2128:
1575:
602:
1069:
1935:
706:
household member and who requires a good knowledge of hygiene. People with reduced immunity to infection, who are looked after at home, make up an increasing proportion of the population (as of 2009, up to 20%). The largest proportion are the elderly who have co-morbidities that reduce their immunity to infection. It also includes the very young, patients discharged from hospital, taking immuno-suppressive drugs, or using invasive systems, etc. For patients discharged from hospital, or being treated at home, special "medical hygiene" procedures may need to be performed for them, such as catheter or dressing replacement, which puts them at higher risk of infection.
1563:
355:
566:
519:
466:
7077:
2329:
527:
2197:
368:
1805:
1205:
and everyday life settings, the
International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene developed a "risk-based" or targeted approach to home hygiene that seeks to ensure that hygiene measures are focused on the places and times most critical for infection transmission. While targeted hygiene was originally developed as an effective approach to hygiene practice, it also seeks, as far as possible, to sustain "normal" levels of exposure to the microbial flora of our environment to the extent that is important to build a balanced immune system.
682:-producing MRSA strains), and that effectiveness of laundry processes may be an important factor in defining the rate of community spread of these strains. Experience in the United States suggests that these strains are transmissible within families and in community settings such as prisons, schools, and sport teams. Skin-to-skin contact (including unabraded skin) and indirect contact with contaminated objects such as towels, sheets, and sports equipment seem to represent the mode of transmission.
672:-producing strains). The risks are not apparent until, for example, they are admitted to hospital, when they can become "self infected" with their own resistant organisms following a surgical procedure. As persistent nasal, skin, or bowel carriage in the healthy population spreads "silently" across the world, the risks from resistant strains in both hospitals and the community increases. In particular the data indicates that clothing and household linens are a risk factor for spread of
830:. If the product is a disinfectant, the label on the product should say "disinfectant" or "kills" pathogens. Some commercial products, e.g. bleaches, even though they are technically disinfectants, say that they "kill pathogens" but are not actually labelled as "disinfectants". Not all disinfectants kill all types of pathogens. All disinfectants kill bacteria (called bactericidal). Some also kill fungi (fungicidal), bacterial spores (sporicidal), or viruses (virucidal).
652:
makes it difficult to assess the extent of this risk. This also indicates that risks from clothing and household linens are somewhat less than those associated with hands, hand contact and food contact surfaces, and cleaning cloths, but even so these risks need to be managed through effective laundering practices. In the home, this should be carried out as part of a multibarrier approach to hygiene which includes hand, food, respiratory, and other hygiene practices.
1488:
8250:
1112:, but, as of 2014, the evidence for effectiveness of individual recommendations is "limited and inconclusive". Clinicians assess the sleep hygiene of people who present with insomnia and other conditions, such as depression, and offer recommendations based on the assessment. Sleep hygiene recommendations include establishing a regular sleep schedule, using naps with care, not exercising physically or mentally too close to bedtime, and avoiding
478:
578:
883:
727:
60:
2618:
1907:. As the steam accumulates in the upper part of the room a person in charge uses a bough to direct the steam to the bathers who are lying on the ground, with which he later gives them a massage, then the bathers scrub themselves with a small flat river stone and finally the person in charge introduces buckets with water along with soap and grass used to rinse. This bath had also ritual importance, and was tied to the goddess
697:
the variability in test conditions between studies such as wash cycle time, number of rinses, and other factors. The consequent variability in the data (i.e., the reduction in contamination on fabrics) in turn makes it extremely difficult to propose guidelines for laundering with any confidence. As a result, there is significant variability in the recommendations for hygienic laundering given by different agencies.
8274:
944:
157:
8262:
1665:), and bathtubs were made of bronze or timber. Bath beans – a powdery soap mixture of ground beans, cloves, eaglewood, flowers, and even powdered jade – were recorded in the Han Dynasty. Bath beans were considered luxury toiletries, while common people simply used powdered beans without spices mixed in. Luxurious bathhouses built around hot springs were recorded in
690:
as the temperature is increased. Chemical inactivation of microbes by the surfactants and activated oxygen-based bleach used in detergents contributes to the hygiene effectiveness of laundering. Adding hypochlorite bleach in the washing process achieves inactivation of microbes. A number of other factors can contribute including drying and ironing.
3378:
1518:. Point-of-use water quality interventions can reduce diarrheal disease in communities where water quality is poor or in emergency situations where there is a breakdown in water supply. Since water can become contaminated during storage at home (e.g. by contact with contaminated hands or using dirty storage vessels),
5682:...Clement of Alexandria (d. c. 215 CE) allowed that bathing contributed to good health and hygiene... Christian skeptics could not easily dissuade the baths' practical popularity, however; popes continued to build baths situated within church basilicas and monasteries throughout the early medieval period...
1208:
Although there is substantial evidence that some microbial exposures in early childhood can in some way protect against allergies, there is no evidence that humans need exposure to harmful microbes (infection) or that it is necessary to develop a clinical infection. Nor is there evidence that hygiene
696:
In 2013, the
International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene reviewed 30 studies of the hygiene effectiveness of laundering at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 70 °C (158 °F), under varying conditions. A key finding was the lack of standardization and control within studies, and
1961:
were constructed in urban areas to serve the public, who typically demanded the infrastructure to maintain personal cleanliness. The complexes usually consisted of large, swimming pool-like baths, smaller cold and hot pools, saunas, and spa-like facilities where people could be depilated, oiled, and
1217:
that the answer lies in more fundamental changes in lifestyles that have led to decreased exposure to certain microbial or other species, such as helminths, that are important for development of immuno-regulatory mechanisms. There is still much uncertainty as to which lifestyle factors are involved.
206:
facilities. Adherence to regular hygiene practices is often regarded as a socially responsible and respectable behavior, while neglecting proper hygiene can be perceived as unclean or unsanitary, and may be considered socially unacceptable or disrespectful, while also posing a risk to public health.
1450:
About two million people die every year due to diarrheal diseases; most of them are children less than five years of age. The most affected are people in developing countries who live in extreme conditions of poverty, normally peri-urban dwellers or rural inhabitants. Providing access to sufficient
1046:
can result in infection or irritation. The ear canals require less care than other parts of the body because they are sensitive and mostly self-cleaning. There is a slow and orderly migration of the skin lining the ear canal from the eardrum to the outer opening of the ear. Old earwax is constantly
705:
Medical hygiene pertains to hygiene practices that prevent or minimize disease and the spreading of disease in relation to administering medical care to those who are infected or who are more at risk of infection in the home. Members of "at-risk" groups are cared for at home by a carer who may be a
689:
work to reduce microbial contamination levels on fabrics. Soil and microbes from fabrics are severed and suspended in the wash water. These are then "washed away" during the rinse and spin cycles. In addition to physical removal, micro-organisms can be killed by thermal inactivation which increases
655:
Infectious disease risks from contaminated clothing can increase significantly under certain conditions - for example, in healthcare situations in hospitals, care homes, and the domestic setting where someone has diarrhoea, vomiting, or a skin or wound infection. The risk increases in circumstances
1204:
has declined, popular folklore continues to sometimes assert that dirt is healthy and hygiene unnatural. This has caused health professionals to be concerned that hygiene behaviors which are the foundation of public health are being undermined. In response to the need for effective hygiene in home
350:
Good home hygiene means engaging in hygiene practices at critical points to break the chain of infection. Because the "infectious dose" for some pathogens can be very small (10–100 viable units or even less for some viruses), and infection can result from direct transfer of pathogens from surfaces
6760:
Christian hygiene existed (and still exists) as one small but ever important part of this modernization project. Hygiene provides an incredibly mundane, deeply routinized, marker of
Christian civility ...Identifying the rural poor as 'The Great Unwashed,' Haymaker published Christian pamphlets on
651:
Microbiological and epidemiological data indicates that clothing and household linens are a risk factor for infection transmission in home and everyday life settings as well as institutional settings. The lack of quantitative data linking contaminated clothing to infection in the domestic setting
647:
hygiene involves practices that prevent disease and its spread via soiled clothing and household linens such as towels. Items most likely to be contaminated with pathogens are those that come into direct contact with the body, e.g., underwear, personal towels, facecloths, nappies. Cloths or other
307:
Home hygiene pertains to the hygiene practices that prevent or minimize the spread of disease at home and other everyday settings such as social settings, public transport, the workplace, public places, and more. Hygiene in a variety of settings plays an important role in preventing the spread of
2307:
The importance of hand washing for human health – particularly for people in vulnerable circumstances like mothers who had just given birth or wounded soldiers in hospitals – was first recognized in the mid 19th century by two pioneers of hand hygiene: the
Hungarian
954:
Personal hygiene involves those practices performed by a person to care for their bodily health and well-being through cleanliness. Motivations for personal hygiene practice include reduction of personal illness, healing from illness, optimal health and sense of wellbeing, social acceptance, and
837:
product acts against bacteria in some unspecified way. Some products labelled "antibacterial" kill bacteria while others may contain a concentration of active ingredient that only prevents them from multiplying. It is, therefore, important to check whether the product label states that it "kills
573:
Thorough cleaning is important to prevent the spread of fungal infections. Molds can live on wall and floor tiles and on shower curtains. Mold can be responsible for infections, cause allergic reactions, deteriorate/damage surfaces, and cause unpleasant odors. Primary sites of fungal growth are
1088:
from toothpaste bond to teeth for its preventative effects against tooth decay. It is also not recommended to brush immediately after drinking acidic substances, including sparkling water. It is also recommended to floss once a day, with a different piece of floss at each flossing session. The
311:
At present, these components of hygiene tend to be regarded as separate issues, although based on the same underlying microbiological principles. Preventing the spread of diseases means breaking the chain of infection transmission so that infection cannot spread. "Targeted hygiene" is based on
1366:
to prevent harm to consumers. The tracks within this line of thought are safety between industry and the market and then between the market and the consumer. In considering industry-to-market practices, food safety considerations include the origins of food including the practices relating to
630:
House deep-cleaning an intensive cleaning process targeting often-neglected areas, enhancing aesthetics, and improving health by reducing allergens and bacteria. It typically includes tasks like detailed dusting, appliance cleaning, and carpet shampooing, recommended biannually to maintain a
1013:
People tend to develop a routine for attending to their personal hygiene needs. Other personal hygienic practices include covering one's mouth when coughing, disposal of soiled tissues appropriately, making sure toilets are clean, and making sure food handling areas are clean, besides other
712:
may be applied to cuts, wounds, and abrasions of the skin to prevent the entry of harmful bacteria that can cause sepsis. Day-to-day hygiene practices, other than special medical hygiene procedures, are no different for those at increased risk of infection than for other family members. The
332:(such as potentially infectious bacteria and viruses – colloquially called "germs") are constantly shed via mucous membranes, feces, vomit, skin scales, and other means. When circumstances combine, people are exposed, either directly or via food or water, and can develop an infection.
3788:
308:
infectious diseases. It includes procedures like hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, food and water hygiene, general home hygiene (hygiene of environmental sites and surfaces), care of domestic animals, and home health care (the care of those who are at greater risk of infection).
1128:
in the hours before bedtime. Further recommendations include limiting worry, limiting exposure to light in the hours before sleep, getting out of bed if sleep does not come, not using the bed for anything but sleep, and having a peaceful, comfortable, and dark sleep environment.
5636:... Thus bathing also was considered a part of good health practice. For example, Tertullian attended the baths and believed them hygienic. Clement of Alexandria, while condemning excesses, had given guidelines for Christian] who wished to attend the baths ...
1859:
that "Bathing and the custom of washing oneself is so quotidian amongst the
Indians, both of cold and hot lands, as is eating, and this is done in fountains and rivers and other water to which they have access, without anything other than pure water..."
6792:
Along with the use of allopathic medicine, greater hygiene was one of the most frequently mobilized markers of the boundary between
Christians and other communities of Chhattisgarh... The missionaries had made no secret of preaching 'soap; along with
195:, respiratory hygiene, food hygiene at home, hygiene in the kitchen, hygiene in the bathroom, laundry hygiene,and medical hygiene at home.And also environmental hygiene in the society to prevent all kinds of bacterias from penetrating into our homes.
6962:
Water plays a role in other
Christian rituals as well.... In the early days of Christianity, two to three centuries after Christ, the lavabo (Latin for "I wash myself"), a ritual handwashing vessel and bowl, was introduced as part of Church
1458:
could reduce diarrhea by almost fifty percent and respiratory infections by nearly twenty-five percent Hand washing with soap also reduces the incidence of skin diseases, and eye infections like trachoma and intestinal worms, especially
2145:
monasteries (popular centers for resorting and retiring) were always equipped with bathhouses. These baths were also used ritually when the monks took full immersion baths at the two
Christian festivals of renewal. The rules of the
1358:. The occurrence of two or more cases of a similar illness resulting from the ingestion of a common food is known as a food-borne disease outbreak. This includes a number of routines that should be followed to avoid potential
659:
Hygiene measures, including laundry hygiene, are an important part of reducing spread of antibiotic-resistant strains of infectious organisms. In the community, otherwise-healthy people can become persistent skin carriers of
1693:
to heat the bathhouse, which he had never seen before in Europe. Coal was so plentiful that
Chinese people of every social class had bathrooms in their houses, and people took showers every day in the winter for enjoyment.
1395:
systems for foods. In considering market-to-consumer practices, the usual thought is that food ought to be safe in the market and the concern is safe delivery and preparation of the food for the consumer. Food safety,
2734:
government. Industrially-manufactured bar soaps became available in the late 18th century, as advertising campaigns in Europe and
America promoted popular awareness of the relationship between cleanliness and health.
411:, dirt, grease, and other harmful or unwanted substances stuck to the hands. Drying of the washed hands is part of the process as wet and moist hands are more easily recontaminated. If soap and water are unavailable,
1107:
Sleep hygiene is the recommended behavioral and environmental practices that promote better quality sleep. These recommendations were developed in the late 1970s as a method to help people with mild to moderate
1677:), public bathhouses became popular and people could find them readily. Bathing became an essential part of social life and recreation. Bathhouses often provided massage, nail cutting service, rubdown service,
323:
The main sources of infection in the home are people (who are carriers or are infected), foods (particularly raw foods), water, pets, and domestic animals. Sites that accumulate stagnant water – such as sinks,
8060:
3426:
252:
The terms cleanliness and hygiene are often used interchangeably, which can cause confusion. In general, hygiene refers to practices that prevent spread of disease-causing organisms. Cleaning processes (e.g.,
1474:
and hand wash facilities is important to prevent odors and make them socially acceptable. Social acceptance is an important part of encouraging people to use toilets and wash their hands, in situations where
4188:
966:, washing scalp hair, keeping hair short or removing hair, wearing clean clothing, brushing teeth, and trimming fingernails and toenails. Some practices are gender-specific, such as by a woman during her
6846:
Cleanliness and Godliness: These examples indicate that real cleanliness was becoming the preserve of Europeans, and, it has to be added, of Christianity. Soap became an attribute of God — or rather the
1701:
bathhouse had slabbed floors and brick domed ceilings. A huge boiler would be installed in the back of the house, connected with the bathing pool through a tunnel. Water could be pumped into the pool by
1439:, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations". Due to their close linkages, water, sanitation, hygiene are together abbreviated and funded under the term
1020:
extends personal hygiene as it pertains to the maintenance of a good personal and public appearance, which need not necessarily be hygienic. It may involve, for example, using deodorants or perfume,
2193:
Cities regulated public bathing – the 26 public baths of Paris in the late 13th century were strictly overseen by the civil authorities and guild laws banned prostitutes from bathhouse admission.
433:(WHO) recommends washing hands for at least 20 seconds before and after certain activities. These include the five critical times during the day where washing hands with soap is important to reduce
2127:
328:, waste pipes, cleaning tools, and face cloths – readily support microbial growth and can become secondary reservoirs of infection, though species are mostly those that threaten "at risk" groups.
4474:
4445:
2185:
Bathing and grooming were regarded with suspicion by moralists, however, because they unveiled the attractiveness of the body. Bathing was said to be a prelude to sin, and in the penitential of
1574:
1467:. Other hygiene practices, such as safe disposal of waste, surface hygiene, and care of domestic animals, are important in low income communities to break the chain of infection transmission.
3352:
343:. Utilities such as toilets and wash basins were invented to deal safely with human waste but still have risks associated with them. Safe disposal of human waste is a fundamental need; poor
2253:
Until the late 19th century, only the elite in Western cities typically possessed indoor facilities for relieving bodily functions. The poorer majority used communal facilities built above
4831:
187:
refers to maintaining the body's cleanliness. Hygiene activities can be grouped into the following: home and everyday hygiene, personal hygiene, medical hygiene, sleep hygiene, and
6903:
A major contribution of the Christian missionaries was better health care of the people through hygiene. Soap, tooth-powder and brushes came to be used increasingly in urban areas.
1636:, recommends that people take a hot shower every five days, and wash their hair every three days. It was also considered good manners to take a bath provided by the host before a
1047:
being transported from the deeper areas of the ear canal out to the opening where it usually dries, flakes, and falls out. Attempts to clean the ear canals through the removal of
2210:
In 14th century Tuscany, newlywed couples commonly took a bath together and we find an illustration of this custom in a fresco in the town hall of San Gimignano. As evident in
198:
Many people equate hygiene with "cleanliness", but hygiene is a broad term. It includes such personal habit choices as how frequently to take a shower or bath, wash hands, trim
4008:
1451:
quantities of safe water and facilities for a sanitary disposal of excreta, and introducing sound hygiene behaviors are important in order to reduce the burden of disease.
3617:"The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including hand washing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers"
1775:
is a system of medicine developed in ancient times that is still practiced in India, mostly combined with conventional Western medicine. Contemporary Ayurveda stresses a
5713:...but baths were normally considered therapeutic until the days of Gregory the Great, who understood virtuous bathing to be bathing "on account of the needs of body"...
4052:"Reducing antibiotic prescribing and addressing the global problem of antibiotic resistance by targeted hygiene in the home and everyday life settings: A position paper"
1966:-fed flow. Bathing outside of urban centers involved smaller, less elaborate bathing facilities, or simply the use of clean bodies of water. Roman cities also had large
2269:
of water. Though it took decades for his findings to gain wide acceptance, governments and sanitary reformers were eventually convinced of the health benefits of using
5224:
3725:
1544:
combined flocculation/disinfection systems — available as sachets of powder that act by coagulating and flocculating sediments in water followed by release of chlorine
1733:), houses of prominent families, such as the families of court nobles or samurai, had baths. The bath had lost its religious significance and instead became leisure.
1974:, into which public and private latrines drained. Romans did not have demand-flush toilets but did have some toilets with a continuous flow of water under them. The
7100:
4102:
3948:
1901:) that heats a small portion of the room's wall made of volcanic rocks; after this wall has been heated, water is poured on it to produce steam, an action known as
8543:
4646:
1541:
UV irradiation — Community or household UV systems may be batch or flow-though. The lamps can be suspended above the water channel or submerged in the water flow.
