostly requires

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Turkey implemented the first smart card driver's license system in 1987. Turkey had a high level of road accidents and decided to develop and use digital tachograph devices on heavy vehicles, instead of the existing mechanical ones, to reduce speed violations. Since 1987, the professional driver's

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Set up in 2009, Plastc announced a single card that could digitally hold the data of up to 20 credit or debit cards. The company succeeded in raising US$ 9 million through preorders but failed to deliver any product. Plastc was then acquired in 2017 by Edge Mobile Payments, a Santa Cruz-based

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A Complex Card with buttons can display the balance of one or multiple account(s) linked to the card. Typically, either one button is used to display the balance in the case of a single account card or, in the case of a card linked to multiple accounts, a combination of buttons is used to select a

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as primary identification for citizens to replace the usual passport in domestic and EU use. As of 2010 about 1 million smart cards have been issued (total population is about 1.3 million) and they are widely used in internet banking, buying public transport tickets, authorization on various

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The advantage of the Dynamic Card Security Code (DCSC) is that new information is transmitted with the payment transactions, thus making it useless for a potential fraudster to memorize or store it. A transaction with a Dynamic Card Security Code is carried out exactly the same way, with the same

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The second generation of Dynamic CSC cards, developed by Ellipse World, Inc., does not require any battery, quartz, or RTC to compute and display the new dynamic code. Instead, the card obtains its power either through the usual card connector or by induction during every EMV transaction from the

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The latest generation of battery free, button free, Complex Cards can display a balance or other kind of information without requiring any input from the card holder. The information is updated during the use of the card. For instance, in a transit card, key information such as the monetary value

2242:. The phone apps have less cost, at least for the transit operators who don't need any electronic equipment (the riders provide that). The riders are able buy tickets anywhere and don't need to load money onto smart cards. New NFC smart cards are still in use for foreseeable future (as of 2024). 2218:

mandated smart cards to administer travel entitlements for elderly and disabled residents. These schemes let residents use the cards for more than just bus passes. They can also be used for taxi and other concessionary transport. One example is the "Smartcare go" scheme provided by Ecebs. The UK

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SWYP was the brand name of a card developed by Qvivr, a company incorporated in 2014 in Fremont, California. SWYP was introduced in 2015 and dubbed the world's first smart wallet. SWYP was a metal card with the ability to combine over 25 credit, debit, gift and loyalty cards. The card worked in

820:(LCD) : LCDs are easily available from a wide variety of suppliers, and they are able to display either digits or alphabetical data. However, to be fitted in a complex smart card, LCDs need to have a certain degree of flexibility. Also, LCDs need to be powered to keep information displayed. 445:

standard and include components in addition to those found in traditional single chip smart cards. Complex Cards were invented by Cyril Lalo and Philippe Guillaud in 1999 when they designed a chip smart card with additional components, building upon the initial concept consisting of using audio

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smart cards do not require physical contact between a card and reader. They are becoming more popular for payment and ticketing. Typical uses include mass transit and motorway tolls. Visa and MasterCard implemented a version deployed in 2004–2006 in the U.S., with Visa's current offering called

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The benefits of smart cards are directly related to the volume of information and applications that are programmed for use on a card. A single contact/contactless smart card can be programmed with multiple banking credentials, medical entitlement, driver's license/public transport entitlement,

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Europay MasterCard Visa (EMV)-compliant cards and equipment are widespread with the deployment led by European countries. The United States started later deploying the EMV technology in 2014, with the deployment still in progress in 2019. Typically, a country's national payment association, in

2073:-independent, browser-based interface to secure, personal SIM data. As of mid-2010, SIMalliance had not reported widespread industry acceptance of SCWS. The OMA has been maintaining the standard, approving V1.1 of the standard in May 2009, and V1.2 was expected to be approved in October 2012. 894:

Second generation, battery-free Complex Cards can be manufactured by existing hot lamination process. This automated process, inherited from traditional smart card manufacturing, enables the production of Complex Cards in large quantities while keeping costs under control, a necessity for the

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CardLab Innovation, incorporated in 2006 in Herlev, Denmark, specializes in Complex Cards that include a switch, a biometric reader, an RFID jammer, and one or more magstripes. The company works with manufacturing partners in China and Thailand and owns a card lamination factory in Thailand.

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As Complex Cards bring more functionalities than standard smart cards and, due to their complexity, their personalization can take longer or require more inputs. Having Complex Cards that can be personalized by the same machines and the same processes as regular smart cards allows them to be

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Smart cards can be physically disassembled by using acid, abrasives, solvents, or some other technique to obtain unrestricted access to the on-board microprocessor. Although such techniques may involve a risk of permanent damage to the chip, they permit much more detailed information (e.g.,

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Individuals have better security and more convenience with using smart cards that perform multiple services. For example, they only need to replace one card if their wallet is lost or stolen. The data storage on a card can reduce duplication, and even provide emergency medical information.

2312:. Thanks to this agreement, the three companies are now using a unified card reader in their arcade cabinets, so that players are able to use their card, no matter if a Banapassport, an e-Amusement Pass or an Aime, with hardware and ID services of all three manufacturers. A common logo for 2994: 2971: 3114: 3087: 1042:, a China-based company created in 1998, provides cyber security products and solutions. The company offers security solutions based on smart cards as well as other authentication devices. These include Complex Cards, that incorporate a display, a keypad or a fingerprint sensor. 1367:

standard defines cards as nominally 85.60 by 53.98 millimetres (3.37 in × 2.13 in). Another popular size is ID-000, which is nominally 25 by 15 millimetres (0.98 in × 0.59 in) (commonly used in SIM cards). Both are 0.76 millimetres (0.030 in)

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EMV compliant cards were first accepted into Malaysia in 2005 and later into United States in 2014. MasterCard was the first company that was allowed to use the technology in the United States. The United States has felt pushed to use the technology because of the increase in

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The first Complex Cards were equipped with a buzzer that made it possible to broadcast sound. This feature was generally used over the phone to send identification data such as an identifier and one-time passwords (OTPs). Technologies used for sound transmission include DTMF

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Smart cards are not always privacy-enhancing, because the subject may carry incriminating information on the card. Contactless smart cards that can be read from within a wallet or even a garment simplify authentication; however, criminals may access data from these cards.

1871:. This is common in the U.S. (PayPass Magstripe and Visa MSD). The cards do not hold or maintain the account balance. All payment passes without a PIN, usually in off-line mode. The security of such a transaction is no greater than with a magnetic stripe card transaction. 1255:

Fintech company. The Plastc project continues as the Edge card, a dynamic payment card that consolidates several payment cards in one device. The card is equipped with a battery and an ePaper screen and can store data from up to 50 credit, debit, loyalty and gift cards.

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specification. Other schemes in the UK include period travel passes, carnets of tickets or day passes and stored value which can be used to pay for journeys. Other concessions for school pupils, students and job seekers are also supported. These are mostly based on the

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conjunction with a smartphone app used to manage the cards. The Swyp card included a battery, a button and a matrix display that showed which card was in use. The company registered users in its beta testing program, but the product never shipped on a commercial scale.

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and offline) and as a memory support to save game progress. Depending on a case by case scenario, the machines can use a game-specific card or a "universal" one usable on multiple machines from the same manufacturer/publisher. Amongst the most widely used there are

1730:(Chip Card Interface Device) is a USB protocol that allows a smart card to be interfaced to a computer using a card reader which has a standard USB interface. This allows the smart card to be used as a security token for authentication and data encryption such as 446:

frequencies to transmit data patented by Alain Bernard. The first Complex Card prototype was developed collaboratively by Cyril Lalo and Philippe Guillaud, who were working at AudioSmartCard at the time, and Henri Boccia and Philippe Patrice, who were working at

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Complex Card manufacturing methods are inherited from the smart card industry and from the electronics mounting industry. As Complex Cards incorporate several components while having to remain within 0.8 mm thickness and be flexible, and to comply with the

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This vulnerability has led the industry to develop a Dynamic Card Security Code (DCSC) that can be changed at certain time intervals, or after each contact or contactless EMV transaction. This Dynamic CSC brings significantly better security than a static CSC.

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Founded in 2002, by Alan Finkelstein, Innovative Card Technologies developed and commercialized enhancements for the smart card market. The company acquired the display card assets of nCryptone in 2006. Innovative Card Technologies has ceased its activities.

66:), is a card used to control access to a resource. It is typically a plastic credit card-sized card with an embedded integrated circuit (IC) chip. Many smart cards include a pattern of metal contacts to electrically connect to the internal chip. Others are 2754:

Another problem is the lack of standards for functionality and security. To address this problem, the Berlin Group launched the ERIDANE Project to propose "a new functional and security framework for smart-card based Point of Interaction (POI) equipment".

1930:(DSA). Today's cryptographic smart cards generate key pairs on board, to avoid the risk from having more than one copy of the key (since by design there usually isn't a way to extract private keys from a smart card). Such smart cards are mainly used for 887:

One of the most popular manufacturing processes in the smart card industry is lamination. This process involves laminating an inlay between two card faces. The inlay contains the needed electronic components with an antenna printed on an inert support.

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Governments and regional authorities save money because of improved security, better data and reduced processing costs. These savings help reduce public budgets or enhance public services. There are many examples in the UK, many using a common open

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EMVCo maintains these specifications. EMVco's purpose is to assure the various financial institutions and retailers that the specifications retain backward compatibility with the 1998 version. EMVco upgraded the specifications in 2000 and 2004.

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Independently, Kunitaka Arimura of the Arimura Technology Institute in Japan developed a similar idea of incorporating an integrated circuit onto a plastic card, and filed a smart card patent in March 1970. The following year, Paul Castrucci of

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The first generation of Dynamic CSC cards, developed by NagraID Security required a battery, a quartz and Real Time Clock (RTC) embedded within the card to power the computation of a new Dynamic CSC, after expiration of the programmed period.

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In cards with microprocessors, the microprocessor sits inline between the reader and the other components. The operating system that runs on the microprocessor mediates the reader's access to those components to prevent unauthorized access.

1065:, also known as G+D, is a German company headquartered in Munich that provides banknotes, security printing, smart cards and cash handling systems. Its smart card portfolio includes display cards, OTP cards, as well as cards displaying a 229:. In 2008, Dexa Systems spun off from Schlumberger and acquired Enterprise Security Services business, which included the smart-card solutions division responsible for deploying the first large-scale smart-card management systems based on 170:

and described contactless communication via inductive coupling. Its primary use was intended to provide individual copy-protected keys for releasing the tapping process at unmanned gas stations. In September 1968, Gröttrup, together with

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Complex Cards can be equipped with biometric sensors allowing for stronger user authentication. In the typical use case, fingerprint sensors are integrated into a payment card to bring a higher level of user authentication than a PIN.

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expressed the needs: "to enhance security, increase government efficiency, reduce identity fraud, and protect personal privacy by establishing a mandatory, Government-wide standard for secure and reliable forms of identification".

