Smart card - Knowledge

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licenses in Turkey have been issued as smart cards. A professional driver is required to insert his driver's license into a digital tachograph before starting to drive. The tachograph unit records speed violations for each driver and gives a printed report. The driving hours for each driver are also being monitored and reported. In 1990 the European Union conducted a feasibility study through BEVAC Consulting Engineers, titled "Feasibility study with respect to a European electronic drivers license (based on a smart-card) on behalf of Directorate General VII". In this study, chapter seven describes Turkey's experience.

132: 1482: 2665:, over the Internet, though the business model used in current electronic commerce applications still cannot use the full feature set of the electronic medium. An advantage of smart cards for electronic commerce is their use customize services. For example, for the service supplier to deliver the customized service, the user may need to provide each supplier with their profile, a boring and time-consuming activity. A smart card can contain a non-encrypted profile of the bearer, so that the user can get customized services even without previous contacts with the supplier. 22: 1562: 1680: 2084: 2092: 120: 2497: 1498: 2606:

loyalty programs and club memberships to name just a few. Multi-factor and proximity authentication can and has been embedded into smart cards to increase the security of all services on the card. For example, a smart card can be programmed to only allow a contactless transaction if it is also within range of another device like a uniquely paired mobile phone. This can significantly increase the security of the smart card.

59:, and some are both. Smart cards can provide personal identification, authentication, data storage, and application processing. Applications include identification, financial, public transit, computer security, schools, and healthcare. Smart cards may provide strong security authentication for single sign-on (SSO) within organizations. Numerous nations have deployed smart cards throughout their populations. 2674: 1490: 2724:") in the Netherlands combine a smart card with an unconnected card reader to avoid this problem. The customer enters a challenge received from the bank's website, a PIN and the transaction amount into the reader. The reader returns an 8-digit signature. This signature is manually entered into the personal computer and verified by the bank, preventing 2732:

data such as funds. Once an attacker develops a non-invasive attack for a particular smart card model, he or she is typically able to perform the attack on other cards of that model in seconds, often using equipment that can be disguised as a normal smart card reader. While manufacturers may develop new card models with additional

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therefore potentially untrustworthy, appliances such as ATMs. Smart cards are very flexible in providing authentication at different level of the bearer and the counterpart. Finally, with the information about the user that smart cards can provide to the other parties, they are useful devices for customizing products and services.

819:, are increasingly used as they only require power to refresh the displayed information. The displayed data remains visible, without the need for of any power supply. Bistable displays are also available in a variety of specifications, displaying digits or pixels. Bistable displays are available from E Ink Corporation among others. 3049: 297:"), Spain ("Monedero 4B"), Sweden ("Cash", decommissioned in 2004), Finland ("Avant"), UK ("Mondex"), Denmark ("Danmønt") and Portugal ("Porta-moedas Multibanco"). Private electronic purse systems have also been deployed such as the Marines corps (USMC) at Parris Island allowing small amount payments at the cafeteria. 366:

debate finally ended when Target sent out a notice stating unauthorized access to magnetic strips costing Target over 300 million dollars along with the increasing cost of online credit theft was enough for the United States to invest in the technology. The adaptation of EMV's increased significantly in 2015

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license type and number, and a photograph. Emergency medical information such as blood type, allergies, and biometrics (fingerprints) can be stored on the chip if the card holder wishes. The Argentina government anticipates that this system will help to collect more than $ 10 million per year in fines.

2404:, and other facilities. This requirement may be enforced at all times (such as for a laboratory containing valuable equipment), or just during after-hours periods (such as for an academic building that is open during class times, but restricted to authorized personnel at night), depending on security needs. 1631:, chip manufacturers are building to the more demanding GSM/3G standards. So, for example, although the EMV standard allows a chip card to draw 50 mA from its terminal, cards are normally well below the telephone industry's 6 mA limit. This allows smaller and cheaper financial card terminals. 362:. The credit card information stolen from Target in late 2013 was one of the largest indicators that American credit card information is not safe. Target made the decision on 30 April 2014 that it would try to implement the smart chip technology to protect itself from future credit card identity theft. 2731:

Smart cards have also been the targets of security attacks. These attacks range from physical invasion of the card's electronics, to non-invasive attacks that exploit weaknesses in the card's software or hardware. The usual goal is to expose private encryption keys and then read and manipulate secure

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The first main advantage of smart cards is their flexibility. Smart cards have multiple functions which simultaneously can be an ID, a credit card, a stored-value cash card, and a repository of personal information such as telephone numbers or medical history. The card can be easily replaced if lost,

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is the product of the 2017 merger of Oberthur Technologies and Morpho. The combined company has positioned itself as a global provider of financial cards, SIM cards, biometric devices as well as public and private identity solutions. Due to Oberthur's acquisition of NagraID Security in 2014, Idemia's

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AB (or Fingerprints) is a Swedish company specializing in biometric solutions. The company sells biometric sensors and has recently introduced payment cards incorporating a fingerprint sensor such as the Zwipe card, a biometric dual-interface payment card using an integrated sensor from Fingerprints.

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First generation Complex Cards require a power supply even in standby mode. As such, product designers generally included a battery in their design. Incorporating a battery creates an additional burden in terms of complexity, cost, space and flexibility in an already dense design. Including a battery

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The plastic or paper card in which the chip is embedded is fairly flexible. The larger the chip, the higher the probability that normal use could damage it. Cards are often carried in wallets or pockets, a harsh environment for a chip and antenna in contactless cards. PVC cards can crack or break if

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as a single system for all smart-card applications. MyKad started as identity cards carried by all citizens and resident non-citizens. Available applications now include identity, travel documents, drivers license, health information, an electronic wallet, ATM bank-card, public toll-road and transit

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EMue Technologies, headquartered in Melbourne, Australia, designed and developed authentication solutions for the financial services industry from 2009 to 2015. The company's flagship product, developed in collaboration with Cyril Lalo and Philippe Guillaud, was the eMue Card, a Visa CodeSure credit

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The Ellipse patented technologies enable smart card manufacturers to use their existing dual interface payment card manufacturing process and supply chain to build battery-free, second generation Complex Cards with display capabilities. Thanks to this ease of integration, smart card vendors are able

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prohibits the storage of the CSC by the merchant or any stakeholder in the payment chain. Although designed to be a security feature, the static CSC is susceptible to fraud as it can easily be memorized by a shop attendant, who could then use it for fraudulent online transactions or sale on the dark

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encapsulated in the card. To implement this function, the crypto processor must be initialized with a seed value, which enables the identification of the OTPs respective of each card. The hash of seed value has to be stored securely within the card to prevent unauthorized prediction of the generated

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Argentina's Mendoza province began using smart card driver's licenses in 1995. Mendoza also had a high level of road accidents, driving offenses, and a poor record of recovering fines. Smart licenses hold up-to-date records of driving offenses and unpaid fines. They also store personal information,

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EMV cards can have either contact or contactless interfaces. They work as if they were a normal EMV card with a contact interface. Via the contactless interface they work somewhat differently, in that the card commands enabled improved features such as lower power and shorter transaction times. EMV

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Stratos was created in 2012 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. In 2015, Stratos developed the Stratos Bluetooth Connected Card, which was designed to integrate up to three credit and debit card in a single card format and featured a smartphone app used to manage the card. Due to its Lithium ion thin film

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Coin was a US-based startup founded in 2012 by Kanishk Parashar. It developed a Complex Card capable of storing the data of several credit and debit cards. The card prototype was equipped with a display and a button that enabled the user to switch between different cards. In 2015, the original Coin

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AudioSmartCard was founded in 1993 and specialized in the development and marketing of acoustic tokens incorporating security features. These acoustic tokens exchanged data in the form of sounds transmitted over a phone line. In 1999, AudioSmartCard transitioned to a new leadership under Cyril Lalo

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The Complex Card concept began in 1999 when Cyril Lalo and Philippe Guillaud, its inventors, first designed a smart card with additional components. The first prototype was developed collaboratively by Cyril Lalo, who was the CEO of AudioSmartCard at the time, and Henri Boccia and Philippe Patrice,

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Displaying data is an essential part of Complex Card functionalities. Depending on the information that needs to be shown, displays can be digital or alphanumeric and of varying lengths. Displays can be located either on the front or back of the card. A front display is the most common solution for

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Use of "Contactless" smart cards in transport has also grown through the use of low cost chips NXP Mifare Ultralight and paper/card/PET rather than PVC. This has reduced media cost so it can be used for low cost tickets and short term transport passes (up to 1 year typically). The cost is typically

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Before 2014, the consensus in America was that there were enough security measures to avoid credit card theft and that the smart chip was not necessary. The cost of the smart chip technology was significant, which was why most of the corporations did not want to pay for it in the United States. The

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The second main advantage is security. Smart cards can be electronic key rings, giving the bearer ability to access information and physical places without need for online connections. They are encryption devices, so that the user can encrypt and decrypt information without relying on unknown, and

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Spain started issuing national ID cards (DNI) in the form of smart cards in 2006 and gradually replaced all the older ones with smart cards. The idea was that many or most bureaucratic acts could be done online but it was a failure because the Administration did not adapt and still mostly requires

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Turkey implemented the first smart card driver's license system in 1987. Turkey had a high level of road accidents and decided to develop and use digital tachograph devices on heavy vehicles, instead of the existing mechanical ones, to reduce speed violations. Since 1987, the professional driver's

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Set up in 2009, Plastc announced a single card that could digitally hold the data of up to 20 credit or debit cards. The company succeeded in raising US$ 9 million through preorders but failed to deliver any product. Plastc was then acquired in 2017 by Edge Mobile Payments, a Santa Cruz-based

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A Complex Card with buttons can display the balance of one or multiple account(s) linked to the card. Typically, either one button is used to display the balance in the case of a single account card or, in the case of a card linked to multiple accounts, a combination of buttons is used to select a

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as primary identification for citizens to replace the usual passport in domestic and EU use. As of 2010 about 1 million smart cards have been issued (total population is about 1.3 million) and they are widely used in internet banking, buying public transport tickets, authorization on various

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The advantage of the Dynamic Card Security Code (DCSC) is that new information is transmitted with the payment transactions, thus making it useless for a potential fraudster to memorize or store it. A transaction with a Dynamic Card Security Code is carried out exactly the same way, with the same

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The second generation of Dynamic CSC cards, developed by Ellipse World, Inc., does not require any battery, quartz, or RTC to compute and display the new dynamic code. Instead, the card obtains its power either through the usual card connector or by induction during every EMV transaction from the

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The latest generation of battery free, button free, Complex Cards can display a balance or other kind of information without requiring any input from the card holder. The information is updated during the use of the card. For instance, in a transit card, key information such as the monetary value

2231:. The phone apps have less cost, at least for the transit operators who don't need any electronic equipment (the riders provide that). The riders are able buy tickets anywhere and don't need to load money onto smart cards. New NFC smart cards are still in use for foreseeable future (as of 2024). 2207:

mandated smart cards to administer travel entitlements for elderly and disabled residents. These schemes let residents use the cards for more than just bus passes. They can also be used for taxi and other concessionary transport. One example is the "Smartcare go" scheme provided by Ecebs. The UK

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SWYP was the brand name of a card developed by Qvivr, a company incorporated in 2014 in Fremont, California. SWYP was introduced in 2015 and dubbed the world's first smart wallet. SWYP was a metal card with the ability to combine over 25 credit, debit, gift and loyalty cards. The card worked in

809:(LCD) : LCDs are easily available from a wide variety of suppliers, and they are able to display either digits or alphabetical data. However, to be fitted in a complex smart card, LCDs need to have a certain degree of flexibility. Also, LCDs need to be powered to keep information displayed. 434:

standard and include components in addition to those found in traditional single chip smart cards. Complex Cards were invented by Cyril Lalo and Philippe Guillaud in 1999 when they designed a chip smart card with additional components, building upon the initial concept consisting of using audio

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smart cards do not require physical contact between a card and reader. They are becoming more popular for payment and ticketing. Typical uses include mass transit and motorway tolls. Visa and MasterCard implemented a version deployed in 2004–2006 in the U.S., with Visa's current offering called

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The benefits of smart cards are directly related to the volume of information and applications that are programmed for use on a card. A single contact/contactless smart card can be programmed with multiple banking credentials, medical entitlement, driver's license/public transport entitlement,

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Europay MasterCard Visa (EMV)-compliant cards and equipment are widespread with the deployment led by European countries. The United States started later deploying the EMV technology in 2014, with the deployment still in progress in 2019. Typically, a country's national payment association, in

2062:-independent, browser-based interface to secure, personal SIM data. As of mid-2010, SIMalliance had not reported widespread industry acceptance of SCWS. The OMA has been maintaining the standard, approving V1.1 of the standard in May 2009, and V1.2 was expected to be approved in October 2012. 883:

Second generation, battery-free Complex Cards can be manufactured by existing hot lamination process. This automated process, inherited from traditional smart card manufacturing, enables the production of Complex Cards in large quantities while keeping costs under control, a necessity for the

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CardLab Innovation, incorporated in 2006 in Herlev, Denmark, specializes in Complex Cards that include a switch, a biometric reader, an RFID jammer, and one or more magstripes. The company works with manufacturing partners in China and Thailand and owns a card lamination factory in Thailand.