1514:
remains a significant problem in developing and in developed countries; even in the European region it is estimated that 120 million people do not have access to
4654:
574:
inanimate surfaces, including carpets and soft furnishings. Airborne fungi are usually associated with damp conditions, poor ventilation, or closed air systems.
4196:
6732:
the Gospel of Christ was central to the 'missionary' aspect of missionary nursing, the gospel of soap and water was central to 'nursing' aspect of their works.
5023:
3923:
845:
has been used to define substances that both clean and disinfect. More recently this term has been applied to alcohol-based products that disinfect the hands (
5188:
9427:
5090:
Luby S, Agboatalla M, Feikin DR, Painter J, Billhimmer W, Atref A, Hoekstra RM (2005). "Effect of hand-washing on child health: a randomized control trial".
2490:(1025), the most authoritative medical textbook of the Middle Ages. He mentioned that people can transmit disease to others by breath, noted contagion with
1669:. While royal bathhouses and bathrooms were common among ancient Chinese nobles and commoners, public bathhouses were a relatively late development. In the
8312:
5266:
5127:
Luby S, Agboatwalla M, Schnell BM, Hoekstra RM, Rahbar MH, Keswick BH (2002). "The effect of antibacterial soap on impetigo incidence, Karachi, Pakistan".
5595:
351:
via hands or food to the mouth, nasal mucous, or the eye, "hygienic cleaning" procedures should be adopted to eliminate pathogens from critical surfaces.
4453:
5620:
Rutherdale M (2006). "Ordering the Bath: Children, Health, and Hygiene in Northern Canadian Communities, 1900–1970". In Warsh CK, Strong-Boag V (eds.).
4877:
4719:"99th Dahlem Conference on Infection, Inflammation and Chronic Inflammatory Disorders: Darwinian medicine and the 'hygiene' or 'old friends' hypothesis"
4482:
8055:
7104:
6515:"99 Zulu Indigenous Practices in Water and Sanitation: Preliminary Field Research on Indigenous Practices in Water and Sanitation Conducted at Ulundi"
4337:
8045:
6454:
1745:(to bathe in a shallow wooden tub). In the 17th century, the first European visitors to Japan recorded the habit of daily baths in mixed sex groups.
312:
identifying the routes of pathogen spread in the home and introducing hygiene practices at critical times to break the chain of infection. It uses a
3412:
2770:
through hygiene and introducing and distributing soap, and "cleanliness and hygiene became an important marker of being identified as a Christian".
5726:
3361:
1290:
Most of these practices were developed in the 19th century and were well-established by the mid-20th century. Some procedures (such as disposal of
1065:
It is recommended that all healthy adults brush twice a day, softly, with the correct technique, replacing their toothbrush every few months (~3).
597:. To be effective as a hygiene measure, this process must be followed by thorough rinsing under running water to remove pathogens from the surface.
5189:"Guidelines for the prevention of infection and cross-infection in the domestic environment: focus on home hygiene issues in developing countries"
4036:
335:
The main "highways" for the spread of pathogens in the home are the hands, hand and food contact surfaces, and cleaning cloths and utensils (e.g.
5319:
4839:
2533:
and hygiene, gave advice and warnings about how contagion can contaminate water, food, and garments, and could spread through the water supply.
9865:
6087:
2544:. He also promoted morning and evening baths, and emphasized the maintenance of personal hygiene. Ziryab is thought to have invented a type of
558:
formation can occur during flushing, particularly when someone has diarrhea. Pathogens can survive in the scum or scale left behind on baths,
5252:
4146:
601:
3309:
648:
fabric items used during food preparation, or for cleaning the toilet or cleaning up material such as feces or vomit are a particular risk.
9419:
8536:
5291:
4107:(MRSA), Clostridium difficile and ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in the home and community: assessing the problem, controlling the spread"
1137:
Personal care services hygiene pertains to the care and use of instruments used in the administration of personal care services to people:
627:
In some cases, combined pathogen removal with kill is used, e.g., laundering of clothing and household linens such as towels and bed linen.
1506:
Household water treatment and safe storage ensure drinking water is safe for consumption. These interventions are part of the approach of
6761:
health and hygiene,... of personal hygiene' (filled with soap, toothpaste, and floss), attempt to shape Christian Outreach and Ethnicity.
6677:
2494:, and discussed the transmission of disease through water and dirt. The concept of invisible contagion was eventually widely accepted by
661:
7109:
6875:
In this way, Western forms of hygiene, health care and child rearing became an important part of creating the modern Christian in Korea.
955:
prevention of spread of illness to others. What is considered proper personal hygiene can be culture-specific and may change over time.
10360:
8095:
7095:
7016:
5174:
4213:
3413:"The chain of infection transmission in the home and everyday life settings, and the role of hygiene in reducing the risk of infection"
423:
in water can be used as long as hands are not visibly excessively dirty or greasy. Hand hygiene is central to preventing the spread of
7054:
2280:
Modern sanitation was not widely adopted until the 19th and 20th centuries. According to medieval historian Lynn Thorndike, people in
6976:
5203:
7035:
4976:"Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
4262:
2552:. The exact ingredients of this toothpaste are not known, but it was reported to have been both "functional and pleasant to taste."
2316:, the English "founder of modern nursing". At that time most people still believed that infections were caused by foul odors called
1855:
Bathing was not restricted to the elite, but was practiced by all people; the chronicler Tomás López Medel wrote after a journey to
231:. In medicine and everyday life, hygiene practices are preventive measures that reduce the incidence and spread of germs leading to
8305:
4120:
5811:
Douching is commonly practiced in Catholic countries. The bidet... is still commonly found in France and other Catholic countries.
4015:
10407:
8529:
8128:
8100:
7140:
6488:"Comparative studies on the effect of locally made black soap and conventional medicated soaps on isolated human skin microflora"
1547:
multibarrier methods — Some systems use two or more of the above treatments in combination or in succession to optimize efficacy.
5564:
El baño temascal novohispano, de Moctezuma a Revillagigedo. Reflexiones sobre prácticas de higiene y expresiones de sociabilidad
2879:
for example after leaving the latrine, lavatory, or bathhouse, or before prayer, or after eating a meal, or ritual handwashing.
1332:
to other foods, humans, or animals. Culinary hygiene practices specify safe ways to handle, store, prepare, serve, and eat food.
10200:
10187:
8801:
8557:
8105:
7421:
4163:
3949:"The infection risks associated with clothing and household linens in home and everyday life settings, and the role of laundry"
1587:
1068:
6064:
Bodily and Spiritual Hygiene in Medieval and Early Modern Literature: Explorations of Textual Presentations of Filth and Water
5483:
9472:
8163:
8070:
6955:
6924:
6896:
6868:
6839:
6808:
6785:
6753:
6725:
6700:
6671:
6632:
6573:
6437:
6381:
6350:
6254:
6071:
6008:
5980:
5913:
5886:
5864:
5836:
5804:
5706:
5675:
5629:
5467:
4234:
3877:
3570:
3279:
3246:
3213:
3180:
3089:
8814:
5231:
347:
is a primary cause of diarrhea disease in low-income communities. Respiratory viruses and fungal spores spread via the air.
9989:
9447:
8153:
4902:
Curtis V, Cairncross S (2003). "Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhea risk in the community: a systematic review".
1823:
1431:, coupled with hygiene promotion, is essential in reducing infectious diseases. This approach has been integrated into the
1051:
can push debris and foreign material into the ear that the natural movement of ear wax out of the ear would have removed.
10392:
9126:
8298:
8110:
7674:
7262:
1507:
1538:
solar disinfection — Solar disinfection is an effective method, especially when no chemical disinfectants are available.
10192:
7178:
2872:
669:
665:
9196:
3918:
3764:
1435:
whose second target states: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end
1283:, especially in an operating room, but in more general health-care settings as well, where diseases can be transmitted
791:
245:
In the manufacturing of food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and other products, good hygiene is a critical component of
124:
10260:
9622:
9617:
8168:
7694:
7277:
6598:
6315:
6284:
5932:
5398:
1179:
1093:
products, such as Tooth Mousse, is in debate. Visits to a dentist for a checkup every year at least are recommended.
1077:
930:
810:
143:
17:
9227:
8385:
5027:
4426:
2844:
912:
763:
96:
10161:
9701:
9108:
8724:
2798:
2347:
3965:
Larson EL, Lin SX, Gomez-Pichardo C (2004). "Predictors of infectious disease symptoms in inner city households".
10702:
9295:
7811:
7439:
7416:
5562:
5274:
3045:
State of the World's Hand Hygiene: A global call to action to make hand hygiene a priority in policy and practice
2698:
By the 15th century, the manufacture of soap in Christendom had become virtually industrialized, with sources in
2293:
679:
4498:"Is there a place for Tooth Mousse® in the prevention and treatment of early dental caries? A systematic review"
4390:
1213:. If this is the case, there is no conflict between the goals of preventing infection and minimizing allergies.
10345:
10036:
9634:
9353:
9331:
8762:
8266:
8085:
8035:
7847:
7744:
7505:
7406:
7319:
5603:
3323:
1658:
1647:
Ancient bath facilities have been found in ancient Chinese cities, such as Dongzhouyang archaeological site in
1432:
908:
770:
748:
713:
difference is that, if hygiene practices are not correctly carried out, the risk of infection is much greater.
103:
81:
4885:
4548:
4171:
4050:
Maillard JY, Bloomfield SF, Courvalin P, Essack SY, Gandra S, Gerba CP, Rubino JR, Scott EA (September 2020).
202:, and wash clothes. It also includes attention to keeping surfaces in the home and workplace clean, including
10004:
8702:
8336:
8278:
7918:
7689:
3173:
WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care: first global patient safety challenge clean care is safer care
2641:
2131:
1418:
838:
bacteria". An antibacterial is not necessarily anti-fungal or anti-viral unless this is stated on the label.
3837:
Cole E (2000). "Allergen control through routine cleaning of pollutant reservoirs in the home environment".
1753:
The earliest written account of elaborate codes of hygiene can be found in several Hindu texts, such as the
1014:
practices. Some cultures do not kiss or shake hands in order to reduce transmission of bacteria by contact.
856:
is a broad term for a substance that kills, inactivates or otherwise controls living organisms. It includes
10031:
9184:
8947:
8662:
7783:
7510:
4345:
3676:
1243:
450:
8856:
6464:
6138:
1898:
179:(WHO), "Hygiene refers to conditions and practices that help to maintain health and prevent the spread of
10073:
9944:
9880:
9848:
9796:
9093:
9075:
7930:
7823:
7734:
7547:
7535:
7444:
7133:
5417:
2703:
2174:
2026:
1550:
1090:
777:
664:, or faecal carriers of enterobacteria strains which can carry multi-antibiotic resistance factors (e.g.
313:
110:
2811:
Many religions require or encourage ritual purification via bathing or immersing the hands in water. In
1827:
1644:, bathing became a regular activity, and for government officials bathing was required every five days.
457:), before feeding a child, before eating and before/after preparing food or handling raw meat, fish, or
257:) remove infectious microbes as well as dirt and soil, and are thus often the means to achieve hygiene.
11209:
10727:
10515:
9629:
9042:
8782:
8321:
8000:
7925:
7830:
7366:
6373:
5327:
3494:
2949:
2072:
is partly due to Biblical toilet etiquette which encourages washing after all instances of defecation.
1562:
1499:
1368:
470:
354:
6861:
Gender and Mission Encounters in Korea: New Women, Old Ways: Seoul-California Series in Korean Studies
5345:
4189:"Home Hygiene: Prevention of infection at home and in everyday life: a learning and training resource"
2480:
theory dates back to the Persian medicine in the medieval, where it was proposed by Persian physician
2273:
to keep human waste from contaminating the water. This encouraged the widespread adoption of both the
10443:
10133:
10123:
9818:
9754:
9477:
9442:
9245:
9222:
9008:
8821:
8122:
8117:
7985:
7684:
7391:
7349:
7313:
7220:
7113:
7083:
7076:
4227:
Russell, Hugo & Ayliffe's principles and practice of disinfection, preservation and sterilization
2901:
2802:
1320:
Culinary hygiene (or food hygiene) pertains to practices of food management and cooking that prevent
430:
176:
5037:"Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses: systematic review"
4663:
4655:"The Hygiene Hypothesis and its implications for home hygiene, lifestyle and public health: Summary"
1891:("house"), consists of a room, often in the form of a small dome, with an exterior firebox known as
759:
92:
11359:
11226:
10794:
10402:
10327:
9951:
9813:
9688:
9542:
8657:
8647:
7960:
7659:
7371:
7267:
4408:
2806:
2790:
2391:
2003:
clergy encouraged believers to bath, which contributed to hygiene and good health according to the
1992:
1491:
904:
893:
744:
565:
77:
3726:"Hygiene procedures in the home and their effectiveness: a review of the scientific evidence base"
10138:
10056:
9922:
9452:
9250:
8957:
8895:
8729:
8697:
8500:
8231:
8158:
7990:
6561:
2794:
1519:
1237:
897:
737:
70:
8809:
5302:
11136:
10874:
10660:
10565:
10283:
9725:
9510:
9260:
9133:
8739:
8596:
8586:
8254:
8226:
8005:
7729:
7215:
7126:
6425:
4804:
2868:
2860:
2739:
2410:
2289:
2141:
In the 11th and 12th centuries, bathing was essential to the Western European upper class: the
1934:
1455:
958:
Practices that are generally considered proper hygiene include showering or bathing regularly,
6663:
6624:
6565:
6307:
6276:
6246:
1769:(daily duties) in Hinduism, and not performing it leads to sin, according to some scriptures.
10809:
10253:
10046:
9678:
9547:
9055:
8962:
8881:
8479:
8211:
7995:
7530:
7431:
7324:
7173:
6815:
where slavery was in vogue Christianity advocated its end and personal hygiene was encouraged
6540:
6429:
6342:
4933:"Effect of Hand Hygiene on Infectious Disease Risk in the Community Setting: A Meta-Analysis"
4780:
3115:"Effect of Hand Hygiene on Infectious Disease Risk in the Community Setting: A Meta-Analysis"
2983:
2977:
2486:
2332:
2258:
2019:
2007:
1633:
1209:
measures such as hand washing, food hygiene, etc., are linked to increased susceptibility to
673:
216:
11029:
8826:
5371:
3739:
3589:
518:
10128:
10021:
9967:
9895:
9885:
9577:
9432:
9305:
8912:
8521:
8186:
7970:
7835:
7801:
7749:
7574:
7569:
7515:
7471:
7361:
7299:
7188:
7183:
6047:
de la Roncière C (1988). "Tuscan notables on the eve of the Renaissance". In Duby G (ed.).
5430:
4647:"The Hygiene Hypothesis and its Implications for Home Hygiene, Lifestyle and Public Health"
2731:
2530:
2519:
2313:
2266:
1808:
1479:
is still seen as a possible alternative, e.g. in rural areas of some developing countries.
1329:
542:
handles, door and tap handles, work surfaces, and bath and basin surfaces) in the kitchen,
465:
434:
336:
291:
160:
Washing one's hands, a form of hygiene, is the most effective way to prevent the spread of
33:
6991:
2840:
2640:
when soap-making became an established industry. Recipes for soap-making are described by
526:
339:
of transmission). Pathogens can also be spread via clothing and household linens, such as
8:
11364:
10864:
10804:
10665:
10397:
10300:
10215:
10205:
10171:
9776:
9214:
9050:
8861:
8464:
8196:
8191:
7965:
7764:
7754:
7589:
7198:
5871:
Public baths were common in the larger towns and cities of Europe by the twelfth century.
5734:
4856:
3450:
3016:
2784:
2414:
2173:
On the other hand, bathing also sparked erotic phantasies, played upon by the writers of
2155:
2069:
420:
161:
6834:. Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies. pp. 22–23.
6589:
Bistline RG Jr (1996). "Anionic and Related Lime Soap Dispersants". In Stache HW (ed.).
5774:
5756:
632:
11354:
10829:
10458:
10365:
10294:
9939:
9934:
9843:
9823:
9457:
9300:
9265:
9119:
9085:
8635:
7818:
7401:
7250:
6528:
6459:
6198:
6165:
5535:
5502:
5152:
5115:
5061:
5036:
4957:
4932:
4743:
4718:
4691:
4595:
4570:
4524:
4497:
4300:
4078:
4051:
3990:
3641:
3616:
3547:
3520:
3149:
3114:
2637:
2569:
2328:
2196:
2159:
1938:
1843:
1603:
1424:
1257:
1201:
1195:
1182:. Neglecting bodily hygiene, or the cleanliness of one's environment, may be a sign of
849:). Alcohol hand sanitizers however are not considered to be effective on soiled hands.
834:
367:
8871:
5956:
Braunstein P (1988). "Solitude: eleventh to the thirteenth century". In Duby G (ed.).
5103:
4994:
4915:
4571:"The role of sleep hygiene in promoting public health: A review of empirical evidence"
2839:
also lists a variety of rules concerning proper hygiene after using the bathroom. The
2277:
and the moral imperative that bathrooms should be indoors and as private as possible.
2218:(a late 15th century guide on European baths) and various artistic depictions such as
11170:
11164:
10922:
10915:
10784:
10625:
10483:
10225:
10166:
10026:
9979:
9781:
9283:
8952:
8942:
8932:
8917:
8734:
8717:
8581:
8510:
7980:
7975:
7903:
7852:
7626:
7606:
7594:
7554:
7525:
7493:
7411:
7304:
7272:
7168:
6951:
6931:
cleanliness and hygiene became an important marker of being identified as a Christian
6920:
6892:
6864:
6835:
6804:
6781:
6749:
6721:
6696:
6667:
6638:
6628:
6594:
6569:
6487:
6433:
6377:
6346:
6311:
6280:
6250:
6203:
6185:
6067:
6004:
5976:
5928:
5909:
5901:
5882:
5860:
5832:
5800:
5702:
5671:
5625:
5540:
5522:
5463:
5394:
5144:
5107:
5066:
4998:
4962:
4919:
4748:
4734:
4696:
4682:
4600:
4529:
4366:
4292:
4284:
4240:
4230:
4083:
3982:
3978:
3873:
3608:
3552:
3354:
Developing and promoting hygiene in home and everyday life to meet 21st Century needs
3310:"The global burden of hygiene-related diseases in relation to the home and community"
3285:
3275:
3252:
3242:
3219:
3209:
3186:
3176:
3154:
3095:
3085:
2499:
2402:
2186:
2057:
1583:
1376:
1355:
1321:
1295:
1080:
recommends not rinsing the mouth with water after brushing – only to spit out excess
1017:
784:
686:
246:
117:
48:
11093:
6419:
5119:
4446:"Wait, Before You Brush — Why Brushing your Teeth After Eating Could be Bad for You"
4304:
4263:"Efficacy of alcohol-based hand sanitizer on hands soiled with dirt and cooking oil"
3994:
2438:
2219:
2204:
2189:
we find a full catalogue of the sins that ensued when men and women bathed together.