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standard. They support data rates of 106–848 kbit/s. These cards require only proximity to an antenna to communicate. Like smart cards with contacts, contactless cards do not have an internal power source. Instead, they use a

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The production, use and disposal of PVC plastic is known to be more harmful to the environment than other plastics. Alternative materials including chlorine free plastics and paper are available for some smart applications.

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was issued eID cards that are used for identification. These cards contain two certificates: one for authentication and one for signature. This signature is legally enforceable. More and more services in Belgium use eID for

457:, a French financial institution. This pilot featured acoustic tones as a means of authentication. Although Complex Cards were developed since the inception of the smart card industry, they only reached maturity after 2010. 1129:

until 2014. NID can trace its history with Complex Cards back to 2003 when it collaborated on development with nCryptone. Nagra ID was instrumental in developing the cold lamination process for Complex Cards manufacturing.

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Sound, generated by a buzzer, was the preferred means of communication for the first projects involving Complex Cards. Later, with the progress of displays, visual communication is now present in almost all Complex Cards.

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Recent years have witnessed the design of standards and the promulgation of directives concerning security and privacy in EHR systems. However, more work should be done to adopt these regulations and to deploy secure EHR

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Since the inception of smart cards, innovators have been trying to add extra features. As technologies have matured and have been industrialized, several smart card industry players have been involved in Complex Cards.

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processes and use of parameters as a transaction with a static code in a card-not-present transaction. Upgrading to a DCSC allows cardholders and merchants to continue their payment habits and processes undisturbed.

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The Card Security Code (CSC) is to be given to the merchant by the cardholder to complete a card-not-present transaction. The CSC is transmitted along with other transaction data and verified by the card issuer. The

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are used by many public transit operators. Card users may also make small purchases using the cards. Some operators offer points for usage, exchanged at retailers or for other benefits. Examples include Singapore's

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One-Time Passwords generation is based either on incremental values (event based) or on a real time clock (time based). Using clock-based One-Time Password generation requires the Complex Card to be equipped with a

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AudioSmartCard International SA was instrumental in developing the first Complex Card that included a battery, a piezoelectric buzzer, a button, and audio functions all on a 0.84mm thick, ISO 7810-compatible card.

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fashion with a payment system or an NFC-enabled smartphone. The use of a bistable display in the card design ensures that the screen remains legible even when the Complex Card is unconnected to the power source.

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that is produced according to international standards and requirements. The card has over 36 physical security features and has the latest encryption codes. This smart card replaced the NICOP (the ID card for

2642:(or other form of security) provides additional security from unauthorised access to information by others. At the first attempt to use it illegally, the card would be deactivated by the card reader itself. 1232:, is one of the major players in the secure transactions industry. It acquired the business of NagraID Security in 2014. Oberthur then merged with Morpho and the combined entity was renamed Idemia in 2017. 1107:

ASA, incorporated in Norway, specializes in fingerprint identification technologies for personal authentication. The company offers fingerprint sensors and modules that are ready to be embedded into cards.

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Smart cards are also being introduced for identification and entitlement by regional, national, and international organizations. These uses include citizen cards, drivers’ licenses, and patient cards. In

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Ellipse World, Inc. was founded in 2017 by Cyril Lalo and Sébastien Pochic, both recognized experts in Complex Card technology. Ellipse World, Inc. specializes in battery-free Complex Card technology.

635:, also known as card verification code (CVC2), or card verification value (CVV2). The card security code (CSC) is a 3 or 4 digits number printed on a credit or debit card, used as a security feature for 414:

10% that of a PVC smart card with larger memory. They are distributed through vending machines, ticket offices and agents. Use of paper/PET is less harmful to the environment than traditional PVC cards.

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standards include provisions for contact and contactless communications. Typically modern payment cards are based on hybrid card technology and support both contact and contactless communication modes.

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Smart cards may identify emergency responders and their skills. Cards like these allow first responders to bypass organizational paperwork and focus more time on the emergency resolution. In 2004, The

6269: 3255: 2207:(YTV) from collecting such information, despite YTV's argument that the card owner has the right to a list of trips paid with the card. Earlier, such information was used in the investigation of the 1645:

Communication protocols for contact smart cards include T=0 (character-level transmission protocol, defined in ISO/IEC 7816-3) and T=1 (block-level transmission protocol, defined in ISO/IEC 7816-3).

2235:. These smart tickets are made of paper or PET which is thinner than a PVC smart card e.g. Confidex smart media. The smart tickets can be supplied pre-printed and over-printed or printed on demand. 1445:(FS). In smart card file systems, the root directory is called the "master file" ("MF"), subdirectories are called "dedicated files" ("DF"), and ordinary files are called "elementary files" ("EF"). 1084:, is a major player in the secure transaction industry. The company's Complex Card portfolio includes cards with a display or a fingerprint sensor. These cards may display an OTP or a Dynamic CSC. 4874: 3561: 698:

To implement user authentication using a fingerprint enabled smart card, the user has to authenticate himself/herself to the card by means of the fingerprint before starting a payment transaction.

5277: 4496: 1457:(storage or memory) within the smartcard. In addition to the EEPROM, other components may be present, depending upon the kind of smartcard. Most smartcards have one of three logical layouts: 1214:

nCryptone emerged in 2004 from the renaming of AudioSmartCard. nCryptone was headed by Cyril Lalo and Philippe Guillaud and developed technologies around authentication servers and devices.

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Smartcard operating systems may provide application programming interfaces (APIs) so that developers can write programs ("applications") to run on the smartcard. Some such APIs, such as

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it, and use it to power the card's electronics. Contactless smart media can be made with PVC, paper/card and PET finish to meet different performance, cost and durability requirements.

4904: 2711:, the smart card security model may be broken. Malware can override the communication (both input via keyboard and output via application screen) between the user and the application. 5593: 4931: 3771: 3681: 3477: 1148:

NagraID Security quickly became a leading player in the adoption of Complex Cards due, in large part, to its development of MotionCode cards that featured a small display to enable a

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processes, mandated by different regulatory bodies. Additionally, keeping battery-operated Complex Cards in inventory for extended periods of time may reduce their performance due to

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Typically battery-powered Complex Cards require a cold lamination manufacturing process. This process impacts the manufacturing lead time and the whole cost of such a Complex Card.

1911:(CAC), and other cards used by other governments for their citizens. If they include biometric identification data, cards can provide superior two- or three-factor authentication. 138:

around 1975. The chip has not yet been miniaturized. On this prototype, one can see how each pin of the microchip (center) is connected to the exterior world by a copper connector.

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patented a secured memory card later dubbed the "smart card". In 1976, Jürgen Dethloff introduced the known element (called "the secret") to identify gate user as of USP 4105156.

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Second generation Complex Cards feature a battery-free design. These cards harvest the necessary power from external sources; for example when the card interacts in a contact or

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protect the exchange of money between the smart card and the machine. No connection to a bank is needed. The holder of the card may use it even if not the owner. Examples are

1718:(ISO/IEC 14443 Type B) interfaces. Numerous payment cards worldwide are based on hybrid card technology allowing them to communicate in contactless as well as contact modes. 764:

have been used on prototypes in the early days, capacitive keyboards are the most popular solution now, thanks to technology developments by AudioSmartCard International SA.

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Complex Cards can incorporate a wide variety of components. The choice of components drives functionality, influences cost, power supply needs, and manufacturing complexity.

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cards has been created, and this is now displayed on compatible cards from all three companies. In January 2019, Taito announced that their Nesica card was also joining the

5505: 5217:"World first for Belgium: Banca Monte Paschi Belgio and MasterCard launch the first payment card combining debit, credit, display screen and contactless payment facilities" 1096:

Complex Card offerings include the F.CODE biometric payment card that includes a fingerprint sensor, and its battery-powered Motion Code card that displays a Dynamic CSC.

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Complex Cards have been adopted by numerous financial institutions worldwide. They may include different functionalities such as payment cards (credit, debit, prepaid),

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While first generation Complex Cards were battery powered, the second generation is battery-free and receives power through the usual card connector and/or induction .

7364: 5325: 5303: 3412: 280:" systems store funds on the card, so that readers do not need network connectivity. They entered European service in the mid-1990s. They have been common in Germany ( 3356: 1596:, which is used as a communications medium between the smart card and a host (e.g., a computer, a point of sale terminal) or a mobile telephone. Cards do not contain 5729: 2853: 6468: 5567: 4818: 4436: 2457:, support new processes for portable medical records, provide secure access to emergency medical information, enable compliance with government initiatives (e.g., 810:

showing information such as a One-Time Password or an electronic purse balance. A rear display is more often used for showing a Dynamic Card Security Code (DCSC).

5540: 4130: 3504: 5186: 4754: 213:, and in 1978, he patented the self-programmable one-chip microcomputer (SPOM) that defines the necessary architecture to program the chip. Three years later, 5999: 6261: 4283: 2034: 217:

used this patent in its "CP8". At that time, Bull had 1,200 patents related to smart cards. In 2001, Bull sold its CP8 division together with its patents to

3648: 7819: 977:

and Philippe Guillaud, who also became major shareholders. They made AudioSmartCard evolve towards the smart card world. In 2003 Prosodie, a subsidiary of

742:

Depending on Complex Card types, buttons have been added to allow an easy interaction between the user and the card. Typically, these buttons are used to:

5915: 4870: 3553: 2290: 1860:

Roll-outs started in 2005 in the U.S. Asia and Europe followed in 2006. Contactless (non-PIN) transactions cover a payment range of ~$ 5–50. There is an

450:. It was ISO 7810-compliant and included a battery, a piezoelectric buzzer, a button, and delivered audio functions, all within a 0.84mm thickness card. 6348: 5107: 4466: 7421: 5273: 2199:

risk because they allow the mass transit operator (and the government) to track an individual's movement. In Finland, for example, the Data Protection

5970:"Emergency Response Official Credentials: An Approach to Attain Trust in Credentials across Multiple Jurisdictions for Disaster Response and Recovery" 4488: 1698:

Hybrid cards implement contactless and contact interfaces on a single card with unconnected chips including dedicated modules/storage and processing.

7799: 5366: 4586: 3587: 2308:

In 2018, in an effort to make arcade game IC cards more user friendly, Konami, Bandai Namco and Sega have agreed on a unified system of cards named

2231:

Many smart transport schemes include the use of low cost smart tickets for simple journeys, day passes and visitor passes. Examples include Glasgow

1990:

was the first Indian state to introduce a smart card license system. As of 2005, it has issued 5 million smart card driving licenses to its people.

767:

The interaction with a capacitive keyboard requires constant power, therefore a battery and a mechanical button are required to activate the card.

6182: 5250: 6048: 5940: 5859: 1903:(PKI). The card stores an encrypted digital certificate issued from the PKI provider along with other relevant information. Examples include the 5453: 4668: 1504:

4 by 4 mm silicon chip in a SIM card, which was peeled open. Note the thin gold bonding wires and the regular, rectangular digital-memory areas.

