283:, spoken in a discontiguous area to the southwest, are also tonal. Because of the apparent phonological similarities and sharing of stable basic words such as âlouseâ, Foley speculates the potential likelihood of a distant relationship shared between the Skou and Lakes Plain families, but no formal proposals linking the two families have been made due to insufficient evidence. Additionally according to Foley, based on some lexical and phonological similarities, the
863:
Usher groups the languages as follows, with each node being a reconstructable clade, and giving the family a geographic label rather than naming it after a single language. The
Eastern languages are typologically quite distinct from the Western languages and I'saka.
2171:. In: Hammarström, Harald and Wilco van den Heuvel (eds.), History, contact and classification of Papuan languages (Language and Linguistics in Melanesia, Special Issue 2012), 313â386. Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea.
812:
in Miller (2017). The older names of the Piore River languages were from village names; Miller has since renamed them as Bauni, Uni, Bouni, and Bobe, though it is debatable whether they are all distinct languages.
287:(currently classified as a language isolate) may also possibly share a deep relationship with the Lakes Plain languages. Like the Lakes Plain languages, Keuw also possesses constrative tone.
2482:
1555:
The following basic vocabulary words are from
Voorhoeve (1971, 1975), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database. More recent data from Marmion (2010) has been added for
5949:
4051:
3943:
2643:
2489:
2268:
Voorhoeve, C.L. "Miscellaneous Notes on
Languages in West Irian, New Guinea". In Dutton, T., Voorhoeve, C. and Wurm, S.A. editors,
6087:
3973:
2989:
301:, spoken in mountainous inland regions of the Indonesia-PNG border to the southwest of the Skou-speaking area, are also tonal.
3988:
3958:
2152:
2124:
2230:
Miller, Steve A. 2017. Skou
Languages Near Sissano Lagoon, Papua New Guinea. Language and Linguistics in Melanesia 35: 1â24.
5464:
5045:
3928:
5574:
341:
Skou languages were first linked by G. Frederici in 1912. In 1941, K.H. Thomas expanded the family to its current extent.
6082:
3983:
3963:
2945:
2406:. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. pp. 849â858.
4546:
3913:
2994:
1489:
A cognate set for 'louse' in Sko languages (reconstructing roughly to *nipi in Proto-Sko) as compiled by Dryer (2022):
2239:
5731:
3978:
3953:
2194:
5707:
4946:
4865:
4801:
4044:
3968:
3823:
5478:
4720:
3342:
2983:
2636:
2437:
152:, with a few being inland from this area and at least one just across the border in the Indonesian province of
5229:
2181:
Donohue, Mark; Crowther, Melissa (2005). "Meeting in the middle: interaction in North-Central New Guinea". In
5944:
5591:
4726:
4551:
4337:
4331:
4255:
3098:
3025:
3007:
2884:
2824:
2819:
17:
5954:
5939:
5638:
4939:
4926:
4697:
4658:
3791:
3786:
2999:
5934:
5928:
5713:
4986:
4904:
4877:
4581:
4571:
3365:
3286:
3174:
3112:
2785:
2780:
1527:
880:
2621:
6077:
5500:
5161:
4958:
4756:
4616:
4586:
4576:
4566:
4272:
4037:
4017:
3948:
3923:
3903:
3888:
3801:
3155:
3150:
3018:
3013:
2829:
2699:
2668:
2115:
Foley, William A. (2018). "The
Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.).
1100:
67:
5912:
5719:
5695:
5670:
5643:
5626:
4636:
4591:
4561:
4534:
4105:
4060:
3938:
3918:
3796:
2952:
2844:
2629:
1096:
2404:
Papuan languages and the New Guinea linguistic scene: New Guinea area languages and language study 1
5959:
5766:
5403:
5391:
5223:
4285:
4278:
4094:
3993:
3669:
3403:
3084:
2972:
6072:
4964:
4889:
4292:
4242:
3893:
3866:
3699:
2934:
2714:
2658:
2475:
2421:
524:
437:
5978:
5826:
5621:
5397:
5350:
4980:
4897:
4556:
4540:
4348:
4249:
4112:
4088:
3998:
3689:
3518:
3502:
3411:
3128:
3123:
2744:
2709:
2571:
2532:
848:
557:
314:
104:
5616:
6024:
5922:
5611:
5414:
5204:
5193:
5155:
4762:
4736:
4641:
4631:
4314:
4230:
4081:
3908:
3898:
3883:
3615:
3533:
3348:
3091:
3054:
2854:
2795:
2543:
2506:
1507:
946:
926:
823:
804:
695:
668:
551:
280:
99:
94:
5725:
5450:
5999:
5756:
5564:
5537:
5520:
5488:
5386:
5100:
5025:
4952:
4731:
4708:
4680:
4611:
4522:
4303:
3767:
3597:
3559:
3445:
3436:
3379:
3328:
5884:
2143:
Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of
Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.).