11349:
10930:
10824:
10677:
10377:
10350:
10340:
10246:
10220:
10156:
10143:
9972:
9961:
9853:
9833:
9668:
9582:
9557:
9288:
9235:
9174:
9065:
8712:
8640:
8410:
8145:
7898:
7857:
7669:
7644:
7456:
7386:
7230:
6415:
6193:
6177:
5530:
5514:
5156:
5136:
5099:
5056:
5048:
4990:
4952:
4944:
4911:
4738:
4730:
4686:
4678:
4590:
4582:
4519:
4509:
4274:
4073:
4063:
3974:
3898:
3869:
3865:
3813:
3636:
3628:
3612:
3542:
3532:
3144:
3134:
3126:
2971:
2848:
2495:
2309:
2113:
1870:
1804:
1183:
494:
when coughing and sneezing reduces the spread of pathogens particularly during the
37:
4319:
3521:"The hygienic efficacy of different hand-drying methods: a review of the evidence"
2433:(baths). Bathing establishments in various cities were rated by Arabic writers in
506:
Carry tissues and use them to catch coughs and sneezes, or sneeze into your elbow.
11291:
11004:
10938:
10859:
10288:
10088:
10083:
9927:
9875:
9683:
9660:
9505:
9482:
8866:
8831:
8707:
8652:
8505:
8206:
7908:
7711:
7704:
7639:
7579:
7461:
7451:
7381:
7354:
7339:
7294:
7284:
7235:
6693:
International Encyclopaedia of Tribal Religion: Christianity and tribal religions
6657:
6618:
6555:
6367:
6332:
6301:
6270:
6240:
6113:
5457:
4975:
4769:. Texas DSHS website: Texas Department of State Health Services. 2015. p. 6.
3857:
3537:
3058:
2995:
2989:
2892:
2672:
2576:
2461:
with interconnected networks of sewers. The city of Fustat also had multi-storey
2000:
1856:
1788:
1476:
1444:
1436:
1347:
1346:(or food hygiene) is used as a scientific method/discipline describing handling,
1271:
8836:
6221:
5292:"Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Following Emergencies and Disasters"
5052:
554:
is not high, provided they are properly maintained, although some splashing and
11050:
10428:
10118:
10051:
9994:
9766:
9655:
9647:
9572:
9525:
9520:
9467:
9191:
8972:
8967:
8927:
8876:
8841:
8679:
8615:
7893:
7679:
7616:
7601:
7584:
7542:
7344:
7225:
6801:
Between Ethnography and Fiction: Verrier Elwin and the Tribal Question in India
5267:"Water quality interventions to prevent diarrhoea: Cost and cost-effectiveness"
4857:"Sustainable Development Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all"
4586:
4068:
3632:
3360:. the International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. July 2021. Archived from
3007:
2905:
2659:. In the Middle East, soap was produced from the interaction of fatty oils and
2621:
2454:
2422:
2395:
2117:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2015:
1967:
1963:
1946:
1648:
1515:
1511:
1372:
1325:
1267:
1226:
Medical hygiene pertains to hygiene practices related to the administration of
1113:
846:
621:
412:
278:
199:
44:
6917:
Evangelising the Nation: Religion and the Formation of Naga Political Identity
6181:
5518:
5140:
4514:
3656:
3308:
Bloomfield SF, Exner M, Fara GM, Nath KJ, Scott EA, Van der Voorden C (2009).
3289:
3256:
11343:
11235:
10849:
10834:
10814:
10615:
10600:
10585:
10498:
10493:
10387:
10371:
10310:
9999:
9956:
9915:
9808:
9791:
9749:
9462:
9013:
8982:
8603:
8290:
8201:
8080:
7888:
7862:
7739:
7699:
7664:
7654:
7634:
7376:
7334:
7309:
7257:
7245:
7240:
7149:
6614:
6189:
5825:
Made in Naples: Come Napoli ha civilizzato l'Europa (e come continua a farlo)
5526:
4948:
4288:
4244:
3223:
3190:
3130:
3099:
2565:
2458:
2442:
2387:
2317:
2285:
2238:
2004:
1996:
1971:
1758:
1620:
1607:
1401:
1392:
1380:
1291:
1160:
1102:
617:
547:
438:
408:
296:
272:
266:
11177:
11101:
8849:
6746:
Securing the City: Neoliberalism, Space, and Insecurity in Postwar Guatemala
5503:"Adverse drug reaction and concepts of drug safety in Ayurveda: An overview"
4618:
2409:(Iraq) had 65,000 baths, along with a sewer system. Cities and towns of the
1911:; it is also therapeutic when medicinal herbs are used in the water for the
11071:
10907:
10869:
10819:
10789:
10757:
10747:
10742:
10655:
10635:
10555:
10355:
10334:
10305:
10210:
10148:
9910:
9890:
9838:
9786:
9737:
9537:
9487:
9098:
8669:
8452:
8398:
8221:
7649:
7498:
7488:
7466:
7396:
7289:
7203:
6642:
6499:
6207:
5668:
Sacred Scents in Early Christianity and Islam: Studies in Body and Religion
5544:
5148:
5111:
5070:
5002:
4966:
4923:
4752:
4700:
4604:
4533:
4296:
4087:
4014:. Transatlantic Taskforce on Antimicrobial Resistance. 2011. Archived from
3986:
3556:
3158:
2876:
2727:
2676:
2588:
2491:
2466:
2446:
2434:
2430:
2383:
2274:
2151:
2147:
2135:
2077:
2065:
2045:
1988:
1975:
1954:
1831:
1776:
1726:
1698:
1686:
1670:
1666:
1625:
1464:
1405:
1363:
1351:
1280:
1060:
995:
979:
973:
967:
963:
959:
948:
842:
823:
613:
551:
539:
491:
387:(or handwashing), also known as hand hygiene, is the act of cleaning one's
384:
377:
284:
254:
192:
3019: – Diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms transmitted by waters
2425:
along with much greater quantities of water for ritual washing, mainly in
2284:
probably bathed more than people did in the 19th century. Some time after
1852:
as being "...Very neat and cleanly, bathing every day each afternoon...".
693:
Drying laundry on a line in direct sunlight is known to reduce pathogens.
10889:
10779:
10697:
10620:
10570:
10473:
10103:
9905:
9828:
9803:
9552:
9532:
9437:
9397:
9321:
8692:
8687:
8608:
8591:
8216:
7913:
7611:
7520:
7483:
7091:
4974:
Fewtrell L, Kauffman RB, Kay D, Enanoria W, Haller L, Colford JM (2005).
3139:
2767:
2719:
2633:
2580:
2561:
2281:
2234:
2163:
2089:
1819:
1784:
1764:
1703:
1678:
1641:
1615:
1343:
1337:
1315:
1149:
1145:
1007:
857:
535:
220:
188:
4279:
4147:"Effectiveness of laundering processes used in domestic (home) settings"
3581:
3474:
2350:, which dates back to the 7th century, has a number of elaborate rules.
1618:
inscriptions describe people washing their hair and body in a bath. The
1525:
Methods for treatment of drinking water at the household level include:
1487:
11202:
11011:
10979:
10844:
10769:
10737:
10717:
10590:
10580:
10540:
10520:
10478:
10041:
10016:
9984:
9761:
9742:
9732:
9720:
9567:
9179:
9151:
8977:
8937:
8495:
8420:
8393:
8364:
7842:
7564:
6557:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam
4367:"Oral Hygiene | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research"
3001:
2680:
2549:
2545:
2297:
2101:
2041:
2011:
1754:
1682:
1460:
1428:
1081:
1043:
983:
861:
751: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
709:
446:
344:
6486:
Ikpoh I, Lennox J, Agbo B, Udoekong N, Ekpo I, Iyam S (January 2012).
5699:
Water and Society in Early Medieval Italy, AD 400-1000, Parti 400–1000
5571:
5202:
Priadi CR, Putri GL, Foster T, Willetts J, Odagiri M (February 2022),
4664:"Too clean, or not too clean: the Hygiene Hypothesis and home hygiene"
1412:
612:. Pathogen kill is achieved using a "micro-biocidal" product, i.e., a
11250:
10996:
10994:
10987:
10985:
10962:
10839:
10672:
10650:
10640:
10595:
10575:
10545:
10535:
10510:
10433:
10382:
10113:
9592:
8625:
8620:
8553:
8459:
8448:
8426:
8360:
7940:
7759:
7329:
7210:
4101:
Bloomfield SF, Cookson BD, Falkiner FR, Griffith C, Cleary V (2006).
3724:
Beumer R, Bloomfield SF, Exner M, Fara GM, Nath KJ, Scott EA (2008).
2943:
2931:
2920:
2759:
2751:
2707:
2656:
2652:
2541:
2477:
2418:
2211:
1780:
1495:
1427:(or low- and middle-income countries), universal access to water and
1397:
1156:
1125:
1003:
827:
594:
442:
424:
329:
11122:
6718:
Healing Henan: Canadian Nurses at the North China Mission, 1888–1947
6514:
5286:
5284:
4661:
2583:
conducted methods of sanitation by using water stored in pottery at
882:
726:
577:
477:
59:
11243:
11064:
10972:
10854:
10774:
10732:
10707:
10682:
10630:
10560:
10505:
10468:
10463:
10453:
10448:
10438:
10096:
10011:
9587:
9562:
9515:
9060:
8630:
8573:
8415:
8349:
7806:
7559:
7193:
7163:
6593:. Surfactant science series. Vol. 56. CRC Press. p. 632.
6338:
4338:"Brushing & Flossing: Technique & Choosing Dental Products"
2986: – Process of removing hazardous materials from the human body
2723:
2684:
2617:
2612:
2481:
2462:
2270:
2254:
2178:
2053:
1772:
1404:
are closely related. Unhealthy food creates a cycle of disease and
1261:
1230:
and medical care that prevents or minimizes the spread of disease.
1227:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1085:
999:
991:
716:
543:
404:
228:
203:
11322:
11184:
4662:
Bloomfield SF, Stanwell-Smith R, Crevel R, Pickup J (April 2006).
4037:"Spread of Antibiotic Resistant Strains in the Home and Community"
4009:"Recommendations for future collaboration between the U.S. and EU"
3606:
11298:
11284:
11217:
11150:
11115:
11043:
10799:
10722:
10692:
10645:
10605:
10530:
10488:
9771:
9024:
8474:
8405:
8370:
5281:
4100:
4049:
3697:
3661:
2699:
2692:
2592:
2505:
2426:
2406:
2336:
2262:
2142:
2121:
2061:
2037:
1958:
1942:
1839:
1253:
1247:
1240:
of infectious persons or materials to prevent spread of infection
1144:
sterilization of instruments used by service providers including
1025:
1021:
853:
644:
555:
458:
239:
232:
180:
32:"Hygienist" redirects here. For specific kinds of hygienist, see
11157:
11078:
7118:
7081:
Knowledge's health care articles can be viewed offline with the
6533:
Science and Technology in Islam: Technology and applied sciences
4569:
Irish LA, Kline CE, Gunn HE, Buysse DJ, Hall MH (October 2014).
3947:
Bloomfield SF, Exner M, Signorelli C, Nath KJ, Scott EA (2011).
3411:
Bloomfield SF, Exner M, Signorelli C, Nath KJ, Scott EA (2012).
982:
is the practice that a person performs on their anal area after
943:
11266:
11258:
11129:
11108:
11057:
11036:
10879:
10610:
10269:
10108:
9673:
9326:
8922:
8469:
8354:
7773:
6778:
Christian Identity and Dalit Religion in Hindu India, 1868–1947
6536:
6051:. Vol. II. Revelations of the Medieval World. p. 232.
5960:. Vol. II. Revelations of the Medieval World. p. 525.
5829:
Made in Naples. How Naples civilised Europe (And still does it)
5175:"Use of ash and mud for hand-washing in low income communities"
2962:) was the personification of health, cleanliness, and hygiene.
2953:
2854:
2836:
2743:
2715:
2711:
2664:
2600:
2596:
2584:
2537:
2450:
2301:
2109:
1918:
1717:
1637:
1471:
1388:
1384:
1359:
1164:
1048:
1037:
559:
454:
340:
325:
224:
172:
156:
5253:"Household water storage, handling and point-of-use treatment"
5126:
4144:
2398:
after using the toilet, for purity and to minimize pathogens.
2080:
were used in regions where water was considered essential for
1076:
There are a number of common oral hygiene misconceptions. The
534:
Routine cleaning of hands, food, sites, and surfaces (such as
513:
11143:
11085:
10964:
10956:
10752:
10712:
10550:
10412:
9337:
8375:
7935:
5922:
5757:"The Great Famine and the Black Death – 1315–1317, 1346–1351"
5205:
Self-supply for safely managed water: To promote or to deter?
4214:"Cleaning and disinfection: Chemical Disinfectants Explained"
3946:
3410:
2992: – Hygiene services for people experiencing homelessness
2957:
2937:
2926:
2914:
2908:
2864:
2832:
2826:
2812:
2763:
2755:
2747:
2688:
2671:, soap was produced using olive oil together with alkali and
2668:
2377:
2369:
2353:
2346:
stresses the importance of cleanliness and personal hygiene.
2343:
2166:
monks also played a role in the development and promotion of
2097:
2073:
2049:
1979:
1835:
1815:
1482:
1303:
1210:
400:
396:
317:
8551:
6024:
de Boileu E (1993). "Le Livre des Métiers". In Amt E (ed.).
4644:
4475:"The Medical Benefit of Daily Flossing Called Into Question"
3765:"10 Important Bathroom Rules – With Printable Toilet Rules!"
2974: – Location where aquatic life congregate to be cleaned
2300:, hygienic practices came to be regarded as synonymous with
2233:, public bathing continued to be a popular past time in the
11314:
11306:
10764:
10687:
10525:
8790:
8061:
Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
7867:
6863:. Vol. 1. University of California Press. p. 83.
5089:
4973:
4781:"Food Safety Definition & Why is Food Safety Important"
4164:"Clothing, household linens, laundry and hygiene Factsheet"
3587:
2818:
2629:
2513:
2470:
2361:
2105:
1982:
1908:
1690:
1440:
1383:
and food and guidelines for the management of governmental
1299:
987:
590:
495:
392:
388:
10238:
4931:
Aiello AE, Coulborn RM, Perez V, Larson EL (August 2008).
3864:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–16,
2867:
plays a role in Christian rituals as well, and in certain
608:
Using a process or product that inactivates the pathogens
10884:
6941:
6939:
6535:. The Different Aspects of Islamic Culture. Vol. 4.
5556:
5554:
5201:
4930:
4125:
SiOWfa15: Science in Our World: Certainty and Controversy
3723:
3600:
3487:
3112:
2998: – Hygiene measures that give the illusion of safety
2660:
2242:
2167:
1912:
1902:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1818:
chronicles describe the bathing habits of the peoples of
550:
reduces the spread of pathogens. The infection risk from
499:
416:
2843:
mandates the washing of the hands and face prior to the
1006:
or other solid materials in order to remove remnants of
6485:
5191:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. 2002.
4657:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. 2012.
4166:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. 2013.
4145:
Bloomfield SF, Exner M, Signorelli C, Scott EA (2013).
4121:"Hanging your clothes under sun OR using laundry dryer"
3964:
3307:
3021:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1276:
disinfection of reusables (i.e., linen, pads, uniforms)
11091:
6936:
6396:
5551:
5500:
5035:
Jefferson T, Foxlee R, Del Mar C, et al. (2007).
5034:
3512:
3475:"Around home – household hygiene – Hygiene for Health"
2603:
treat skin diseases in regions where water is scarce.
2473:
on each floor carrying waste to underground channels.
1762:
1740:
1734:
1715:
10928:
10905:
5602:. Channel Four Television Corporation. Archived from
5225:"Combating waterborne disease at the household level"
3719:
3717:
3427:"environmental hygiene — European Environment Agency"
2863:
is performed upon waking up and before eating bread.
2675:. Soap was exported from Syria to other parts of the
2469:, which were connected to a water supply system, and
1849:
Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España
1652:
860:
and disinfectants, which combat micro-organisms, and
6803:. North Eastern Hill University Press. p. 151.
6720:. University of British Columbia Press. p. 27.
5994:
5992:
5501:
Ajanal M, Nayak S, Prasad BS, Kadam A (2013-10-23).
4568:
4224:
3203:
3012:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
3004: – Pathological fear of contamination and germs
2852:
2824:
2816:
2511:
2503:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2257:
in backyards and courtyards. This changed after Dr.
1632:) ritual, politics, and culture compiled during the
6950:. University Press of New England. pp. 46–48.
5831:] (in Italian). Addictions-Magenes Editoriale.
5250:
4260:
3855:
3206:
Hygiene in food processing: principles and practice
3113:Aiello AE, Coulborn RM, Perez V, Larson EL (2008).
2241:also played a prominent role in the development of
1413:
Hygiene aspects in low- and middle-income countries
1189:
84:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
7105:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
6492:Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research
6397:Menocal MR, Scheindlin RP, Sells MA, eds. (2000).
5692:
5690:
5622:Children's Health Issues in Historical Perspective
3856:Saad-Hussein A, Ibrahim KS (2019), Laher I (ed.),
3714:
2859:bath following menstruation and childbirth, while
2162:, encouraged the practice of therapeutic bathing.
605:Hygiene cleaning to improve sanitation in Kampala
5989:
5661:
5659:
5560:
5255:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene.
5230:. World Health Organization. 2007. Archived from
5177:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene.
5129:American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
4649:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene.
4645:Stanwell Smith R, Bloomfield SF, Rook GA (2012).
4172:"Laundry treatments at high and low temperatures"
4149:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene.
4109:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene.
4039:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene.
4030:
4028:
3951:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene.
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3728:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene.
3415:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene.
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3312:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene.
3038:
3036:
2980: – Activities aiming to reduce contamination
2044:were not lost in Europe with the collapse of the
1132:
1031:
656:where someone has reduced immunity to infection.
316:based on Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (
11341:
4901:
4495:
1294:) were refined in response to late-20th century
1072:Teaching a child how to properly brush the teeth
994:may be either washed with liquids or wiped with
717:Disinfectants and antibacterials in home hygiene
6948:The Hand Book: Surviving in a Germ-Filled World
5797:Contemporary Biology: Concepts and Implications
5687:
5393:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 186–91.
3690:
3669:
3649:
2948:), "healthful, sound, salutary, wholesome". In
2936:, "good for the health, healthy", in turn from
1985:(mostly from Egypt), among other alternatives.
1791:. Detoxification also plays an important role.
1362:. In this way, food safety often overlaps with
962:regularly and especially before handling food,
8320:
6046:
6026:Women's Lives in Medieval Europe: A Sourcebook
5656:
5172:
4261:Pickering AJ, Davis J, Boehm AB (2011-09-01).
4225:Fraise AP, Maillard J, Sattar S, eds. (2013).
4094:
4025:
3931:
3495:"Show Me the Science – How to Wash Your Hands"
3395:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3079:
3042:
3033:
2679:and to Europe. Two key Islamic innovations in
1529:chemical disinfection using chlorine or iodine
47:. For the community in the United States, see
11320:
11304:
10254:
8903:
8537:
8306:
7134:
6832:Cleanliness and Culture: Indonesian Histories
6659:An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology
6268:
5799:. University of Michigan Press. p. 613.
