46:
On
September 1, 1663, a group of indentured servants met and began a plan of rebellion. Planning to reconvene the following Sunday at midnight at a different location, the men collected as many weapons and arms as they could over the next few days in order to power their upcoming fight.
51:
to convince him to allow indentured servants to be released a year from the beginning of their service. There were other potential targets around the area, but Willis was their ultimate goal, as he was a member of the governor's council. Should he refuse, the servants agreed to kill
68:, John Smith. Birkenhead exposed the plot to the governor, who then arranged for the rebellion to be disbanded. The colony was so grateful for the prevention of the uprising that the scheduled day of rebellion, September 13, 1663, became remembered as holy.
37:
heavily relied upon their workers for product and profit. By utilizing the power they held in this regard, the slaves and servants could maximize the effects of their actions. This uprising created the official slave rebellion movement.
71:
For his loyalty, his owner, John Smith, gave
Birkenhead his freedom, as well as five thousand pounds of tobacco. This was meant to serve as incentive for other slaves and servants to report any rumors of future rebellion.
32:
working together. Regardless of their ethnicity, all of the servants and slaves were treated poorly, which served as a uniting force between them. This rebellion occurred at a key time in history, when
Virginian
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in
America. This event set the stage for many of the slave uprisings that followed in the decades to come. It was the first occurrence of English, Irish, African and Indian
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There was one slave who attended the meetings, John
Birkenhead, who had a different plan. This slave was owned by the first mayor of
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644:
443:
187:
Blakemore, Erin. “How Two
Centuries of Slave Revolts Changed American History”. (2019, November 8)
125:
Wolfe, B. “Gloucester County
Conspiracy (1663)”. (2013, January 29). In Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved from
75:
As one of the early rebellions of this period, the
Servant's Plot laid the foundation for rebellions to come.
319:
147:
Carroll, Joseph C. “Slave
Insurrection in the United States, 1800-1865”, pages 13-14. (2004, June 17). Print.
52:
Willis, if it was deemed necessary. The men swore themselves to secrecy, but the secrecy was not kept.
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20:(September 1663), also known as the Servant's Plot or Birkenhead's Rebellion, is one of the first
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930:
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810:
883:
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List of incidents of civil unrest in
Colonial North America
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163:Tyler, L. (1917). The Smiths of Virginia.
1093:Mass racial violence in the United States
96:"Jealous: Don't forget 1663 slave revolt"
47:The plan was to then attack the house of
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1114:Slave rebellions in the United States
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127:http://www.EncyclopediaVirginia.org/
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232:in the history of the United States
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13:
1055:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
129:Gloucester_County_Conspiracy_1663.
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1125:
1043:Washington D.C. Know-Nothing Riot
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112:
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49:Lieutenant Colonel Francis Willis
775:San Francisco Vigilance Movement
645:Destruction of Pennsylvania Hall
558:New York anti-abolitionist riots
444:Protestant Revolution (Maryland)
892:Bath anti-Catholic riot of 1854
165:The William and Mary Quarterly,
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55:
1:
1049:New Orleans Know-Nothing Riot
320:New York Slave Revolt of 1712
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687:1824 Hard Scrabble race riot
663:Muncy Abolition riot of 1842
415:Gloucester County Conspiracy
18:Gloucester County Conspiracy
7:
668:Philadelphia nativist riots
397:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
325:New York Conspiracy of 1741
41:
10:
1130:
916:Know-Nothing Riots of 1856
867:Marais des Cygnes massacre
861:Battles of Franklin's Fort
714:1811 German Coast uprising
391:Philadelphia Election riot
1080:
1023:
994:
985:New York City draft riots
968:New York City Police riot
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950:Detroit race riot of 1863
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1009:Cincinnati riots of 1855
692:1831 Snow Town race riot
609:Cincinnati riots of 1841
604:Cincinnati riots of 1836
599:Cincinnati riots of 1829
94:Jealous, Benjamin Todd.
1004:Cincinnati riot of 1853
921:Baltimore riot of 1861
719:Nat Turner's Rebellion
639:Philadelphia race riot
528:Abolition Riot of 1836
522:Ursuline Convent riots
1014:Battle of Fort Fizzle
944:Detroit brothel riots
837:Pottawatomie massacre
366:War of the Regulation
330:Battle of Golden Hill
64:, and officer of the
1067:Southern bread riots
980:Buffalo riot of 1862
855:Battle of Osawatomie
849:Battle of Fort Titus
843:Battle of Black Jack
594:1792 Cincinnati riot
427:Chesapeake rebellion
354:Culpeper's Rebellion
873:Battle of the Spurs
831:Sacking of Lawrence
731:Baltimore bank riot
657:Lombard Street riot
314:Leisler's Rebellion
26:indentured servants
564:Flour riot of 1837
372:Battle of Alamance
336:1788 doctors' riot
263:1689 Boston revolt
66:House of Burgesses
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974:Dead Rabbits riot
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633:Fries's Rebellion
627:Whiskey Rebellion
533:Broad Street Riot
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421:Bacon's Rebellion
268:Boston bread riot
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360:Cary's Rebellion
295:Shays' Rebellion
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679:Rhode Island
651:Buckshot War
619:Pennsylvania
503:Bellevue War
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274:Knowles Riot
241:Colonial era
229:civil unrest
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103:. Retrieved
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59:
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17:
15:
1033:(1853–1854)
946:(1855–1859)
821:(1854–1861)
777:(1851–1856)
699:(1841–1842)
635:(1799–1800)
629:(1791–1794)
571:(1839–1845)
552:Eggnog riot
368:(1765–1771)
316:(1689–1691)
297:(1786–1787)
270:(1710–1713)
234:(1607–1865)
56:The Foiling
761:California
105:2023-11-13
79:References
752:1849–1865
737:Snow Riot
497:Honey War
480:1789–1849
246:1776–1789
100:USA TODAY
1108:Category
960:New York
931:Michigan
908:Maryland
786:Illinois
544:New York
407:Virginia
306:New York
42:The Plan
1081:Related
281:Liberty
1069:(1863)
1063:(1862)
1057:(1859)
1051:(1858)
1045:(1857)
1039:(1855)
1024:Others
1016:(1863)
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899:(1855)
875:(1859)
869:(1856)
863:(1856)
857:(1856)
851:(1856)
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839:(1856)
833:(1856)
827:(1855)
811:Kansas
802:(1864)
796:(1855)
771:(1850)
739:(1835)
733:(1835)
727:(1833)
721:(1831)
707:Others
670:(1844)
659:(1842)
653:(1838)
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641:(1834)
577:(1849)
560:(1834)
554:(1826)
535:(1837)
524:(1834)
505:(1840)
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467:(1772)
461:(1772)
459:affair
457:Gaspee
452:(1739)
446:(1689)
437:Others
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423:(1677)
417:(1663)
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374:(1771)
362:(1711)
356:(1677)
332:(1770)
291:(1770)
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283:affair
276:(1747)
30:slaves
884:Maine
225:Riots
996:Ohio
586:Ohio
489:Iowa
227:and
28:and
16:The
172:doi
1110::
168:25
152:^
134:^
114:^
98:.
86:^
243:/
217:e
210:t
203:v
174::
108:.
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