8:
5776:
5680:
5580:
5569:
5531:
5510:
5408:
5367:
5142:
5124:
5118:
5093:
5086:
5079:
4992:
4975:
4714:
4380:
4367:
4261:
4211:
4068:
3933:
2919:
2749:
896:
725:
2295:
Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists
5690:
5685:
5675:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5632:
5601:
5596:
5549:
5543:
5494:
5439:
5362:
5246:
5210:
5171:
5113:
4920:
4915:
4626:
4385:
4354:
4320:
4308:
4267:
4142:
3608:
3603:
3398:
3383:
3360:
3276:
3135:
3073:
2904:
2899:
2849:
2730:
2680:
2610:
2297:. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975.
1314:
1281:
1117:
874:
662:
545:
450:
403:
355:
as a mixed language having features of both the Piore River and Serra Hills subgroups.
310:
195:
174:
88:
5787:
5750:
2430:
Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples
2187:
Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples
2147:. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433â568.
2119:. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197â432.
119:
5701:
5606:
5586:
5525:
5505:
5216:
5177:
5148:
5136:
5073:
5019:
4997:
4970:
4910:
4883:
4702:
4663:
4653:
4621:
4494:
4420:
4402:
4396:
4298:
4216:
4130:
3837:
3781:
3707:
3694:
3684:
3633:
3628:
3539:
3481:
3450:
3301:
3145:
3140:
3118:
2914:
2909:
2894:
2790:
2754:
2719:
2443:
2433:
2407:
2200:
2190:
2168:
2148:
2120:
970:
153:
5792:
5781:
5761:
4099:
2272:
No. 14. A-28:47-114. Pacific
Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1971.
345:
6009:
5869:
5859:
5854:
5808:
5802:
5771:
5664:
5559:
5483:
5421:
5373:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5269:
5253:
5188:
5183:
5166:
5107:
5001:
4933:
4844:
4811:
4779:
4675:
4647:
4596:
4517:
4501:
4487:
4469:
4462:
4448:
4408:
4390:
4374:
4360:
4182:
4165:
3714:
3679:
3674:
3524:
3513:
3460:
3208:
3194:
3187:
3160:
3047:
2961:
2871:
2839:
2814:
2806:
2772:
2652:
2298:
2273:
2084:
1570:
The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g.
1297:
649:
170:
149:
145:
5849:
5797:
4789:
3809:
3425:
6004:
5879:
5864:
5833:
5554:
5515:
5380:
5326:
5198:
5060:
4826:
4821:
4686:
4601:
4482:
4475:
4455:
4437:
4342:
4325:
4124:
3771:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3621:
3492:
3470:
3465:
3387:
3369:
3335:
3236:
3215:
3201:
3061:
2889:
2879:
2834:
2760:
2594:
2589:
2579:
2424:(2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In
2218:
1556:
1517:
1324:
1319:
1289:
1285:
1127:
1122:
932:
911:
905:
891:
771:
740:
674:
610:
597:
561:
502:
497:
491:
486:
456:
419:
392:
387:
381:
329:
298:
239:
217:
178:
137:
62:
2339:
6014:
5874:
5843:
5814:
5445:
5331:
5314:
5264:
5259:
5130:
5067:
4837:
4831:
4751:
4746:
4669:
4414:
4236:
4193:
4176:
4170:
4148:
4136:
4008:
3844:
3587:
3565:
3544:
3455:
3418:
3393:
3373:
3353:
3264:
3250:
3243:
3229:
3179:
3164:
2739:
2694:
2551:
2526:
2514:
2395:
1537:
952:
938:
842:
830:
754:
701:
686:
638:
620:
569:
508:
462:
414:
352:
294:
290:
6066:
5898:
5838:
5820:
5336:
5320:
5274:
5031:
4851:
4816:
4806:
4784:
4741:
4606:
4187:
4119:
3855:
3830:
3756:
3663:
3648:
3576:
3570:
3550:
3508:
3475:
3257:
3222:
3168:
3040:
3033:
2860:
2704:
2584:
2561:
2556:
2425:
2182:
1564:
1329:
1293:
1132:
965:
957:
886:
765:
749:
731:
715:
710:
616:
606:
589:
579:
575:
480:
472:
467:
409:
376:
322:
284:
261:
4029:
2447:
2411:
2204:
4795:
3816:
3294:
2689:
2520:
2399:
2145:
The
Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide
2117:
The
Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide
836:
680:
188:
2651:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
2462:
2315:
4442:
3652:
2375:
2277:
528:
51:
247:
113:
2302:
2467:
2253:
Trans-New Guinea IV.2: Evaluating
Membership in Trans-New Guinea
1103:, but the forms are not reconstructable for the proto-language.