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As Complex Cards bring more functionalities than standard smart cards and, due to their complexity, their personalization can take longer or require more inputs. Having Complex Cards that can be personalized by the same machines and the same processes as regular smart cards allows them to be

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Smart cards can be physically disassembled by using acid, abrasives, solvents, or some other technique to obtain unrestricted access to the on-board microprocessor. Although such techniques may involve a risk of permanent damage to the chip, they permit much more detailed information (e.g.,

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Individuals have better security and more convenience with using smart cards that perform multiple services. For example, they only need to replace one card if their wallet is lost or stolen. The data storage on a card can reduce duplication, and even provide emergency medical information.

2301:. Thanks to this agreement, the three companies are now using a unified card reader in their arcade cabinets, so that players are able to use their card, no matter if a Banapassport, an e-Amusement Pass or an Aime, with hardware and ID services of all three manufacturers. A common logo for 2983: 2960: 3103: 3076: 1031:, a China-based company created in 1998, provides cyber security products and solutions. The company offers security solutions based on smart cards as well as other authentication devices. These include Complex Cards, that incorporate a display, a keypad or a fingerprint sensor. 1356:

standard defines cards as nominally 85.60 by 53.98 millimetres (3.37 in × 2.13 in). Another popular size is ID-000, which is nominally 25 by 15 millimetres (0.98 in × 0.59 in) (commonly used in SIM cards). Both are 0.76 millimetres (0.030 in)

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EMV compliant cards were first accepted into Malaysia in 2005 and later into United States in 2014. MasterCard was the first company that was allowed to use the technology in the United States. The United States has felt pushed to use the technology because of the increase in

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The first Complex Cards were equipped with a buzzer that made it possible to broadcast sound. This feature was generally used over the phone to send identification data such as an identifier and one-time passwords (OTPs). Technologies used for sound transmission include DTMF

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Smart cards are not always privacy-enhancing, because the subject may carry incriminating information on the card. Contactless smart cards that can be read from within a wallet or even a garment simplify authentication; however, criminals may access data from these cards.

1860:. This is common in the U.S. (PayPass Magstripe and Visa MSD). The cards do not hold or maintain the account balance. All payment passes without a PIN, usually in off-line mode. The security of such a transaction is no greater than with a magnetic stripe card transaction. 1244:

Fintech company. The Plastc project continues as the Edge card, a dynamic payment card that consolidates several payment cards in one device. The card is equipped with a battery and an ePaper screen and can store data from up to 50 credit, debit, loyalty and gift cards.

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specification. Other schemes in the UK include period travel passes, carnets of tickets or day passes and stored value which can be used to pay for journeys. Other concessions for school pupils, students and job seekers are also supported. These are mostly based on the

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conjunction with a smartphone app used to manage the cards. The Swyp card included a battery, a button and a matrix display that showed which card was in use. The company registered users in its beta testing program, but the product never shipped on a commercial scale.

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and offline) and as a memory support to save game progress. Depending on a case by case scenario, the machines can use a game-specific card or a "universal" one usable on multiple machines from the same manufacturer/publisher. Amongst the most widely used there are

1719:(Chip Card Interface Device) is a USB protocol that allows a smart card to be interfaced to a computer using a card reader which has a standard USB interface. This allows the smart card to be used as a security token for authentication and data encryption such as 435:

frequencies to transmit data patented by Alain Bernard. The first Complex Card prototype was developed collaboratively by Cyril Lalo and Philippe Guillaud, who were working at AudioSmartCard at the time, and Henri Boccia and Philippe Patrice, who were working at

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Complex Card manufacturing methods are inherited from the smart card industry and from the electronics mounting industry. As Complex Cards incorporate several components while having to remain within 0.8 mm thickness and be flexible, and to comply with the

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This vulnerability has led the industry to develop a Dynamic Card Security Code (DCSC) that can be changed at certain time intervals, or after each contact or contactless EMV transaction. This Dynamic CSC brings significantly better security than a static CSC.

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Founded in 2002, by Alan Finkelstein, Innovative Card Technologies developed and commercialized enhancements for the smart card market. The company acquired the display card assets of nCryptone in 2006. Innovative Card Technologies has ceased its activities.

55:), is a card used to control access to a resource. It is typically a plastic credit card-sized card with an embedded integrated circuit (IC) chip. Many smart cards include a pattern of metal contacts to electrically connect to the internal chip. Others are 2743:

Another problem is the lack of standards for functionality and security. To address this problem, the Berlin Group launched the ERIDANE Project to propose "a new functional and security framework for smart-card based Point of Interaction (POI) equipment".

1919:(DSA). Today's cryptographic smart cards generate key pairs on board, to avoid the risk from having more than one copy of the key (since by design there usually isn't a way to extract private keys from a smart card). Such smart cards are mainly used for 876:

One of the most popular manufacturing processes in the smart card industry is lamination. This process involves laminating an inlay between two card faces. The inlay contains the needed electronic components with an antenna printed on an inert support.

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Governments and regional authorities save money because of improved security, better data and reduced processing costs. These savings help reduce public budgets or enhance public services. There are many examples in the UK, many using a common open

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EMVCo maintains these specifications. EMVco's purpose is to assure the various financial institutions and retailers that the specifications retain backward compatibility with the 1998 version. EMVco upgraded the specifications in 2000 and 2004.

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Independently, Kunitaka Arimura of the Arimura Technology Institute in Japan developed a similar idea of incorporating an integrated circuit onto a plastic card, and filed a smart card patent in March 1970. The following year, Paul Castrucci of

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The first generation of Dynamic CSC cards, developed by NagraID Security required a battery, a quartz and Real Time Clock (RTC) embedded within the card to power the computation of a new Dynamic CSC, after expiration of the programmed period.

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In cards with microprocessors, the microprocessor sits inline between the reader and the other components. The operating system that runs on the microprocessor mediates the reader's access to those components to prevent unauthorized access.

1054:, also known as G+D, is a German company headquartered in Munich that provides banknotes, security printing, smart cards and cash handling systems. Its smart card portfolio includes display cards, OTP cards, as well as cards displaying a 218:. In 2008, Dexa Systems spun off from Schlumberger and acquired Enterprise Security Services business, which included the smart-card solutions division responsible for deploying the first large-scale smart-card management systems based on 159:

and described contactless communication via inductive coupling. Its primary use was intended to provide individual copy-protected keys for releasing the tapping process at unmanned gas stations. In September 1968, Gröttrup, together with

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Complex Cards can be equipped with biometric sensors allowing for stronger user authentication. In the typical use case, fingerprint sensors are integrated into a payment card to bring a higher level of user authentication than a PIN.

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expressed the needs: "to enhance security, increase government efficiency, reduce identity fraud, and protect personal privacy by establishing a mandatory, Government-wide standard for secure and reliable forms of identification".

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standard. They support data rates of 106–848 kbit/s. These cards require only proximity to an antenna to communicate. Like smart cards with contacts, contactless cards do not have an internal power source. Instead, they use a

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The production, use and disposal of PVC plastic is known to be more harmful to the environment than other plastics. Alternative materials including chlorine free plastics and paper are available for some smart applications.

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was issued eID cards that are used for identification. These cards contain two certificates: one for authentication and one for signature. This signature is legally enforceable. More and more services in Belgium use eID for

446:, a French financial institution. This pilot featured acoustic tones as a means of authentication. Although Complex Cards were developed since the inception of the smart card industry, they only reached maturity after 2010. 1118:

until 2014. NID can trace its history with Complex Cards back to 2003 when it collaborated on development with nCryptone. Nagra ID was instrumental in developing the cold lamination process for Complex Cards manufacturing.

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Sound, generated by a buzzer, was the preferred means of communication for the first projects involving Complex Cards. Later, with the progress of displays, visual communication is now present in almost all Complex Cards.

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Recent years have witnessed the design of standards and the promulgation of directives concerning security and privacy in EHR systems. However, more work should be done to adopt these regulations and to deploy secure EHR

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Since the inception of smart cards, innovators have been trying to add extra features. As technologies have matured and have been industrialized, several smart card industry players have been involved in Complex Cards.

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processes and use of parameters as a transaction with a static code in a card-not-present transaction. Upgrading to a DCSC allows cardholders and merchants to continue their payment habits and processes undisturbed.

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The Card Security Code (CSC) is to be given to the merchant by the cardholder to complete a card-not-present transaction. The CSC is transmitted along with other transaction data and verified by the card issuer. The

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are used by many public transit operators. Card users may also make small purchases using the cards. Some operators offer points for usage, exchanged at retailers or for other benefits. Examples include Singapore's

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One-Time Passwords generation is based either on incremental values (event based) or on a real time clock (time based). Using clock-based One-Time Password generation requires the Complex Card to be equipped with a

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AudioSmartCard International SA was instrumental in developing the first Complex Card that included a battery, a piezoelectric buzzer, a button, and audio functions all on a 0.84mm thick, ISO 7810-compatible card.

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fashion with a payment system or an NFC-enabled smartphone. The use of a bistable display in the card design ensures that the screen remains legible even when the Complex Card is unconnected to the power source.

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that is produced according to international standards and requirements. The card has over 36 physical security features and has the latest encryption codes. This smart card replaced the NICOP (the ID card for

2631:(or other form of security) provides additional security from unauthorised access to information by others. At the first attempt to use it illegally, the card would be deactivated by the card reader itself. 1221:, is one of the major players in the secure transactions industry. It acquired the business of NagraID Security in 2014. Oberthur then merged with Morpho and the combined entity was renamed Idemia in 2017. 1096:

ASA, incorporated in Norway, specializes in fingerprint identification technologies for personal authentication. The company offers fingerprint sensors and modules that are ready to be embedded into cards.

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Smart cards are also being introduced for identification and entitlement by regional, national, and international organizations. These uses include citizen cards, drivers’ licenses, and patient cards. In

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Ellipse World, Inc. was founded in 2017 by Cyril Lalo and Sébastien Pochic, both recognized experts in Complex Card technology. Ellipse World, Inc. specializes in battery-free Complex Card technology.

624:, also known as card verification code (CVC2), or card verification value (CVV2). The card security code (CSC) is a 3 or 4 digits number printed on a credit or debit card, used as a security feature for 403:

10% that of a PVC smart card with larger memory. They are distributed through vending machines, ticket offices and agents. Use of paper/PET is less harmful to the environment than traditional PVC cards.

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standards include provisions for contact and contactless communications. Typically modern payment cards are based on hybrid card technology and support both contact and contactless communication modes.

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Smart cards may identify emergency responders and their skills. Cards like these allow first responders to bypass organizational paperwork and focus more time on the emergency resolution. In 2004, The

6258: 3244: 2196:(YTV) from collecting such information, despite YTV's argument that the card owner has the right to a list of trips paid with the card. Earlier, such information was used in the investigation of the 1634:

Communication protocols for contact smart cards include T=0 (character-level transmission protocol, defined in ISO/IEC 7816-3) and T=1 (block-level transmission protocol, defined in ISO/IEC 7816-3).