5790:
5788:
5570:(Thesis) (in Mexican Spanish). Archived from
5246:
5244:
4229:(5th ed.). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
3960:
3958:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3204:Lelieveld H, Holah J, Napper D, eds. (2014).
2778:
2177:intended for the upper class; in the tale of
1962:massaged. Water was constantly changed by an
1864:
1847:
1178:Excessive body hygiene is a possible sign of
453:), after cleaning a child's bottom (changing
6977:"Is the Church of Ethiopia a Judaic Church?"
6299:
5973:The English Spa, 1560–1815: A Social History
5923:Kourkoutidou-Nikolaidou E, Tourta A (1997).
5876:
5624:. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 315.
5615:
5613:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5388:
4496:Raphael S, Blinkhorn A (25 September 2015).
3588:Centers for Disease Control (2 April 2020).
3518:
2895:
2887:First attested in English in 1676, the word
2687:, described by al-Razi, and the addition of
2181:the bath was a crucial element of the plot.
589:Mechanical removal (i.e., cleaning) using a
562:, and washbasins after washing and bathing.
171:is a set of practices performed to preserve
11256:
11233:
11224:
11215:
8330:Used to refer to daily self-care activities
6780:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 160.
6748:. Duke University Press. pp. 180–181.
6414:
6410:
6408:
5670:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 6–11.
4878:"The global burden of disease: 2004 update"
3657:"WHO: How to handwash? With soap and water"
3324:"Surface Hygiene | HARTMANN SCIENCE CENTER"
3296:
3272:Cosmetic microbiology: a practical approach
3175:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2009.
2695:technology perfected in the Islamic world.
2437:. Medieval Islamic cities such as Baghdad,
2374:(prayers), as well as regularly performing
2018:facilities that were separated by sex near
1215:A consensus is now developing among experts
911:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
514:Hygiene in the kitchen, bathroom and toilet
10361:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
10261:
10247:
8544:
8530:
8313:
8299:
8096:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
7141:
7127:
7096:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
6945:
6889:The Forger's Tale: The Search for Odeziaku
5955:
5785:
5701:. Cambridge University Press. p. 54.
5641:
5619:
5241:
5219:
5217:
5181:
4034:
3955:
3575:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3340:
3239:Containment in the pharmaceutical industry
2632:with a pleasant smell was invented in the
2405:(8th–13th centuries), its capital city of
1483:Household water treatment and safe storage
1454:Research shows that, if widely practiced,
700:
469:A tippy tap for handwashing after using a
210:
8056:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
8046:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
6891:. Indiana University Press. p. 284.
6527:
6197:
6023:
5696:
5665:
5610:
5534:
5444:
5060:
4956:
4742:
4690:
4594:
4564:
4562:
4549:"How often do you need to see a dentist?"
4523:
4513:
4278:
4077:
4067:
3811:
3640:
3546:
3536:
3274:(Third ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
3148:
3138:
1629:
1611:
1567:
1140:Personal care hygiene practices include:
976:hold body hygiene and toiletry supplies.
931:Learn how and when to remove this message
811:Learn how and when to remove this message
144:Learn how and when to remove this message
7052:
7033:
7014:
6974:
6588:
6446:
6405:
6390:
5879:Perception and Action in Medieval Europe
5822:
5794:
5484:"Aryan Code of Toilets (2nd Century AD)"
5024:"Health impact of handwashing with soap"
4710:
3899:"Types of Hygiene – Humanitarian Global"
3862:Handbook of Healthcare in the Arab World
3830:
2651:), who also gave a recipe for producing
2616:
2327:
2195:
2126:
1933:
1803:
1578:Swedish advert for toiletries, 1905–1906
1573:
1566:Three young women bathing, 440–430
1561:
1486:
1408:that affects infants and adults as well.
1078:National Health Service (NHS) of England
1067:
942:
600:
576:
564:
525:
517:
476:
464:
366:
353:
302:
155:
10408:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
9618:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
8791:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
8101:Health departments in the United States
6452:
6061:
5998:
5900:
5251:Nath KJ, Bloomfield S, Jones M (2006).
5214:
5166:
4870:
4546:
4391:"Are you brushing your teeth too hard?"
4174:. UK health and Safety Executive. 2013.
2606:
2465:buildings (with up to six floors) with
585:Hygienic cleaning can be done through:
509:Dispose of tissues as soon as possible.
260:Other uses of the term are as follows:
14:
11342:
10201:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
10093:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
8106:Council on Education for Public Health
6914:
6886:
6829:
6775:
6743:
6715:
6690:
6655:
6591:Anionic Surfactants: Organic Chemistry
6163:
6118:Gode Cookery: Tales of the Middle Ages
5970:
5647:
5488:Sulabh International Museum of Toilets
5339:
5337:
5021:
4723:Clinical & Experimental Immunology
4559:
4443:
4001:
3519:Huang C, Ma W, Stack S (August 2012).
2773:
2267:transmitted by the fecal contamination
2027:Hygiene in Christianity § History
1748:
1689:, noted Chinese bathhouses were using
1588:History of water supply and sanitation
1002:to toilet tissue as an alternative to
485:
191:. Home and every day hygiene includes
27:Practices performed to preserve health
10242:
8525:
8294:
8164:Professional degrees of public health
8071:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
7122:
6798:
6695:. Ohio University Press. p. 40.
6613:
6553:
6330:
6238:
6131:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5854:
5650:The Didascalia Apostolorum in English
5455:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5359:
4854:
4056:American Journal of Infection Control
3621:American Journal of Infection Control
3571:"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)"
3379:"Environmental hygiene in healthcare"
3084:. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
3080:Anderson PL, Lachan JP, eds. (2008).
2555:
2296:and others put this into practice in
2048:. Starting in the early Middle Ages,
1433:Sustainable Development Goal Number 6
872:
9448:Compartmental models in epidemiology
8261:
8154:Bachelor of Science in Public Health
6858:
6365:
6303:Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology
6111:
5881:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 61.
5418:"Marco Polo's Descriptions of China"
5369:
4832:"Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation"
4821:
4716:
4317:
3836:
3762:
3269:
3236:
2624:in blocks of 600 g (21 oz)
2599:also utilized mixtures of smoke and
2564:, various ethnic groups such as the
2358:(ritual purity) involves performing
909:adding citations to reliable sources
876:
749:adding citations to reliable sources
720:
427:in home and everyday life settings.
371:Hand hygiene sign in public restroom
82:adding citations to reliable sources
53:
10393:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
8273:
7422:Workers' right to access the toilet
7263:Human right to water and sanitation
6092:Bill & Melinda Gates foundation
5975:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press.
5925:Wandering in Byzantine Thessaloniki
5857:The Middle Ages: Facts and Fictions
5343:
5334:
4395:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
3677:"Hand Hygiene: How, Why & When"
2312:who worked in Vienna, Austria, and
1685:, who traveled to China during the
1233:Medical hygiene practices include:
1186:and other psychological disorders.
867:
685:During laundering, temperature and
24:
6512:
6453:Lebling RW Jr (July–August 2003).
5944:
5754:
5727:"Middle Ages Weddings and Hygiene"
5356:
3208:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Woodhead.
2925:, meaning "(art) of health", from
2875:which prescribes several kinds of
2873:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
2718:. In the 17th century the Spanish
2548:, which he popularized throughout
1953:Regular bathing was a hallmark of
1730:
1722:, ritual purification with water.
1714:The origin of Japanese bathing is
1674:
1221:
639:
25:
11376:
7695:Commercial determinants of health
7148:
7069:
6662:. Taylor & Francis. pp.
5724:
5428:
5391:Science and Civilisation in China
4937:American Journal of Public Health
4671:Clinical and Experimental Allergy
3858:"Health Impact of Airborne Fungi"
3590:"When and How to Wash Your Hands"
3119:American Journal of Public Health
3061:. World Health Organization (WHO)
3010: – cleanliness of the pupils
2112:. Great bathhouses were built in
215:Hygiene is a practice related to
10197:Economics of Infectious Diseases
8272:
8260:
8249:
8248:
7278:National public health institute
7075:
7046:
7027:
7008:
6968:
6908:
6880:
6852:
6823:
6766:
6737:
6709:
6684:
6680:from the original on 2016-05-05.
6649:
6607:
6582:
6547:
6521:
6506:
6479:
6359:
6324:
6293:
6269:Kidd J, Rees R, Tudor R (2000).
6262:
6232:
6214:
6157:
6105:
6080:
6055:
6032:
4735:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04133.x
4683:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02463.x
3979:10.1097/00006199-200405000-00006
2799:Islamic hygienical jurisprudence
2348:Islamic hygienical jurisprudence
2092:larger towns and cities such as
1863:The Mesoamerican bath, known as
1811:from the Loubat collection, 1904
1535:filtration using ceramic filters
1500:polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
1492:Solar water disinfection (SODIS)
1336:This section is an excerpt from
1190:Hygiene hypothesis and allergies
1096:
881:
725:
376:This section is an excerpt from
238:Hygiene practices vary from one
58:
7675:Open-source healthcare software
7417:Sociology of health and illness
6369:Law and Piety in Medieval Islam
6334:Encyclopedia of the Black Death
6017:
5964:
5894:
5845:
5816:
5767:
5748:
5718:
5588:
5494:
5476:
5407:
5382:
5312:
5259:
5195:
5173:Bloomfield SF, Nath KJ (2009).
5080:
5012:
4892:
4797:
4773:
4759:
4635:
4611:
4540:
4489:
4467:
4437:
4419:
4401:
4383:
4359:
4330:
4311:
4254:
4203:
4181:
4153:
4138:
4113:
4043:
3911:
3891:
3849:
3839:Proceedings of Healthy Building
3805:
3781:
3756:
3732:
3563:
3467:
3443:
3419:
3371:
3328:www.hartmann-science-center.com
3316:
2453:(Egypt) also had sophisticated
2304:, as they are in modern times.
1794:
1309:
1200:Although media coverage of the
1054:
736:needs additional citations for
362:
69:needs additional citations for
10346:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
10206:Infectious disease informatics
10037:Transmission-based precautions
8036:Caribbean Public Health Agency
7848:Sexually transmitted infection
7745:Statistical hypothesis testing
7506:Occupational safety and health
7407:Sexual and reproductive health
7320:Occupational safety and health
6984:Warszawskie Studia Teologiczne
6376:. pp. 106, 114, 189–190.
6143:Global Handwashing Partnership
6088:"Water Sanitation and Hygiene"
5927:. Kapon Editions. p. 87.
5906:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
5462:. University of Hawaii Press.
5372:"Ancient Chinese Bath Culture"
4767:Texas Food Establishment Rules
4427:"How to keep your teeth clean"
4415:. American Dental Association.
3870:10.1007/978-3-319-74365-3_59-1
3263:
3230:
3197:
3165:
3106:
3082:Hygiene and its role in health
3073:
3051:
2766:, and other places was better
2366:(ablution) for the five daily
2323:
2031:
1799:
1662:
1133:Personal care services hygiene
1032:Hygiene of internal ear canals
13:
1:
9623:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
9398:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
8759:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
7690:Social determinants of health
7110:Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
6401:. Cambridge University Press.
6164:Majeed A (22 December 2005).
6039:
5561:Noriega Hernández JC (2004).
5104:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66912-7
4995:10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01253-8
4916:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00606-6
3383:Government of South Australia
3026:
2869:denominations of Christianity
2645:
2642:Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
2523:
2052:situated baths within church
1761:. Bathing is one of the five
1419:Water, sanitation and hygiene
1180:obsessive–compulsive disorder
1173:
1152:, and other service providers
1084:. They claim that this helps
358:Hand washing during pandemic
43:For the social movement, see
10995:
10986:
10963:
9185:Aerosol-generating procedure
8963:Silent/Subclinical infection
8663:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
7750:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
7511:Human factors and ergonomics
6990:(2): 203–216. Archived from
6399:The Literature of Al-Andalus
6166:"How Islam changed medicine"
5761:Lectures in Medieval History
5507:Journal of Young Pharmacists
5389:Golas PJ, Needham J (1999).
5320:"Managing water in the home"
3538:10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.02.019
2944:
2932:
2921:
2882:
2831:is necessary for performing
2738:A major contribution of the
2722:manufacturers purchased the
2484:(also known as Avicenna) in
2248:
2036:Contrary to popular belief,
1929:
1584:Public health § History
624:; or by application of heat.
437:of disease: after using the
7:
11092:
10929:
10906:
10268:
9849:Vaccine-preventable disease
9797:Monoclonal antibody therapy
7931:Good manufacturing practice
7735:Randomized controlled trial
6300:Chant C, Goodman D (2005).
6066:. de Gruyter. p. 535.
5908:, Oxford University Press,
5652:. C.J. Clay. pp. 9–10.
5459:Japan: A View from the Bath
5053:10.1136/BMJ.39393.510347.BE
4479:American Dental Association
4267:Journal of Water and Health
2965:
2853:
2825:
2817:
2512:
2510:("impure substances"). The
2504:
2502:, they referred to them as
2376:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2226:
1991:has always placed a strong
1783:. Hygiene measures include
1763:
1741:
1735:
1716:
1653:
1551:portable water purification
1091:amorphous calcium phosphate
10:
11381:
9990:Respiratory source control
8322:Activities of daily living
8001:Theory of planned behavior
7926:Good agricultural practice
7831:Public health surveillance
7723:epidemiological statistics
7367:Public health intervention
6919:. Routledge. p. 284.
6421:The Golden Age of the Moor
6374:Cambridge University Press
6001:Water: A Spiritual History
5346:"Bathing in Ancient Times"
4983:Lancet Infectious Diseases
4904:Lancet Infectious Diseases
4587:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.10.001
4069:10.1016/j.ajic.2020.04.011
3812:Australia H (2023-10-31).
3789:"Proper use of the toilet"
3633:10.1016/j.ajic.2007.07.001
2958:
2938:
2927:
2915:
2909:
2788:
2782:
2779:Religious hygienic customs
2610:
2288:'s experiments proved the
2237:. In Britain, the rise of
2228:
2024:
1606:can be traced back to the
1581:
1557:
1522:in the home is important.
1416:
1335:
1313:
1193:
1100:
1058:
1042:Excessive cleaning of the
1035:
471:urine-diverting dry toilet
375:
295:, used in connection with
42:
31:
11276:
11194:
11021:
10948:
10898:
10421:
10319:
10276:
10180:
10134:Global Health Initiatives
10124:Evolutionary epidemiology
10072:
9864:
9819:Post-exposure prophylaxis
9755:Antimicrobial stewardship
9713:
9700:
9605:
9496:
9478:Multiplicity of infection
9443:Basic reproduction number
9418:
9390:
9376:
9362:
9346:
9314:
9276:
9219:Percutaneous inoculation
9205:
9167:
9160:
9142:
9074:
9041:
9034:
8998:
8991:
8894:
8781:
8703:Host–pathogen interaction
8678:
8572:
8565:
8488:
8438:
8384:
8335:
8328:
8244:
8179:
8138:
8123:World Toilet Organization
8118:World Health Organization
8025:
8014:
7951:
7876:
7792:
7720:
7685:Public health informatics
7625:
7430:
7392:Right to rest and leisure
7221:Globalization and disease
7156:
7114:World Health Organization
6498:(4): 533–537 – via
6455:"Flight of the Blackbird"
6182:10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1486
6049:A History of Private Life
6028:. Routledge. p. 162.
6003:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
5958:A History of Private Life
5519:10.1016/j.jyp.2013.10.001
5324:World Health Organization
5299:World Health Organisation
5271:World Health Organization
5141:10.4269/ajtmh.2002.67.430
4882:World Health Organization
4515:10.1186/s12903-015-0095-6
4218:Home Hygiene & Health
4193:Home Hygiene & Health
3684:World Health Organization
3241:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
2845:obligatory Baháʼí prayers
2803:Ritual washing in Judaism
2421:technology that supplied
1924:
1379:, as well as policies on
431:World Health Organization
177:World Health Organization
9952:Protective sequestration
9814:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
9105:Generational difference
8658:Horizontal gene transfer
8648:Antimicrobial resistance
8169:Schools of public health
7961:Diffusion of innovations
7660:Health impact assessment
7372:Public health laboratory
7268:Management of depression
6623:. London: Dent. p.
5859:. ABC-CLIO. p. 61.
4949:10.2105/AJPH.2007.124610
4717:Rook G (11 March 2010).
4547:Hammond C (2014-09-26).
4444:Kleist MK (2013-04-01).
3740:"Hygiene in the Kitchen"
3611:, Cookson B, O'Boyle C,
3131:10.2105/AJPH.2007.124610
2807:Islamic toilet etiquette
2791:Ablution in Christianity
2572:to treat skin diseases.
2382:(bathing), which led to
2154:contained references to
2088:were common in medieval
1873:, from the Nahuatl word
1828:Bernal Díaz del Castillo
1709:
1651:. Bathrooms were called
1597:
1502:plastic beverage bottles
1286:ethanol-based sanitizers
622:waterless hand sanitizer
530:Hygiene in the bathroom
490:Correct respiratory and
10139:Microbial phylogenetics
10057:Wastewater surveillance
9578:Geographic distribution
9453:Critical community size
9251:Surgical site infection
9099:Iatrogenic/Medical care
9018:Microbial translocation
9014:Endogenous reactivation
9009:Normal flora overgrowth
8958:Opportunistic infection
8730:Opportunistic infection
8501:Personal care assistant
8232:Social hygiene movement
8159:Doctor of Public Health
7991:Social cognitive theory
7793:Infectious and epidemic
7575:Fecal–oral transmission
7059:A Greek-English Lexicon
7040:A Greek-English Lexicon
7021:A Greek-English Lexicon
6562:Oxford University Press
6463:: 24–33. Archived from
6245:, AuthorHouse, p.
5877:Kleinschmidt H (2005).
5041:British Medical Journal
4320:"How to Remove Ear Wax"
4103:"Methicillin resistant
3818:www.healthdirect.gov.au
3525:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
3043:UNICEF and WHO (2021),
2795:Hygiene in Christianity
2730:from the cash-strapped
2386:being built across the
2022:and pilgrimage sites.
1913:
1903:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1779:and good digestion and
1706:attended by the staff.
1681:, food, and beverages.
1592:
1445:development cooperation
1330:transmission of disease
1246:of instruments used in
1159:of instruments used in
847:alcohol hand sanitizers
826:are products that kill
701:Medical hygiene at home
435:fecal-oral transmission
211:Definition and overview
11321:
11305:
11257:
11234:
11225:
11216:
10211:Microbial bioterrorism
9834:efficacy/effectiveness
9242:Surgical intervention
9134:Breakthrough infection
8756:Genetic predisposition
8740:Susceptible individual
8587:Germ theory of disease
8227:Germ theory of disease
8006:Transtheoretical model
6426:Transaction Publishers
6306:. Routledge. pp.
6272:Life in Medieval Times
5370:Awen (30 April 2019).