8027: 6243: 3793: 1964: 6130: 7665: 7493: 4927: 4896: 3289: 2066: 5727:

ISO/IEC 7816-2:2007. Identification cards – Integrated circuit cards – Part 2: Cards with contacts – Dimensions and location of the contacts

5589: 4018: 3763: 3673: 3469: 2494:

payments, and public key encryption infrastructure. The personal information inside the MYKAD card can be read using special APDU commands.

944:

Second-generation battery-free technology ensures operation during the entire lifetime of the card and eliminates self-discharge, providing

7359: 7328: 5885: 5483: 5160: 2800: 2363:, can use smart cards to securely hold encryption keys, and also to add another layer of encryption to critical parts of the secured disk. 644: 6156: 1706:

Dual-interface cards implement contactless and contact interfaces on a single chip with some shared storage and processing. An example is

1141:

Nagra ID Security began in 2008 as a spinoff of Nagra ID to focus on Complex Card development and manufacturing. The company was owned by

823: 1155:

NagraID Security was the first Complex Cards manufacturer to develop a mass market for payment display cards. Their customers included:

5750: 4406: 3022: 2582:

required for certain encryption or decryption operations. This can deduce the on-chip private key used by public key algorithms such as

2258:(usually referred to as "IC cards") are used by game manufacturers as a method for players to access in-game features (both online like 1568:

interfaces and other uses. However, the usage defined in ISO/IEC 7816-2:1999/Amd 1:2004 may have been superseded by ISO/IEC 7816-2:2007.

1386:

Managed by an administration system, which securely interchanges information and configuration settings with the card, controlling card

7833: 4316: 3987: 3229: 3181: 150:

in 1979, already with the finally standardized dimension (ID-1) and a contact area with eight pads (initially on the upper left corner)

6104: 5641: 5422: 8163: 7919: 7705: 6208: 2820: 6318: 6296: 4220: 1588:

Contact smart cards have a contact area of approximately 1 square centimetre (0.16 sq in), comprising several gold-plated

839:

If a Complex smart Card is dedicated to making cryptographic computations (such as generating a one-time password) it may require a

122:

in 1959. The invention of the silicon integrated circuit led to the idea of incorporating it onto a plastic card in the late 1960s.

7859: 7849: 7809: 7789: 7749: 2622: 5679: 3831: 3711: 3386: 2700:

bent/flexed excessively. However, for large banking systems, failure-management costs can be more than offset by fraud reduction.

1548:: ISO/IEC 7816-3:1997 designated this as a programming voltage: an input for a higher voltage to program persistent memory (e.g., 7729: 7685: 7675: 4160: 6014: 5077: 4732: 6628: 5807: 2890: 6493: 6022: 5973: 4608: 4376: 3952: 3929: 515:

Complex Cards support all communication protocols present on regular smart cards: contact, thanks to a contact pad as defined

8131: 6438: 5704: 5008: 4190: 3892: 3447: 5299: 851:

As Complex Cards contain more components than traditional smart cards, their power consumption must be carefully monitored.

627:

A Complex Card being deployed as a payment card can be equipped with capability to provide transaction security. Typically,

7893: 7783: 6078: 4526: 3364: 2795: 2780: 2085: 827: 5726: 5619: 2845: 6818: 5399: 3614: 3017: 2047: 1904: 777: 6461: 5563: 4814: 4428: 8020: 7913: 5536: 4122: 3500: 3141: 2204: 3203: 1320: 600:

For additional security, features such as requiring the user to enter an identification or a security value such as a

7486: 6563: 6540: 6179:"Konami Amusement, Sega Interactive, and Bandai Namco Entertainment Agree on Unified System for Arcade Game IC Cards" 4841:"BPCE Group and Oberthur Technologies launch a world-exclusive innovation: the first dynamic cryptogram payment card" 3175: 2946: 2547: 74: 7321: 6828: 5995: 2069:

has been promoting the development and adoption of SCWS. SIMalliance states that SCWS offers end-users a familiar,

1264:

battery, the Stratos card was equipped with LEDs and communicated in contactless mode and in Bluetooth low Energy.

4272: 1952:

The most widely used cryptographic algorithms in smart cards (excluding the GSM so-called "crypto algorithm") are

1133:

Nagra ID manufactures Complex Cards that can include a battery, buttons, displays or other electronic components.

8394: 7518: 3637: 2238:

In Sweden, as of 2018–19, the old SL Access smart card system has started to be phased out and replaced by smart

2107: 1417: 663:

The Dynamic CSC, also called dynamic cryptogram, is marketed by several companies, under different brand names:

4556: 1788:, authorization cards for pay television, household utility pre-payment cards, high-security identification and 319:

mobile-phone equipment. Mobile phones are widely used across the world, so smart cards have become very common.

8223: 7406: 7264: 5907: 4639:"XH Smart Tech showcasing dual-interface biometric card with IDEX sensor at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona" 2810: 2639: 2529: 1968: 1946: 601: 266: 961:

from Gemplus. The prototype included a button and audio functions on a 0.84mm thick ISO 7810-compliant card .

855:

in a Complex Card increases the complexity of the manufacturing process as a battery cannot be hot laminated.

353:

Historically, in 1993 several international payment companies agreed to develop smart-card specifications for

179:

and in 1969 as subsequent applications in the United States, Great Britain, West Germany and other countries.

8389: 8013: 7610: 7562: 7558: 7442: 6344: 5099: 4986: 4458: 3741: 6370:

Fernández-Alemán, José Luis; Señor, Inmaculada Carrión; Lozoya, Pedro Ángel Oliver; Toval, Ambrosio (2013).

1747:

Different smart cards implement one or more reader-side protocols. Common protocols here include CT-API and

8183: 7479: 7101: 6985: 6783: 6726: 5046: 4250: 2825: 1937:

The most common way to access cryptographic smart card functions on a computer is to use a vendor-provided

636: 225:. In 2006, Axalto and Gemplus, at the time the world's top two smart-card manufacturers, merged and became 5355: 1552:). ISO/IEC 7816-3:2006 designates it SPU, for either standard or proprietary use, as input and/or output. 8374: 8089: 7314: 7137: 6773: 4578: 3583: 2934: 2785: 2575: 2525: 1927: 1002:

card concept evolved into Coin 2.0 adding contactless communication to its original magstripe emulation.

399: 17: 8379: 8076: 7883: 7576: 7548: 7158: 6621: 6178: 5246: 5137: 4346: 3167: 2278: 2050:, produces cards that contain additional personal information, such as medical records and skill sets. 1884: 1799:. The smart card chip can be "loaded" with funds to pay parking meters, vending machines or merchants. 1785: 1635: 1581: 1409: 312: 270: 6052: 5855: 5772: 4953: 4702: 3861: 3101: 3074: 3058:, "Identifizierungsschalter", issued 1971-01-21, assigned to Intelectron Patentverwaltung 2985: 2962: 2572:

algorithm. There are, however, several methods for recovering some of the algorithm's internal state.

1428:

Since April 2009, a Japanese company has manufactured reusable financial smart cards made from paper.

361:. The first version of the EMV system was released in 1994. In 1998 the specifications became stable. 8239: 8094: 8040: 8005: 7823: 7168: 7111: 6884: 6853: 6808: 6761: 4048: 3554:"Mastercard, Symantec and NagraID Security team up to provide further payment card security features" 3047: 2089: 1900: 859: 230: 6240: 5833: 3334: 1922:. Most advanced smart cards include specialized cryptographic hardware that uses algorithms such as 903:

As with standard smart cards, Complex Cards go through a lifecycle comprising the following steps:

7863: 7743: 7534: 7244: 7224: 7173: 6126: 3313: 2462: 2436: 2352: 2215: 1960:. The key set is usually loaded (DES) or generated (RSA) on the card at the personalization stage. 1887:

used in mobile-phone systems are reduced-size smart cards, using otherwise identical technologies.

1831: 1394: 6422: 4078: 3281: 1763:, allow programs to be uploaded to the card without replacing the card's entire operating system. 8217: 7719: 6909: 4010: 3531: 2560:

Smart cards have been advertised as suitable for personal identification tasks, because they are

2518: 1624: 269:(PIN), before the transaction was accepted. Only very limited transactions (such as paying small 119: 7723: 7709: 5881: 5479: 2402:

Tracking and monitoring food choices at the canteen, to help the student maintain a healthy diet

1267:

In 2017 Stratos was acquired by CardLab Innovation, a company headquartered in Herlev, Denmark.

8384: 7590: 7269: 6778: 6152: 2345: 2255: 1827: 1800: 1715: 1654: 1376: 840: 817: 781: 556: 67: 2106:

Diagram of Japan's IC card systems and their nationwide interoperability acceptance under the

619:

balance, the number of remaining trips or the expiry date of a transit pass can be displayed.

8109: 7648: 7234: 7208: 7116: 6904: 6614: 5746: 4398: 3008: 2736: 2474: 2043: 1597: 1387: 1225: 1199: 36: 7843: 6597: 4308: 4100: 3979: 3233: 3161: 2938: 1492: 8369: 8036: 7753: 7689: 7254: 7067: 6899: 6874: 6813: 6674: 6100: 5645: 2744: 2561: 2119: 2054: 1868: 1541: 1279:

Qvivr raised US$ 5 million in January 2017 and went out of business in November 2017.

167: 6204: 2461:) and mandates, and provide the platform to implement other applications as needed by the 1393:

Communicates with external services through card-reading devices, such as ticket readers,

142: 8: 7229: 7010: 6975: 6954: 6944: 6914: 6322: 4212: 2673: 1521: 945: 426:

enables eight applications and has 18 million users. Contactless smart cards are part of

389: 347: 8066: 8061: 8048: 7873: 7699: 7640: 7600: 7586: 7544: 7426: 7193: 6919: 6843: 6788: 6746: 5683: 4489:"Oberthur Technologies –Morpho becomes IDEMIA, the global leader in trusted identities" 3823: 3703: 3129: 2712: 2432: 2388:

Smart cards are being provided to students at some schools and colleges. Uses include:

2335: 2039: 2027: 1908: 1804: 1639: 1405: 1292: 1149: 1062: 723: 660:

Point of Sales (POS) terminal or Automated Teller Machine (ATM) to compute a new DCSC.

632: 490: 477: 430: 407: 293: 206: 155: 147: 111: 5326:"MasterCard Drives Growth in Its Display Card Programme with Bank Launches in Romania" 4152: 3109: 3105: 3082: 3078: 3055: 3051: 2989: 2966: 2751:

and audit features in a smart card system help manage the risks of compromised cards.

454: 172: 159: 8319: 8295: 8285: 8247: 7813: 7773: 7249: 7203: 7085: 7080: 7000: 6939: 6736: 6559: 6552: 6536: 6401: 6393: 5069: 4724: 3171: 3137: 2942: 2927: 2454: 2366: 2208: 2042:

personnel can carry these cards to be positively identified in emergency situations.

2022: 1942: 1931: 1796: 1638:(SIMs) in mobile phones, programmed differently and embedded in a different piece of 1288: 1217:

nCryptone display card assets were acquired by Innovative Card Technologies in 2006.