2224:. These smart tickets are made of paper or PET which is thinner than a PVC smart card e.g. Confidex smart media. The smart tickets can be supplied pre-printed and over-printed or printed on demand. 1434:(FS). In smart card file systems, the root directory is called the "master file" ("MF"), subdirectories are called "dedicated files" ("DF"), and ordinary files are called "elementary files" ("EF"). 1073:, is a major player in the secure transaction industry. The company's Complex Card portfolio includes cards with a display or a fingerprint sensor. These cards may display an OTP or a Dynamic CSC. 4863: 3550: 687:

To implement user authentication using a fingerprint enabled smart card, the user has to authenticate himself/herself to the card by means of the fingerprint before starting a payment transaction.

5266: 4485: 1446:(storage or memory) within the smartcard. In addition to the EEPROM, other components may be present, depending upon the kind of smartcard. Most smartcards have one of three logical layouts: 1203:

nCryptone emerged in 2004 from the renaming of AudioSmartCard. nCryptone was headed by Cyril Lalo and Philippe Guillaud and developed technologies around authentication servers and devices.

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Smartcard operating systems may provide application programming interfaces (APIs) so that developers can write programs ("applications") to run on the smartcard. Some such APIs, such as

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it, and use it to power the card's electronics. Contactless smart media can be made with PVC, paper/card and PET finish to meet different performance, cost and durability requirements.

4893: 2700:, the smart card security model may be broken. Malware can override the communication (both input via keyboard and output via application screen) between the user and the application. 5582: 4920: 3760: 3670: 3466: 1137:

NagraID Security quickly became a leading player in the adoption of Complex Cards due, in large part, to its development of MotionCode cards that featured a small display to enable a

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processes, mandated by different regulatory bodies. Additionally, keeping battery-operated Complex Cards in inventory for extended periods of time may reduce their performance due to

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Typically battery-powered Complex Cards require a cold lamination manufacturing process. This process impacts the manufacturing lead time and the whole cost of such a Complex Card.

1900:(CAC), and other cards used by other governments for their citizens. If they include biometric identification data, cards can provide superior two- or three-factor authentication. 127:

around 1975. The chip has not yet been miniaturized. On this prototype, one can see how each pin of the microchip (center) is connected to the exterior world by a copper connector.

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patented a secured memory card later dubbed the "smart card". In 1976, Jürgen Dethloff introduced the known element (called "the secret") to identify gate user as of USP 4105156.

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Second generation Complex Cards feature a battery-free design. These cards harvest the necessary power from external sources; for example when the card interacts in a contact or

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protect the exchange of money between the smart card and the machine. No connection to a bank is needed. The holder of the card may use it even if not the owner. Examples are

1707:(ISO/IEC 14443 Type B) interfaces. Numerous payment cards worldwide are based on hybrid card technology allowing them to communicate in contactless as well as contact modes. 753:

have been used on prototypes in the early days, capacitive keyboards are the most popular solution now, thanks to technology developments by AudioSmartCard International SA.

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Complex Cards can incorporate a wide variety of components. The choice of components drives functionality, influences cost, power supply needs, and manufacturing complexity.

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cards has been created, and this is now displayed on compatible cards from all three companies. In January 2019, Taito announced that their Nesica card was also joining the

5494: 5206:"World first for Belgium: Banca Monte Paschi Belgio and MasterCard launch the first payment card combining debit, credit, display screen and contactless payment facilities" 1085:

Complex Card offerings include the F.CODE biometric payment card that includes a fingerprint sensor, and its battery-powered Motion Code card that displays a Dynamic CSC.

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Complex Cards have been adopted by numerous financial institutions worldwide. They may include different functionalities such as payment cards (credit, debit, prepaid),

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While first generation Complex Cards were battery powered, the second generation is battery-free and receives power through the usual card connector and/or induction .

7353: 5314: 5292: 3401: 269:" systems store funds on the card, so that readers do not need network connectivity. They entered European service in the mid-1990s. They have been common in Germany ( 3345: 1585:, which is used as a communications medium between the smart card and a host (e.g., a computer, a point of sale terminal) or a mobile telephone. Cards do not contain 5718: 2842: 6457: 5556: 4807: 4425: 2446:, support new processes for portable medical records, provide secure access to emergency medical information, enable compliance with government initiatives (e.g., 799:

showing information such as a One-Time Password or an electronic purse balance. A rear display is more often used for showing a Dynamic Card Security Code (DCSC).

5529: 4119: 3493: 5175: 4743: 202:, and in 1978, he patented the self-programmable one-chip microcomputer (SPOM) that defines the necessary architecture to program the chip. Three years later, 5988: 6250: 4272: 2023: 206:

used this patent in its "CP8". At that time, Bull had 1,200 patents related to smart cards. In 2001, Bull sold its CP8 division together with its patents to

3637: 7808: 966:

and Philippe Guillaud, who also became major shareholders. They made AudioSmartCard evolve towards the smart card world. In 2003 Prosodie, a subsidiary of

731:

Depending on Complex Card types, buttons have been added to allow an easy interaction between the user and the card. Typically, these buttons are used to:

5904: 4859: 3542: 2279: 1849:

Roll-outs started in 2005 in the U.S. Asia and Europe followed in 2006. Contactless (non-PIN) transactions cover a payment range of ~$ 5–50. There is an

439:. It was ISO 7810-compliant and included a battery, a piezoelectric buzzer, a button, and delivered audio functions, all within a 0.84mm thickness card. 6337: 5096: 4455: 7410: 5262: 2188:

risk because they allow the mass transit operator (and the government) to track an individual's movement. In Finland, for example, the Data Protection

5959:"Emergency Response Official Credentials: An Approach to Attain Trust in Credentials across Multiple Jurisdictions for Disaster Response and Recovery" 4477: 1687:

Hybrid cards implement contactless and contact interfaces on a single card with unconnected chips including dedicated modules/storage and processing.

7788: 5355: 4575: 3576: 2297:

In 2018, in an effort to make arcade game IC cards more user friendly, Konami, Bandai Namco and Sega have agreed on a unified system of cards named

2220:

Many smart transport schemes include the use of low cost smart tickets for simple journeys, day passes and visitor passes. Examples include Glasgow

1979:

was the first Indian state to introduce a smart card license system. As of 2005, it has issued 5 million smart card driving licenses to its people.

756:

The interaction with a capacitive keyboard requires constant power, therefore a battery and a mechanical button are required to activate the card.

6171: 5239: 6037: 5929: 5848: 1892:(PKI). The card stores an encrypted digital certificate issued from the PKI provider along with other relevant information. Examples include the 5442: 4657: 1493:

4 by 4 mm silicon chip in a SIM card, which was peeled open. Note the thin gold bonding wires and the regular, rectangular digital-memory areas.

8016: 6232: 3782: 1953: 6119: 7654: 7482: 4916: 4885: 3278: 2055: 5716:

ISO/IEC 7816-2:2007. Identification cards – Integrated circuit cards – Part 2: Cards with contacts – Dimensions and location of the contacts

5578: 4007: 3752: 3662: 3458: 2483:

payments, and public key encryption infrastructure. The personal information inside the MYKAD card can be read using special APDU commands.

933:

Second-generation battery-free technology ensures operation during the entire lifetime of the card and eliminates self-discharge, providing

7348: 7317: 5874: 5472: 5149: 2789: 2352:, can use smart cards to securely hold encryption keys, and also to add another layer of encryption to critical parts of the secured disk. 633: 6145: 1695:

Dual-interface cards implement contactless and contact interfaces on a single chip with some shared storage and processing. An example is

1130:

Nagra ID Security began in 2008 as a spinoff of Nagra ID to focus on Complex Card development and manufacturing. The company was owned by

812: 1144:

NagraID Security was the first Complex Cards manufacturer to develop a mass market for payment display cards. Their customers included:

5739: 4395: 3011: 2571:

required for certain encryption or decryption operations. This can deduce the on-chip private key used by public key algorithms such as

2247:(usually referred to as "IC cards") are used by game manufacturers as a method for players to access in-game features (both online like 1557:

interfaces and other uses. However, the usage defined in ISO/IEC 7816-2:1999/Amd 1:2004 may have been superseded by ISO/IEC 7816-2:2007.

1375:

Managed by an administration system, which securely interchanges information and configuration settings with the card, controlling card

7822: 4305: 3976: 3218: 3170: 139:

in 1979, already with the finally standardized dimension (ID-1) and a contact area with eight pads (initially on the upper left corner)

6093: 5630: 5411: 8152: 7908: 7694: 6197: 2809: 6307: 6285: 4209: 1577:

Contact smart cards have a contact area of approximately 1 square centimetre (0.16 sq in), comprising several gold-plated

828:

If a Complex smart Card is dedicated to making cryptographic computations (such as generating a one-time password) it may require a

111:

in 1959. The invention of the silicon integrated circuit led to the idea of incorporating it onto a plastic card in the late 1960s.

7848: 7838: 7798: 7778: 7738: 2611: 5668: 3820: 3700: 3375: 2689:

bent/flexed excessively. However, for large banking systems, failure-management costs can be more than offset by fraud reduction.

1537:: ISO/IEC 7816-3:1997 designated this as a programming voltage: an input for a higher voltage to program persistent memory (e.g., 7718: 7674: 7664: 4149: 6003: 5066: 4721: 6617: 5796: 2879: 6482: 6011: 5962: 4597: 4365: 3941: 3918: 504:

Complex Cards support all communication protocols present on regular smart cards: contact, thanks to a contact pad as defined

8120: 6427: 5693: 4997: 4179: 3881: 3436: 5288: 840:

As Complex Cards contain more components than traditional smart cards, their power consumption must be carefully monitored.

616:

A Complex Card being deployed as a payment card can be equipped with capability to provide transaction security. Typically,

7882: 7772: 6067: 4515: 3353: 2784: 2769: 2074: 816: 5715: 5608: 2834: 6807: 5388: 3603: 3006: 2036: 1893: 766: 6450: 5552: 4803: 4417: 8009: 7902: 5525: 4111: 3489: 3130: 2193: 3192: 1309: 589:

For additional security, features such as requiring the user to enter an identification or a security value such as a

7475: 6552: 6529: 6168:"Konami Amusement, Sega Interactive, and Bandai Namco Entertainment Agree on Unified System for Arcade Game IC Cards" 4830:"BPCE Group and Oberthur Technologies launch a world-exclusive innovation: the first dynamic cryptogram payment card" 3164: 2935: 2536: 63: 7310: 6817: 5984: 2058:

has been promoting the development and adoption of SCWS. SIMalliance states that SCWS offers end-users a familiar,

1253:

battery, the Stratos card was equipped with LEDs and communicated in contactless mode and in Bluetooth low Energy.

4261: 1941:

The most widely used cryptographic algorithms in smart cards (excluding the GSM so-called "crypto algorithm") are

1122:

Nagra ID manufactures Complex Cards that can include a battery, buttons, displays or other electronic components.

8383: 7507: 3626: 2227:

In Sweden, as of 2018–19, the old SL Access smart card system has started to be phased out and replaced by smart

2096: 1406: 652:

The Dynamic CSC, also called dynamic cryptogram, is marketed by several companies, under different brand names:

4545: 1777:, authorization cards for pay television, household utility pre-payment cards, high-security identification and 308:

mobile-phone equipment. Mobile phones are widely used across the world, so smart cards have become very common.

8212: 7395: 7253: 5896: 4628:"XH Smart Tech showcasing dual-interface biometric card with IDEX sensor at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona" 2799: 2628: 2518: 1957: 1935: 590: 255: 950:

from Gemplus. The prototype included a button and audio functions on a 0.84mm thick ISO 7810-compliant card .

844:

in a Complex Card increases the complexity of the manufacturing process as a battery cannot be hot laminated.

342:

Historically, in 1993 several international payment companies agreed to develop smart-card specifications for

168:

and in 1969 as subsequent applications in the United States, Great Britain, West Germany and other countries.