5326:. 2002. Archived from
5301:. 2005. Archived from
5277:on September 30, 2016.
5273:. 2008. Archived from
5026:. WELL. Archived from
4575:Sleep Medicine Reviews
4195:. 2018. Archived from
4035:Bloomfield SF (2013).
3451:"Environmental health"
2950:ancient Greek religion
2896:
2815:, washing oneself via
2740:Christian missionaries
2625:
2411:medieval Islamic world
2392:Islamic toilet hygiene
2340:
2290:germ theory of disease
2207:
2191:
2138:
2064:as a bodily need. The
2056:and monasteries. Pope
1950:
1917:. It is still used in
1865:
1848:
1812:
1579:
1571:
1512:Drinking water quality
1503:
1456:hand washing with soap
1073:
951:
824:Chemical disinfectants
606:
582:
570:
531:
523:
522:Hygiene in the kitchen
482:
474:
473:in Pumpuentsa, Ecuador
415:that is at least 60% (
372:
359:
165:
10810:Righteous indignation
10047:Universal precautions
9005:Endogenous overgrowth
8857:Poultry and livestock
8439:Optional-instrumental
8111:Public Health Service
7996:Social norms approach
7986:PRECEDE–PROCEED model
7432:Preventive healthcare
7325:Pharmaceutical policy
7174:Chief Medical Officer
7084:Medical Knowledge app
7053:Liddell HG, Scott R.
7034:Liddell HG, Scott R.
7015:Liddell HG, Scott R.
6275:. Heinemann. p.
6222:"Ṭahāra | Islam"
5775:"Middle Ages Hygiene"
5344:Sun J (1 July 2021).
4409:"Brushing Your Teeth"
4105:Staphylococcus aureus
3270:Geis PA, ed. (2020).
3237:Wood JP, ed. (2020).
2984:Human decontamination
2978:Contamination control
2789:Further information:
2683:was the invention of
2620:
2487:The Canon of Medicine
2333:Ali Gholi Agha hammam
2331:
2199:
2183:
2130:
2025:Further information:
2008:Clement of Alexandria
1937:
1822:during and after the
1807:
1634:Warring States period
1577:
1565:
1520:safe storage of water
1490:
1417:Further information:
1354:in ways that prevent
1071:
946:
604:
580:
569:Hygiene in the toilet
568:
529:
521:
480:
468:
370:
357:
303:Home hygiene overview
159:
10328:Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā
10149:Genomic reassortment
10129:Genetic epidemiology
9968:Health communication
9896:Flattening the curve
9886:Disease surveillance
9669:Systemic/Generalized
9433:Animal disease model
8913:Asymptomatic carrier
8187:Sara Josephine Baker
8086:Public Health Agency
7971:Health communication
7836:Disease surveillance
7802:Asymptomatic carrier
7784:Statistical software
7472:Preventive nutrition
7300:Medical anthropology
7189:Environmental health
6975:Pedersen KS (1999).
6946:Z Wahrman M (2016).
5697:Squatriti P (2002).
5666:Thurlkill M (2016).
5431:"Marco Polo's World"
3924:The janitorial store
2607:Soap and soap makers
2536:In the 9th century,
2529:), while discussing
2520:Ibn al-Haj al-Abdari
2415:water supply systems
2314:Florence Nightingale
1995:. Despite rejecting
1809:Codex Magliabechiano
1508:self-supply of water
1425:developing countries
905:improve this section
745:improve this article
678:(including MRSA and
292:occupational hygiene
78:improve this article
34:Industrial hygienist
10398:Theological virtues
10301:Positive psychology
10216:Pandemic prevention
10172:Viral phylodynamics
10153:Re-emerging disease
10042:Travel restrictions
9246:Postoperative wound
9215:Blood-borne disease
9197:Respiratory droplet
9109:Vertical/Congenital
9094:Nosocomial/Hospital
9051:Spillover infection
8465:Emergency responses
8197:Carl Rogers Darnall
8192:Samuel Jay Crumbine
7966:Health belief model
7819:Notifiable diseases
7755:Regression analysis
7590:Waterborne diseases
7179:Cultural competence
6176:(7531): 1486–1487.
5823:Forgione A (2013).
5606:on 4 February 2007.
5596:"Roman bath houses"
4450:Naperville Magazine
4280:10.2166/wh.2011.138
3577:. 11 February 2020.
3059:"Hygiene: Overview"
3017:Waterborne diseases
2785:Ritual purification
2774:Society and culture
2613:Soap § History
2540:invented a type of
2158:, and, inspired by
2156:ritual purification
2070:Christian countries
2014:. The Church built
1993:emphasis on hygiene
1749:Indian subcontinent
1624:, a work regarding
1602:Bathing culture in
1516:safe drinking water
1328:, and minimize the
1248:surgical procedures
486:Respiratory hygiene
425:infectious diseases
314:risk-based approach
175:. According to the
162:infectious diseases
10830:Self-transcendence
10422:Individual virtues
10366:Nine Noble Virtues
10295:Nicomachean Ethics
10162:Selection pressure
9458:Force of infection
9086:Contagious disease
9021:Endogenous seeding
8918:Chain of infection
8842:Injection drug use
8753:Vaccination status
8636:Case fatality rate
8554:infectious disease
7795:disease prevention
7730:Case–control study
7402:Security of person
7251:Health care reform
6830:Taylor JG (2011).
6776:Bauman CM (2008).
6460:Saudi Aramco World
6242:Muslims in America
6062:Classen A (2017).
5999:Bradley I (2012).
5795:E Clark M (2006).
5779:middle-ages.org.uk
5648:Gibson MD (1903).
5435:www.dianewolff.com
4888:on March 24, 2009.
3919:"Hygiene cleaning"
3814:"Personal hygiene"
3047:, New York: UNICEF
2638:Islamic Golden Age
2626:
2556:Sub-Saharan Africa
2396:washing with water
2341:
2208:
2160:Benedict of Nursia
2139:
1955:Roman civilization
1951:
1939:Roman public baths
1842:at the arrival of
1813:
1604:Chinese literature
1580:
1572:
1504:
1377:pesticide residues
1322:food contamination
1202:hygiene hypothesis
1196:Hygiene hypothesis
1074:
952:
873:Regular activities
607:
583:
571:
532:
524:
483:
475:
373:
360:
166:
11337:
11336:
11333:
11332:
10484:Conscientiousness
10351:Epistemic virtues
10236:
10235:
10226:Tropical medicine
10167:Synthetic biology
10068:
10067:
10027:Social distancing
9980:Outbreak response
9601:
9600:
9428:Agent-based model
9414:
9413:
9410:
9409:
9406:
9405:
8953:Natural reservoir
8943:Infectious period
8933:Incubation period
8890:
8889:
8846:Natural disaster
8815:Tropical diseases
8798:Biodiversity loss
8735:Risk of infection
8725:Microbiome health
8718:Immunosuppression
8519:
8518:
8511:Care of residents
8470:Safety procedures
8456:
8288:
8287:
8240:
8239:
8150:Higher education
7981:Positive deviance
7976:Health psychology
7952:Health behavioral
7879:safety management
7853:Social distancing
7627:Population health
7607:Smoking cessation
7555:Pharmacovigilance
7526:Injury prevention
7494:Infection control
7412:Social psychology
7362:Prisoners' rights
7305:Medical sociology
7273:Public health law
7169:Biological hazard
6957:978-1-61168-955-6
6926:978-1-317-41398-1
6915:Thomas J (2015).
6898:978-81-7755-050-4
6887:Channa S (2009).
6870:978-0-520-09869-5
6841:978-90-04-25361-2
6810:978-81-250-2812-3
6799:Baral KC (2005).
6787:978-0-8028-6276-1
6755:978-0-8223-4958-7
6744:Thomas K (2011).
6727:978-0-7748-5821-2
6716:Grypma S (2008).
6702:978-0-8214-1709-6
6691:Newell S (2006).
6673:978-0-415-01306-2
6656:McNeil I (1990).
6634:978-0-460-04437-0
6575:978-0-19-981257-8
6439:978-1-56000-581-0
6383:978-1-107-06711-0
6352:978-1-59884-253-1
6331:Byrne JP (2012).
6256:978-1-4259-4243-4
6073:978-3-11-052379-9
6010:978-1-4411-6767-5
5982:978-0-8386-3391-5
5971:Hembry P (1990).
5915:978-0-19-504652-6
5888:978-1-84383-146-4
5866:978-1-4408-6232-8
5838:978-88-6649-039-5
5806:978-0-7216-2597-3
5708:978-0-521-52206-9
5677:978-0-7391-7453-1
5631:978-0-88920-912-1
5469:978-0-8248-1657-5
5422:Facts and Details
5350:theworldofchinese
5022:Ensink J (2006).
4861:Our World in Data
4371:www.nidcr.nih.gov
4236:978-1-118-42587-9
3879:978-3-319-74365-3
3744:www.hansgrohe.com
3615:(December 2007).
3431:www.eea.europa.eu
3281:978-0-429-52443-1
3248:978-0-429-07494-3
3215:978-0-85709-863-4
3182:978-92-4-159790-6
3091:978-1-60456-195-1
2861:washing the hands
2837:Islamic tradition
2500:Ayyubid Sultanate
2403:Abbasid Caliphate
2187:Burchard of Worms
2114:Byzantine centers
2086:Public bathhouses
2058:Gregory the Great
1970:, such as Rome's
1570:. Ancient Greece.
1356:foodborne illness
1296:disease outbreaks
1155:sterilization by
1089:effectiveness of
1018:Personal grooming
941:
940:
933:
821:
820:
813:
795:
451:menstrual hygiene
247:quality assurance
154:
153:
146:
128:
49:Hygiene, Colorado
18:Slovenly (health)
16:(Redirected from
11372:
11326:
11310:
11262:
11239:
11230:
11221:
11097:
11000:
10991:
10968:
10934:
10911:
10896:
10895:
10825:Self-cultivation
10378:Prussian virtues
10341:Cardinal virtues
10263:
10256:
10249:
10240:
10239:
10221:Tropical disease
10157:Reverse zoonosis
10144:One Health Model
9973:Health education
9962:Community health
9881:Cordon sanitaire
9854:Ring vaccination
9824:Repurposed drugs
9711:
9710:
9630:Gastrointestinal
9473:Machine learning
9277:Gastrointestinal
9228:Intravenous line
9165:
9164:
9079:/Cross-infection
9066:Reverse zoonosis
9039:
9038:
8996:
8995:
8901:
8900:
8882:War and conflict
8750:Nutrition status
8713:Immunodeficiency
8570:
8569:
8546:
8539:
8532:
8523:
8522:
8489:Related articles
8446:
8406:Meal preparation
8345:Personal hygiene
8315:
8308:
8301:
8292:
8291:
8276:
8275:
8264:
8263:
8252:
8251:
8146:Health education
8023:
8022:
7877:Food hygiene and
7858:Tropical disease
7670:Infant mortality
7645:Community health
7521:Controlled Drugs
7457:Health promotion
7387:Right to housing
7231:Health economics
7143:
7136:
7129:
7120:
7119:
7079:
7063:
7062:
7050:
7044:
7043:
7031:
7025:
7024:
7012:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6996:
6981:
6972:
6966:
6965:
6943:
6934:
6933:
6912:
6906:
6905:
6884:
6878:
6877:
6856:
6850:
6849:
6827:
6821:
6817:
6795:
6770:
6764:
6763:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6713:
6707:
6706:
6688:
6682:
6681:
6653:
6647:
6646:
6611:
6605:
6604:
6586:
6580:
6579:
6554:Kalın İ (2014).
6551:
6545:
6544:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6510:
6504:
6503:
6483:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6450:
6444:
6443:
6412:
6403:
6402:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6366:Reid MH (2013).
6363:
6357:
6356:
6328:
6322:
6321:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6266:
6260:
6259:
6239:Hasan I (2006),
6236:
6230:
6229:
6218:
6212:
6211:
6201:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6135:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6109:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6044:
6041:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6021:
6015:
6014:
5996:
5987:
5986:
5968:
5962:
5961:
5953:
5942:
5938:
5919:
5918:
5898:
5892:
5873:
5855:Black W (2019).
5849:
5843:
5842:
5820:
5814:
5813:
5792:
5783:
5782:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5733:. Archived from
5722:
5716:
5715:
5694:
5685:
5684:
5663:
5654:
5653:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5617:
5608:
5607:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5576:
5569:
5558:
5549:
5548:
5538:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5456:Clark S (1994).
5453:
5442:
5438:
5425:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5367:
5354:
5353:
5341:
5332:
5331:
5330:on May 18, 2016.
5316:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5296:
5288:
5279:
5278:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5248:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5229:
5221:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5170:
5164:
5160:
5123:
5098:(9481): 225–33.
5084:
5078:
5074:
5064:
5031:
5016:
5010:
5006:
4980:
4970:
4960:
4927:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4884:. Archived from
4874:
4868:
4864:
4855:Roser M (2023).
4851:
4849:
4847:
4838:. Archived from
4825:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4746:
4714:
4708:
4704:
4694:
4668:
4658:
4650:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4598:
4566:
4557:
4556:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4527:
4517:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4481:. Archived from
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4452:. Archived from
4441:
4435:
4434:
4433:. 26 April 2018.
4423:
4417:
4416:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4344:. Archived from
4334:
4328:
4327:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4282:
4258:
4252:
4248:
4221:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4185:
4179:
4175:
4167:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4081:
4071:
4062:(9): 1090–1099.
4047:
4041:
4040:
4032:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4013:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3962:
3953:
3952:
3944:
3929:
3928:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3721:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3681:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3550:
3540:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3408:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3359:
3349:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3305:
3294:
3293:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3152:
3142:
3125:(8): 1372–1381.
3110:
3104:
3103:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3040:
3022:
3013:
2972:Cleaning station
2961:
2960:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2899:
2858:
2849:Orthodox Judaism
2830:
2822:
2650:
2647:
2528:
2527: 1250–1336
2525:
2517:
2509:
2496:Islamic scholars
2476:A basic form of
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2310:Ignaz Semmelweis
2261:discovered that
2232:
1916:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1879:, a compound of
1878:
1868:
1851:
1834:(the Mexica, or
1768:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1721:
1676:
1664:
1656:
1631:
1613:
1610:(1600–1046
1569:
1510:for households.
1371:, food hygiene,
1216:
1184:major depression
947:A clear plastic
936:
929:
925:
922:
916:
885:
877:
868:Personal hygiene
816:
809:
805:
802:
796:
794:
753:
729:
721:
635:and air quality.
581:Hygiene cleaning
481:Washing hygiene
393:soap or handwash
337:fecal–oral route
267:personal hygiene
185:Personal hygiene
149:
142:
138:
135:
129:
127:
86:
62:
54:
38:Dental hygienist
21:
11380:
11379:
11375:
11374:
11373:
11371:
11370:
11369:
11360:Medical hygiene
11340:
11339:
11338:
11329:
11272:
11190:
11017:
10944:
10894:
10417:
10403:Three Treasures
10320:Virtue families
10315:
10289:Moral character
10272:
10267:
10237:
10232:
10176:
10089:Antigenic shift
10084:Antigenic drift
10075:
10064:
9928:Barrier nursing
9876:Contact tracing
9867:
9860:
9705:
9703:
9696:
9607:
9597:
9498:
9492:
9483:Serial interval
9402:
9386:
9377:Cervico-vaginal
9372:
9363:Trans-placental
9358:
9342:
9310:
9272:
9208:Vascular system
9207:
9201:
9156:
9144:
9138:
9078:
9070:
9030:
8987:
8905:
8886:
8777:
8708:Immune response
8674:
8653:Drug resistance
8597:Infectious dose
8561:
8550:
8520:
8515:
8506:Assisted living
8484:
8480:Sexual activity
8434:
8380:
8355:Feeding oneself
8331:
8324:
8319:
8289:
8284:
8236:
8207:Margaret Sanger
8175:
8134:
8018:
8016:
8010:
7953:
7947:
7919:Safety scandals
7878:
7872:
7794:
7788:
7722:
7716:
7712:Social medicine
7705:Race and health
7640:Child mortality
7621:
7580:Open defecation
7462:Human nutrition
7452:Family planning
7440:Behavior change
7426:
7382:Right to health
7295:Maternal health
7285:Health politics
7236:Health literacy
7152:
7147:
7088:
7080:
7072:
7067:
7066:
7051:
7047:
7032:
7028:
7013:
7009:
7000:
6998:
6994:
6979:
6973:
6969:
6958:
6944:
6937:
6927:
6913:
6909:
6899:
6885:
6881:
6871:
6859:Choi H (2009).
6857:
6853:
6842:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6811:
6788:
6771:
6767:
6756:
6742:
6738:
6728:
6714:
6710:
6703:
6689:
6685:
6674:
6654:
6650:
6635:
6612:
6608:
6601:
6587:
6583:
6576:
6552:
6548:
6526:
6522:
6511:
6507:
6484:
6480:
6470:
6468:
6451:
6447:
6440:
6413:
6406:
6395:
6391:
6384:
6364:
6360:
6353:
6329:
6325:
6318:
6298:
6294:
6287:
6267:
6263:
6257:
6237:
6233:
6220:
6219:
6215:
6162:
6158:
6148:
6146:
6145:. 19 March 2015
6137:
6136:
6132:
6122:
6120:
6110:
6106:
6097:
6095:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6074:
6060:
6056:
6045:illustrated in
6042:
6037:
6033:
6022:
6018:
6011:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5969:
5965:
5954:
5945:
5941:
5935:
5916:
5899:
5895:
5889:
5867:
5850:
5846:
5839:
5821:
5817:
5807:
5793:
5786:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5753:
5749:
5740:
5738:
5723:
5719:
5709:
5695:
5688:
5678:
5664:
5657:
5646:
5642:
5632:
5618:
5611:
5594:
5593:
5589:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5567:
5559:
5552:
5499:
5495:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5470:
5454:
5445:
5441:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5401:
5387:
5383:
5368:
5357:
5342:
5335:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5305:
5294:
5290:
5289:
5282:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5249:
5242:
5234:
5227:
5223:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5200:
5196:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5047:(7635): 77–80.
5017:
5013:
5009:
4978:
4897:
4893:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4845:
4843:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4813:
4811:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4789:
4787:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4666:
4653:
4640:
4636:
4627:
4625:
4623:medlineplus.gov
4619:"Healthy Sleep"
4617:
4616:
4612:
4567:
4560:
4545:
4541:
4502:BMC Oral Health
4494:
4490:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4459:
4457:
4442:
4438:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4375:
4373:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4351:
4349:
4342:www.colgate.com
4336:
4335:
4331:
4316:
4312:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4237:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4143:
4139:
4130:
4128:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4099:
4095:
4048:
4044:
4033:
4026:
4018:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3963:
3956:
3945:
3932:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3854:
3850:
3835:
3831:
3822:
3820:
3810:
3806:
3797:
3795:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3773:
3771:
3761:
3757:
3748:
3746:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3722:
3715:
3706:
3704:
3698:"UNICEF Malawi"
3696:
3695:
3691:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3627:(10): S27–S64.