6038:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
6019:
5917:
141:
55:
2316:"TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea"
3312:
3316:
1560:
1177:
1196:
191:
illustrating tonal contrasts in various Skou languages:
173:
for being tonal; all Skou languages possess contrastive
2428:; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.).
2398:(1975). "Sko, Kwomtari, and Left May (Arai) phyla". In
2185:; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.).
351:
Donohue (2007) and Donohue and Crowther (2005) list
2189:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 167â184.
990:The pronouns Ross reconstructs for proto-Skou are,
2432:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15â66.
2289:
2287:
2285:
6064:
2341:Topics in the Phonology and Morphology of Wutung
2264:
2262:
637:Donohue (2004) notes that is unclear if extinct
363:Laycock posited two branches, Vanimo and Krisa:
348:(2013), who splits it into two separate groups.
2356:
2354:
2333:
2331:
2180:
1158:
2282:
2025:
1139:
652:(2018) provides the following classification.
140:spoken by about 7000 people, mainly along the
4059:
4045:
2637:
2483:
2463:Skou languages database at TransNewGuinea.org
2259:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
1234:
641:is in the Piore River or Serra Hills branch.
6048:Families with more than 30 languages are in
2351:
2328:
2219:A Grammar of the Skou Language of New Guinea
2138:
2136:
1253:
1215:
519:
2347:. Canberra: Australian National University.
2174:
2161:
4052:
4038:
2644:
2630:
2490:
2476:
2097:
2313:
2244:
2133:
1559:and from Donohue (2002) (as cited in the
2373:
1550:
1052:
2394:
2337:
1106:Pronouns in individual Skou languages:
1078:
436:However, Krisa is poorly supported and
14:
6065:
527:proposed a subclassification based on
4033:
2625:
2471:
2250:
2142:
2114:
358:
2420:
2169:A classification of Papuan languages
644:
431:
27:Language family of Papua New Guinea
24:
2497:
344:The Sko family is not accepted by
25:
6099:
2456:
336:
169:Skou languages are unusual among
2270:Papers in New Guinea Linguistics
833:(Poo and Barapu/Warapu villages)
797:
181:, for example, has three tones,
156:(formerly known as Irian Jaya).
2367:
2307:
1095:The Skou languages also have a
858:
560:(strongly influenced by Womo),
2240:New Guinea World, Vanimo Coast
2233:
2224:
2211:
13:
1:
6088:Languages of Sandaun Province
2090:
1099:, with a distinction between
304:
3974:Central and South New Guinea
7:
2078:
1275:
985:
159:
10:
6104:
6083:Northwest Papuan languages
3944:East Bird's Head â Sentani
2251:Dryer, Matthew S. (2022).
1101:inclusive and exclusive we
6033:
5992:
5969:
5908:
5897:
5741:
5474:
5463:
5431:
5358:
5349:
5238:
5055:
5044:
5011:
4873:
4864:
4772:
4530:
4516:
4430:
4225:
4207:
4158:
4076:
4067:
4061:Primary language families
4007:
3984:East New Guinea Highlands
3876:
3854:
3766:
3647:
3586:
3491:
3435:
3311:
3274:
3071:
2990:Nuclear South Bird's Head
2971:
2932:
2870:
2804:
2770:
2728:
2678:
2667:
2603:
2570:
2542:
2505:
2314:Greenhill, Simon (2016).