8378: 8002: 7599: 7551: 7547: 7431: 6333: 5088: 4975: 4447: 3730: 6359:

Fernández-Alemán, José Luis; Señor, Inmaculada Carrión; Lozoya, Pedro Ángel Oliver; Toval, Ambrosio (2013).

1736:

Different smart cards implement one or more reader-side protocols. Common protocols here include CT-API and

8172: 7468: 7090: 6974: 6772: 6715: 5035: 4239: 2814: 1926:

The most common way to access cryptographic smart card functions on a computer is to use a vendor-provided

625: 214:. In 2006, Axalto and Gemplus, at the time the world's top two smart-card manufacturers, merged and became 5344: 1541:). ISO/IEC 7816-3:2006 designates it SPU, for either standard or proprietary use, as input and/or output. 8363: 8078: 7303: 7126: 6762: 4567: 3572: 2923: 2774: 2564: 2514: 1916: 991:

card concept evolved into Coin 2.0 adding contactless communication to its original magstripe emulation.

388: 8368: 8065: 7872: 7565: 7537: 7147: 6610: 6167: 5235: 5126: 4335: 3156: 2267: 2039:, produces cards that contain additional personal information, such as medical records and skill sets. 1873: 1788:. The smart card chip can be "loaded" with funds to pay parking meters, vending machines or merchants. 1774: 1624: 1570: 1398: 301: 259: 6041: 5844: 5761: 4942: 4691: 3850: 3090: 3063: 3047:, "Identifizierungsschalter", issued 1971-01-21, assigned to Intelectron Patentverwaltung 2974: 2951: 2561:

algorithm. There are, however, several methods for recovering some of the algorithm's internal state.

1417:

Since April 2009, a Japanese company has manufactured reusable financial smart cards made from paper.

350:. The first version of the EMV system was released in 1994. In 1998 the specifications became stable. 8228: 8083: 8029: 7994: 7812: 7157: 7100: 6873: 6842: 6797: 6750: 4037: 3543:"Mastercard, Symantec and NagraID Security team up to provide further payment card security features" 3036: 2078: 1889: 848: 219: 6229: 5822: 3323: 1911:. Most advanced smart cards include specialized cryptographic hardware that uses algorithms such as 892:

As with standard smart cards, Complex Cards go through a lifecycle comprising the following steps:

7852: 7732: 7523: 7233: 7213: 7162: 6115: 3302: 2451: 2425: 2341: 2204: 1949:. The key set is usually loaded (DES) or generated (RSA) on the card at the personalization stage. 1876:

used in mobile-phone systems are reduced-size smart cards, using otherwise identical technologies.

1820: 1383: 6411: 4067: 3270: 1752:, allow programs to be uploaded to the card without replacing the card's entire operating system. 8206: 7708: 6898: 3999: 3520: 2549:

Smart cards have been advertised as suitable for personal identification tasks, because they are

2507: 1613: 258:(PIN), before the transaction was accepted. Only very limited transactions (such as paying small 108: 7712: 7698: 5870: 5468: 2391:

Tracking and monitoring food choices at the canteen, to help the student maintain a healthy diet

1256:

In 2017 Stratos was acquired by CardLab Innovation, a company headquartered in Herlev, Denmark.

8373: 7579: 7258: 6767: 6141: 2334: 2244: 1816: 1789: 1704: 1643: 1365: 829: 806: 770: 545: 56: 2095:

Diagram of Japan's IC card systems and their nationwide interoperability acceptance under the

608:

balance, the number of remaining trips or the expiry date of a transit pass can be displayed.

8098: 7637: 7223: 7197: 7105: 6893: 6603: 5735: 4387: 2997: 2725: 2463: 2032: 1586: 1376: 1214: 1188: 25: 7832: 6586: 4297: 4089: 3968: 3222: 3150: 2927: 1481: 8358: 8025: 7742: 7678: 7243: 7056: 6888: 6863: 6802: 6663: 6089: 5634: 2733: 2550: 2108: 2043: 1857: 1530: 1268:

Qvivr raised US$ 5 million in January 2017 and went out of business in November 2017.

156: 6193: 2450:) and mandates, and provide the platform to implement other applications as needed by the 1382:

Communicates with external services through card-reading devices, such as ticket readers,

131: 8: 7218: 6999: 6964: 6943: 6933: 6903: 6311: 4201: 2662: 1510: 934: 415:

enables eight applications and has 18 million users. Contactless smart cards are part of

378: 336: 8055: 8050: 8037: 7862: 7688: 7629: 7589: 7575: 7533: 7415: 7182: 6908: 6832: 6777: 6735: 5672: 4478:"Oberthur Technologies –Morpho becomes IDEMIA, the global leader in trusted identities" 3812: 3692: 3118: 2701: 2421: 2377:

Smart cards are being provided to students at some schools and colleges. Uses include:

2324: 2028: 2016: 1897: 1793: 1628: 1394: 1281: 1138: 1051: 712: 649:

Point of Sales (POS) terminal or Automated Teller Machine (ATM) to compute a new DCSC.

621: 479: 466: 419: 396: 282: 195: 144: 136: 100: 5315:"MasterCard Drives Growth in Its Display Card Programme with Bank Launches in Romania" 4141: 3098: 3094: 3071: 3067: 3044: 3040: 2978: 2955: 2740:

and audit features in a smart card system help manage the risks of compromised cards.

443: 161: 148: 8308: 8284: 8274: 8236: 7802: 7762: 7238: 7192: 7074: 7069: 6989: 6928: 6725: 6548: 6541: 6525: 6390: 6382: 5058: 4713: 3160: 3126: 2931: 2916: 2443: 2355: 2197: 2031:

personnel can carry these cards to be positively identified in emergency situations.

2011: 1931: 1920: 1785: 1627:(SIMs) in mobile phones, programmed differently and embedded in a different piece of 1277: 1206:

nCryptone display card assets were acquired by Innovative Card Technologies in 2006.

1039: 923: 750: 541: 266: 210:, who subsequently combined its own internal smart card department and CP8 to create 5788: 5631:"development of the "KAMICARD" IC card made from recyclable and biodegradable paper" 4860:"Orange Bank : une carte Visa Premium avec cryptogramme dynamique et Apple Pay" 2046:(OMA) proposed a new standard defining V1.0 of the Smart Card Web Server (SCWS), an 8125: 8073: 7927: 7609: 7561: 7248: 7187: 7028: 6984: 6969: 6938: 6923: 6918: 6658: 6648: 6494: 6490: 6372: 6361:"Security and privacy in electronic health records: A systematic literature review" 4357: 2981:, "Identifizierungsschalter mit induktiver Zuordnung", published 1971-11-25 2721: 2709: 2576: 2568: 2554: 2385: 2271: 2240: 2059: 1983: 1853:

PayPass implementation. Some, but not all, PayPass implementations conform to EMV.

1361: 332: 21: 6423: 6218: 4171: 3873: 3428: 7658: 7390: 7121: 7004: 6994: 6595: 6576: 6236: 5722: 5703: 3306: 2681: 2588: 2572: 2435: 1946: 1912: 1809: 1716: 1167:

NagraID Security also delivered One-Time Password cards to companies including:

1093: 953:

Since then, Complex Cards have been mass-deployed primarily by NagraID Security.

706: 554: 274: 199: 6063: 4917:"Palo Alto 'smart' credit card startup shutters after taking $ 9M in pre-orders" 4507: 8339: 8313: 8246: 7960: 7284: 7016: 6308:"News Release – Smart card technology to monitor smart food choices in schools" 5604: 5176:"MasterCard and Absa Introduce Next Generation Payment Card, a First for APMEA" 4744:"MasterCard and Absa Introduce Next Generation Payment Card, a First for APMEA" 2794: 2737: 2580: 2447: 2439: 2397: 2362: 2358:, the well known encryption suite, also supports storing keys in a smart card. 2318: 2221: 1908: 1700: 1683:

A hybrid smart card, which clearly shows the antenna connected to the main chip

1561: 1460: 1287:

Complex Card technology is used by numerous financial institutions including:

1131: 1115: 617: 359: 226: 191: 164:

as an investor, filed further patents for this identification switch, first in

6377: 6360: 5381: 5059:"One card to rule them all? Stratos smart card replaces the need for a wallet" 3599: 3516: 2958:, "Nachahmungssicherer Identifizierungsschalter", published 1971-11-25 1679: 8352: 8256: 7968: 7892: 7400: 7360: 6745: 6705: 6680: 6571: 6386: 2431: 2141: 2083: 1996: 1850: 1668: 1652: 1553:: The two remaining contacts are AUX1 and AUX2 respectively and are used for 1410: 927: 873:

standards, renders their manufacture more complex than standard smart cards.

735:

Select one action, such as which account to obtain the balance, or the unit (

670:

EVC (Ellipse Verification Code) by Ellipse, a Los Angeles, USA based company.

656:

MotionCode, first developed by NagraID Security, a company later acquired by

509: 442:

The Complex Card pilot, developed by AudioSmartCard, was launched in 2002 by

251: 180: 124: 2736:, it may be costly or inconvenient for users to upgrade vulnerable systems. 596:

Complex Cards used to provide account information have been developed for:

8335: 8269: 8264: 8177: 8147: 8093: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7439: 7365: 7279: 7064: 7036: 6979: 6787: 6394: 3196: 2764: 2705: 2652:

Reliability that is virtually unaffected by electrical and magnetic fields.

2646: 2558: 2263: 2157: 2125: 2104: 1885: 1778: 1660:

coil to capture some of the incident radio-frequency interrogation signal,

1657: 1597: 1593: 1522: 1353: 1070: 870: 866: 862: 560:

Complex Cards used to generate One Time Password have been developed for:

505: 431: 368:

when the liability shifts occurred in October by the credit card companies.

207: 152: 104: 91: 2388:, to pay for items at canteens, vending machines, laundry facilities, etc. 919:

integrated more easily in existing manufacturing chains and applications.

151:. In February 1967, Gröttrup filed the patents DE1574074 and DE1574075 in 8318: 8162: 8142: 7912: 7752: 7131: 6878: 6630: 6626: 2918:

Java Card Technology for Smart Cards: Architecture and Programmer's Guide

2754: 2401: 2330: 2251: 2165: 2153: 2137: 2121: 2047: 1824: 1582: 1578: 1566: 1546: 1431: 1369: 436: 243: 187: 5150:"Mobile payment startup Qvivr raises $ 5 million led by Khosla Ventures" 3903: 3376:"A message from CEO Gregg Steinhafel about Target's payment card issues" 2065:

Smart cards are also used to identify user accounts on arcade machines.

1372:) and provides security services (e.g., protects in-memory information). 998:

in May 2016 and all Coin activities were discontinued in February 2017.

515:

Developers of Complex Cards target several needs when developing them:

391:. Most contactless fare collection systems are incompatible, though the 8323: 8185: 8180: 8130: 8112: 7842: 7758: 7460: 7445: 7405: 7295: 7095: 7041: 6847: 6675: 6653: 6634: 5605:"Türk Ekonomi Bankası (TEB) has launched a new digital banking service" 2521: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2467: 2173: 2117: 2091: 2051: 1942: 1402: 1387: 540:

A Complex Card can be used to compute a cryptographic value, such as a

343: 324: 247: 8024: 8303: 8045: 7828: 7792: 7748: 7722: 7615: 6730: 6710: 6685: 6670: 4537: 2759: 2349: 2345: 2228: 2189: 2177: 2149: 1797: 1770: 1749: 1720: 1661: 967: 328: 270: 147:

chip onto a plastic card was first introduced by the German engineer

78:

billion smart card IC chips are manufactured annually, including 5.44

2496: 1982:

In 2002, the Estonian government started to issue smart cards named

1833:

Visa: Visa Contactless, Quick VSDC, "qVSDC", Visa Wave, MSD, payWave

690:

Several companies offer cards with fingerprint sensors, including:

119: 8190: 8088: 7668: 7633: 7385: 7046: 7011: 6883: 6868: 6837: 6792: 6782: 2717: 2595: 2214: 2209: 2161: 2007: 1961: 1801: 1766: 1623:

Because the chips in financial cards are the same as those used in

739:

currency or number of trips) in which the information is displayed,

408: 290: 230: 203: 67: 5495:"1 Million MOTION CODE? Online Transactions With Société Générale" 4967: 3722: 3402:"Target Hack a Tipping Point in Moving Away from Magnetic Stripes" 1581:. These pads provide electrical connectivity when inserted into a 1497: 922:

First generation, battery-operated Complex Cards require specific

293:

Chipper (decommissioned in 2015)), Switzerland ("Cash"), Norway ("

8167: 7782: 7619: 7519: 7152: 6740: 6720: 5089:"Stratos Connected Card Platform Acquired by CardLab Innovations" 4886:"1 million MOTION CODE online transactions with Société Générale" 4000:"Coin will shut down its product services at the end of February" 2713: 2697: 2417: 2327: 2258: 2185: 2169: 1991: 1976: 1114:

Nagra ID, now known as NID, was a wholly-owned subsidiary of the

1066: 694: 664: 347: 346:

and credit cards. The original brands were MasterCard, Visa, and

278: 215: 165: 97: 6358: 5579:"MasterCard, Symantec and NagraID Security team on display card" 5469:"Taiwan's Bank SinoPac issues credit cards with digital display" 4231: 2708:) could modify a transaction, unnoticed by the user. Banks like 1808:. The German Geldkarte is also used to validate customer age at 241:

After the Télécarte, microchips were integrated into all French

176:

filed an American patent titled "Information Card" in May 1971.