3607:Bloomfield SF,
3605:
3601:
3586:
3582:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3517:
3513:
3504:
3502:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3459:
3457:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3435:
3433:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3409:
3396:
3387:
3385:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3364:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3341:
3332:
3330:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3306:
3297:
3282:
3268:
3264:
3249:
3235:
3231:
3216:
3202:
3198:
3183:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3111:
3107:
3092:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3020:
3011:
2996:Hygiene theater
2990:Hygiene program
2968:
2922:hygieinē technē
2891:comes from the
2885:
2809:
2787:
2781:
2776:
2648:
2615:
2609:
2577:Southern Africa
2558:
2526:
2449:(Morocco), and
2326:
2282:Medieval Europe
2251:
2034:
2029:
2001:early Christian
1932:
1927:
1857:Central America
1802:
1797:
1789:tongue scraping
1751:
1729:(794–1185
1712:
1673:(960–1279
1628:(1046–256
1600:
1595:
1590:
1560:
1494:application in
1485:
1477:open defecation
1437:open defecation
1421:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1391:inspection and
1352:storage of food
1341:
1318:
1312:
1224:
1222:Medical hygiene
1214:
1198:
1192:
1176:
1135:
1105:
1099:
1063:
1057:
1040:
1034:
998:, or by adding
937:
926:
920:
917:
902:
886:
875:
870:
817:
806:
800:
797:
754:
752:
742:
730:
719:
703:
642:
640:Laundry hygiene
516:
488:
463:
462:
381:
365:
305:
213:
150:
139:
133:
130:
87:
85:
75:
63:
52:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11378:
11368:
11367:
11362:
11357:
11352:
11335:
11334:
11331:
11330:
11328:
11327:
11318:
11311:
11302:
11295:
11288:
11280:
11278:
11274:
11273:
11271:
11270:
11263:
11254:
11247:
11240:
11231:
11222:
11213:
11206:
11198:
11196:
11192:
11191:
11189:
11188:
11181:
11174:
11161:
11154:
11147:
11140:
11133:
11126:
11119:
11112:
11105:
11098:
11089:
11082:
11075:
11068:
11061:
11054:
11047:
11040:
11033:
11025:
11023:
11019:
11018:
11016:
11015:
11008:
11001:
10992:
10983:
10976:
10969:
10960:
10952:
10950:
10946:
10945:
10943:
10942:
10935:
10926:
10919:
10912:
10902:
10900:
10893:
10892:
10887:
10882:
10877:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10842:
10837:
10832:
10827:
10822:
10817:
10812:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10777:
10772:
10767:
10762:
10761:
10760:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10735:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10669:
10668:
10663:
10653:
10648:
10643:
10638:
10633:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10523:
10518:
10513:
10508:
10503:
10502:
10501:
10496:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10441:
10436:
10431:
10429:Accountability
10425:
10423:
10419:
10418:
10416:
10415:
10410:
10405:
10400:
10395:
10390:
10385:
10380:
10375:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10331:
10323:
10321:
10317:
10316:
10314:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10291:
10286:
10280:
10278:
10274:
10273:
10266:
10265:
10258:
10251:
10243:
10234:
10233:
10231:
10230:
10229:
10228:
10218:
10213:
10208:
10203:
10198:
10195:
10190:
10184:
10182:
10178:
10177:
10175:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10151:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10121:
10119:Emergent virus
10116:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10100:
10099:
10091:
10086:
10080:
10078:
10070:
10069:
10066:
10065:
10063:
10062:
10059:
10054:
10052:Vector control
10049:
10044:
10039:
10034:
10029:
10024:
10019:
10014:
10009:
10008:
10007:
10002:
9997:
9995:N95 respirator
9987:
9982:
9977:
9976:
9975:
9970:
9965:
9954:
9949:
9948:
9947:
9937:
9932:
9931:
9930:
9920:
9919:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9872:
9870:
9868:pharmaceutical
9862:
9861:
9859:
9858:
9857:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9800:
9799:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9758:
9757:
9747:
9746:
9745:
9735:
9730:
9729:
9728:
9717:
9715:
9714:Pharmaceutical
9708:
9698:
9697:
9695:
9694:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9666:
9665:Cardiovascular
9663:
9658:
9653:
9650:
9645:
9644:Nervous system
9642:
9639:
9638:
9637:
9627:
9626:
9625:
9620:
9611:
9609:
9603:
9602:
9599:
9598:
9596:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9529:
9528:
9523:
9513:
9508:
9502:
9500:
9494:
9493:
9491:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9468:Infection rate
9465:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9424:
9422:
9416:
9415:
9412:
9411:
9408:
9407:
9404:
9403:
9401:
9400:
9394:
9392:
9388:
9387:
9385:
9384:
9380:
9378:
9374:
9373:
9371:
9370:
9366:
9364:
9360:
9359:
9357:
9356:
9350:
9348:
9344:
9343:
9341:
9340:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9318:
9316:
9312:
9311:
9309:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9292:
9291:
9280:
9278:
9274:
9273:
9271:
9270:
9269:
9268:
9263:
9255:
9254:
9253:
9248:
9240:
9239:
9238:
9233:
9230:
9225:
9223:Injection site
9217:
9211:
9209:
9203:
9202:
9200:
9199:
9194:
9192:Dental aerosol
9189:
9188:
9187:
9177:
9171:
9169:
9162:
9158:
9157:
9155:
9154:
9148:
9146:
9140:
9139:
9137:
9136:
9131:
9130:
9129:
9124:
9123:
9122:
9117:
9114:
9103:
9102:
9101:
9096:
9088:
9082:
9080:
9076:Human-to-human
9072:
9071:
9069:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9047:
9045:
9036:
9032:
9031:
9029:
9028:
9022:
9019:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9002:
9000:
8993:
8989:
8988:
8986:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8973:Super-spreader
8970:
8968:Superinfection
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8909:
8907:
8898:
8892:
8891:
8888:
8887:
8885:
8884:
8879:
8877:Vector control
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8853:
8852:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8818:
8817:
8812:
8806:Climate zones
8804:
8802:Climate change
8799:
8796:
8793:
8787:
8785:
8779:
8778:
8776:
8775:
8774:
8773:
8770:
8767:
8766:
8765:
8757:
8754:
8751:
8748:
8745:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8721:
8720:
8715:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8684:
8682:
8676:
8675:
8673:
8672:
8667:
8666:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8645:
8644:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8618:
8616:Quorum sensing
8613:
8612:
8611:
8601:
8600:
8599:
8589:
8584:
8578:
8576:
8567:
8563:
8562:
8549:
8548:
8541:
8534:
8526:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8492:
8490:
8486:
8485:
8483:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8442:
8440:
8436:
8435:
8433:
8432:
8431:
8430:
8418:
8413:
8411:Managing money
8408:
8403:
8402:
8401:
8390:
8388:
8382:
8381:
8379:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8341:
8339:
8333:
8332:
8329:
8326:
8325:
8318:
8317:
8310:
8303:
8295:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8282:
8270:
8258:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8238:
8237:
8235:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8183:
8181:
8177:
8176:
8174:
8173:
8172:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8148:
8142:
8140:
8136:
8135:
8133:
8132:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8114:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8090:
8089:
8088:
8083:
8075:
8074:
8073:
8065:
8064:
8063:
8058:
8050:
8049:
8048:
8040:
8039:
8038:
8029:
8027:
8020:
8015:Organizations,
8012:
8011:
8009:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7957:
7955:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7945:
7944:
7943:
7938:
7928:
7923:
7922:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7882:
7880:
7874:
7873:
7871:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7839:
7838:
7828:
7827:
7826:
7816:
7815:
7814:
7804:
7798:
7796:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7786:
7781:
7780:
7779:
7771:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7726:
7724:
7721:Biological and
7718:
7717:
7715:
7714:
7709:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7687:
7682:
7680:Multimorbidity
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7631:
7629:
7623:
7622:
7620:
7619:
7617:Vector control
7614:
7609:
7604:
7602:School hygiene
7599:
7598:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7585:Sanitary sewer
7582:
7577:
7572:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7551:
7550:
7543:Patient safety
7540:
7539:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7476:
7475:
7474:
7469:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7448:
7447:
7436:
7434:
7428:
7427:
7425:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7281:
7280:
7275:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7254:
7253:
7248:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7226:Harm reduction
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7207:
7206:
7201:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7160:
7158:
7154:
7153:
7146:
7145:
7138:
7131:
7123:
7117:
7116:
7107:
7098:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7070:External links
7068:
7065:
7064:
7045:
7026:
7007:
6967:
6956:
6935:
6925:
6907:
6897:
6879:
6869:
6851:
6840:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6809:
6796:
6793:'salvation'...
6786:
6772:
6765:
6754:
6736:
6726:
6708:
6701:
6683:
6672:
6648:
6633:
6620:King Charles I
6606:
6599:
6581:
6574:
6546:
6531:, ed. (2001).
6520:
6505:
6478:
6445:
6438:
6404:
6389:
6382:
6358:
6351:
6323:
6316:
6292:
6285:
6261:
6255:
6231:
6213:
6156:
6130:
6104:
6079:
6072:
6054:
6031:
6016:
6009:
5988:
5981:
5963:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5933:
5920:
5914:
5904:, ed. (1991),
5893:
5887:
5874:
5865:
5851:
5844:
5837:
5815:
5805:
5784:
5766:
5747:
5717:
5707:
5686:
5676:
5655:
5640:
5630:
5609:
5587:
5550:
5513:(4): 116–120.
5493:
5475:
5468:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5426:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5381:
5355:
5333:
5311:
5308:on 2022-03-01.
5280:
5258:
5240:
5237:on 2021-03-08.
5213:
5194:
5180:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5124:
5086:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5032:
5030:on 2010-06-19.
5018:
5011:
5008:
5007:
4971:
4943:(8): 1372–81.
4928:
4898:
4891:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4852:
4827:
4820:
4796:
4772:
4758:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4659:
4651:
4641:
4634:
4610:
4558:
4539:
4488:
4485:on 2018-04-16.
4466:
4436:
4418:
4400:
4397:. 3 June 2019.
4382:
4358:
4329:
4310:
4273:(3): 429–433.
4253:
4250:
4249:
4235:
4222:
4209:
4202:
4199:on 2022-07-02.
4180:
4177:
4176:
4168:
4159:
4152:
4137:
4112:
4093:
4042:
4024:
4021:on 2012-07-08.
4000:
3954:
3930:
3910:
3890:
3878:
3848:
3829:
3804:
3793:lessonotes.com
3780:
3755:
3731:
3713:
3702:www.unicef.org
3689:
3668:
3648:
3599:
3580:
3562:
3511:
3486:
3466:
3442:
3418:
3394:
3370:
3367:on 2022-05-17.
3339:
3315:
3295:
3280:
3262:
3247:
3229:
3214:
3196:
3181:
3164:
3105:
3090:
3072:
3050:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3014:
3008:School hygiene
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2967:
2964:
2884:
2881:
2783:Main article:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2649: 865–925
2622:Marseille soap
2611:Main article:
2608:
2605:
2557:
2554:
2550:Islamic Iberia
2459:sewage systems
2455:waste disposal
2423:drinking water
2394:also requires
2325:
2322:
2250:
2247:
2220:Albrecht Dürer
2205:Albrecht Dürer
2132:Byzantine Bath
2118:Constantinople
2094:Constantinople
2082:anal cleansing
2033:
2030:
2016:public bathing
2005:Church Fathers
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1885:("steam") and
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1750:
1747:
1711:
1708:
1704:turning wheels
1649:Henan Province
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1484:
1481:
1414:
1411:
1373:food additives
1360:health hazards
1342:
1334:
1326:food poisoning
1314:Main article:
1311:
1308:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1279:scrubbing up,
1277:
1274:
1264:
1250:
1241:
1223:
1220:
1211:atopic disease
1194:Main article:
1191:
1188:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:cleaning hands
1167:
1153:
1134:
1131:
1101:Main article:
1098:
1095:
1059:Main article:
1056:
1053:
1033:
1030:
939:
938:
889:
887:
880:
874:
871:
869:
866:
819:
818:
733:
731:
724:
718:
715:
702:
699:
641:
638:
637:
636:
633:home's hygiene
628:
625:
598:
515:
512:
511:
510:
507:
487:
484:
413:hand sanitizer
409:microorganisms
382:
374:
364:
361:
304:
301:
285:dental hygiene
279:mental hygiene
212:
209:
152:
151:
66:
64:
57:
45:Social hygiene
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11377:
11366:
11363:
11361:
11358:
11356:
11353:
11351:
11348:
11347:
11345:
11325:
11324:
11319:
11317:
11316:
11312:
11309:
11308:
11303:
11301:
11300:
11296:
11294:
11293:
11289:
11287:
11286:
11282:
11281:
11279:
11275:
11269:
11268:
11264:
11261:
11260:
11255:
11253:
11252:
11248:
11246:
11245:
11241:
11238:
11237:
11232:
11229:
11228:
11223:
11220:
11219:
11214:
11212:
11211:
11207:
11205:
11204:
11200:
11199:
11197:
11193:
11187:
11186:
11182:
11180:
11179:
11175:
11173:
11172:
11167:
11166:
11162:
11160:
11159:
11155:
11153:
11152:
11148:
11146:
11145:
11141:
11139:
11138:
11134:
11132:
11131:
11127:
11125:
11124:
11120:
11118:
11117:
11113:
11111:
11110:
11106:
11104:
11103:
11099:
11096:
11095:
11090:
11088:
11087:
11083:
11081:
11080:
11076:
11074:
11073:
11069:
11067:
11066:
11062:
11060:
11059:
11055:
11053:
11052:
11048:
11046:
11045:
11041:
11039:
11038:
11034:
11032:
11031:
11027:
11026:
11024:
11020:
11014:
11013:
11009:
11007:
11006:
11002:
10999:
10998:
10993:
10990:
10989:
10984:
10982:
10981:
10977:
10975:
10974:
10970:
10967:
10966:
10961:
10959:
10958:
10954:
10953:
10951:
10947:
10941:
10940:
10936:
10933:
10932:
10927:
10925:
10924:
10920:
10918:
10917:
10913:
10910:
10909:
10904:
10903:
10901:
10897:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10850:Sportsmanship
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10831:
10828:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10815:Righteousness
10813:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10798:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10759:
10756:
10755:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10728:Nonattachment
10726:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10671:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10659:
10658:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10491:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10445:
10442:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10426:
10424:
10420:
10414:
10411:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10396:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10388:Seven virtues
10386:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10373:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10336:
10335:Brahmavihārās
10332:
10330:
10329:
10325:
10324:
10322:
10318:
10312:
10311:Virtue ethics
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10296:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10281:
10279:
10277:About virtues
10275:
10271:
10264:
10259:
10257:
10252:
10250:
10245:
10244:
10241:
10227:
10224:
10223:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10209:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10185:
10183:
10179:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10098:
10095:
10094:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10081:
10079:
10077:
10071:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10035:
10033:
10032:Sterilization
10030:
10028:
10025:
10023:
10020:
10018:
10015:
10013:
10010:
10006:
10003:
10001:
10000:Surgical mask
9998:
9996:
9993:
9992:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9963:
9960:
9959:
9958:
9957:Public health
9955:
9953:
9950:
9946:
9943:
9942:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9929:
9926:
9925:
9924:
9921:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9903:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9873:
9871:
9869:
9863:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9831:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9809:Phage therapy
9807:
9805:
9802:
9798:
9795:
9794:
9793:
9792:Immunotherapy
9790:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9756:
9753:
9752:
9751:
9750:Antimicrobial
9748:
9744:
9741:
9740:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9727:
9724:
9723:
9722:
9719:
9718:
9716:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9699:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9643:
9641:Genitourinary
9640:
9636:
9633:
9632:
9631:
9628:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9615:
9613:
9612:
9610:
9604:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9518:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9503:
9501:
9499:in population
9495:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9463:Herd immunity
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9425:
9423:
9421:
9417:
9399:
9396:
9395:
9393:
9389:
9382:
9381:
9379:
9375:
9368:
9367:
9365:
9361:
9355:
9352:
9351:
9349:
9347:Genitourinary
9345:
9339:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9319:
9317:
9313:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9290:
9289:Contamination
9287:
9286:
9285:
9282:
9281:
9279:
9275:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9258:
9257:Vector-borne
9256:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9243:
9241:
9237:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9220:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9212:
9210:
9204:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9186:
9183:
9182:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9172:
9170:
9166:
9163:
9159:
9153:
9150:
9149:
9147:
9141:
9135:
9132:
9128:
9125:
9121:
9118:
9115:
9112:
9111:
9110:
9107:
9106:
9104:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9091:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9083:
9081:
9077:
9073:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9048:
9046:
9044:
9043:Cross-species
9040:
9037:
9033:
9026:
9023:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9004:
9003:
9001:
8997:
8994:
8990:
8984:
8983:Window period
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8948:Latent period
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8910:
8908:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8893:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8851:
8848:
8847:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8827:Deforestation
8825:
8823:
8820:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8807:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8788:
8786:
8784:
8780:
8772:Stress levels
8771:
8768:
8764:
8761:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8752:
8749:
8746:
8743:
8742:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8710:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8685:
8683:
8681:
8677:
8671:
8668:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8650:
8649:
8646:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8623:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8610:
8607:
8606:
8605:
8604:Pathogenicity
8602:
8598:
8595:
8594:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8579:
8577:
8575:
8571:
8568:
8564:
8559:
8555:
8547:
8542:
8540:
8535:
8533:
8528:
8527:
8524:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8493:
8491:
8487:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8460:Child rearing
8458:
8454:
8450:
8444:
8443:
8441:
8437:
8428:
8425:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8400:
8397:
8396:
8395:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8387:
8383:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8342:
8340:
8338:
8334:
8327:
8323:
8316:
8311:
8309:
8304:
8302:
8297:
8296:
8293:
8281:
8280:
8271:
8269:
8268:
8259:
8257:
8256:
8247:
8246:
8243:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8202:Joseph Lister
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8184:
8182:
8178:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8151:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8143:
8141:
8137:
8130:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8093:
8091:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8081:Health Canada
8079:
8078:
8076:
8072:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8053:
8051:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8041:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8031:
8030:
8028:
8026:Organizations
8024:
8021:
8013:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7950:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7933:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7886:
7884:
7883:
7881:
7875:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7863:Vaccine trial
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7837:
7834:
7833:
7832:
7829:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7820:
7817:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7799:
7797:
7791:
7785:
7782:
7778:
7776:
7772:
7770:
7768:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7747:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7740:Relative risk
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7719:
7713:
7710:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7700:Health equity
7698:
7696:
7693:
7692:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7665:Health system
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7655:Global health
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7635:Biostatistics
7633:
7632:
7630:
7628:
7624:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7567:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7549:
7546:
7545:
7544:
7541:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7507:
7504:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7481:
7480:
7477:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7464:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7446:
7443:
7442:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7433:
7429:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7377:Right to food
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7332:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7315:
7311:
7310:Mental health
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7258:Housing First
7256:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7246:Health system
7244:
7243:
7242:
7241:Health policy
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7196:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7150:Public health
7144:
7139:
7137:
7132:
7130:
7125:
7124:
7121:
7115:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7078:
7060:
7056:
7049:
7041:
7037:
7030:
7022:
7018:
7011:
6997:on 2016-03-04
6993:
6989:
6985:
6978:
6971:
6964:
6959:
6953:
6949:
6942:
6940:
6932:
6928:
6922:
6918:
6911:
6904:
6900:
6894:
6890:
6883:
6876:
6872:
6866:
6862:
6855:
6848:
6843:
6837:
6833:
6826:
6816:
6812:
6806:
6802:
6797:
6794:
6789:
6783:
6779:
6774:
6773:
6769:
6762:
6757:
6751:
6747:
6740:
6733:
6729:
6723:
6719:
6712:
6704:
6698:
6694:
6687:
6679:
6675:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6660:
6652:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6621:
6616:
6610:
6602:
6600:0-8247-9394-3
6596:
6592:
6585:
6577:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6558:
6550:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6524:
6516:
6509:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6482:
6467:on 2007-12-14
6466:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6449:
6441:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6416:van Sertima I
6411:
6409:
6400:
6393:
6385:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6370:
6362:
6354:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6335:
6327:
6319:
6317:1-134-63620-2
6313:
6309:
6305:
6304:
6296:
6288:
6286:0-435-32594-9
6282:
6278:
6274:
6273:
6265:
6258:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6243:
6235:
6227:
6223:
6217:
6209:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6160:
6144:
6140:
6134:
6119:
6115:
6112:Matterer JL.