1050: 934: 761: 552: 277: 221:, who subsequently combined its own internal smart card department and CP8 to create 5799: 5642:"development of the "KAMICARD" IC card made from recyclable and biodegradable paper" 4871:"Orange Bank : une carte Visa Premium avec cryptogramme dynamique et Apple Pay" 2057:(OMA) proposed a new standard defining V1.0 of the Smart Card Web Server (SCWS), an 8136: 8084: 7938: 7620: 7572: 7259: 7198: 7039: 6995: 6980: 6949: 6934: 6929: 6669: 6659: 6505: 6501: 6383: 6372:"Security and privacy in electronic health records: A systematic literature review" 4368: 2992:, "Identifizierungsschalter mit induktiver Zuordnung", published 1971-11-25 2732: 2720: 2587: 2579: 2565: 2396: 2282: 2251: 2070: 1994: 1864:

PayPass implementation. Some, but not all, PayPass implementations conform to EMV.

1372: 343: 32: 6434: 6229: 4182: 3884: 3439: 7669: 7401: 7132: 7015: 7005: 6606: 6587: 6247: 5733: 5714: 3317: 2692: 2599: 2583: 2446: 1957: 1923: 1820: 1727: 1178:

NagraID Security also delivered One-Time Password cards to companies including:

1104: 964:

Since then, Complex Cards have been mass-deployed primarily by NagraID Security.

717: 565: 285: 210: 6074: 4928:"Palo Alto 'smart' credit card startup shutters after taking $ 9M in pre-orders" 4518: 8350: 8324: 8257: 7971: 7295: 7027: 6319:"News Release – Smart card technology to monitor smart food choices in schools" 5615: 5187:"MasterCard and Absa Introduce Next Generation Payment Card, a First for APMEA" 4755:"MasterCard and Absa Introduce Next Generation Payment Card, a First for APMEA" 2805: 2748: 2591: 2458: 2450: 2408: 2373: 2369:, the well known encryption suite, also supports storing keys in a smart card. 2329: 2232: 1919: 1711: 1694:

A hybrid smart card, which clearly shows the antenna connected to the main chip

1572: 1471: 1298:

Complex Card technology is used by numerous financial institutions including:

1142: 1126: 628: 370: 237: 202: 175:

as an investor, filed further patents for this identification switch, first in

6388: 6371: 5392: 5070:"One card to rule them all? Stratos smart card replaces the need for a wallet" 3610: 3527: 2969:, "Nachahmungssicherer Identifizierungsschalter", published 1971-11-25 1690: 8363: 8267: 7979: 7903: 7411: 7371: 6756: 6716: 6691: 6582: 6397: 2442: 2152: 2094: 2007: 1861: 1679: 1663: 1564:: The two remaining contacts are AUX1 and AUX2 respectively and are used for 1421: 938: 884:

standards, renders their manufacture more complex than standard smart cards.

746:

Select one action, such as which account to obtain the balance, or the unit (

681:

EVC (Ellipse Verification Code) by Ellipse, a Los Angeles, USA based company.

667:

MotionCode, first developed by NagraID Security, a company later acquired by

520: 453:

The Complex Card pilot, developed by AudioSmartCard, was launched in 2002 by

262: 191: 135: 2747:, it may be costly or inconvenient for users to upgrade vulnerable systems. 607:

Complex Cards used to provide account information have been developed for:

8346: 8280: 8275: 8188: 8158: 8104: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7450: 7376: 7290: 7075: 7047: 6990: 6798: 6405: 3207: 2775: 2716: 2663:

Reliability that is virtually unaffected by electrical and magnetic fields.

2657: 2569: 2274: 2168: 2136: 2115: 1896: 1789: 1671:

coil to capture some of the incident radio-frequency interrogation signal,

1668: 1608: 1604: 1533: 1364: 1081: 881: 877: 873: 571:

Complex Cards used to generate One Time Password have been developed for:

516: 442: 379:

when the liability shifts occurred in October by the credit card companies.

218: 163: 115: 102: 2399:, to pay for items at canteens, vending machines, laundry facilities, etc. 930:

integrated more easily in existing manufacturing chains and applications.

162:. In February 1967, Gröttrup filed the patents DE1574074 and DE1574075 in 8329: 8173: 8153: 7923: 7763: 7142: 6889: 6641: 6637: 2929:

Java Card Technology for Smart Cards: Architecture and Programmer's Guide

2765: 2412: 2341: 2262: 2176: 2164: 2148: 2132: 2058: 1835: 1593: 1589: 1577: 1557: 1442: 1380: 447: 254: 198: 5161:"Mobile payment startup Qvivr raises $ 5 million led by Khosla Ventures" 3914: 3387:"A message from CEO Gregg Steinhafel about Target's payment card issues" 2076:

Smart cards are also used to identify user accounts on arcade machines.

1383:) and provides security services (e.g., protects in-memory information). 1009:

in May 2016 and all Coin activities were discontinued in February 2017.

526:

Developers of Complex Cards target several needs when developing them:

402:. Most contactless fare collection systems are incompatible, though the 8334: 8196: 8191: 8141: 8123: 7853: 7769: 7471: 7456: 7416: 7306: 7106: 7052: 6858: 6686: 6664: 6645: 5616:"Türk Ekonomi Bankası (TEB) has launched a new digital banking service" 2532: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2478: 2184: 2128: 2102: 2062: 1953: 1413: 1398: 551:

A Complex Card can be used to compute a cryptographic value, such as a

354: 335: 258: 8035: 8314: 8056: 7839: 7803: 7759: 7733: 7626: 6741: 6721: 6696: 6681: 4548: 2770: 2360: 2356: 2239: 2200: 2188: 2160: 1808: 1781: 1760: 1731: 1672: 978: 339: 281: 158:

chip onto a plastic card was first introduced by the German engineer

89:

billion smart card IC chips are manufactured annually, including 5.44

2507: 1993:

In 2002, the Estonian government started to issue smart cards named

1844:

Visa: Visa Contactless, Quick VSDC, "qVSDC", Visa Wave, MSD, payWave

701:

Several companies offer cards with fingerprint sensors, including:

130: 8201: 8099: 7679: 7644: 7396: 7057: 7022: 6894: 6879: 6848: 6803: 6793: 2728: 2606: 2225: 2220: 2172: 2018: 1972: 1812: 1777: 1634:

Because the chips in financial cards are the same as those used in

750:

currency or number of trips) in which the information is displayed,

419: 301: 241: 214: 78: 5506:"1 Million MOTION CODE? Online Transactions With Société Générale" 4978: 3733: 3413:"Target Hack a Tipping Point in Moving Away from Magnetic Stripes" 1592:. These pads provide electrical connectivity when inserted into a 1508: 933:

First generation, battery-operated Complex Cards require specific

304:

Chipper (decommissioned in 2015)), Switzerland ("Cash"), Norway ("

8178: 7793: 7630: 7530: 7163: 6751: 6731: 5100:"Stratos Connected Card Platform Acquired by CardLab Innovations" 4897:"1 million MOTION CODE online transactions with Société Générale" 4011:"Coin will shut down its product services at the end of February" 2724: 2708: 2428: 2338: 2269: 2196: 2180: 2002: 1987: 1125:

Nagra ID, now known as NID, was a wholly-owned subsidiary of the

1077: 705: 675: 358: 357:

and credit cards. The original brands were MasterCard, Visa, and

289: 226: 176: 108: 6369: 5590:"MasterCard, Symantec and NagraID Security team on display card" 5480:"Taiwan's Bank SinoPac issues credit cards with digital display" 4242: 2719:) could modify a transaction, unnoticed by the user. Banks like 1819:. The German Geldkarte is also used to validate customer age at 252:

After the Télécarte, microchips were integrated into all French

187:

filed an American patent titled "Information Card" in May 1971.

134:

One of the first smart card prototypes, created by its inventor

8309: 8168: 7951: 7909: 7889: 7829: 7739: 7695: 7636: 7616: 7606: 7582: 7526: 6924: 6833: 6768: 6601: 5776: 5274:"BPCE, Oberthur to pilot first dynamic cryptogram payment card" 4309:"Zwipe Payment Card the World's Leading Biometric Payment Card" 2790: 2377: 2298: 2286: 2259: 2021:

were replaced. The Smart Card is a third generation chip-based

1938: 1840:

These are the best known payment cards (classic plastic card):

1549: 1513: 1461: 1454: 1229: 1203: 1092: 1006: 711: 668: 403: 305: 222: 4273:"Biometrics: The missing piece of the contactless card puzzle" 2449:

of patient information, provide a secure carrier for portable

1031:

card with an embedded keypad, a display and a microprocessor.

8304: 8252: 8148: 7956: 7899: 7879: 7869: 7779: 7715: 7596: 7568: 7554: 7540: 6959: 6838: 6823: 5009:"EDGE Mobile Payments Announces Development of the EDGE Card" 2891:"Smart card IC shipments to reach 12.8 billion units in 2020" 2815: 2684: 2490: 2302: 2156: 2144: 2140: 2124: 1816: 1748: 1707: 1359:

A smart card may have the following generic characteristics:

756:

Enter text data via the addition of an alphanumeric keyboard.

460:

Complex Cards can accommodate various peripherals including:

423: 297: 5129: 5038: 4338: 3930:"Inside Coin's techie vision for the all-in-one credit card" 1441:

As mentioned above, data on a smart card may be stored in a

639:

payment card transactions to reduce the incidence of fraud.

8229: 7961: 6549: 5564:"MasterCard Electronic Display Cards Finally Go Mainstream" 5393:"Getin Bank – poznaj nową Kartę Display do konta bankowego" 4694: 4669:"nCryptone monte au capital d'Innovative Card Technologies" 3853: 3611:"Getin Bank – poznaj nową Kartę Display do konta bankowego" 2695:, used in the 1990s to decode the signals of Sky Television 2689: 2294: 2266: 2192: 1678:

APDU transmission by a contactless interface is defined in

1500: 427: 82: 6205:"タイトー、「アミューズメントICカード」規格に参入決定。タイトー対応タイトル第1弾は「ストV タイプアーケード」" 4040: 1363:

Dimensions similar to those of a credit card. ID-1 of the

7946: 7239: 5829: 2481:

is a specific example of how smart card security worked.

1627:, including commands sent to and responses from the card, 1565: 1528:: Reset signal, used to reset the card's communications. 1235:

Major references in the Complex Cards business include:

328: 316: 261:

in 1992. Customers inserted the card into the merchant's

184: 3330: 2846:"ISO/IEC 7816-2:2007 – Assignment of contacts C4 and C8" 1734:. A typical CCID is a USB dongle and may contain a SIM. 1662:

communicate with readers under protocols defined in the

753:

Enter numeric data via the addition of a digital keypad,

5941:"El DNI electrónico ha muerto: ¡larga vida al DNI 3.0!" 5906: 5537:"MasterCard launching banking card with OTP capability" 4070: 3953:"Coin adds NFC capabilities to its new all-in-one card" 3885:"Coin adds NFC capabilities to its new all-in-one card" 3501:"MasterCard launching banking card with OTP capability" 3310: 1963:

Some of these smart cards are also made to support the

1792:, and public transport and public phone payment cards. 1022:

to address banking, transit and prepaid cards markets.