123:

One of the first smart card prototypes, created by its inventor

8298: 8157: 7940: 7898: 7878: 7818: 7728: 7684: 7625: 7605: 7595: 7571: 7515: 6913: 6822: 6757: 6590: 5765: 5263:"BPCE, Oberthur to pilot first dynamic cryptogram payment card" 4298:"Zwipe Payment Card the World's Leading Biometric Payment Card" 2779: 2366: 2287: 2275: 2248: 2010:

were replaced. The Smart Card is a third generation chip-based

1927: 1829:

These are the best known payment cards (classic plastic card):

1538: 1502: 1450: 1443: 1218: 1192: 1081: 995: 700: 657: 392: 294: 211: 4262:"Biometrics: The missing piece of the contactless card puzzle" 2438:

of patient information, provide a secure carrier for portable

1020:

card with an embedded keypad, a display and a microprocessor.

8293: 8241: 8137: 7945: 7888: 7868: 7858: 7768: 7704: 7585: 7557: 7543: 7529: 6948: 6827: 6812: 4998:"EDGE Mobile Payments Announces Development of the EDGE Card" 2880:"Smart card IC shipments to reach 12.8 billion units in 2020" 2804: 2673: 2479: 2291: 2145: 2133: 2129: 2113: 1805: 1737: 1696: 1348:

A smart card may have the following generic characteristics:

745:

Enter text data via the addition of an alphanumeric keyboard.

449:

Complex Cards can accommodate various peripherals including:

412: 286: 5118: 5027: 4327: 3919:"Inside Coin's techie vision for the all-in-one credit card" 1430:

As mentioned above, data on a smart card may be stored in a

628:

payment card transactions to reduce the incidence of fraud.

8218: 7950: 6538: 5553:"MasterCard Electronic Display Cards Finally Go Mainstream" 5382:"Getin Bank – poznaj nową Kartę Display do konta bankowego" 4683: 4658:"nCryptone monte au capital d'Innovative Card Technologies" 3842: 3600:"Getin Bank – poznaj nową Kartę Display do konta bankowego" 2684:, used in the 1990s to decode the signals of Sky Television 2678: 2283: 2255: 2181: 1667:

APDU transmission by a contactless interface is defined in

1489: 416: 71: 6194:"タイトー、「アミューズメントICカード」規格に参入決定。タイトー対応タイトル第1弾は「ストV タイプアーケード」" 4029: 1352:

Dimensions similar to those of a credit card. ID-1 of the

7935: 7228: 5818: 2470:

is a specific example of how smart card security worked.

1616:, including commands sent to and responses from the card, 1554: 1517:: Reset signal, used to reset the card's communications. 1224:

Major references in the Complex Cards business include:

317: 305: 250:

in 1992. Customers inserted the card into the merchant's

173: 3319: 2835:"ISO/IEC 7816-2:2007 – Assignment of contacts C4 and C8" 1723:. A typical CCID is a USB dongle and may contain a SIM. 1651:

communicate with readers under protocols defined in the

742:

Enter numeric data via the addition of a digital keypad,

5930:"El DNI electrónico ha muerto: ¡larga vida al DNI 3.0!" 5895: 5526:"MasterCard launching banking card with OTP capability" 4059: 3942:"Coin adds NFC capabilities to its new all-in-one card" 3874:"Coin adds NFC capabilities to its new all-in-one card" 3490:"MasterCard launching banking card with OTP capability" 3299: 1952:

Some of these smart cards are also made to support the

1781:, and public transport and public phone payment cards. 1011:

to address banking, transit and prepaid cards markets.

5412:"Newcastle Banking Society debuts smart display cards" 2998:"Chipkarte Helmut Gröttrup "Identifizierungsschalter"" 2656: 634:

Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS)

399:

has a considerable market share in the US and Europe.

3753:"Company Information AudioSmartCard International SA" 1393:

Smart cards are typically made of plastic, generally

1134:(50%), Cyril Lalo (25%) and Philippe Guillaud (25%). 472:

A larger digital display, for OTP or balance, QR code

372: 5951: 3101:, "Identification Switch", issued 1972-07-18 3074:, "Identification System", issued 1972-02-08 1525:, from which data communications timing is derived. 1209: 776:Companies that offered cards with buzzers include: 155:

for a tamper-proof identification switch based on a

5946:

The electronic DNI has died: long live the DNI 3.0!