2221:. Unpublished manuscript.
790:corresponds to Donohue's
520:Macro-Skou (Donohue 2002)
328:Polysynthetic structure:
112:
81:
63:Linguistic classification
61:
44:
37:
32:
4878:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
3014:Nuclear East Bird's Head
2653:Papuan language families
2374:Wichmann, SĂžren (2020).
1578:for âeyeâ) or not (e.g.
332:, a Piore River language
325:, an Inner Skou language
6045:have no living members.
3989:Yele â West New Britain
3979:Central West New Guinea
2217:Donohue, Mark P. 2007.
2167:Wichmann, SĂžren. 2013.
1917:ba; keba; kébanÚ; teba
1622:(Voorhoeve 1971, 1975)
246:âroof thatch made from
164:
6025:Unclassified languages
5979:list of sign languages
4947:Northeastern Tasmanian
4018:Proto-TransâNew Guinea
3929:Trans-FlyâBulaka River
2338:Marmion, Doug (2010).
594:Eastern Skou / Vanimo
309:Skou languages can be
6000:Constructed languages
3969:West Papuan Highlands
3964:West TransâNew Guinea
3775:families and isolates
3656:families and isolates
3321:families and isolates
3280:families and isolates
3113:East Cenderawasih Bay
3077:families and isolates
2976:families and isolates
2973:Bird's Head Peninsula
2938:families and isolates
2362:Skou Dictionary Draft
1551:Vocabulary comparison
1280:Sko family cognates (
586:Skou (Vanimo) family
321:Isolating structure:
281:Lakes Plain languages
4547:BinandereanâGoilalan
3914:BinandereanâGoilalan
3768:Bismarck Archipelago
2995:InanwatanâDuriankere
1306:Sko family cognates
5829:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
5732:TequiracaâCanichana
5575:HarĂĄkmbutâKatukinan
4338:Northwest Caucasian
4332:Northeast Caucasian
4256:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
3959:TorâKwerbaâNimboran
3954:Left May â Kwomtari
2885:Greater Binanderean
2376:"The ASJP Database"
1307:
808:branch was renamed
574:Rawo â Main Serra:
5451:Tarascan/Purépecha
4940:Northern Tasmanian
4698:South Bougainville
4659:North Bougainville
3877:Proposed groupings
3792:South Bougainville
3787:North Bougainville
3277:Western New Guinea
3074:Western New Guinea
2396:Laycock, Donald C.
2278:10.15144/PL-A28.47
1305:
359:Sko (Laycock 1975)
6078:Language families
6060:
6059:
6010:Language isolates
5988:
5987:
5893:
5892:
5459:
5458:
5345:
5344:
5040:
5039:
4987:Western Tasmanian
4905:Eastern Tasmanian
4860:
4859:
4582:East Geelvink Bay
4512:
4511:
4203:
4202:
4027:
4026:
3643:
3642:
3366:Leonhard Schultze
2984:South Bird's Head
2946:Timor-Alor-Pantar
2928:
2927:
2662:
2619:
2618:
2154:978-3-11-028642-7
2126:978-3-11-028642-7
2074:
2073:
1546:
1545:
1485:
1484:
1271:
1270:
1091:
1090:
935:(BauniâUriâBouni)
550:SkouâSerraâPiore
126:
125:
16:(Redirected from
6095:
5906:
5905:
5860:Huaorani/Waorani
5744:(extant in 2000)
5708:EsmeraldaâYaruro
5479:AndoqueâUrequena
5472:
5471:
5356:
5355:
5162:Plateau Penutian
5053:
5052:
5028:(Northern Daly?)
4871:
4870:
4757:Northwest Papuan
4721:TransâNew Guinea
4587:East New Britain
4562:Central Solomons
4528:
4527:
4273:Great Andamanese
4223:
4222:
4074:
4073:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4031:
4030:
3904:Southeast Papuan
3889:Northwest Papuan
3797:Central Solomons
3433:
3432:
3343:Lower Sepik-Ramu
3026:West Bird's Head
3008:East Bird's Head
2872:Papuan Peninsula
2807:Papua New Guinea
2773:Papua New Guinea
2676:
2675:
2669:Trans-New Guinea
2656:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2517:(Barupu, Warapu)
2492:
2485:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2451:
2415:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2371:
2365:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2335:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2311:
2305:
2293:Voorhoeve, C.L.