5423:"Newcastle Banking Society debuts smart display cards" 3009:"Chipkarte Helmut Gröttrup "Identifizierungsschalter"" 2667: 645:

Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS)

410:

has a considerable market share in the US and Europe.

3764:"Company Information AudioSmartCard International SA" 1404:

Smart cards are typically made of plastic, generally

1145:(50%), Cyril Lalo (25%) and Philippe Guillaud (25%). 483:

A larger digital display, for OTP or balance, QR code

383: 5962: 3112:, "Identification Switch", issued 1972-07-18 3085:, "Identification System", issued 1972-02-08 1536:, from which data communications timing is derived. 1220: 787:Companies that offered cards with buzzers include: 166:

for a tamper-proof identification switch based on a

5957:

The electronic DNI has died: long live the DNI 3.0!

3128:Böttge, Horst; Mahl, Tobias; Kamp, Michael (2013). 714:: F.Code, originally developed by NagraID Security, 6636: 6551: 6020: 3282:"What is smart card? - Definition from WhatIs.com" 3011:[Helmut Gröttrup "Identification Switch"] 2926: 1496:Illustration of smart-card structure and packaging 441:Complex Cards are smart cards that conform to the 7151: 5300:"Carpatica Bank launches display card in Romania" 3584:"RSA SecurID SD200 – hardware token Series Specs" 3528:"CES 2012: Interview Cyril Lalo NagraID Security" 3160:Jurgensen, Timothy M.; Guthery, Scott B. (2002). 3134:From Eurocheque Card to Mobile Security 1968–2012 1576:Contact-type smart cards may have many different 77:(UICC) for mobile phones, installed as pluggable 8361: 6550:Guthery, Scott B.; Timothy M. Jurgensen (1998). 5800:""Smart Card Driving License System in Gujarat"" 5673: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5663: 3159: 3100: 3073: 3046: 2821:Smart card application protocol data unit (APDU) 1453:The file system mentioned above is stored on an 800:Société d'exploitation du jeton sécurisé – SEJS. 85:, is also a type of smart card. As of 2015, 10.5 6290: 4817:(in French). Les Echos Investir. 30 June 2006. 3980:"Fitbit buys Coin to help with mobile payments" 2001:By the start of 2009, the entire population of 1111: 984:AudioSmartCard was renamed nCryptone, in 2004. 350:(JCB), jointly plan and implement EMV systems. 27:Pocket-sized card with authentication circuitry 6530: 6363: 5856:"Diario Turing – Tecnología y sociedad en red" 3674:"Infogreffe – AudioSmartCard International SA" 3127: 1965:National Institute of Standards and Technology 913:User enrollment, if needed by the application, 813:Displays can be made using two technologies: 433:to enhance security for international travel. 8021: 7487: 7322: 6622: 6293:"Cashless lunches come to Australian schools" 5830:"Taalkeuze/Choix de langue fedict.belgium.be" 5660: 5302:. Business Review, Romania. 6 December 2011. 5271: 4954:"Edge Mobile Payments Acquires Plastc Assets" 1918:Cryptographic smart cards are often used for 981:, joined the shareholders of AudioSmartCard. 5454:"PayPal security key card – is it worth it?" 3645:International Card Manufacturers Association 3635: 3155: 3153: 2801:Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard 1847:Mastercard: PayPass Magstripe, PayPass MChip 1710:'s multi-application transport card, called 951: 6295:. Australia.creditcards.com. Archived from 5158: 4123:"Visa CodeSure gets commercial green light" 2649:Other general benefits of smart cards are: 311:Since the 1990s, smart cards have been the 8028: 8014: 7494: 7480: 7329: 7315: 6629: 6615: 5390: 3770:. French Registries at Commercial Courts. 3608: 3525: 3258:. Worldwide.espacenet.com. 8 August 1978. 3196: 2320:agreement with the other three companies. 1714:, which uses a chip with both contact and 1648: 1618:electrical connector positions and shapes, 555:. The One-Time Password is generated by a 6459: 6387: 6321:. Ifr.ac.uk. 14 July 2005. Archived from 5747:"About Smart Cards: Introduction: Primer" 5644:. Toppan Printing Company. Archived from 5159:Magistretti, Bérénice (31 January 2017). 4925: 3357:"US learns from Malaysia, 10 years later" 3150: 2602:of encryption hardware) to be extracted. 2548:Learn how and when to remove this message 1066: 895:evolution from a niche to a mass market. 236:The first mass use of the cards was as a 7501: 7336: 6591:) is being considered for deletion. See 6259: 5592:. Finextra. Finextra. 15 February 2011. 5249:. Finextra. Finextra. 24 November 2008. 5067: 3794:"Information about Prosodie Corporation" 2984: 2961: 2683: 2578:involves measuring the precise time and 2411:for admittance to restricted buildings, 2101: 2093: 1689: 1600:; power is supplied by the card reader. 1571: 1507: 1499: 1491: 539:Provide a means of transaction security, 141: 129: 31: 5677: 5561: 5247:"Bank of America unveils SafePass card" 2707:If the account holder's computer hosts 2484: 2065:user. The non-profit trade association 2014:paper documents and personal presence. 1034: 622: 542:Provide a means of user authentication. 14: 8362: 6262:"Qld schools benefit from smart cards" 4735:from the original on 18 September 2021 4609:"What is a fingerprint sensor module?" 4008: 3977: 3800:. French commercial court registries. 3774:from the original on 19 September 2021 3636:D'Albore, Antonio (5–6 October 2017). 3206:. Computerworld honors. Archived from 2920: 2918: 2916: 2739:from changing the transaction amount. 2405:Tracking loans from the school library 2061:embedded in a SIM card intended for a 1487: 1482: 1470:EEPROM, ROM, RAM, microprocessor, and 1198:In 2014, NagraID Security was sold to 1012: 689: 591: 436: 8009: 7475: 7310: 6610: 6041: 5797: 5451: 5420: 4934:from the original on 19 December 2020 4926:Schubarth, Cromwell (21 April 2017). 3927: 3534:from the original on 11 December 2021 3393:from the original on 25 February 2021 1737: 1467:EEPROM, ROM, RAM, and microprocessor. 1431: 987: 828:Ferroelectric liquid crystal displays 6272:from the original on 6 November 2012 5988: 5836:from the original on 8 February 2014 5678:Kiliçli, Tolga (19 September 2001). 5534: 5356:"Erste Maestro PayPass Display Card" 3882: 3834:from the original on 19 October 2021 3804:from the original on 8 December 2021 3714:from the original on 19 October 2021 3654:from the original on 26 October 2021 3498: 3163:Smart Cards: The Developer's Toolkit 2924: 2901:from the original on 24 October 2019 2888: 2796:Open Smart Card Development Platform 2781:List of public transport smart cards 2530:adding citations to reliable sources 2501: 2323: 2086:List of public transport smart cards 1057: 1045: 1025: 546: 519:standard, contactless following the 107:The basis for the smart card is the 6291:CreditCards.com (27 October 2009). 6133:from the original on 9 October 2012 6021:Martin, Christophe (30 June 2010). 5947:from the original on 26 August 2017 5888:from the original on 26 August 2017 5862:from the original on 26 August 2017 4163:from the original on 13 August 2021 3437: 3184:from the original on 19 August 2020 3018:German Patent and Trade Mark Office 2913: 2688:A false smart card, with two 8-bit 2668:Smart cards and electronic commerce 2568:. The chip usually implements some 2441:Smart health cards can improve the 2017:On 14 August 2012, the ID cards in 1754: 1615:physical shape and characteristics, 1344:Standard Chartered Bank, Singapore, 1174:Standard Chartered Bank, Singapore. 1136: 778:dual-tone multi-frequency signaling 24: 6784:European Payments Initiative (EPI) 6558:. Macmillan Technical Publishing. 6523: 6462:"Known Attacks Against Smartcards" 6441:from the original on 25 April 2018 6351:from the original on 25 March 2009 6159:from the original on 25 April 2018 6081:from the original on 20 March 2014 6049:"OMA Smart Card Web Server (SCWS)" 6029:from the original on 1 August 2013 5753:from the original on 27 March 2018 5562:Parrish, Kevin (8 November 2012). 5535:Liau, Yun Qing (8 November 2012). 5110:from the original on 12 March 2021 4223:from the original on 1 August 2021 3499:Liau, Yun Qing (8 November 2012). 3480:from the original on 29 April 2021 3450:from the original on 18 March 2022 3419:from the original on 13 April 2021 3262:from the original on 12 March 2017 2882: 2489:The Malaysian government promotes 2205:Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council 2203:prohibited the transport operator 2098:SmartRider smart card (Transperth) 1899:identity. Sometimes they employ a 1436: 898: 834: 510: 384:Development of contactless systems 25: 8406: 6774:Electronic Payment Services (EPS) 6595:to help reach a consensus. › 6574: 6376:Journal of Biomedical Informatics 6260:Varghese, Sam (6 December 2004). 6211:from the original on 10 June 2020 6185:from the original on 10 June 2020 6107:from the original on 21 July 2011 6023:"Update from SIMalliance on SCWS" 6002:from the original on 19 July 2012 5918:from the original on 5 March 2018 5810:from the original on 4 March 2016 5798:Kumar, Deepak (26 October 2005). 5622:from the original on 17 July 2021 5596:from the original on 17 July 2021 5570:from the original on 17 July 2021 5516:from the original on 17 July 2021 5486:from the original on 17 July 2021 5460:from the original on 17 July 2021 5433:from the original on 17 July 2021 5372:from the original on 17 July 2021 5336:from the original on 17 July 2021 5306:from the original on 17 July 2021 5280:from the original on 17 July 2021 5253:from the original on 17 July 2021 5227:from the original on 17 July 2021 5197:from the original on 16 July 2021 5167:from the original on 16 July 2021 5140:from the original on 28 July 2021 5080:from the original on 16 July 2021 5019:from the original on 16 July 2021 4989:from the original on 16 July 2021 4907:from the original on 16 July 2021 4877:from the original on 16 July 2021 4873:(in French). iGen. 7 March 2019. 4851:from the original on 16 July 2021 4821:from the original on 16 July 2021 4795:from the original on 16 July 2021 4765:from the original on 16 July 2021 4705:from the original on 16 July 2021 4675:from the original on 16 July 2021 4649:from the original on 16 July 2021 4619:from the original on 16 July 2021 4589:from the original on 16 July 2021 4579:"Fingerprint sensor manufacturer" 4559:from the original on 22 June 2021 4529:from the original on 16 July 2021 4499:from the original on 16 July 2021 4469:from the original on 16 July 2021 4439:from the original on 16 July 2021 4409:from the original on 16 July 2021 4379:from the original on 16 July 2021 4349:from the original on 16 July 2021 4319:from the original on 16 July 2021 4289:from the original on 16 July 2021 4253:from the original on 16 July 2021 4193:from the original on 24 June 2021 4133:from the original on 16 July 2021 4081:from the original on 16 July 2021 4051:from the original on 16 July 2021 4021:from the original on 16 July 2021 4009:Heater, Brian (31 January 2017). 3990:from the original on 16 July 2021 3959:from the original on 16 July 2021 3950: 3895:from the original on 16 July 2021 3864:from the original on 16 July 2021 3744:from the original on 30 July 2021 3028:from the original on 7 April 2023 2856:from the original on 4 March 2016 2418:Access to transportation services 2079: 1890: 1448: 1221:Oberthur Technologies, now Idemia 967: 536:Provide computation capabilities, 146:First smart card manufactured by 75:universal integrated circuit card 6486: 6474:from the original on 12 May 2013 6453: 6427: 6416: 6337: 6311: 6284: 6253: 6234: 6223: 6197: 6171: 6145: 6119: 6093: 6067: 5972:. 3 January 2011. Archived from 5933: 5900: 5874: 5848: 5822: 5791: 5765: 5739: 5720: 5707:Assignment of contacts C4 and C8 5698: 5402:from the original on 21 May 2021 4671:(in French). JDN. 30 June 2006. 3928:Statt, Nick (14 November 2013). 3617:from the original on 21 May 2021 3590:from the original on 12 May 2021 3564:from the original on 12 May 2021 3337:from the original on 5 June 2020 3292:from the original on 31 May 2022 3230:"history of smartcard invention" 2679: 2506: 2348:for use in secure web browsing. 