3117:Böttge, Horst; Mahl, Tobias; Kamp, Michael (2013). 703:: F.Code, originally developed by NagraID Security, 6625: 6540: 6009: 3271:"What is smart card? - Definition from WhatIs.com" 3000:[Helmut Gröttrup "Identification Switch"] 2915: 1485:Illustration of smart-card structure and packaging 430:Complex Cards are smart cards that conform to the 7140: 5289:"Carpatica Bank launches display card in Romania" 3573:"RSA SecurID SD200 – hardware token Series Specs" 3517:"CES 2012: Interview Cyril Lalo NagraID Security" 3149:Jurgensen, Timothy M.; Guthery, Scott B. (2002). 3123:From Eurocheque Card to Mobile Security 1968–2012 1565:Contact-type smart cards may have many different 66:(UICC) for mobile phones, installed as pluggable 8350: 6539:Guthery, Scott B.; Timothy M. Jurgensen (1998). 5789:""Smart Card Driving License System in Gujarat"" 5662: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5652: 3148: 3089: 3062: 3035: 2810:Smart card application protocol data unit (APDU) 1442:The file system mentioned above is stored on an 789:Société d'exploitation du jeton sécurisé – SEJS. 74:, is also a type of smart card. As of 2015, 10.5 6279: 4806:(in French). Les Echos Investir. 30 June 2006. 3969:"Fitbit buys Coin to help with mobile payments" 1990:By the start of 2009, the entire population of 1100: 973:AudioSmartCard was renamed nCryptone, in 2004. 339:(JCB), jointly plan and implement EMV systems. 16:Pocket-sized card with authentication circuitry 6519: 6352: 5845:"Diario Turing – Tecnología y sociedad en red" 3663:"Infogreffe – AudioSmartCard International SA" 3116: 1954:National Institute of Standards and Technology 902:User enrollment, if needed by the application, 802:Displays can be made using two technologies: 422:to enhance security for international travel. 8010: 7476: 7311: 6611: 6282:"Cashless lunches come to Australian schools" 5819:"Taalkeuze/Choix de langue fedict.belgium.be" 5649: 5291:. Business Review, Romania. 6 December 2011. 5260: 4943:"Edge Mobile Payments Acquires Plastc Assets" 1907:Cryptographic smart cards are often used for 970:, joined the shareholders of AudioSmartCard. 5443:"PayPal security key card – is it worth it?" 3634:International Card Manufacturers Association 3624: 3144: 3142: 2790:Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard 1836:Mastercard: PayPass Magstripe, PayPass MChip 1699:'s multi-application transport card, called 940: 6284:. Australia.creditcards.com. Archived from 5147: 4112:"Visa CodeSure gets commercial green light" 2638:Other general benefits of smart cards are: 300:Since the 1990s, smart cards have been the 8017: 8003: 7483: 7469: 7318: 7304: 6618: 6604: 5379: 3759:. French Registries at Commercial Courts. 3597: 3514: 3247:. Worldwide.espacenet.com. 8 August 1978. 3185: 2309:agreement with the other three companies. 1703:, which uses a chip with both contact and 1637: 1607:electrical connector positions and shapes, 544:. The One-Time Password is generated by a 6448: 6376: 6310:. Ifr.ac.uk. 14 July 2005. Archived from 5736:"About Smart Cards: Introduction: Primer" 5633:. Toppan Printing Company. Archived from 5148:Magistretti, Bérénice (31 January 2017). 4914: 3346:"US learns from Malaysia, 10 years later" 3139: 2591:of encryption hardware) to be extracted. 2537:Learn how and when to remove this message 1055: 884:evolution from a niche to a mass market. 225:The first mass use of the cards was as a 7490: 7325: 6580:) is being considered for deletion. See 6248: 5581:. Finextra. Finextra. 15 February 2011. 5238:. Finextra. Finextra. 24 November 2008. 5056: 3783:"Information about Prosodie Corporation" 2973: 2950: 2672: 2567:involves measuring the precise time and 2400:for admittance to restricted buildings, 2090: 2082: 1678: 1589:; power is supplied by the card reader. 1560: 1496: 1488: 1480: 528:Provide a means of transaction security, 130: 118: 20: 5666: 5550: 5236:"Bank of America unveils SafePass card" 2696:If the account holder's computer hosts 2473: 2054:user. The non-profit trade association 2003:paper documents and personal presence. 1023: 611: 531:Provide a means of user authentication. 8351: 6251:"Qld schools benefit from smart cards" 4724:from the original on 18 September 2021 4598:"What is a fingerprint sensor module?" 3997: 3966: 3789:. French commercial court registries. 3763:from the original on 19 September 2021 3625:D'Albore, Antonio (5–6 October 2017). 3195:. Computerworld honors. Archived from 2909: 2907: 2905: 2728:from changing the transaction amount. 2394:Tracking loans from the school library 2050:embedded in a SIM card intended for a 1476: 1471: 1459:EEPROM, ROM, RAM, microprocessor, and 1187:In 2014, NagraID Security was sold to 1001: 678: 580: 425: 7998: 7464: 7299: 6599: 6030: 5786: 5440: 5409: 4923:from the original on 19 December 2020 4915:Schubarth, Cromwell (21 April 2017). 3916: 3523:from the original on 11 December 2021 3382:from the original on 25 February 2021 1726: 1456:EEPROM, ROM, RAM, and microprocessor. 1420: 976: 817:Ferroelectric liquid crystal displays 6261:from the original on 6 November 2012 5977: 5825:from the original on 8 February 2014 5667:Kiliçli, Tolga (19 September 2001). 5523: 5345:"Erste Maestro PayPass Display Card" 3871: 3823:from the original on 19 October 2021 3793:from the original on 8 December 2021 3703:from the original on 19 October 2021 3643:from the original on 26 October 2021 3487: 3152:Smart Cards: The Developer's Toolkit 2913: 2890:from the original on 24 October 2019 2877: 2785:Open Smart Card Development Platform 2770:List of public transport smart cards 2519:adding citations to reliable sources 2490: 2312: 2075:List of public transport smart cards 1046: 1034: 1014: 535: 508:standard, contactless following the 96:The basis for the smart card is the 6280:CreditCards.com (27 October 2009). 6122:from the original on 9 October 2012 6010:Martin, Christophe (30 June 2010). 5936:from the original on 26 August 2017 5877:from the original on 26 August 2017 5851:from the original on 26 August 2017 4152:from the original on 13 August 2021 3426: 3173:from the original on 19 August 2020 3007:German Patent and Trade Mark Office 2902: 2677:A false smart card, with two 8-bit 2657:Smart cards and electronic commerce 2557:. The chip usually implements some 2430:Smart health cards can improve the 2006:On 14 August 2012, the ID cards in 1743: 1604:physical shape and characteristics, 1333:Standard Chartered Bank, Singapore, 1163:Standard Chartered Bank, Singapore. 1125: 767:dual-tone multi-frequency signaling 13: 6773:European Payments Initiative (EPI) 6547:. Macmillan Technical Publishing. 6512: 6451:"Known Attacks Against Smartcards" 6430:from the original on 25 April 2018 6340:from the original on 25 March 2009 6148:from the original on 25 April 2018 6070:from the original on 20 March 2014 6038:"OMA Smart Card Web Server (SCWS)" 6018:from the original on 1 August 2013 5742:from the original on 27 March 2018 5551:Parrish, Kevin (8 November 2012). 5524:Liau, Yun Qing (8 November 2012). 5099:from the original on 12 March 2021 4212:from the original on 1 August 2021 3488:Liau, Yun Qing (8 November 2012). 3469:from the original on 29 April 2021 3439:from the original on 18 March 2022 3408:from the original on 13 April 2021 3251:from the original on 12 March 2017 2871: 2478:The Malaysian government promotes 2194:Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council 2192:prohibited the transport operator 2087:SmartRider smart card (Transperth) 1888:identity. Sometimes they employ a 1425: 887: 823: 499: 373:Development of contactless systems 14: 8395: 6763:Electronic Payment Services (EPS) 6584:to help reach a consensus. › 6563: 6365:Journal of Biomedical Informatics 6249:Varghese, Sam (6 December 2004). 6200:from the original on 10 June 2020 6174:from the original on 10 June 2020 6096:from the original on 21 July 2011 6012:"Update from SIMalliance on SCWS" 5991:from the original on 19 July 2012 5907:from the original on 5 March 2018 5799:from the original on 4 March 2016 5787:Kumar, Deepak (26 October 2005). 5611:from the original on 17 July 2021 5585:from the original on 17 July 2021 5559:from the original on 17 July 2021 5505:from the original on 17 July 2021 5475:from the original on 17 July 2021 5449:from the original on 17 July 2021 5422:from the original on 17 July 2021 5361:from the original on 17 July 2021 5325:from the original on 17 July 2021 5295:from the original on 17 July 2021 5269:from the original on 17 July 2021 5242:from the original on 17 July 2021 5216:from the original on 17 July 2021 5186:from the original on 16 July 2021 5156:from the original on 16 July 2021 5129:from the original on 28 July 2021 5069:from the original on 16 July 2021 5008:from the original on 16 July 2021 4978:from the original on 16 July 2021 4896:from the original on 16 July 2021 4866:from the original on 16 July 2021 4862:(in French). iGen. 7 March 2019. 4840:from the original on 16 July 2021 4810:from the original on 16 July 2021 4784:from the original on 16 July 2021 4754:from the original on 16 July 2021 4694:from the original on 16 July 2021 4664:from the original on 16 July 2021 4638:from the original on 16 July 2021 4608:from the original on 16 July 2021 4578:from the original on 16 July 2021 4568:"Fingerprint sensor manufacturer" 4548:from the original on 22 June 2021 4518:from the original on 16 July 2021 4488:from the original on 16 July 2021 4458:from the original on 16 July 2021 4428:from the original on 16 July 2021 4398:from the original on 16 July 2021 4368:from the original on 16 July 2021 4338:from the original on 16 July 2021 4308:from the original on 16 July 2021 4278:from the original on 16 July 2021 4242:from the original on 16 July 2021 4182:from the original on 24 June 2021 4122:from the original on 16 July 2021 4070:from the original on 16 July 2021 4040:from the original on 16 July 2021 4010:from the original on 16 July 2021 3998:Heater, Brian (31 January 2017). 3979:from the original on 16 July 2021 3948:from the original on 16 July 2021 3939: 3884:from the original on 16 July 2021 3853:from the original on 16 July 2021 3733:from the original on 30 July 2021 3017:from the original on 7 April 2023 2845:from the original on 4 March 2016 2407:Access to transportation services 2068: 1879: 1437: 1210:Oberthur Technologies, now Idemia 956: 525:Provide computation capabilities, 135:First smart card manufactured by 64:universal integrated circuit card 6475: 6463:from the original on 12 May 2013 6442: 6416: 6405: 6326: 6300: 6273: 6242: 6223: 6212: 6186: 6160: 6134: 6108: 6082: 6056: 5961:. 3 January 2011. Archived from 5922: 5889: 5863: 5837: 5811: 5780: 5754: 5728: 5709: 5696:Assignment of contacts C4 and C8 5687: 5391:from the original on 21 May 2021 4660:(in French). JDN. 30 June 2006. 3917:Statt, Nick (14 November 2013). 3606:from the original on 21 May 2021 3579:from the original on 12 May 2021 3553:from the original on 12 May 2021 3326:from the original on 5 June 2020 3281:from the original on 31 May 2022 3219:"history of smartcard invention" 2668: 2495: 2337:for use in secure web browsing. 1784:Smart cards may also be used as 1310:Erste & Steiermärkische Bank 855: 593:can be added to a Complex Card. 6493:. 1 August 2005. Archived from 5871:"¿Qué fue del DNI electrónico?" 5694:ISO/IEC 7816-2:1999/Amd 1:2004 5623: 5597: 5571: 5544: 5532:from the original on 6 May 2021 5517: 5487: 5461: 5434: 5403: 5373: 5337: 5307: 5281: 5254: 5228: 5198: 5168: 5141: 5111: 5081: 5057:Cipriani, Jason (13 May 2015). 5050: 5038:from the original on 6 May 2021 5020: 4990: 4960: 4935: 4908: 4878: 4852: 4822: 4796: 4766: 4736: 4706: 4676: 4650: 4620: 4590: 4560: 4530: 4500: 4470: 4440: 4410: 4380: 4350: 4320: 4290: 4254: 4224: 4194: 4164: 4134: 4104: 4082: 4052: 4022: 3991: 3960: 3933: 3910: 3896: 3865: 3835: 3805: 3775: 3745: 3715: 3685: 3673:from the original on 1 May 2021 3655: 3618: 3591: 3565: 3535: 3508: 3496:from the original on 6 May 2021 3481: 3451: 3420: 3394: 3368: 3338: 3312: 3293: 3263: 3245:"Espacenet – Original document" 3237: 3211: 3110: 3083: 2579:can be vulnerable to timing or 2506:needs additional citations for 2462:Smart cards are widely used to 2097:Nationwide Mutual Usage Service 1765:Smart cards serve as credit or 1755: 1407:acrylonitrile butadiene styrene 1364:security system (for example a 835: 465:A small display, for a dynamic 262:) are processed without a PIN. 254:(POS) terminal, then typed the 8213:Advanced Access Content System 7254:Personal identification number 6456:. Discretix Technologies Ltd. 5985:"OMA Newsletter 2007 Volume 2" 5932:(in Spanish). 2 October 2013. 5738:. Secure Technology Alliance. 3967:Cooper, Daniel (18 May 2016). 3515:GamerStuff (24 January 2012). 3056: 3029: 2990: 2967: 2944: 2857: 2827: 2800:Radio-frequency identification 2361:Smart cards are also used for 2234: 1958:Personal Identity Verification 1936:Cryptographic Service Provider 1731: 1318:Newcastle Banking Society, UK, 1151:Banco Bicentenario, Venezuela, 620:are made secure thanks to the 564:Standard Chartered, Singapore, 256:personal identification number 236: 103:(IC) chip. It was invented by 26:Finnish national identity card 1: 6569: 6520:Rankl, W.; W. Effing (1997). 6487:Home web for The Berlin Group 5897:"FRACASO DEL DNI ELECTRONICO" 5471:. Finextra. 14 October 2010. 5441:Smith, Josh (4 August 2010). 5261:Verdict Staff (21 May 2015). 4090:"LinkedIn: Emue Technologies" 3813:"nCryptone Corporate Profile" 3669:. French corporate register. 3627:"The rise of biometric cards" 3429:"Electronic telephone device" 2867:. Cambridge University Press. 2865:Multi-application Smart Cards 2821: 2621: 2457: 2411: 2333:can use smart cards to store 2317:Smart cards can be used as a 1938:(CSP) API is also supported. 1379:and application-data updates. 1271: 718: 663:DCV, the solution offered by 411:, the compulsory national ID 198:: one microprocessor and one 143:The idea of incorporating an 7091:Card not present transaction 6975:Credit card balance transfer 5917:FAILURE OF THE ELECTRONIC ID 5607:. CardFlash. 27 April 2015. 4804:"nCryptone acquiert IC Tech" 3904:"LinkedIn: Kanishk Parashar" 3193:"Monticello Memoirs Program" 2878:Tait, Don (25 August 2016). 2815:Smart card management system 2466:digital television streams. 1839:American Express: ExpressPay 1760: 1600:series of standards define: 1306:Credit Europe Bank, Romania, 1280:, mass-transit, and dynamic 1198: 1101:Innovative Card Technologies 937:, and is more eco-friendly. 586:specific account's balance. 522:Provide account information, 114: 7: 6426:. Greepeace. 29 June 2015. 6371:(3). Elsevier BV: 541–562. 5762:"Smart Card License System" 5410:Grant, Ian (14 June 2010). 4448:"Dynamic Code Verification" 3465:. French Commercial Court. 3125:. Battenberg Gietl Verlag. 2924:Addison-Wesley Professional 2775:Multi-factor authentication 2747: 2661:Smart cards can be used in 2627:and, the requirement for a 2600: 2565:Differential power analysis 2486: 2381:Tracking student attendance 2184:. However, these present a 2035:, a smart card provider to 1923:and secure identification. 1917:Digital Signature Algorithm 1874:subscriber identity modules 1625:subscriber identity modules 1610:electrical characteristics, 1545:: Serial input and output ( 1521:: Provides the card with a 1154:Banco MontePaschi, Belgium, 302:subscriber identity modules 82:billion SIM card IC chips. 10: 8400: 5903:(in Spanish). 4 May 2015. 5380:Getin Bank (7 June 2013). 