19:
118:
246:
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667:
46:, "there were few phases of ante-bellum Southern life and history that were not in some way influenced by the fear of, or the actual outbreak of, militant concerted slave action." Slave rebellions in the United States were small and diffuse compared with those in other slave economies in part due to "the conditions that tipped the balance of power against southern slaves—their numerical disadvantage, their
373:
Arson was known—gin houses filled with cotton were "highly flammable...Protests such as arson, machine-breaking, and negligence expressed a working-class conservatism in the face of radical economic changes that devalued the slaves' work and fostered their dependency upon the very means of production
297:
Gender played an imperative role in the treatment of slaves ranging from selling, harassment and expectations. Women showed resistance in different, but significant ways compared to men due to different expectations. For example, there were less women who would runaway due to the responsibilities as
411:
There would be trade for things like shingles, pork and corn. Some would directly sell timber to outside companies. By controlling the quality of the shingles and with competition from other multiple companies who wanted to buy their shingles, these traders had negotiating power. This created more
407:
located in
Virginia and North Carolina, was one prominent place where these slaves would go for this marronage, along with other long-term refugees. The location was strategic as the swamp was dense and could hide its refugees from the plantation owners, militia, and dogs. In the swamp, fugitives
356:
One of these means of resistance was creating ways for the production of plantations to either slow down or stop. This could mean intentionally working slower, faking sickness or feigning confusion of a task. There may have been many purposeful accidents that would break equipment or stop and set
50:
composition, their dispersal in relatively small units among resident whites—were precisely the same conditions that limited their communal potential." As such, "Confrontation in the Old South characteristically took the form of an individual slave's open resistance to plantation authorities,"or
382:
Some slaves would escape only to come back a short time later to take a break from their labor and disrupt the means of production of the plantations, this practice is known as petit marronage. During petit marronage, people could escape their oppressive overseers for a time. This allowed them
353:, wrote, "While from sunup to sundown the American slave worked for another and was harshly exploited, from sundown to sunup he lived for himself and created the behavioral and institutional basis which prevented him from becoming the absolute victim."
1290:
768:. Omohundro Institute of Early American History & Culture. Chapel Hill: Published for the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg, Virginia, by the University of North Carolina Press.
18:
438:
361:
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Resistance could also be an empowerment of that slave. An enslaved person would secretly learn to how to read and write, communicate important information through songs and pray. Some committed
418:
Today the swamp is seen as a place of resistance, where enslaved people could share in their cultural, agricultural and artisan knowledge, make their own economy and have their own freedom.
1605:
715:
370:
There is evidence that some enslaved people in the United States "added back doors to their dwellings that provided access to an open space shielded by the dwellings on all sides."
302:
273:
201:
1635:"Slave Religion, Slave Hiring, and the Incipient Proletarianization of Enslaved Black Labor: Developing Du Bois' Thesis on Black Participation in the Civil War as a Revolution"
1413:"Slave Resistance, Enslavement, African American Identity: Vol. I, 1500-1865, Primary Resources in U.S. History and Literature, Toolbox Library, National Humanities Center"
367:
Resistance many times was an act of survival. Some would steal food to feed their families. Others may run away for a short time to prevent the selling of children.
258:
51:
other individual or small-group actions, such as slaves opportunistically killing slave traders in hopes of avoiding forced migration away from friends and family.
31:
22:
One child survivor of
American slavery retold "his parents' stories about slaves sometimes killing the bloodhounds that some whites kept for tracking runaways" (
264:
287:
327:
was a major hot-button political issue in antebellum
America. In the years immediately prior to the American Civil War, collective escape actions called
339:
1606:"People escaping enslavement found refuge in the Great Dismal Swamp. A congressman wants to revive its forgotten history. | The Wilderness Society"
1591:
323:
The most common forms of resistance was self-emancipation—escaping an enslaver's control either temporarily or permanently. The legal condition of
383:
opportunity to do many things which could include connecting with others, escaping incoming sale or mistreatment and organizing for a rebellion.
1721:
433:
415:
The swamp became a particularly more enticing in times of great upheaval like the
American Revolution, reflected by the increase in refugees.
868:
1567:
42:. There were many ways that most slaves would either openly rebel or quietly resist due to the oppressive systems of slavery. According to
869:"The Five Greatest Slave Rebellions in the United States | African American History Blog | The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross"
408:
could take refuge and would make self-sustained communities. They would fish, farm, art and even trade in the rough swamp environment.
650:
Against the peace and dignity of the
Commonwealth: physical confrontations between slaves and whites in antebellum Virginia, 1801–1860
1492:
105:
99:
443:
335:
190:
117:
1291:"Day-to-Day Resistance · Hidden Voices: Enslaved Women in the Lowcountry and U.S. South · Lowcountry Digital History Initiative"
1716:
1525:
1393:
1348:
1323:
773:
521:
129:
Historians in the 20th century identified 250 to 311 slave uprisings in U.S. and colonial history. Those after 1776 include:
816:
324:
195:
1412:
622:
59:
Those from 1607, which marked the founding of the first settlement to 1776 the beginning of the United States include:
910:
555:
1388:. Archie Givens, Sr. Collection (1st Washington Square Press trade pbk. ed.). New York: Washington Square Press.