1795:Smart cards may also be used as 1321:Erste & Steiermärkische Bank 866: 604:can be added to a Complex Card. 6504:. 1 August 2005. Archived from 5882:"¿Qué fue del DNI electrónico?" 5705:ISO/IEC 7816-2:1999/Amd 1:2004 5634: 5608: 5582: 5555: 5543:from the original on 6 May 2021 5528: 5498: 5472: 5445: 5414: 5384: 5348: 5318: 5292: 5265: 5239: 5209: 5179: 5152: 5122: 5092: 5068:Cipriani, Jason (13 May 2015). 5061: 5049:from the original on 6 May 2021 5031: 5001: 4971: 4946: 4919: 4889: 4863: 4833: 4807: 4777: 4747: 4717: 4687: 4661: 4631: 4601: 4571: 4541: 4511: 4481: 4451: 4421: 4391: 4361: 4331: 4301: 4265: 4235: 4205: 4175: 4145: 4115: 4093: 4063: 4033: 4002: 3971: 3944: 3921: 3907: 3876: 3846: 3816: 3786: 3756: 3726: 3696: 3684:from the original on 1 May 2021 3666: 3629: 3602: 3576: 3546: 3519: 3507:from the original on 6 May 2021 3492: 3462: 3431: 3405: 3379: 3349: 3323: 3304: 3274: 3256:"Espacenet – Original document" 3248: 3222: 3121: 3094: 2590:can be vulnerable to timing or 2517:needs additional citations for 2473:Smart cards are widely used to 2108:Nationwide Mutual Usage Service 1776:Smart cards serve as credit or 1766: 1418:acrylonitrile butadiene styrene 1375:security system (for example a 846: 476:A small display, for a dynamic 273:) are processed without a PIN. 265:(POS) terminal, then typed the 8224:Advanced Access Content System 7265:Personal identification number 6467:. Discretix Technologies Ltd. 5996:"OMA Newsletter 2007 Volume 2" 5943:(in Spanish). 2 October 2013. 5749:. Secure Technology Alliance. 3978:Cooper, Daniel (18 May 2016). 3526:GamerStuff (24 January 2012). 3067: 3040: 3001: 2978: 2955: 2868: 2838: 2811:Radio-frequency identification 2372:Smart cards are also used for 2245: 1969:Personal Identity Verification 1947:Cryptographic Service Provider 1742: 1329:Newcastle Banking Society, UK, 1162:Banco Bicentenario, Venezuela, 631:are made secure thanks to the 575:Standard Chartered, Singapore, 267:personal identification number 247: 114:(IC) chip. It was invented by 37:Finnish national identity card 13: 1: 6580: 6531:Rankl, W.; W. Effing (1997). 6498:Home web for The Berlin Group 5908:"FRACASO DEL DNI ELECTRONICO" 5482:. Finextra. 14 October 2010. 5452:Smith, Josh (4 August 2010). 5272:Verdict Staff (21 May 2015). 4101:"LinkedIn: Emue Technologies" 3824:"nCryptone Corporate Profile" 3680:. French corporate register. 3638:"The rise of biometric cards" 3440:"Electronic telephone device" 2878:. Cambridge University Press. 2876:Multi-application Smart Cards 2832: 2632: 2468: 2422: 2344:can use smart cards to store 2328:Smart cards can be used as a 1949:(CSP) API is also supported. 1390:and application-data updates. 1282: 729: 674:DCV, the solution offered by 422:, the compulsory national ID 209:: one microprocessor and one 154:The idea of incorporating an 7102:Card not present transaction 6986:Credit card balance transfer 5928:FAILURE OF THE ELECTRONIC ID 5618:. CardFlash. 27 April 2015. 4815:"nCryptone acquiert IC Tech" 3915:"LinkedIn: Kanishk Parashar" 3204:"Monticello Memoirs Program" 2889:Tait, Don (25 August 2016). 2826:Smart card management system 2477:digital television streams. 1850:American Express: ExpressPay 1771: 1611:series of standards define: 1317:Credit Europe Bank, Romania, 1291:, mass-transit, and dynamic 1209: 1112:Innovative Card Technologies 948:, and is more eco-friendly. 597:specific account's balance. 533:Provide account information, 125: 7: 6437:. Greepeace. 29 June 2015. 6382:(3). Elsevier BV: 541–562. 5773:"Smart Card License System" 5421:Grant, Ian (14 June 2010). 4459:"Dynamic Code Verification" 3476:. French Commercial Court. 3136:. Battenberg Gietl Verlag. 2935:Addison-Wesley Professional 2786:Multi-factor authentication 2758: 2672:Smart cards can be used in 2638:and, the requirement for a 2611: 2576:Differential power analysis 2497: 2392:Tracking student attendance 2195:. However, these present a 2046:, a smart card provider to 1934:and secure identification. 1928:Digital Signature Algorithm 1885:subscriber identity modules 1636:subscriber identity modules 1621:electrical characteristics, 1556:: Serial input and output ( 1532:: Provides the card with a 1165:Banco MontePaschi, Belgium, 313:subscriber identity modules 93:billion SIM card IC chips. 10: 8411: 5914:(in Spanish). 4 May 2015. 5391:Getin Bank (7 June 2013). 4429:"SafeNet OTP Display Card" 3647:. Embedded Security News. 3609:Getin Bank (7 June 2013). 3168:Prentice Hall Professional 2986:DE application 1574075 2963:DE application 1574074 2715:malware (e.g., the Trojan 2604: 2586:. Some implementations of 2426: 2383: 2083: 1905:U.S. Department of Defense 1825: 1685: 1652: 1410:polyethylene-terephthalate 1258: 1120: 1072: 804: 737: 387: 326: 197:In 1977, Michel Ugon from 100: 96: 8343: 8294: 8266: 8238: 8210: 8118: 8095:Conditional-access module 8075: 8062:Conditional access system 8047: 8041:digital rights management 7970: 7937: 7658: 7517: 7510: 7441: 7392: 7385: 7352: 7345: 7283: 7217: 7186: 7125: 7112:Controlled payment number 7094: 7066: 7038: 6968: 6867: 6707: 6652: 6554:SmartCard Developer's Kit 6535:. John Wiley & Sons. 6389:10.1016/j.jbi.2012.12.003 6246:17 September 2012 at the 6230:Mozilla certificate store 2090:Automated fare collection 1901:public key infrastructure 1354: 1341:Société Générale, France, 1305:Banca MontePaschi Belgio, 1293:Card Security Code (CVV2) 1249: 1245:Société Générale, France. 1150:Card Security Code (CVV2) 1087: 952:History and major players 770: 523:standard, and magstripe. 231:public key infrastructure 7245:Hardware security module 7225:Automated teller machine 7011:Current/checking account 6593:templates for discussion 4519:"Biometric payment card" 2463:health care organization 2437:electronic health record 2216:Department for Transport 1867:Non-EMV cards work like 1832:Near-field communication 1625:communications protocols 1314:Carpatica Bank, Romania, 925:Recycling / destruction. 633:Card Security Code (CSC) 486:An alphanumeric display, 478:Card Security Code (CSC) 8218:Content Scramble System 6345:"Smartcardalliance.org" 6101:"Octopus Card Benefits" 5912:A las pruebas me remito 5276:. Cards International. 3704:"Bloomberg – nCryptone" 3316:8 February 2010 at the 2353:disk encryption systems 2256:contactless smart cards 1801:Cryptographic protocols 1660:Contactless smart cards 1649:Contactless smart cards 1580:layouts, such as these 1270: 1099: 1063:Giesecke & Devrient 996: 470:An alphabetic keyboard, 148:Giesecke & Devrient 120:Fairchild Semiconductor 56:integrated circuit card 8395:Authentication methods 7270:Secure cryptoprocessor 4979:"Edge Mobile Payments" 4463:Thales Group – Gemalto 4433:Thales Group – SafeNet 4403:Thales Group – Gemalto 4373:Thales Group – Gemalto 2696: 2111: 2099: 1878: 1828:Contactless smart card 1721: 1695: 1655:Contactless smart card 1585: 1569: 1505: 1497: 1377:secure cryptoprocessor 841:secure cryptoprocessor 818:Liquid-crystal display 782:frequency-shift keying 637:card-not-present (CNP) 322: 240:for payment in French 151: 139: 39: 7235:Credit card imprinter 7209:Credit card hijacking 6494:"Related Initiatives" 5858:. 25 September 2013. 5713:15 March 2012 at the 4525:. 17 September 2020. 3102:US patent 3678250 3075:US patent 3641316 2925:Chen, Zhiqun (2000). 2737:point-of-sale-malware 2687: 2605:Further information: 2427:Further information: 2171:, Washington, D.C.'s 2114:Smart cards, used as 2105: 2097: 2044:WidePoint Corporation 1869:magnetic stripe cards 1693: 1575: 1544:(reference voltage). 1511: 1503: 1495: 1308:Bank of America, USA, 1226:Oberthur Technologies 1200:Oberthur Technologies 1005:Coin was acquired by 578:Bank of America, USA, 327:Further information: 145: 133: 35: 8390:Ubiquitous computing 8037:Broadcast encryption 7255:Magnetic stripe card 5732:4 March 2016 at the 5410:– via YouTube. 5332:. 15 November 2011. 5193:. 28 November 2012. 5013:EDGE Mobile Payments 4983:Edge Mobile Payments 4791:. 26 November 2018. 4645:. 25 February 2019. 4399:"EMV Biometric Card" 4217:Feitian Technologies 4187:Feitian Technologies 4183:"Chip Embedded Card" 4157:Feitian technologies 3854:"CardLab Innovation" 3625:– via YouTube. 3560:. 14 February 2011. 3542:– via YouTube. 3048:AT patent 287366 2745:information security 2526:improve this article 2485:Multiple-use systems 2120:integrated ticketing 2055:Open Mobile Alliance 1967:(NIST) standard for 1630:basic functionality. 1332:Orange Bank, France, 1242:Orange Bank, France, 1168:Erste Bank, Croatia, 1040:Feitian Technologies 1035:Feitian Technologies 623:Transaction security 581:Erste Bank, Croatia, 499:A buzzer or speaker. 464:One or more buttons, 300:), the Netherlands ( 244:, starting in 1983. 205:smart card with two 168:semiconductor device 7230:Contactless payment 6976:Payment card number 6533:Smart Card Handbook 6325:on 20 November 2005 6299:on 29 November 2010 6207:. 22 January 2019. 5648:on 27 February 2009 5512:. 17 October 2017. 5223:. 23 October 2012. 4785:"Philippe Guillaud" 4555:. 13 October 2020. 4339:"Giesecke+Devrient" 4243:"Fingerprint Cards" 4071:"Emue Technologies" 4041:"Ellipse World Inc" 3021:(in German). 2021. 2674:electronic commerce 2035:Smart Card Alliance 1856:Unionpay: QuickPass 1488:Contact smart cards 1483:Physical interfaces 1326:Getin Bank, Poland, 1311:BPCE Group, France, 1302:ABSA, South Africa, 1239:BPCE Group, France, 1171:Getin Bank, Poland, 1159:ABSA, South Africa, 1013:Ellipse World, Inc. 946:extended shelf life 690:User authentication 611:Getin Bank, Poland, 592:Account information 467:A digital keyboard, 437:Complex smart cards 431:biometric passports 406:Standard card from 390:Contactless payment 348:Japan Credit Bureau 201:invented the first 8375:Banking technology 8296:Analogue broadcast 8211:Digital video disc 8154:Irdeto Cryptoworks 8067:Renewable security 8049:Conditional access 7820:Kumamon no IC Card 7194:Card security code 7152:Interbank networks 6789:Forbrugsforeningen 6055:on 1 November 2012 5976:on 27 January 2013 5832:. Eid.belgium.be. 5680:"Smart Card HOWTO" 4213:"OTP Display Card" 4153:"OTP Display Card" 3858:CardLab Innovation 2713:Man-in-the-browser 2697: 2433:health informatics 2167:, San Francisco's 2112: 2110:(as of March 2024) 2100: 2040:emergency response 2028:overseas Pakistani 1932:digital signatures 1909:Common Access Card 1797:electronic wallets 1738:Logical interfaces 1696: 1586: 1570: 1506: 1498: 1432:Internal structure 1406:polyvinyl chloride 988:CardLab Innovation 724:NXP Semiconductors 530:One Time Password, 491:fingerprint sensor 408:NXP Semiconductors 334:coordination with 276:Smart-card-based " 156:integrated circuit 152: 140: 112:integrated circuit 40: 8380:German inventions 8357: 8356: 8286:Pirate decryption 8248:Authorized domain 8003: 8002: 7933: 7932: 7724:San'yō Shinkansen 7469: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7437: 7436: 7304: 7303: 7250:Interbank network 7204:Credit card fraud 7182: 7181: 7086:Universal default 7081:Introductory rate 7001:Revolving account 6075:"What is "Aime"?" 4343:Giesecke+Devrient 4313:Fingerprint Cards 4280:Fingerprint Cards 4247:Fingerprint Cards 4075:Emue Technologies 4045:Ellipse World Inc 3883:Cipriani, Jason. 