4418:"SafeNet OTP Display Card" 3636:. Embedded Security News. 3598:Getin Bank (7 June 2013). 3157:Prentice Hall Professional 2975:DE application 1574075 2952:DE application 1574074 2704:malware (e.g., the Trojan 2593: 2575:. Some implementations of 2415: 2372: 2072: 1894:U.S. Department of Defense 1814: 1674: 1641: 1399:polyethylene-terephthalate 1247: 1109: 1061: 793: 726: 376: 315: 186:In 1977, Michel Ugon from 89: 85: 8332: 8283: 8255: 8227: 8199: 8107: 8084:Conditional-access module 8064: 8051:Conditional access system 8036: 8030:digital rights management 7959: 7926: 7647: 7506: 7499: 7430: 7381: 7374: 7341: 7334: 7272: 7206: 7175: 7114: 7101:Controlled payment number 7083: 7055: 7027: 6957: 6856: 6696: 6641: 6543:SmartCard Developer's Kit 6524:. John Wiley & Sons. 6378:10.1016/j.jbi.2012.12.003 6235:17 September 2012 at the 6219:Mozilla certificate store 2079:Automated fare collection 1890:public key infrastructure 1343: 1330:Société Générale, France, 1294:Banca MontePaschi Belgio, 1282:Card Security Code (CVV2) 1238: 1234:Société Générale, France. 1139:Card Security Code (CVV2) 1076: 941:History and major players 759: 512:standard, and magstripe. 220:public key infrastructure 7234:Hardware security module 7214:Automated teller machine 7000:Current/checking account 6582:templates for discussion 4508:"Biometric payment card" 2452:health care organization 2426:electronic health record 2205:Department for Transport 1856:Non-EMV cards work like 1821:Near-field communication 1614:communications protocols 1303:Carpatica Bank, Romania, 914:Recycling / destruction. 622:Card Security Code (CSC) 475:An alphanumeric display, 467:Card Security Code (CSC) 8207:Content Scramble System 6334:"Smartcardalliance.org" 6090:"Octopus Card Benefits" 5901:A las pruebas me remito 5265:. Cards International. 3693:"Bloomberg – nCryptone" 3305:8 February 2010 at the 2342:disk encryption systems 2245:contactless smart cards 1790:Cryptographic protocols 1649:Contactless smart cards 1638:Contactless smart cards 1569:layouts, such as these 1259: 1088: 1052:Giesecke & Devrient 985: 459:An alphabetic keyboard, 137:Giesecke & Devrient 109:Fairchild Semiconductor 45:integrated circuit card 8384:Authentication methods 7259:Secure cryptoprocessor 4968:"Edge Mobile Payments" 4452:Thales Group – Gemalto 4422:Thales Group – SafeNet 4392:Thales Group – Gemalto 4362:Thales Group – Gemalto 2685: 2100: 2088: 1867: 1817:Contactless smart card 1710: 1684: 1644:Contactless smart card 1574: 1558: 1494: 1486: 1366:secure cryptoprocessor 830:secure cryptoprocessor 807:Liquid-crystal display 771:frequency-shift keying 626:card-not-present (CNP) 311: 229:for payment in French 140: 128: 28: 7224:Credit card imprinter 7198:Credit card hijacking 6483:"Related Initiatives" 5847:. 25 September 2013. 5702:15 March 2012 at the 4514:. 17 September 2020. 3091:US patent 3678250 3064:US patent 3641316 2914:Chen, Zhiqun (2000). 2726:point-of-sale-malware 2676: 2594:Further information: 2416:Further information: 2160:, Washington, D.C.'s 2103:Smart cards, used as 2094: 2086: 2033:WidePoint Corporation 1858:magnetic stripe cards 1682: 1564: 1533:(reference voltage). 1500: 1492: 1484: 1297:Bank of America, USA, 1215:Oberthur Technologies 1189:Oberthur Technologies 994:Coin was acquired by 567:Bank of America, USA, 316:Further information: 134: 122: 24: 8379:Ubiquitous computing 8026:Broadcast encryption 7244:Magnetic stripe card 5721:4 March 2016 at the 5399:– via YouTube. 5321:. 15 November 2011. 5182:. 28 November 2012. 5002:EDGE Mobile Payments 4972:Edge Mobile Payments 4780:. 26 November 2018. 4634:. 25 February 2019. 4388:"EMV Biometric Card" 4206:Feitian Technologies 4176:Feitian Technologies 4172:"Chip Embedded Card" 4146:Feitian technologies 3843:"CardLab Innovation" 3614:– via YouTube. 3549:. 14 February 2011. 3531:– via YouTube. 3037:AT patent 287366 2734:information security 2515:improve this article 2474:Multiple-use systems 2109:integrated ticketing 2044:Open Mobile Alliance 1956:(NIST) standard for 1619:basic functionality. 1321:Orange Bank, France, 1231:Orange Bank, France, 1157:Erste Bank, Croatia, 1029:Feitian Technologies 1024:Feitian Technologies 612:Transaction security 570:Erste Bank, Croatia, 488:A buzzer or speaker. 453:One or more buttons, 289:), the Netherlands ( 233:, starting in 1983. 194:smart card with two 157:semiconductor device 7219:Contactless payment 6965:Payment card number 6522:Smart Card Handbook 6314:on 20 November 2005 6288:on 29 November 2010 6196:. 22 January 2019. 5637:on 27 February 2009 5501:. 17 October 2017. 5212:. 23 October 2012. 4774:"Philippe Guillaud" 4544:. 13 October 2020. 4328:"Giesecke+Devrient" 4232:"Fingerprint Cards" 4060:"Emue Technologies" 4030:"Ellipse World Inc" 3010:(in German). 2021. 2663:electronic commerce 2024:Smart Card Alliance 1845:Unionpay: QuickPass 1477:Contact smart cards 1472:Physical interfaces 1315:Getin Bank, Poland, 1300:BPCE Group, France, 1291:ABSA, South Africa, 1228:BPCE Group, France, 1160:Getin Bank, Poland, 1148:ABSA, South Africa, 1002:Ellipse World, Inc. 935:extended shelf life 679:User authentication 600:Getin Bank, Poland, 581:Account information 456:A digital keyboard, 426:Complex smart cards 420:biometric passports 395:Standard card from 379:Contactless payment 337:Japan Credit Bureau 190:invented the first 8364:Banking technology 8285:Analogue broadcast 8200:Digital video disc 8143:Irdeto Cryptoworks 8056:Renewable security 8038:Conditional access 7809:Kumamon no IC Card 7183:Card security code 7141:Interbank networks 6778:Forbrugsforeningen 6044:on 1 November 2012 5965:on 27 January 2013 5821:. Eid.belgium.be. 5669:"Smart Card HOWTO" 4202:"OTP Display Card" 4142:"OTP Display Card" 3847:CardLab Innovation 2702:Man-in-the-browser 2686: 2422:health informatics 2156:, San Francisco's 2101: 2099:(as of March 2024) 2089: 2029:emergency response 2017:overseas Pakistani 1921:digital signatures 1898:Common Access Card 1786:electronic wallets 1727:Logical interfaces 1685: 1575: 1559: 1495: 1487: 1421:Internal structure 1395:polyvinyl chloride 977:CardLab Innovation 713:NXP Semiconductors 519:One Time Password, 480:fingerprint sensor 397:NXP Semiconductors 323:coordination with 265:Smart-card-based " 145:integrated circuit 141: 129: 101:integrated circuit 29: 8369:German inventions 8346: 8345: 8275:Pirate decryption 8237:Authorized domain 7992: 7991: 7922: 7921: 7713:San'yō Shinkansen 7458: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7426: 7425: 7293: 7292: 7239:Interbank network 7193:Credit card fraud 7171: 7170: 7075:Universal default 7070:Introductory rate 6990:Revolving account 6064:"What is "Aime"?" 4332:Giesecke+Devrient 4302:Fingerprint Cards 4269:Fingerprint Cards 4236:Fingerprint Cards 4064:Emue Technologies 4034:Ellipse World Inc 3872:Cipriani, Jason. 3119:Giesecke+Devrient 2577:symmetric ciphers 2547: 2546: 2539: 2444:health care fraud 2313:Computer security 2241:amusement arcades 2198:Myyrmanni bombing 2012:identity document 1932:Microsoft Windows 1278:One-time password 1047:Giesecke+Devrient 1040:Fingerprint Cards 1035:Fingerprint Cards 1015:EMue Technologies 813:Bistable displays 697:: Biometric card, 542:One-time password 536:One time password 462:A touch keyboard, 8391: 8126:Cisco Videoscape 8074:Common Interface 8019: 8012: 8005: 7996: 7995: 7928:Electronic money 7504: 7503: 7485: 7478: 7471: 7462: 7461: 7419: 7379: 7378: 7357: 7339: 7338: 7320: 7313: 7306: 7297: 7296: 7249:Payment terminal 7188:Chargeback fraud 7138: 7137: 6985:Installment loan 6970:Card association 6919:Rail Travel Card 6649:American Express 6620: 6613: 6606: 6597: 6596: 6558: 6546: 6535: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6491:The Berlin Group 6479: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6462: 6455: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6420: 6414: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6380: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6330: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6246: 6240: 6227: 6221: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6112: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6040:. Archived from 6034: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5941: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5912: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5768:on 10 April 2009 5764:. Archived from 5758: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5732: 5726: 5713: 5707: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5671:. Archived from 5664: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5386: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5360: 5349: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5013: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4919:. Biz Journals. 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4277: 4266: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3642: 3631: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3459:"AudioSmartCard" 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3427:Bernard, Alain. 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3356:on 20 March 2019 3352:. Archived from 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3316: 3310: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3225:on 25 April 2013 3221:. Archived from 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3159:. pp. 2–3. 3146: 3137: 3136: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3099:Gröttrup, Helmut 3095:Dethloff, Jürgen 3087: 3081: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3072:Gröttrup, Helmut 3068:Dethloff, Jürgen 3060: 3054: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3045:Gröttrup, Helmut 3041:Dethloff, Jürgen 3033: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3016: 3003: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2979:Gröttrup, Helmut 2971: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2956:Gröttrup, Helmut 2948: 2942: 2941: 2921: 2911: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2831: 2682:microcontrollers 2589:photomicrographs 2569:electric current 2555:tamper resistant 2542: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2522: 2499: 2491: 2386:electronic purse 2348:and Microsoft's 2272:E-amusement pass 2208:systems use the 2136:cards, London's 1884:Smart-cards can 1812:for cigarettes. 1810:vending machines 1744:Application side 1397:, but sometimes 1362:tamper-resistant 1327:Sinopac, Taiwan, 1171:Bank of America, 1126:NagraID Security 1069:, a division of 899:Personalization, 815:, also known as 389:Visa Contactless 369: 333:American Express 267:electronic purse 81: 77: 8399: 8398: 8394: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8349: 8348: 8347: 8342: 8328: 8279: 8251: 8223: 8195: 8103: 8060: 8032: 8023: 7993: 7988: 7955: 7918: 7789:Iwasaki IC Card 7643: 7500:Fare collection 7495: 7489: 7459: 7450: 7422: 7413: 7370: 7351: 7330: 7324: 7294: 7289: 7268: 7202: 7167: 7136: 7110: 7079: 7051: 7023: 7005:Savings account 6995:Deposit account 6953: 6924:Revolution Card 6852: 6699:specialty cards 6698: 6692: 6637: 6624: 6585: 6566: 6561: 6555: 6532: 6515: 6513:Further reading 6510: 6500: 6498: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6453: 6449:Bar-El, Hagai. 6447: 6443: 6433: 6431: 6422: 6421: 6417: 6410: 6406: 6357: 6353: 6343: 6341: 6332: 6331: 6327: 6317: 6315: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6291: 6289: 6278: 6274: 6264: 6262: 6247: 6243: 6239:howto for GNUPG 6237:Wayback Machine 6228: 6224: 6217: 6213: 6203: 6201: 6192: 6191: 6187: 6177: 6175: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6151: 6149: 6142:"Smart Tickets" 6140: 6139: 6135: 6125: 6123: 6114: 6113: 6109: 6099: 6097: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6073: 6071: 6062: 6061: 6057: 6047: 6045: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6021: 6019: 6008: 6004: 5994: 5992: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5968: 5966: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5939: 5937: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5910: 5908: 5894: 5890: 5880: 5878: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5854: 5852: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5828: 5826: 5817: 5816: 5812: 5802: 5800: 5785: 5781: 5771: 5769: 5760: 5759: 5755: 5745: 5743: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5723:Wayback Machine 5714: 5710: 5704:Wayback Machine 5692: 5688: 5678: 5676: 5675:on 15 June 2009 5665: 5650: 5640: 5638: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5614: 5612: 5603: 5602: 5598: 5588: 5586: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5562: 5560: 5555:. Tom's Guide. 5549: 5545: 5535: 5533: 5522: 5518: 5508: 5506: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5478: 5476: 5467: 5466: 5462: 5452: 5450: 5439: 5435: 5425: 5423: 5416:Computer Weekly 5408: 5404: 5394: 5392: 5384: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5298: 5296: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5272: 5270: 5259: 5255: 5245: 5243: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5219: 5217: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5159: 5157: 5152:. VentureBeat. 5146: 5142: 5132: 5130: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5102: 5100: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5072: 5070: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5011: 5009: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4981: 4979: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4951: 4949: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4926: 4924: 4913: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4843: 4841: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4813: 4811: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4787: 4785: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4757: 4755: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4727: 4725: 4714:"Complex Cards" 4712: 4711: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4667: 4665: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4641: 4639: 4632:Idex Biometrics 4626: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4609: 4602:Idex Biometrics 4596: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4579: 4572:Idex Biometrics 4566: 4565: 4561: 4551: 4549: 4536: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4491: 4489: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4461: 4459: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4125: 4123: 4118:. 2 June 2010. 4110: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4013: 4011: 3996: 3992: 3982: 3980: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3938: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3915: 3911: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3885: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3706: 3704: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3629: 3623: 3619: 3609: 3607: 3596: 3592: 3582: 3580: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3513: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3486: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3359: 3357: 3350:The Rakyat Post 3344: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3307:Wayback Machine 3300:Moneo's website 3298: 3294: 3284: 3282: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3254: 3252: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3228: 3226: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3199:on 3 March 2016 3191: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3167: 3147: 3140: 3133: 3115: 3111: 3104: 3097: & 3088: 3084: 3077: 3070: & 3061: 3057: 3050: 3043: & 3034: 3030: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3001: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2912: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2876: 2872: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2848: 2846: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2750: 2716:in Belgium and 2671: 2659: 2624: 2614:specification. 