2291:
2280:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2248:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2178:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2112:
2085:Papuan languages
2027:
1608:(Voorhoeve 1975)
1591:
1590:
1497:Language (group)
1494:
1493:
1308:
1304:
1255:
1236:
1217:
1198:
1179:
1160:
1141:
1111:
1110:
1080:
1054:
995:
994:
677:/ Warupu (Bauni)
645:Sko (Foley 2018)
432:Skou (Ross 2005)
171:Papuan languages
150:Papua New Guinea
146:Sandaun Province
122:
68:Northwest Papuan
30:
29:
21:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6055:
6029:
6015:Mixed languages
5984:
5965:
5900:
5889:
5743:
5737:
5592:KatembriâTaruma
5466:
5455:
5427:
5341:
5234:
5047:
5036:
5007:
4856:
4768:
4727:TuramaâKikorian
4637:Lower Mamberamo
4592:East Strickland
4520:
4508:
4426:
4214:
4209:
4199:
4154:
4063:
4058:
4028:
4023:
4003:
3872:
3858:
3850:
3774:
3772:Solomon Islands
3762:
3655:
3639:
3582:
3487:
3431:
3320:
3307:
3279:
3270:
3076:
3067:
2975:
2967:
2953:North Halmahera
2937:
2924:
2866:
2845:East Strickland
2825:Kainantu-Goroka
2820:Finisterre-Huon
2800:
2766:
2724:
2671:
2663:
2661:classification)
2655:
2650:
2620:
2615:
2599:
2566:
2538:
2501:
2496:
2459:
2454:
2440:
2400:Stephen A. Wurm
2390:
2389:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2360:Donohue, Mark.
2359:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2329:
2320:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2303:10.15144/PL-B31
2292:
2283:
2267:
2260:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2216:
2212:
2197:
2179:
2175:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2113:
2098:
2093:
2081:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1553:
1278:
988:
983:
861:
856:
851:(Nouri village)
800:
784:
647:
635:
615:Vanimo proper:
529:areal diffusion
522:
517:
477:Vanimo branch:
434:
429:
361:
339:
307:
183:high, mid, low.
167:
162:
138:language family
118:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6101:
6091:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6073:Skou languages
6058:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6046:
6039:
6035:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5973:
5971:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5940:Indo-Pakistani
5937:
5932:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5909:
5903:
5895:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5823:
5818:
5811:
5806:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5747:
5745:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5729:
5723:
5717:
5711:
5705:
5699:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5639:PiaroaâSaliban
5636:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5540:
5535:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5418:
5411:
5406:
5404:Tequistlatecan
5401:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5377:
5370:
5365:
5359:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5317:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5250:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5220:
5213:
5208:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5152:
5145:
5140:
5133:
5128:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5071:
5064:
5056:
5050:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
4995:
4990:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4962:
4955:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4931:
4927:MarrkuâWurrugu
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4886:
4881:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4793:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4717:
4712:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4498:
4491:
4485:
4480:
4472:
4467:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4440:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4352:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4289:
4286:Hurro-Urartian
4282:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4258:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4234:
4226:
4220:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4180:
4173:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4117:
4109:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4085:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4057:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4034:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4013:
4011:
4009:Proto-language
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3862:
3860:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3670:Pahoturi River
3667:
3659:
3657:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3631:
3626:
3618:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3593:
3591:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3542:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3498:
3496:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3377:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3339:
3332:
3324:
3322:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3290:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3078:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3004:
3003:
3002:
3000:KondaâYahadian
2997:
2992:
2979:
2977:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2957:
2956:
2949:
2941:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2835:Enga-Kewa-Huli
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2673:
2665:
2664:
2649:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2499:Skou languages
2495:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2457:External links
2455:
2453:
2452:
2438:
2418:
2416:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2366:
2350:
2327:
2306:
2281:
2258:
2243:
2232:
2223:
2210:
2195:
2173:
2160:
2153:
2132:
2125:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1868:nö re; nö rÉÌ
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1615:(Donohue 2002)
1609:
1602:
1601:(Marmion 2010)
1595:
1563:Database) for
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1512:ni, nip, nipi
1510:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
987:
984:
982:
981:
980:
979:
978:
977:
976:
975:
974:
973:
968:
960:
955:
943:
942:
941:
936:
918:
917:
916:
915:
914:
909:
902:SangkeâWutung
900:
894:
889:
877:
866:
860:
857:
855:
854:
853:
852:
846:
845:(Sumo village)
840:
839:(Ramo village)
834:
815:
799:
796:
783:
782:
781:
780:
779:
778:
777:
776:
775:
774:
769:
761:
759:
758:
757:
752:
745:
743:
736:
734:
722:
721:
720:
719:
718:
713:
706:
704:
692:
691:
690:
684:
678:
665:
654:
646:
643:
634:
633:
632:
631:
630:
629:
628:
627:
626:
625:
624:
623:
613:
600:
592:
584:
583:
582:
572:
564:
548:
537:
521:
518:
516:
515:
514:
513:
512:
511:
506:
500:
495:
489:
484:
475:
470:
465:
460:
454:
442:
440:abandoned it.