3130:Giesecke+Devrient 2588:symmetric ciphers 2558: 2557: 2550: 2455:health care fraud 2324:Computer security 2252:amusement arcades 2209:Myyrmanni bombing 2023:identity document 1943:Microsoft Windows 1289:One-time password 1058:Giesecke+Devrient 1051:Fingerprint Cards 1046:Fingerprint Cards 1026:EMue Technologies 824:Bistable displays 708:: Biometric card, 553:One-time password 547:One time password 473:A touch keyboard, 16:(Redirected from 8402: 8137:Cisco Videoscape 8085:Common Interface 8030: 8023: 8016: 8007: 8006: 7939:Electronic money 7515: 7514: 7496: 7489: 7482: 7473: 7472: 7430: 7390: 7389: 7368: 7350: 7349: 7331: 7324: 7317: 7308: 7307: 7260:Payment terminal 7199:Chargeback fraud 7149: 7148: 6996:Installment loan 6981:Card association 6930:Rail Travel Card 6660:American Express 6631: 6624: 6617: 6608: 6607: 6569: 6557: 6546: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6502:The Berlin Group 6490: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6473: 6466: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6431: 6425: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6391: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6341: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6257: 6251: 6238: 6232: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6051:. Archived from 6045: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6018: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6007: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5952: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5923: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5779:on 10 April 2009 5775:. Archived from 5769: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5743: 5737: 5724: 5718: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5682:. Archived from 5675: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5397: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5371: 5360: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4930:. Biz Journals. 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4288: 4277: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3653: 3642: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3470:"AudioSmartCard" 3466: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3438:Bernard, Alain. 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3367:on 20 March 2019 3363:. Archived from 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3327: 3321: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3236:on 25 April 2013 3232:. Archived from 3226: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3170:. pp. 2–3. 3157: 3148: 3147: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3110:Gröttrup, Helmut 3106:Dethloff, Jürgen 3098: 3092: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3083:Gröttrup, Helmut 3079:Dethloff, Jürgen 3071: 3065: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3056:Gröttrup, Helmut 3052:Dethloff, Jürgen 3044: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3027: 3014: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2990:Gröttrup, Helmut 2982: 2976: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2967:Gröttrup, Helmut 2959: 2953: 2952: 2932: 2922: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2842: 2693:microcontrollers 2600:photomicrographs 2580:electric current 2566:tamper resistant 2553: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2533: 2510: 2502: 2397:electronic purse 2359:and Microsoft's 2283:E-amusement pass 2219:systems use the 2147:cards, London's 1895:Smart-cards can 1823:for cigarettes. 1821:vending machines 1755:Application side 1408:, but sometimes 1373:tamper-resistant 1338:Sinopac, Taiwan, 1182:Bank of America, 1137:NagraID Security 1080:, a division of 910:Personalization, 826:, also known as 400:Visa Contactless 380: 344:American Express 278:electronic purse 92: 88: 21: 8410: 8409: 8405: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8360: 8359: 8358: 8353: 8339: 8290: 8262: 8234: 8206: 8114: 8071: 8043: 8034: 8004: 7999: 7966: 7929: 7800:Iwasaki IC Card 7654: 7511:Fare collection 7506: 7500: 7470: 7461: 7433: 7424: 7381: 7362: 7341: 7335: 7305: 7300: 7279: 7213: 7178: 7147: 7121: 7090: 7062: 7034: 7016:Savings account 7006:Deposit account 6964: 6935:Revolution Card 6863: 6710:specialty cards 6709: 6703: 6648: 6635: 6596: 6577: 6572: 6566: 6543: 6526: 6524:Further reading 6521: 6511: 6509: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6464: 6460:Bar-El, Hagai. 6458: 6454: 6444: 6442: 6433: 6432: 6428: 6421: 6417: 6368: 6364: 6354: 6352: 6343: 6342: 6338: 6328: 6326: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6302: 6300: 6289: 6285: 6275: 6273: 6258: 6254: 6250:howto for GNUPG 6248:Wayback Machine 6239: 6235: 6228: 6224: 6214: 6212: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6188: 6186: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6160: 6153:"Smart Tickets" 6151: 6150: 6146: 6136: 6134: 6125: 6124: 6120: 6110: 6108: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6084: 6082: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6058: 6056: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6032: 6030: 6019: 6015: 6005: 6003: 5994: 5993: 5989: 5979: 5977: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5950: 5948: 5939: 5938: 5934: 5921: 5919: 5905: 5901: 5891: 5889: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5854: 5853: 5849: 5839: 5837: 5828: 5827: 5823: 5813: 5811: 5796: 5792: 5782: 5780: 5771: 5770: 5766: 5756: 5754: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5734:Wayback Machine 5725: 5721: 5715:Wayback Machine 5703: 5699: 5689: 5687: 5686:on 15 June 2009 5676: 5661: 5651: 5649: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5625: 5623: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5599: 5597: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5573: 5571: 5566:. Tom's Guide. 5560: 5556: 5546: 5544: 5533: 5529: 5519: 5517: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5489: 5487: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5463: 5461: 5450: 5446: 5436: 5434: 5427:Computer Weekly 5419: 5415: 5405: 5403: 5395: 5389: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5339: 5337: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5283: 5281: 5270: 5266: 5256: 5254: 5245: 5244: 5240: 5230: 5228: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5200: 5198: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5170: 5168: 5163:. VentureBeat. 5157: 5153: 5143: 5141: 5128: 5127: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5020: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4962: 4960: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4854: 4852: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4766: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4736: 4725:"Complex Cards" 4723: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4706: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4678: 4676: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4652: 4650: 4643:Idex Biometrics 4637: 4636: 4632: 4622: 4620: 4613:Idex Biometrics 4607: 4606: 4602: 4592: 4590: 4583:Idex Biometrics 4577: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4502: 4500: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4472: 4470: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4412: 4410: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4382: 4380: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4322: 4320: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4256: 4254: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4194: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4136: 4134: 4129:. 2 June 2010. 4121: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4104: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4084: 4082: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4054: 4052: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4022: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3949: 3945: 3935: 3933: 3926: 3922: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3896: 3881: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3777: 3775: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3715: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3640: 3634: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3607: 3603: 3593: 3591: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3537: 3535: 3524: 3520: 3510: 3508: 3497: 3493: 3483: 3481: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3370: 3368: 3361:The Rakyat Post 3355: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3318:Wayback Machine 3311:Moneo's website 3309: 3305: 3295: 3293: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3265: 3263: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3239: 3237: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3213: 3211: 3210:on 3 March 2016 3202: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3178: 3158: 3151: 3144: 3126: 3122: 3115: 3108: & 3099: 3095: 3088: 3081: & 3072: 3068: 3061: 3054: & 3045: 3041: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3012: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2923: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2887: 2883: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2761: 2727:in Belgium and 2682: 2670: 2635: 2625:specification. 2614: 2609: 2554: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2523: 2511: 2500: 2487: 2471: 2451:medical records 2439: 2425: 2386: 2326: 2248: 2228:specification. 2191:and Victoria's 2092: 2084:Main articles: 2082: 1893: 1881: 1838: 1826:Main articles: 1784:, mobile phone 1774: 1769: 1757: 1745: 1740: 1724: 1688: 1657: 1651: 1490: 1485: 1451: 1439: 1437:Data structures 1434: 1357: 1285: 1273: 1261: 1252: 1223: 1212: 1139: 1123: 1114: 1105:IDEX Biometrics 1102: 1090: 1075: 1060: 1048: 1037: 1028: 1015: 999: 990: 970: 954: 901: 899:Card life cycle 869: 849: 837: 835:Cryptoprocessor 807: 791:AudioSmartCard, 773: 740: 732: 718:IDEX Biometrics 692: 629:online payments 625: 594: 566:Real-time clock 557:cryptoprocessor 549: 513: 511:Functionalities 455:Crédit Lyonnais 439: 392: 386: 378: 342:International, 338:International, 331: 325: 315:(SIMs) used in 286:Quick Wertkarte 250: 173:Jürgen Dethloff 160:Helmut Gröttrup 128: 105: 99: 90: 86: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8408: 8398: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8355: 8354: 8351:pay television 8344: 8341: 8340: 8338: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8301: 8299: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8272: 8270: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8260: 8258:Broadcast flag 8255: 8250: 8244: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8232: 8227: 8221: 8214: 8212: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8145: 8144: 8134: 8128: 8126: 8116: 8115: 8113: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8081: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8053: 8051: 8045: 8044: 8033: 8032: 8025: 8018: 8010: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7976: 7974: 7972:Mobile payment 7968: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7943: 7941: 7935: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7927: 7917: 7907: 7897: 7887: 7877: 7867: 7857: 7847: 7837: 7827: 7817: 7807: 7797: 7787: 7777: 7767: 7757: 7747: 7737: 7727: 7713: 7703: 7693: 7683: 7673: 7662: 7660: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7652: 7634: 7624: 7614: 7604: 7594: 7580: 7566: 7552: 7538: 7523: 7521: 7512: 7508: 7507: 7499: 7498: 7491: 7484: 7476: 7467: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7459: 7454: 7447: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7431: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7356: 7354: 7347: 7343: 7342: 7334: 7333: 7326: 7319: 7311: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7298: 7296:Acquiring bank 7293: 7287: 7285: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7190: 7188: 7184: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7155: 7153: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7129: 7127: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7072: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7044: 7042: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7020: 7019: 7018: 7013: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6871: 6869: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6713: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6662: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6649: 6634: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6576: 6575:External links 6573: 6571: 6570: 6564: 6547: 6541: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6519: 6485: 6452: 6426: 6415: 6362: 6336: 6310: 6283: 6252: 6233: 6222: 6196: 6170: 6144: 6127:"Smartcare go" 6118: 6092: 6066: 6040: 6013: 5987: 5961: 5932: 5899: 5873: 5847: 5821: 5804:Urban/Regional 5790: 5764: 5738: 5719: 5697: 5659: 5633: 5607: 5581: 5554: 5527: 5497: 5471: 5444: 5413: 5383: 5347: 5317: 5291: 5264: 5238: 5208: 5178: 5151: 5121: 5091: 5060: 5030: 5000: 4970: 4945: 4918: 4888: 4862: 4832: 4806: 4776: 4746: 4716: 4686: 4660: 4630: 4600: 4570: 4540: 4510: 4480: 4450: 4420: 4390: 4360: 4330: 4300: 4264: 4234: 4204: 4174: 4144: 4114: 4092: 4062: 4032: 4001: 3970: 3943: 3920: 3906: 3875: 3845: 3815: 3785: 3755: 3725: 3695: 3665: 3628: 3601: 3575: 3545: 3518: 3491: 3461: 3444:Google Patents 3430: 3404: 3378: 3348: 3322: 3303: 3286:SearchSecurity 3273: 3247: 3221: 3195: 3176: 3149: 3143:978-3866465497 3142: 3120: 3093: 3066: 3039: 3000: 2977: 2954: 2947: 2912: 2897:. IHS Markit. 