2603: 2598: 2543: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2512: 2500: 2489: 2476: 2460: 2440:medical records 2428: 2414: 2375: 2315: 2237: 2217:specification. 2180:and Victoria's 2081: 2073:Main articles: 2071: 1882: 1870: 1827: 1815:Main articles: 1773:, mobile phone 1763: 1758: 1746: 1734: 1729: 1713: 1677: 1646: 1640: 1479: 1474: 1440: 1428: 1426:Data structures 1423: 1346: 1274: 1262: 1250: 1241: 1212: 1201: 1128: 1112: 1103: 1094:IDEX Biometrics 1091: 1079: 1064: 1049: 1037: 1026: 1017: 1004: 988: 979: 959: 943: 890: 888:Card life cycle 858: 838: 826: 824:Cryptoprocessor 796: 780:AudioSmartCard, 762: 729: 721: 707:IDEX Biometrics 681: 618:online payments 614: 583: 555:Real-time clock 546:cryptoprocessor 538: 502: 500:Functionalities 444:Crédit Lyonnais 428: 381: 375: 367: 331:International, 327:International, 320: 314: 304:(SIMs) used in 275:Quick Wertkarte 239: 162:Jürgen Dethloff 149:Helmut Gröttrup 117: 94: 88: 79: 75: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8397: 8387: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8344: 8343: 8340:pay television 8333: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8290: 8288: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8261: 8259: 8253: 8252: 8250: 8249: 8247:Broadcast flag 8244: 8239: 8233: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8221: 8216: 8210: 8203: 8201: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8123: 8117: 8115: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8070: 8068: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8042: 8040: 8034: 8033: 8022: 8021: 8014: 8007: 7999: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7965: 7963: 7961:Mobile payment 7957: 7956: 7954: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7932: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7916: 7906: 7896: 7886: 7876: 7866: 7856: 7846: 7836: 7826: 7816: 7806: 7796: 7786: 7776: 7766: 7756: 7746: 7736: 7726: 7716: 7702: 7692: 7682: 7672: 7662: 7651: 7649: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7641: 7623: 7613: 7603: 7593: 7583: 7569: 7555: 7541: 7527: 7512: 7510: 7501: 7497: 7496: 7488: 7487: 7480: 7473: 7465: 7456: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7443: 7436: 7434: 7428: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7420: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7382: 7376: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7345: 7343: 7336: 7332: 7331: 7323: 7322: 7315: 7308: 7300: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7287: 7285:Acquiring bank 7282: 7276: 7274: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7210: 7208: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7144: 7142: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7118: 7116: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7087: 7085: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7061: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7033: 7031: 7025: 7024: 7022: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7009: 7008: 7007: 7002: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6961: 6959: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6860: 6858: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6702: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6651: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6638: 6623: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6565: 6564:External links 6562: 6560: 6559: 6553: 6536: 6530: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6508: 6474: 6441: 6415: 6404: 6351: 6325: 6299: 6272: 6241: 6222: 6211: 6185: 6159: 6133: 6116:"Smartcare go" 6107: 6081: 6055: 6029: 6002: 5976: 5950: 5921: 5888: 5862: 5836: 5810: 5793:Urban/Regional 5779: 5753: 5727: 5708: 5686: 5648: 5622: 5596: 5570: 5543: 5516: 5486: 5460: 5433: 5402: 5372: 5336: 5306: 5280: 5253: 5227: 5197: 5167: 5140: 5110: 5080: 5049: 5019: 4989: 4959: 4934: 4907: 4877: 4851: 4821: 4795: 4765: 4735: 4705: 4675: 4649: 4619: 4589: 4559: 4529: 4499: 4469: 4439: 4409: 4379: 4349: 4319: 4289: 4253: 4223: 4193: 4163: 4133: 4103: 4081: 4051: 4021: 3990: 3959: 3932: 3909: 3895: 3864: 3834: 3804: 3774: 3744: 3714: 3684: 3654: 3617: 3590: 3564: 3534: 3507: 3480: 3450: 3433:Google Patents 3419: 3393: 3367: 3337: 3311: 3292: 3275:SearchSecurity 3262: 3236: 3210: 3184: 3165: 3138: 3132:978-3866465497 3131: 3109: 3082: 3055: 3028: 2989: 2966: 2943: 2936: 2901: 2886:. IHS Markit. 2884:IHS Technology 2870: 2856: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2795:Proximity card 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2738:Tamper-evident 2670: 2667: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2643: 2623: 2620: 2602: 2599: 2545: 2544: 2503: 2501: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2475: 2472: 2459: 2456: 2448:organ donation 2413: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2398:Access control 2395: 2392: 2389: 2382: 2374: 2371: 2369:to computers. 2363:single sign-on 2319:security token 2314: 2311: 2236: 2233: 2124:, Hong Kong's 2105:transit passes 2070: 2069:Public transit 2067: 1987:websites etc. 1909:single sign-on 1881: 1880:Identification 1878: 1869: 1866: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1745: 1742: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1712: 1709: 1693: 1692: 1691:Dual-interface 1676: 1673: 1642:Main article: 1639: 1636: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1465: 1464: 1461:secure element 1457: 1454: 1439: 1438:Logical layout 1436: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1391: 1380: 1373: 1358: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1273: 1270: 1261: 1258: 1249: 1246: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1211: 1208: 1200: 1197: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1132:Kudelski Group 1127: 1124: 1116:Kudelski Group 1111: 1108: 1102: 1099: 1090: 1087: 1078: 1075: 1063: 1060: 1048: 1045: 1036: 1033: 1025: 1022: 1016: 1013: 1003: 1000: 987: 984: 978: 975: 958: 957:AudioSmartCard 955: 942: 939: 928:battery ageing 916: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 897: 896:Manufacturing, 889: 886: 857: 854: 837: 834: 825: 822: 821: 820: 810: 795: 792: 791: 790: 787: 784: 781: 761: 758: 747: 746: 743: 740: 728: 725: 720: 717: 716: 715: 710: 704: 698: 680: 677: 672: 671: 668: 661: 613: 610: 605: 604: 601: 582: 579: 578: 577: 574: 573:Verisign, USA, 571: 568: 565: 537: 534: 533: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 501: 498: 490: 489: 486: 483: 476: 473: 470: 463: 460: 457: 454: 427: 424: 374: 371: 360:identity theft 313: 310: 238: 235: 227:telephone card 192:microprocessor 188:Honeywell Bull 116: 113: 87: 84: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8396: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8374:ISO standards 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8341: 8337: 8331: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8282: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8257:Data security 8254: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8226: 8220: 8217: 8214: 8211: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8020: 8015: 8013: 8008: 8006: 8001: 8000: 7997: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7969:Osaifu-Keitai 7967: 7966: 7964: 7962: 7958: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7929: 7925: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7894: 7890: 7887: 7884: 7880: 7877: 7874: 7870: 7867: 7864: 7860: 7857: 7854: 7850: 7847: 7844: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7830: 7827: 7824: 7820: 7817: 7814: 7810: 7807: 7804: 7800: 7797: 7794: 7790: 7787: 7784: 7780: 7777: 7774: 7770: 7767: 7764: 7760: 7757: 7754: 7750: 7747: 7744: 7740: 7737: 7734: 7730: 7727: 7724: 7720: 7717: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7703: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7686: 7683: 7680: 7676: 7673: 7670: 7666: 7663: 7660: 7659:Aizuwakamatsu 7656: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7646: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7624: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7611: 7607: 7604: 7601: 7597: 7594: 7591: 7587: 7584: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7570: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7556: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7542: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7509: 7505: 7502: 7498: 7493: 7486: 7481: 7479: 7474: 7472: 7467: 7466: 7463: 7447: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7429: 7417: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7361:China T-union 7359: 7355: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7333: 7328: 7321: 7316: 7314: 7309: 7307: 7302: 7301: 7298: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7271: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7205: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7174: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7139: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7113: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7082: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7026: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7013: 7010: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 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6537: 6533: 6531:0-471-96720-3 6527: 6523: 6518: 6517: 6497:on 7 May 2006 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6478: 6459: 6452: 6445: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6408: 6401: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6355: 6339: 6335: 6329: 6313: 6309: 6303: 6287: 6283: 6276: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6245: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6226: 6220: 6215: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6173: 6169: 6163: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6121: 6117: 6111: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6043: 6039: 6033: 6017: 6013: 6006: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5947: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5918: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5783: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5741: 5737: 5731: 5724: 5720: 5717: 5712: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5690: 5674: 5670: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5584: 5580: 5574: 5558: 5554: 5547: 5531: 5527: 5520: 5504: 5500: 5499:El Economista 5496: 5490: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5448: 5444: 5437: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5390: 5387:(in Polish). 5383: 5376: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5340: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5268: 5264: 5257: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5155: 5151: 5144: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4922: 4918: 4911: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4623: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4538:"Motion Code" 4533: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4503: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4257: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4091: 4085: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3947: 3943: 3940:Statt, Nick. 3936: 3920: 3913: 3905: 3899: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3808: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3621: 3605: 3602:(in Polish). 3601: 3594: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3308: 3304: 3301: 3296: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3172: 3168: 3166:9780130937308 3162: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3145: 3143: 3134: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3013: 3009: 3008: 2999: 2993: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2939: 2937:9780201703290 2933: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2919: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2866: 2860: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2826: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2745: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2722:random reader 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2683: 2680: 2675: 2669:Disadvantages 2666: 2664: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2630: 2619: 2615: 2613: 2607: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2584: 2582: 2581:power attacks 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2560: 2559:cryptographic 2556: 2552: 2541: 2538: 2530: 2527:February 2016 2520: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2504:This section 2502: 2498: 2493: 2492: 2484: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2320: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2168:, Brisbane's 2167: 2164:, Auckland's 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2116:, Malaysia's 2115: 2110: 2106: 2098: 2093: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2042:In 2007, the 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1998: 1997:authorization 1993: 1988: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1877: 1875: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1851:ISO/IEC 14443 1844: 1842:Discover: Zip 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1779:access badges 1776: 1772: 1768: 1753: 1751: 1741: 1739: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1681: 1672: 1670: 1669:ISO/IEC 14443 1665: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1653:ISO/IEC 14443 1650: 1645: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1501:A smart-card 1499: 1491: 1483: 1469: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1445: 1435: 1433: 1418: 1412: 1411:polycarbonate 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1368:and a secure 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1349: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1269: 1266: 1257: 1254: 1245: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1207: 1204: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1182: 1180:RSA Security, 1179: 1176: 1174:HID Security, 1173: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1107: 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Retrieved 2838: 2829: 2765:Keycard lock 2742: 2730: 2706:Silentbanker 2695: 2691: 2687: 2660: 2647:data storage 2637: 2633: 2625: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2585: 2563: 2548: 2533: 2524: 2513:Please help 2508:verification 2505: 2477: 2461: 2429: 2376: 2360: 2354: 2339: 2335:certificates 2323: 2316: 2307:Amusement IC 2306: 2303:Amusement IC 2302: 2299:Amusement IC 2298: 2296: 2268:Bandai Namco 2264:Banapassport 2239:In Japanese 2238: 2226: 2219: 2202: 2158:Clipper card 2144:, Brussels' 2140:, Ireland's 2126:Octopus card 2120:, Ontario's 2102: 2064: 2041: 2021: 2005: 2001: 1989: 1981: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1951: 1940: 1930:library. 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