6108:
6093:
6089:
6083:
6075:
6069:
6065:
6058:
6050:
6035:
6027:
6020:
6012:
6006:
6002:
5995:
5993:
5984:
5978:
5974:
5967:
5959:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5936:
5934:960-7254-47-3
5930:
5926:
5921:
5917:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5897:
5890:
5884:
5880:
5875:
5872:
5868:
5862:
5858:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5840:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5798:
5791:
5789:
5780:
5776:
5770:
5762:
5758:
5751:
5737:on 2017-01-30
5736:
5732:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5710:
5704:
5700:
5693:
5691:
5683:
5679:
5673:
5669:
5662:
5660:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5633:
5627:
5623:
5616:
5614:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5577:on 2013-04-06
5573:
5566:
5565:
5557:
5555:
5546:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5497:
5489:
5485:
5479:
5471:
5465:
5461:
5460:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5436:
5432:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5402:
5400:0-521-58000-5
5396:
5392:
5385:
5377:
5376:View of China
5373:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5338:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5304:
5300:
5293:
5287:
5285:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5254:
5247:
5245:
5233:
5226:
5220:
5218:
5207:
5206:
5198:
5190:
5184:
5176:
5169:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5135:(4): 430–35.
5134:
5130:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5072:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4977:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4910:(5): 275–81.
4909:
4905:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4842:on 2021-04-14
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4810:
4806:
4805:"Food safety"
4800:
4786:
4782:
4776:
4768:
4762:
4754:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4713:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4677:(4): 402–25.
4676:
4672:
4665:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4563:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4535:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4492:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4456:on 2020-02-20
4455:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4348:on 2017-11-20
4347:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4318:Stöppler MC.
4314:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4148:
4141:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4108:
4106:
4097:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4038:
4031:
4029:
4017:
4010:
4004:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3973:(3): 190–97.
3972:
3968:
3961:
3959:
3950:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3914:
3900:
3894:
3881:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3727:
3720:
3718:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3685:
3678:
3672:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3476:
3470:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3414:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3363:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3311:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3140:2027.42/61196
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3060:
3054:
3046:
3039:
3037:
3032:
3018:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2934:
2923:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:flush toilets
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2443:Islamic Spain
2440:
2436:
2435:travel guides
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2388:Islamic world
2385:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2294:Joseph Lister
2291:
2287:
2286:Louis Pasteur
2283:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:Protestantism
2236:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2078:bidet showers
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:mixed bathing
1994:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1972:Cloaca Maxima
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1806:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1760:
1759:Vishnu Purana
1756:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1621:Book of Rites
1617:
1609:
1608:Shang dynasty
1605:
1589:
1585:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1407:
1403:
1402:food security
1399:
1394:
1393:certification
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:biotechnology
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:food labeling
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:medical waste
1285:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1272:medical waste
1269:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1244:sterilization
1242:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1219:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1161:body piercing
1158:
1154:
1151:
1150:aestheticians
1147:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1103:Sleep hygiene
1097:Sleep hygiene
1094:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
975:
974:Toiletry bags
971:
969:
965:
961:
960:washing hands
956:
950:
945:
935:
932:
924:
914:
910:
906:
900:
899:
895:
890:This section
888:
884:
879:
878:
865:
863:
859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
839:
836:
835:antibacterial
831:
829:
825:
815:
812:
804:
793:
790:
786:
783:
779:
776:
772:
769:
765:
762: –
761:
757:
756:Find sources:
750:
746:
740:
739:
734:This section
732:
728:
723:
722:
714:
711:
707:
698:
694:
691:
688:
683:
681:
677:
676:
671:
667:
663:
657:
653:
649:
646:
634:
629:
626:
623:
619:
618:antibacterial
615:
611:
603:
599:
596:
592:
588:
587:
586:
579:
575:
567:
563:
561:
557:
553:
552:flush toilets
549:
545:
541:
537:
528:
520:
508:
505:
504:
503:
501:
497:
493:
479:
472:
467:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
379:
369:
356:
352:
348:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
321:
319:
315:
309:
300:
298:
297:public health
294:
293:
288:
286:
281:
280:
275:
274:
273:sleep hygiene
269:
268:
263:
258:
256:
250:
248:
243:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
208:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
163:
158:
148:
145:
137:
126:
123:
119:
116:
112:
109:
105:
102:
98:
95: –
94:
90:
89:Find sources:
83:
79:
73:
72:
67:This article
65:
61:
56:
55:
50:
46:
39:
35:
30:
19:
11313:
11297:
11290:
11283:
11265:
11249:
11242:
11208:
11201:
11183:
11176:
11169:
11163:
11156:
11149:
11142:
11135:
11128:
11121:
11114:
11107:
11100:
11084:
11077:
11072:Brahmacharya
11070:
11063:
11056:
11049:
11042:
11035:
11028:
11010:
11003:
10978:
10971:
10955:
10937:
10921:
10914:
10870:Tranquillity
10820:Self-control
10790:Renunciation
10748:Philanthropy
10743:Perspicacity
10703:Magnificence
10656:Intelligence
10636:Impartiality
10556:Faithfulness
10444:Authenticity
10370:
10356:Five virtues
10333:
10326:
10306:Trait theory
10293:
9940:Notification
9911:Hand washing
9906:Food hygiene
9900:
9891:Disinfection
9787:Immunization
9738:Anthelmintic
9726:prophylactic
9614:Respiratory
9538:Hyperendemic
9488:WAIFW matrix
9143:Environment-
8896:Transmission
8872:Urbanization
8670:Host tropism
8566:Determinants
8552:Concepts in
8386:Instrumental
8344:
8277:
8265:
8253:
8222:Radium Girls
8217:Typhoid Mary
7904:Microbiology
7774:
7766:
7650:Epidemiology
7548:Organization
7499:Oral hygiene
7489:Hand washing
7478:
7467:Healthy diet
7397:Right to sit
7290:Labor rights
7101:Hand hygiene
7082:
7058:
7048:
7039:
7029:
7020:
7010:
6999:. Retrieved
6992:the original
6987:
6983:
6970:
6961:
6947:
6930:
6916:
6910:
6902:
6888:
6882:
6874:
6860:
6854:
6845:
6831:
6825:
6814:
6800:
6791:
6777:
6768:
6759:
6745:
6739:
6731:
6717:
6711:
6692:
6686:
6658:
6651:
6619:
6609:
6590:
6584:
6556:
6549:
6532:
6529:al-Hassan AY
6523:
6508:
6500:ResearchGate
6495:
6491:
6481:
6469:. Retrieved
6465:the original
6458:
6448:
6420:
6398:
6392:
6368:
6361:
6333:
6326:
6302:
6295:
6271:
6264:
6241:
6234:
6225:
6216:
6173:
6169:
6159:
6147:. Retrieved
6142:
6133:
6121:. Retrieved
6117:
6114:"Daily Life"
6107:
6096:. Retrieved
6091:
6082:
6063:
6057:
6048:
6034:
6025:
6019:
6000:
5972:
5966:
5957:
5924:
5905:
5896:
5878:
5870:
5856:
5847:
5828:
5824:
5818:
5810:
5796:
5778:
5769:
5760:
5750:
5739:. Retrieved
5735:the original
5730:
5720:
5712:
5698:
5681:
5667:
5649:
5643:
5635:
5621:
5604:the original
5599:
5590:
5579:. Retrieved
5572:the original
5563:
5510:
5506:
5496:
5487:
5478:
5458:
5434:
5421:
5409:
5390:
5384:
5375:
5349:
5328:the original
5323:
5314:
5303:the original
5298:
5275:the original
5270:
5261:
5232:the original
5204:
5197:
5183:
5168:
5132:
5128:
5095:
5091:
5082:
5044:
5040:
5028:the original
5014:
4989:(1): 42–52.
4986:
4982:
4940:
4936:
4907:
4903:
4894:
4886:the original
4881:
4872:
4860:
4844:. Retrieved
4840:the original
4835:
4823:
4812:. Retrieved
4808:
4799:
4788:. Retrieved
4785:fooddocs.com
4784:
4775:
4766:
4761:
4729:(1): 70–79.
4726:
4722:
4712:
4674:
4670:
4637:
4626:. Retrieved
4622:
4613:
4578:
4574:
4552:
4542:
4505:
4501:
4491:
4483:the original
4478:
4469:
4458:. Retrieved
4454:the original
4449:
4439:
4430:
4421:
4413:mouthhealthy
4412:
4403:
4394:
4385:
4374:. Retrieved
4370:
4361:
4350:. Retrieved
4346:the original
4341:
4332:
4323:
4313:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4226:
4217:
4205:
4197:the original
4192:
4183:
4155:
4140:
4129:. Retrieved
4127:. 2015-10-21
4124:
4115:
4104:
4096:
4059:
4055:
4045:
4016:the original
4003:
3970:
3966:
3922:
3913:
3902:. Retrieved
3893:
3883:, retrieved
3861:
3851:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3821:. Retrieved
3817:
3807:
3796:. Retrieved
3792:
3783:
3772:. Retrieved
3768:
3758:
3747:. Retrieved
3743:
3734:
3705:. Retrieved
3701:
3692:
3683:
3671:
3660:
3651:
3624:
3620:
3602:
3593:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3531:(8): 791–8.
3528:
3524:
3514:
3503:. Retrieved
3501:. 2020-03-04
3498:
3489:
3478:. Retrieved
3469:
3458:. Retrieved
3454:
3445:
3434:. Retrieved
3430:
3421:
3386:. Retrieved
3382:
3373:
3362:the original
3353:
3331:. Retrieved
3327:
3318:
3271:
3265:
3238:
3232:
3205:
3199:
3172:
3167:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3081:
3075:
3063:. Retrieved
3053:
3044:
2902:latinisation
2888:
2886:
2877:hand washing
2871:such as the
2841:Baháʼí Faith
2810:
2737:
2728:Castile soap
2697:
2677:Muslim world
2628:Hard toilet
2627:
2589:Himba people
2574:
2559:
2535:
2531:Islamic diet
2492:tuberculosis
2485:
2475:
2400:
2342:
2306:
2279:
2275:flush toilet
2252:
2224:Women's Bath
2223:
2216:Bath Booklet
2215:
2209:
2201:Women's Bath
2200:
2192:
2184:
2172:
2152:Benedictines
2148:Augustinians
2140:
2136:Thessaloniki
2066:use of water
2046:Roman Empire
2035:
1989:Christianity
1987:
1957:. Elaborate
1952:
1862:
1854:
1814:
1795:The Americas
1777:sattvic diet
1771:
1765:nitya karmas
1752:
1727:Heian period
1724:
1713:
1699:Ming dynasty
1696:
1687:Yuan dynasty
1679:ear cleaning
1671:Song dynasty
1667:Tang dynasty
1646:
1626:Zhou dynasty
1619:
1601:
1524:
1505:
1498:using clear
1470:Cleaning of
1469:
1465:trichuriasis
1453:
1449:
1422:
1406:malnutrition
1364:food defense
1319:
1310:Food hygiene
1289:
1232:
1225:
1207:
1199:
1177:
1146:hairdressers
1139:
1136:
1124:, and other
1106:
1075:
1064:
1061:Oral hygiene
1055:Oral hygiene
1041:
1016:
1012:
996:toilet paper
980:Anal hygiene
978:
972:
968:menstruation
964:face washing
957:
953:
949:toiletry bag
927:
921:January 2022
918:
903:Please help
891:
851:
840:
832:
822:
807:
801:January 2022
798:
788:
781:
774:
767:
755:
743:Please help
738:verification
735:
708:
704:
695:
692:
684:
674:
658:
654:
650:
643:
614:disinfectant
609:
584:
572:
548:toilet rooms
536:toilet seats
533:
492:hand hygiene
489:
385:Hand washing
383:
378:Hand washing
363:Hand washing
349:
334:
322:
310:
306:
290:
283:
277:
271:
265:
262:body hygiene
261:
259:
251:
244:
242:to another.
237:
214:
197:
193:hand washing
189:food hygiene
184:
168:
167:
140:
131:
121:
114:
107:
100:
88:
76:Please help
71:verification
68:
29:
10890:Workmanship
10780:Punctuality
10698:Magnanimity
10621:Hospitality
10571:Forgiveness
10516:Discernment
10474:Cleanliness
10193:Eradication
10104:Biosecurity
9829:Vaccination
9804:Inoculation
9782:Drug safety
9777:Combination
9704:and Control
9652:Soft tissue
9606:Anatomical
9573:Seasonality
9553:Mesoendemic
9533:Holoendemic
9526:Farr's laws
9438:Attack rate
9236:Animal bite
9232:Insect bite
9168:Respiratory
8795:Air quality
8783:Environment
8693:Comorbidity
8609:Attack rate
8592:Infectivity
8453:the elderly
8279:WikiProject
8019:and history
7899:Engineering
7612:Vaccination
7484:Food safety
6539:. pp.
6123:22 February
6043: 1320
5755:Nelson LH.
4324:MedicineNet
3499:www.cdc.gov
3455:www.who.int
2851:requires a
2768:health care
2636:during the
2634:Middle East
2581:Zulu people
2562:West Africa
2417:powered by
2324:Middle East
2235:Renaissance
2203:, 1496, by
2164:Benedictine
2090:Christendom
2032:Middle Ages
2020:monasteries
1820:Mesoamerica
1800:Mesoamerica
1785:oil pulling
1642:Han dynasty
1616:Oracle bone
1348:preparation
1344:Food safety
1338:Food safety
1316:Food safety
1281:handwashing
1116:as well as
858:antiseptics
710:Antiseptics
255:handwashing
221:cleanliness
200:fingernails
134:August 2023
11365:Sanitation
11344:Categories
11203:Auctoritas
11051:Aparigraha
11030:Adhiṭṭhāna
11012:Sophrosyne
10980:Eutrapelia
10865:Temperance
10845:Solidarity
10835:Simplicity
10795:Resilience
10770:Politeness
10738:Patriotism
10718:Moderation
10591:Good faith
10581:Generosity
10541:Equanimity
10521:Discipline
10479:Compassion
10076:infections
10017:Sanitation
9985:Quarantine
9844:resistance
9762:Antiseptic
9743:Ascaricide
9733:Antifungal
9721:Antibiotic
9702:Prevention
9635:Intestinal
9568:Prevalence
9548:Inequality
9497:Occurrence
9296:Breastmilk
9180:Bioaerosol
9152:Sapronosis
9127:Horizontal
8999:Endogenous
8978:Viral load
8938:Index case
8496:Disability
8447:(of self,
8421:Technology
8371:Ambulation
8359:Voluntary
8032:Caribbean
7909:Processing
7843:Quarantine
7765:Student's
7565:Sanitation
7199:History of
7061:. Perseus.
7042:. Perseus.
7023:. Perseus.
7017:"ὑγιεινός"
7001:2020-05-29
6847:Protestant
6564:. p.
6513:Mbatha S.
6471:28 January
6428:. p.
6341:. p.
6226:Britannica
6098:2020-10-04
6038:Fresco of
5741:2008-03-05
5581:2012-12-18
4814:2022-11-01
4790:2022-11-16
4628:2023-09-20
4553:BBC Future
4508:(1): 113.
4460:2020-10-04
4376:2023-09-18
4352:2018-04-15
4131:2020-10-04
3904:2024-07-23
3885:2024-07-23
3823:2024-07-25
3798:2024-07-23
3774:2024-07-23
3763:Cushelle.
3749:2024-07-23
3707:2020-01-05
3505:2020-03-06
3480:2024-07-23
3460:2024-07-23
3436:2024-07-23
3388:2024-07-23
3333:2024-07-23
3290:1202989365
3257:1148475943
3065:29 January
3027:References
3002:Mysophobia
2732:Carolinian
2681:soapmaking
2570:black soap
2568:have used
2546:toothpaste
2384:bathhouses
2308:physician
2298:sanitation
2102:Regensburg
2042:sanitation
2012:Tertullian
1876:temazcalli
1830:describes
1755:Manusmriti
1697:A typical
1683:Marco Polo
1582:See also:
1461:ascariasis
1429:sanitation
1324:, prevent
1298:, notably
1174:Challenges
1126:stimulants
1082:toothpaste
1044:ear canals
1036:See also:
984:defecation
862:pesticides
771:newspapers
447:defecation
399:to remove
345:sanitation
104:newspapers
11355:Bathrooms
11251:Humanitas
10997:Phronesis
10988:Philotimo
10840:Sincerity
10805:Reverence
10673:Judgement
10661:Emotional
10651:Integrity
10641:Innocence
10596:Gratitude
10576:Frugality
10566:Foresight
10546:Etiquette
10536:Endurance
10511:Diligence
10434:Alertness
10383:Scout Law
10284:Endowment
10188:Discovery
10114:Disease X
10074:Emerging
10022:Screening
9923:Isolation
9767:Antiviral
9593:Twindemic
9543:Incidence
9420:Modelling
9383:Perinatal
9315:Cutaneous
9206:Linked to
9116:Perinatal
9035:Exogenous
9027:formation
8769:Pregnancy
8626:Endotoxin
8621:Virulence
8427:Telephone
8394:Housework
8212:John Snow
8139:Education
8129:Full list
8017:education
7941:ISO 22000
7894:Chemistry
7807:Epidemics
7760:ROC curve
7570:Emergency
7350:Radiation
7330:Pollution
7314:Ministers
7211:Euthenics
6190:0959-8138
6139:"History"
5902:Kazhdan A
5731:ThoughtCo
5725:Snell M.