1207:
279:
245:
1187:
1022:
1232:
1173:
Granade, Ray (1976) "Slave Unrest in
Florida," Florida Historical Quarterly: Vol. 55: No. 1, Article 4. page 16
1482:
Slavery and
Frontier Mississippi, 1720-1835 by David J. Libby (2004), University Press of Mississippi, loc 1269
927:
701:
Wolfe, B. “Gloucester County
Conspiracy (1663)”. (2013, January 29). In Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved from
75:
1262:
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261:– Edward Stone, Howard Stone, David Cobb, James Gray, and Davis, "killed midstream on the Ohio River" (1826)
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63:
39:
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93:
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422:
396:
151:
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219:
169:
980:
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1318:. Gender and American culture (Nachdr. ed.). Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press.
547:
541:
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957:
654:
214:
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81:
69:
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was one notable leader for slaves who made the perilous journey to escape towards freedom.
8:
1675:
453:
175:
1453:
1662:
1568:"Deep in the Swamps, Archaeologists Are Finding How Fugitive Slaves Kept Their Freedom"
1465:
1242:
1081:
1032:
604:
494:
404:
1676:"Black Atlantic maritime networks, resistance and the American 'domestic' slave trade"
666:
1695:
1654:
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1319:
1132:
1085:
1073:
906:
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864:
843:
Szasz, Ferenc M. (July 1967). "The New York Slave Revolt Of 1741: A Re-Examination".
769:
551:
517:
486:
1124:
1687:
1646:
1449:
1065:
845:
596:
537:
43:
1520:. Race in the Atlantic world, 1700-1900. Athens: The University of Georgia Press.
1100:"1826 Enslaved Revolt on Ohio River · Notable Kentucky African Americans Database"
1069:
1054:"Trouble the water: The Baltimore to New Orleans coastwise slave trade, 1820–1860"
1316:
Closer to freedom: enslaved women and everyday resistance in the plantation South
1174:
133:
87:
23:
1518:
City of refuge: slavery and petit marronage in the Great Dismal Swamp, 1763-1856
821:
658:
316:
181:
47:
1650:
981:"Slave Revolt of 1842 | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture"
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1077:
648:
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350:
312:
163:
157:
145:
38:
Slave rebellions and resistance were means of opposing the system of chattel
1099:
139:
1341:
Bound for the promised land: Harriet Tubman, portrait of an
American hero
739:
546:(50th Anniversary ed.), New York: International Publishers, p.
232:
1666:
1634:
585:"Reevaluating the Antebellum Slave Community: A Comparative Perspective"
498:
474:
439:
Suicide, infanticide, and self-mutilation by slaves in the United States
1691:
1469:
1437:
702:
608:
475:""A Rough, Saucy Set of Hands to Manage": Slave Resistance in Arkansas"
448:
901:
American
Uprising: The Untold Story of America's Largest Slave Revolt
600:
288:
Bernard M. Campbell and Walter L. Campbell § American Civil War
54:
952:
766:
Foul means: the formation of a slave society in Virginia, 1660-1740
208:
240:
1365:"About the Project | Slave Stampedes on the Southern Borderlands"
112:
688:
303:
Enslaved women's resistance in the United States and Caribbean
434:
Slavery in the colonial United States § Slave rebellions
817:"A Brief History of Slavery That You Didn't Learn in School"
876:
1024:
Genius of Universal Emancipation 1830-01-01: Vol 4 Iss 17
1237:. Internet Archive. Open Court Publishing Co. 1829-10-09.
1234:
Genius of Universal Emancipation 1829-10-09: Vol 4 Iss 5
1188:"1829: The slaves of the Greenup revolt | Executed Today"
1027:. Internet Archive. Open Court Publishing Co. 1830-01-01.
213:
There are four known mutinies on vessels involved in the
1566:
Magazine, Smithsonian; Shelley, Richard Grant,Allison.
32:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
514:
Passageways: an interpretive history of Black America
898:
863:
340:Fugitive slave advertisements in the United States
928:"The slave rebellion the country tried to forget"
815:Elliot, Mary; Hughes, Jazmine (August 19, 2019).
536:
516:. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
395:Fugitive slaves reside and make community in the
121:Newspaper report about the Chatham Manor Revolt (
55:List of slave rebellions in the Colonial Americas
1708:
209:List of slave-ship mutinies in the United States
241:List of slave traders killed by their prisoners
1383:
1175:https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol55/iss1/4
716:"Africans in America/Part 1/Bacon's Rebellion"
349:Resistance took many forms; as one historian,
298:mothers and primary caretakers of their home.
1438:"The Archaeology of Slavery in North America"
1384:Douglass, Frederick; Wright, John S. (2003).
113:List of slave rebellions in the United States
1590:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1122:
814:
231:(1829) from Norfolk to New Orleans, and the
1565:
1131:. University of Cincinnati College of Law.