2895:IHS Technology 2881: 2867: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2806:Proximity card 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2749:Tamper-evident 2681: 2678: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2654: 2634: 2631: 2613: 2610: 2556: 2555: 2514: 2512: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2486: 2483: 2470: 2467: 2459:organ donation 2424: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2416: 2409:Access control 2406: 2403: 2400: 2393: 2385: 2382: 2380:to computers. 2374:single sign-on 2330:security token 2325: 2322: 2247: 2244: 2135:, Hong Kong's 2116:transit passes 2081: 2080:Public transit 2078: 1998:websites etc. 1920:single sign-on 1892: 1891:Identification 1889: 1880: 1877: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1756: 1753: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1723: 1720: 1704: 1703: 1702:Dual-interface 1687: 1684: 1653:Main article: 1650: 1647: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1476: 1475: 1472:secure element 1468: 1465: 1450: 1449:Logical layout 1447: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1402: 1391: 1384: 1369: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1284: 1281: 1272: 1269: 1260: 1257: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1222: 1219: 1211: 1208: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1143:Kudelski Group 1138: 1135: 1127:Kudelski Group 1122: 1119: 1113: 1110: 1101: 1098: 1089: 1086: 1074: 1071: 1059: 1056: 1047: 1044: 1036: 1033: 1027: 1024: 1014: 1011: 998: 995: 989: 986: 969: 968:AudioSmartCard 966: 953: 950: 939:battery ageing 927: 926: 923: 920: 917: 914: 911: 908: 907:Manufacturing, 900: 897: 868: 865: 848: 845: 836: 833: 832: 831: 821: 806: 803: 802: 801: 798: 795: 792: 772: 769: 758: 757: 754: 751: 739: 736: 731: 728: 727: 726: 721: 715: 709: 691: 688: 683: 682: 679: 672: 624: 621: 616: 615: 612: 593: 590: 589: 588: 585: 584:Verisign, USA, 582: 579: 576: 548: 545: 544: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 512: 509: 501: 500: 497: 494: 487: 484: 481: 474: 471: 468: 465: 438: 435: 385: 382: 371:identity theft 324: 321: 249: 246: 238:telephone card 203:microprocessor 199:Honeywell Bull 127: 124: 98: 95: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8407: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8385:ISO standards 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8352: 8348: 8342: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8293: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8268:Data security 8265: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8237: 8231: 8228: 8225: 8222: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8209: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8074: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8031: 8026: 8024: 8019: 8017: 8012: 8011: 8008: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7980:Osaifu-Keitai 7978: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7969: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7936: 7925: 7921: 7918: 7915: 7911: 7908: 7905: 7901: 7898: 7895: 7891: 7888: 7885: 7881: 7878: 7875: 7871: 7868: 7865: 7861: 7858: 7855: 7851: 7848: 7845: 7841: 7838: 7835: 7831: 7828: 7825: 7821: 7818: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7805: 7801: 7798: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7785: 7781: 7778: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7765: 7761: 7758: 7755: 7751: 7748: 7745: 7741: 7738: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7711: 7707: 7704: 7701: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7687: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7674: 7671: 7670:Aizuwakamatsu 7667: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7657: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7628: 7625: 7622: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7598: 7595: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7581: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7567: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7539: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7516: 7513: 7509: 7504: 7497: 7492: 7490: 7485: 7483: 7478: 7477: 7474: 7458: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7428: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7391: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7372:China T-union 7370: 7366: 7361: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7339: 7332: 7327: 7325: 7320: 7318: 7313: 7312: 7309: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7282: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7216: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7065: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7024: 7021: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 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6548: 6544: 6542:0-471-96720-3 6538: 6534: 6529: 6528: 6508:on 7 May 2006 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6424: 6419: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6366: 6350: 6346: 6340: 6324: 6320: 6314: 6298: 6294: 6287: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6237: 6231: 6226: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6184: 6180: 6174: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6132: 6128: 6122: 6106: 6102: 6096: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6001: 5997: 5991: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5958: 5946: 5942: 5936: 5929: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5903: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5861: 5857: 5851: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5794: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5735: 5731: 5728: 5723: 5716: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5701: 5685: 5681: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5595: 5591: 5585: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5542: 5538: 5531: 5515: 5511: 5510:El Economista 5507: 5501: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5459: 5455: 5448: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5401: 5398:(in Polish). 5394: 5387: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5351: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5279: 5275: 5268: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5004: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4549:"Motion Code" 4544: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4514: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4268: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4208: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4102: 4096: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4005: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3958: 3954: 3951:Statt, Nick. 3947: 3931: 3924: 3916: 3910: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3632: 3616: 3613:(in Polish). 3612: 3605: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3549: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3434: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3307: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3183: 3179: 3177:9780130937308 3173: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3156: 3154: 3145: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3010: 3004: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2968: 2964: 2958: 2950: 2948:9780201703290 2944: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2930: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2877: 2871: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2837: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2756: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2733:random reader 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2691: 2686: 2680:Disadvantages 2677: 2675: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2641: 2630: 2626: 2624: 2618: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2595: 2593: 2592:power attacks 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2571: 2570:cryptographic 2567: 2563: 2552: 2549: 2541: 2538:February 2016 2531: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2515:This section 2513: 2509: 2504: 2503: 2495: 2492: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2389: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2243: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2179:, Brisbane's 2178: 2175:, Auckland's 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2127:, Malaysia's 2126: 2121: 2117: 2109: 2104: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2053:In 2007, the 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2009: 2008:authorization 2004: 1999: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1888: 1886: 1876: 1872: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1862:ISO/IEC 14443 1855: 1853:Discover: Zip 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1790:access badges 1787: 1783: 1779: 1764: 1762: 1752: 1750: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1692: 1683: 1681: 1680:ISO/IEC 14443 1676: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1664:ISO/IEC 14443 1661: 1656: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1512:A smart-card 1510: 1502: 1494: 1480: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1456: 1446: 1444: 1429: 1423: 1422:polycarbonate 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1379:and a secure 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1280: 1277: 1268: 1265: 1256: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1218: 1215: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1193: 1191:RSA Security, 1190: 1187: 1185:HID Security, 1184: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1118: 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Retrieved 6506:the original 6497: 6488: 6476:. Retrieved 6455: 6443:. Retrieved 6429: 6418: 6409: 6379: 6375: 6365: 6353:. Retrieved 6339: 6327:. Retrieved 6323:the original 6313: 6301:. Retrieved 6297:the original 6286: 6274:. Retrieved 6265: 6255: 6236: 6225: 6213:. Retrieved 6199: 6187:. Retrieved 6173: 6161:. Retrieved 6147: 6137:24 September 6135:. Retrieved 6121: 6109:. Retrieved 6095: 6083:. Retrieved 6069: 6057:. Retrieved 6053:the original 6043: 6031:. Retrieved 6016: 6004:. Retrieved 5990: 5978:. Retrieved 5974:the original 5964: 5956: 5949:. Retrieved 5935: 5927: 5920:. Retrieved 5911: 5902: 5890:. Retrieved 5876: 5864:. Retrieved 5850: 5838:. Retrieved 5824: 5812:. Retrieved 5803: 5793: 5781:. Retrieved 5777:the original 5767: 5755:. Retrieved 5741: 5722: 5706: 5700: 5688:. Retrieved 5684:the original 5650:. Retrieved 5646:the original 5636: 5624:. Retrieved 5610: 5598:. Retrieved 5584: 5572:. Retrieved 5557: 5545:. Retrieved 5530: 5518:. Retrieved 5509: 5500: 5488:. 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