5600:Time Team
5527:0975-1483
5429:Wolff D.
4581:: 23–36.
4289:1477-8920
4245:825550689
3845:: 435–36.
3613:Larson EL
3609:Aiello AE
3224:870650548
3191:854907565
3100:181862629
2933:hygieinos
2883:Etymology
2760:Indonesia
2752:Guatemala
2708:Marseille
2657:olive oil
2653:glycerine
2542:deodorant
2498:. In the
2478:contagion
2419:hydraulic
2259:John Snow
2255:cesspools
2249:Modernity
2245:culture.
2212:Hans Folz
2060:promoted
2054:basilicas
1949:, England
1930:Antiquity
1899:teʃict͜ɬe
1846:) in his
1832:Moctezuma
1781:excretion
1640:. In the
1496:Indonesia
1398:nutrition
1254:bandaging
1238:isolation
1165:tattooing
1157:autoclave
1004:wet wipes
892:does not
852:The term
843:sanitizer
841:The term
828:pathogens
760:"Hygiene"
687:detergent
675:S. aureus
620:product;
595:detergent
443:urination
330:Pathogens
217:lifestyle
93:"Hygiene"
11244:Gravitas
11227:Dignitas
10973:Ataraxia
10855:Sympathy
10785:Religion
10775:Prudence
10733:Patience
10708:Meekness
10683:Kindness
10631:Humility
10626:Humanity
10561:Fidelity
10506:Courtesy
10469:Chivalry
10464:Chastity
10454:Charisma
10449:Calmness
10439:Altruism
10097:EARS-Net
10012:Safe sex
9964:services
9935:Lockdown
9706:measures
9608:location
9588:Syndemic
9583:Sporadic
9563:Pandemic
9558:Outbreak
9516:Epidemic
9369:Prenatal
9261:Mosquito
9145:to-human
9120:Neonatal
9113:Prenatal
9061:Zoonosis
8906:concepts
8837:Humidity
8822:Commerce
8698:Diabetes
8631:Exotoxin
8449:children
8416:Shopping
8399:Cleaning
8376:Sleeping
8350:Dressing
8255:Category
7954:sciences
7889:Additive
7560:Safe sex
7531:Medicine
7445:Theories
7216:Genomics
7194:Eugenics
7184:Deviance
7164:Auxology
7055:"ὑγίεια"
6963:service.
6678:Archived
6617:(1981).
6418:(1992).
6339:ABC-CLIO
6208:16373721
6149:18 April
5545:24563588
5149:12452499
5120:13024434
5112:16023513
5071:18042961
5003:15620560
4967:18556606
4924:12726975
4846:18 April
4753:20415854
4701:16630145
4605:25454674
4534:26408042
4305:11800640
4297:21976190
4088:32311380
3995:46126212
3987:15167507
3967:Nurs Res
3769:Cushelle
3557:22656243
3159:18556606
2966:See also
2928:ὑγιεινός
2724:monopoly
2720:Catholic
2685:bar soap
2518:scholar
2482:Ibn Sina
2463:tenement
2179:Melusine
2175:romances
2116:such as
2068:in many
1964:aqueduct
1894:texictle
1866:temazcal
1824:conquest
1773:Ayurveda
1757:and the
1614:), when
1268:disposal
1262:injuries
1258:dressing
1228:medicine
1122:caffeine
1118:nicotine
1110:insomnia
1086:fluoride
1000:gel wipe
992:buttocks
544:bathroom
502:season:
405:bacteria
229:medicine
204:bathroom
181:diseases
11350:Hygiene
11299:Sadaqah
11285:Ganbaru
11218:Decorum
11210:Caritas
11165:Śraddhā
11151:Shaucha
11116:Kshanti
11044:Akrodha
10899:Chinese
10800:Respect
10723:Modesty
10693:Loyalty
10678:Justice
10646:Insight
10606:Honesty
10601:Heroism
10531:Empathy
10489:Courage
10459:Charity
10372:Pāramīs
10270:Virtues
9901:Hygiene
9839:booster
9772:Asepsis
9511:Endemic
9506:Cluster
9090:Source
9025:Biofilm
8862:Poverty
8832:Ecology
8810:El Niño
8763:Smoking
8641:factors
8582:Biofilm
8558:Outline
8475:Driving
8367:control
8361:urinary
8267:Commons
8180:History
8077:Canada
8052:Europe
7536:Nursing
7516:Hygiene
7479:Hygiene
7204:Liberal
7157:General
7112:at the
7103:at the
7094:at the
7092:Hygiene
7036:"ὑγιής"
6643:9944510
6615:Gregg P
6199:1322233
5536:3930110
5157:9987503
5062:2190272
4958:2446461
4809:who.int
4744:2841838
4692:1448690
4596:4400203
4525:4583988
4220:. 2014.
4079:7165117
3662:YouTube
3642:7115270
3594:cdc.gov
3548:3538484
3150:2446461
2910:ὑγιεινή
2904:of the
2897:hygiène
2889:hygiene
2704:Castile
2700:Antwerp
2693:perfume
2601:otjitze
2593:Namibia
2506:najasat
2439:Córdoba
2431:hammams
2427:mosques
2407:Baghdad
2401:In the
2354:Taharah
2337:Isfahan
2318:miasmas
2263:cholera
2143:Cluniac
2122:Antioch
2062:bathing
2038:bathing
1980:scented
1943:Thermae
1871:Spanish
1840:emperor
1816:Spanish
1739:became
1725:In the
1659:Chinese
1558:History
1553:devices
1532:boiling
1472:toilets
1252:proper
1114:alcohol
1026:combing
1022:shaving
913:removed
898:sources
854:biocide
785:scholar
645:Laundry
610:in situ
560:showers
556:aerosol
459:poultry
455:diapers
421:alcohol
401:viruses
326:toilets
240:culture
233:disease
169:Hygiene
118:scholar
11267:Virtus
11259:Pietas
11178:Upekṣā
11171:Saddhā
11137:Prajñā
11130:Muditā
11109:Kshama
11102:Karuṇā
11065:Asteya
11058:Ārjava
11037:Ahimsa
11022:Indian
11005:Sophia
10880:Wisdom
10758:Filial
10666:Social
10611:Honour
10109:CRISPR
10061:Zoning
9916:Gloves
9327:Fomite
9161:Routes
9056:Vector
8923:Fomite
8904:Basic
8867:Travel
8747:Gender
8067:India
8042:China
7914:Safety
7595:Worker
6954:
6923:
6895:
6867:
6838:
6807:
6784:
6752:
6724:
6699:
6670:
6666:–205.
6641:
6631:
6597:
6572:
6537:UNESCO
6436:
6380:
6349:
6314:
6283:
6253:
6206:
6196:
6188:
6094:. 2001
6070:
6007:
5979:
5931:
5912:
5885:
5863:
5835:
5803:
5705:
5674:
5628:
5543:
5533:
5525:
5466:
5397:
5155:
5147:
5118:
5110:
5092:Lancet
5069:
5059:
5001:
4965:
4955:
4922:
4751:
4741:
4699:
4689:
4603:
4593:
4532:
4522:
4303:
4295:
4287:
4243:
4233:
4086:
4076:
3993:
3985:
3876:
3639:
3555:
3545:
3288:
3278:
3255:
3245:
3222:
3212:
3189:
3179:
3157:
3147:
3098:
3088:
2959:Ὑγίεια
2954:Hygeia
2945:hygiēs
2900:, the
2893:French
2855:mikveh
2833:prayer
2805:, and
2744:Africa
2716:Venice
2714:, and
2712:Naples
2691:using
2689:scents
2665:alkali
2597:Angola
2587:. The
2585:Ulundi
2579:, the
2566:Yoruba
2538:Ziryab
2451:Fustat
2339:, Iran
2302:health
2271:sewers
2110:Naples
1976:Romans
1968:sewers
1925:Europe
1919:Mexico
1914:tlasas
1904:tlasas
1844:Cortés
1787:, and
1742:gyōzui
1736:Misogi
1718:misogi
1661::
1638:dinner
1586:, and
1389:export
1385:import
1350:, and
1049:earwax
1038:Earwax
986:. The
787:
780:
773:
766:
758:
546:, and
439:toilet
341:towels
227:, and
225:health
173:health
120:
113:
106:
99:
91:
11323:Virtù
11277:Other
11236:Fides
11195:Latin
11185:Vīrya
11144:Satya
11123:Mettā
11086:Dhṛti
10965:Arete
10957:Agape
10949:Greek
10875:Trust
10860:Taste
10753:Piety
10713:Mercy
10586:Glory
10551:Faith
10499:Moral
10494:Civil
10413:Yamas
10181:Other
9689:Fetus
9684:Mouth
9679:Tooth
9674:Blood
9661:Joint
9521:Curve
9391:Other
9338:wound
9336:Open
9306:Feces
9301:Water
8992:Modes
8850:Flood
8574:Agent
8445:Care
8365:bowel
8337:Basic
8092:U.S.
7936:HACCP
7885:Food
7777:-test
7769:-test
7355:Light
7340:Water
6995:(PDF)
6980:(PDF)
6310:–38.
5827:[
5575:(PDF)
5568:(PDF)
5306:(PDF)
5295:(PDF)
5235:(PDF)
5228:(PDF)
5209:(PDF)
5153:S2CID
5116:S2CID
4979:(PDF)
4667:(PDF)
4301:S2CID
4019:(PDF)
4012:(PDF)
3991:S2CID
3680:(PDF)
3365:(PDF)
3358:(PDF)
2939:ὑγιής
2916:τέχνη
2906:Greek
2865:Water
2827:ghusl
2813:Islam
2764:Korea
2756:India
2748:China
2669:Syria
2667:. In
2663:with
2655:from
2471:flues
2378:ghusl
2370:salah
2344:Islam
2229:above
2227:(see
2098:Paris
2074:Bidet
2050:popes
1978:used
1959:baths
1945:) in
1888:calli
1882:temaz
1836:Aztec
1710:Japan
1598:China
1304:Ebola
1266:safe
1024:, or
1008:feces
792:JSTOR
778:books
666:NDM-1
540:flush
441:(for
397:water
391:with
389:hands
318:HACCP
125:JSTOR
111:books
11315:Sisu
11307:Seny
11292:Giri
11158:Sevā
11079:Dāna
10916:Jing
10765:Pity
10688:Love
10616:Hope
10526:Duty
9945:list
9866:Non-
9656:Bone
9648:Skin
9332:Soil
9322:Burn
9284:Food
9266:Tick
8928:Host
8688:Burn
8680:Host
8423:use
8363:and
7868:WASH
7824:List
7812:List
7345:Soil
6952:ISBN
6921:ISBN
6893:ISBN
6865:ISBN
6836:ISBN
6805:ISBN
6782:ISBN
6750:ISBN
6722:ISBN
6697:ISBN
6668:ISBN
6639:OCLC
6629:ISBN
6595:ISBN
6570:ISBN
6543:–74.
6473:2008
6434:ISBN
6378:ISBN
6347:ISBN
6312:ISBN
6281:ISBN
6251:ISBN
6204:PMID
6186:ISSN
6151:2015
6125:2017
6068:ISBN
6005:ISBN
5977:ISBN
5929:ISBN
5910:ISBN
5883:ISBN
5861:ISBN
5833:ISBN
5801:ISBN
5703:ISBN
5672:ISBN
5626:ISBN
5541:PMID
5523:ISSN
5464:ISBN
5395:ISBN
5145:PMID
5108:PMID
5067:PMID
4999:PMID
4963:PMID
4920:PMID
4848:2017
4836:UNDP
4749:PMID
4697:PMID
4601:PMID
4530:PMID
4293:PMID
4285:ISSN
4241:OCLC
4231:ISBN
4084:PMID
3983:PMID
3874:ISBN
3553:PMID
3286:OCLC
3276:ISBN
3253:OCLC
3243:ISBN
3220:OCLC
3210:ISBN
3187:OCLC
3177:ISBN
3155:PMID
3096:OCLC
3086:ISBN
3067:2020
2819:wudu
2673:lime
2661:fats
2630:soap
2595:and
2514:fiqh
2457:and
2429:and
2413:had
2362:wudu
2292:and
2265:was
2168:spas
2150:and
2120:and
2108:and
2106:Rome
2076:and
2040:and
2010:and
1983:oils
1947:Bath
1909:Toci
1691:coal
1593:Asia
1463:and
1441:WASH
1400:and
1387:and
1375:and
1302:and
1300:AIDS
1256:and
1163:and
990:and
988:anus
896:any
894:cite
764:news
670:ESBL
662:MRSA
591:soap
538:and
498:and
496:cold
429:The
395:and
289:and
97:news
36:and
11094:Hrī
10931:Ren
10885:Wit
10005:PPE
9693:Eye
9354:Sex
9175:Air
8744:Age
8429:use
7335:Air
6664:203
6625:218
6566:137
6430:267
6308:136
6277:165
6247:144
6194:PMC
6178:doi
6174:331
6170:BMJ
5531:PMC
5515:doi
5137:doi
5100:doi
5096:366
5057:PMC
5049:doi
5045:336
4991:doi
4953:PMC
4945:doi
4912:doi
4739:PMC
4731:doi
4727:160
4687:PMC
4679:doi
4591:PMC
4583:doi
4520:PMC
4510:doi
4431:NHS
4275:doi
4074:PMC
4064:doi
3975:doi
3866:doi
3637:PMC
3629:doi
3543:PMC
3533:doi
3145:PMC
3135:hdl
3127:doi
2823:or
2742:in
2726:on
2591:of
2575:In
2560:In
2447:Fez
2445:),
2243:spa
2222:'s
2134:in
1869:in
1630:BCE
1612:BCE
1568:BCE
1443:in
1423:In
1270:of
1260:of
907:by
833:An
747:by
680:PVL
668:or
616:or
593:or
500:flu
417:v/v
320:).
183:."
80:by
11346::
10939:Yi
10923:Li
10908:De
8451:,
7057:.
7038:.
7019:.
6988:12
6986:.
6982:.
6960:.
6938:^
6929:.
6901:.
6873:.
6844:.
6813:.
6790:.
6758:.
6730:.
6676:.
6637:.
6627:.
6568:.
6560:.
6541:73
6494:.
6490:.
6457:.
6432:.
6424:.
6407:^
6372:.
6345:.
6343:29
6337:.
6279:.
6249:,
6224:.
6202:.
6192:.
6184:.
6172:.
6168:.
6141:.
6116:.
6090:.
6040:c.
5991:^
5946:^
5869:.
5809:.
5787:^
5777:.
5759:.
5729:.
5711:.
5689:^
5680:.
5658:^
5634:.
5612:^
5598:.
5553:^
5539:.
5529:.
5521:.
5509:.
5505:.
5486:.
5446:^
5433:.
5420:.
5374:.
5358:^
5348:.
5336:^
5322:.
5297:.
5283:^
5269:.
5243:^
5216:^
5151:.
5143:.
5133:67
5131:.
5114:.
5106:.
5094:.
5065:.
5055:.
5043:.
5039:.
4997:.
4985:.
4981:.
4961:.
4951:.
4941:98
4939:.
4935:.
4918:.
4906:.
4880:.
4859:.
4834:.
4807:.
4783:.
4747:.
4737:.
4725:.
4721:.
4695:.
4685:.
4675:36
4673:.
4669:.
4621:.
4599:.
4589:.
4579:22
4577:.
4573:.
4561:^
4551:.
4528:.
4518:.
4506:15
4504:.
4500:.
4477:.
4448:.
4429:.
4411:.
4393:.
4369:.
4340:.
4322:.
4299:.
4291:.
4283:.
4269:.
4265:.
4239:.
4216:.
4191:.
4123:.
4082:.
4072:.
4060:48
4058:.
4054:.
4027:^
3989:.
3981:.
3971:53
3969:.
3957:^
3933:^
3921:.
3872:,
3860:,
3841:.
3816:.
3791:.
3767:.
3742:.
3716:^
3700:.
3682:.
3659:.
3635:.
3625:35
3623:.
3619:.
3592:.
3573:.
3551:.
3541:.
3529:87
3527:.
3523:.
3497:.
3453:.
3429:.
3397:^
3381:.
3342:^
3326:.
3298:^
3284:.
3251:.
3218:.
3185:.
3153:.
3143:.
3133:.
3123:98
3121:.
3117:.
3094:.
3035:^
2952:,
2919:)
2847:.
2835:.
2801:,
2797:,
2793:,
2762:,
2758:,
2754:,
2750:,
2746:,
2710:,
2706:,
2702:,
2646:c.
2524:c.
2390:.
2335:,
2320:.
2214:'
2170:.
2124:.
2104:,
2100:,
2096:,
2084:.
1999:,
1921:.
1838:,
1826:.
1731:CE
1675:CE
1654:Bi
1447:.
1306:.
1148:,
1120:,
1028:.
1010:.
970:.
864:.
449:,
445:,
419:)
299:.
282:,
276:,
270:,
264:,
249:.
235:.
223:,
219:,
11168:/
10262:e
10255:t
10248:v
8560:)
8556:(
8545:e
8538:t
8531:v
8455:)
8314:e
8307:t
8300:v
8131:)
8127:(
7775:Z
7767:t
7316:)
7312:(
7142:e
7135:t
7128:v
7087:.
7004:.
6705:.
6645:.
6603:.
6578:.
6517:.
6502:.
6496:2
6475:.
6442:.
6386:.
6355:.
6320:.
6289:.
6228:.
6210:.
6180::
6153:.
6127:.
6101:.
6076:.
6013:.
5985:.
5937:.
5891:.
5841:.
5781:.
5763:.
5744:.
5584:.
5547:.
5517::
5511:5
5490:.
5472:.
5437:.
5424:.
5403:.
5378:.
5352:.
5159:.
5139::
5122:.
5102::
5073:.
5051::
5005:.
4993::
4987:5
4969:.
4947::
4926:.
4914::
4908:3
4863:.
4850:.
4817:.
4793:.
4755:.
4733::
4703:.
4681::
4631:.
4607:.
4585::
4555:.
4536:.
4512::
4463:.
4379:.
4355:.
4326:.
4307:.
4277::
4271:9
4247:.
4134:.
4090:.
4066::
3997:.
3977::
3927:.
3907:.
3868::
3843:4
3826:.
3801:.
3777:.
3752:.
3710:.
3686:.
3665:.
3645:.
3631::
3596:.
3559:.
3535::
3508:.
3483:.
3463:.
3439:.
3391:.
3336:.
3292:.
3259:.
3226:.
3193:.
3161:.
3137::
3129::
3102:.
3069:.
2956:(
2942:(
2913:(
2644:(
2522:(
2441:(
2231:)
1941:(
1897:(
1663:湢
1657:(
1340:.
934:)
928:(
923:)
919:(
915:.
901:.
814:)
808:(
803:)
799:(
789:·
782:·
775:·
768:·
741:.
461:.
407:/
403:/
380:.
287:,
164:.
147:)
141:(
136:)
132:(
122:·
115:·
108:·
101:·
74:.
51:.
40:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.