873:The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross
740:"MAAP – Place Detail: Slave Revolt of 1712"
945:
788:
1673:
1632:
1435:
896:
789:Sutherland, Claudia (19 September 2018).
344:
1185:
1051:
444:Anti-Americanism among African Americans
390:
336:Fugitive slave laws in the United States
311:
244:
191:1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation
116:
17:
1212:Cherokee Phoenix, and Indians' Advocate
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1722:Slave rebellions in the United States
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1405:
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999:"Tumult And Silence At Second Creek"
703:http://www.EncyclopediaVirginia.org/
578:
576:
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412:financial freedom for the refugees.
325:fugitive slaves in the United States
270:Thomas P. Trotter and Richard Bolton
196:Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion
142:slave escape and mass suicide (1803)
1639:Journal of African American Studies
1509:
1454:10.1146/annurev.an.24.100195.001003
13:
1626:
1402:
1343:. New York, NY: Ballantine Books.
1280:
1139:. Volume 2015, Issue 1, Article 3.
1052:Williams, Jennie K. (2020-04-02).
705:Gloucester_County_Conspiracy_1663.
653:(Thesis). University of Delaware.
377:
14:
1733:
640:
563:
479:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
1125:"The John W. Anderson Slave Pen"
665:
583:Kolchin, Peter (December 1983).
125:, Philadelphia, January 9, 1805)
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853:(3): 215–230 – via JSTOR.
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808:
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647:Bouton, Christopher H. (2016).
646:
589:The Journal of American History
274:Greenup, Kentucky coffle revolt
1436:Singleton, Theresa A. (1995).
1339:Larson, Kate Clifford (2004).
1314:Camp, Stephanie M. H. (2006).
1123:Westmoreland, Carl B. (2015).
905:. HarperCollins. p. 288.
708:
695:
673:
615:
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253:, North Carolina, May 20, 1824
176:Black Seminole Slave Rebellion
1:
1442:Annual Review of Anthropology
1070:10.1080/0144039X.2019.1660509
473:Jones, Kelly Houston (2012).
459:
202:Second Creek Slave Conspiracy
1717:Slavery in the United States
1633:Henderson, Errol A. (2015).
1417:nationalhumanitiescenter.org
627:The Louisville Daily Courier
543:American Negro Slave Revolts
364:or fought back when beaten.
331:became increasingly common.
251:Fayetteville Weekly Observer
64:Gloucester County Conspiracy
40:slavery in the United States
7:
1151:"Edward Stone, killed 1826"
764:Parent, Anthony S. (2003).
427:
10:
1738:
1516:Nevius, Marcus P. (2020).
897:Rasmussen, Daniel (2011).
423:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
420:
333:
300:
285:
152:1811 German Coast uprising
1674:Rupprecht, Anita (2019).
1651:10.1007/s12111-015-9299-8
1386:My bondage and my freedom
512:Palmer, Colin A. (1998).
307:
123:Aurora General Advertiser
1542:"The Great Dismal Swamp"
953:"Unidentified Young Man"
791:"STONO REBELLION (1739)"
106:Pointe Coupée Conspiracy
100:Pointe Coupée Conspiracy
1493:"Maroons and Marronage"
1269:. 1855-10-19. p. 4
1214:. 1829-09-23. p. 3
1186:Headsman (2015-11-20).
1058:Slavery & Abolition
629:. 1848-02-21. p. 3
259:Ohio River slave revolt
1247:: CS1 maint: others (
1155:freepages.rootsweb.com
1129:Freedom Center Journal
1037:: CS1 maint: others (
681:"History of Jamestown"
400:
345:Non-violent resistance
320:
254:
249:"Alarming Occurrence"
170:Nat Turner's Rebellion
126:
35:
1295:ldhi.library.cofc.edu
958:World Digital Library
394:
374:that they resisted."
315:
248:
215:coastwise slave trade
120:
76:New York Slave Revolt
21:
1572:Smithsonian Magazine
867:(January 12, 2013).
293:Women and resistance
265:Jesse and John Kirby
166:'s conspiracy (1822)
136:'s conspiracy (1800)
82:Chesapeake rebellion
1208:"Affray and murder"
454:Gilbert (Tennessee)
94:New York Conspiracy
1692:10.1111/glob.12209
1610:www.wilderness.org
865:Gates, Henry Louis
744:maap.columbia.edu/
691:on March 23, 2009.
663:pages viii, 62–64
405:Great Dismal Swamp
401:
397:Great Dismal Swamp
387:Great Dismal Swamp
321:
255:
127:
36:
1527:978-0-8203-5642-6
1395:978-0-7434-6059-0
1350:978-0-345-45627-4
1325:978-0-8078-5534-8
985:www.okhistory.org
775:978-0-8078-2813-7
538:Aptheker, Herbert
523:978-0-15-502482-3
357:back production.
70:Bacon's Rebellion
28:The Hunted Slaves
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148:Rebellion (1805)
44:Herbert Aptheker
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24:Richard Ansdell
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