433:
430:
428:
427:
426:
425:
424:
423:
417:
412:
407:
398:
397:
396:
390:
385:
379:
373:Vanimo branch
365:
360:
357:
346:SĂžren Wichmann
338:
337:Classification
335:
334:
333:
326:
306:
303:
278:
277:
259:
237:
215:
166:
163:
161:
158:
134:Skou languages
124:
123:
116:
110:
109:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
83:
79:
78:
77:
76:
65:
59:
58:
48:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6100:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6051:
6047:
6044:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6032:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5991:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5950:Original Thai
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5896:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5740:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5714:HibitoâCholĂłn
5712:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5462:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5230:YumanâCochimĂ
5228:
5226:
5225:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5043:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4965:Southern Daly
4963:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4890:Darwin Region
4887:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4572:DemtaâSentani
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4293:Indo-European
4290:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4243:Austroasiatic
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4213:
4206:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4050:
4048:
4043:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3894:South Pauwasi
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3856:Rossel Island
3853:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3700:Yelmek-Maklew
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3651:and southern
3650:
3649:Gulf of Papua
3646:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:Bayono-Awbono
3285:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3175:Tofanma-Namla
3173:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Turama-Kikori
2784:
2782:
2781:Gogodala-Suki
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2715:West Bomberai
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2426:Andrew Pawley
2423:
2422:Ross, Malcolm
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2343:
2342:
2334:
2332:
2317:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2254:
2247:
2241:
2236:
2227:
2220:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2196:0-85883-562-2
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:Andrew Pawley
2177:
2170:
2164:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1586:for âheadâ).
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
993:
992:
991:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
950:
949:
948:
944:
940:
937:
934:
931:
930:
929:
928:
924:
923:
922:
919:
913:
910:
907:
904:
903:
901:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
884:
883:
882:
878:
876:
873:
872:
871:
868:
867:
865:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
828:
826:
825:
820:
817:
816:
814:
811:
807:
806:
798:Miller (2017)
795:
793:
789:
773:
770:
767:
764:
763:
762:
760:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
746:
744:
742:
739:
738:
737:
735:
733:
730:
729:
728:
727:
723:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
707:
705:
703:
700:
699:
698:
697:
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688:
685:
682:
679:
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673:
672:
671:
670:
666:
664:
661:
660:
659:
656:
655:
653:
651:
642:
640:
622:
618:
614:
612:
608:
604:
603:
601:
599:
596:
595:
593:
591:
588:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
571:
568:
567:
565:
563:
559:
556:Piore River:
555:
554:
553:
549:
547:
544:
543:
542:
539:
538:
536:
534:
530:
526:
510:
507:
504:
501:
499:
496:
493:
490:
488:
485:
482:
479:
478:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
448:
447:
444:
443:
441:
439:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
405:
402:
401:
400:Krisa branch
399:
394:
391:
389:
386:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
372:
371:
370:
367:
366:
364:
356:
354:
349:
347:
342:
331:
327:
324:
320:
319:
318:
316:
315:polysynthetic
312:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
286:
285:Keuw language
282:
275:
271:
267:
263:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
238:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
216:
213:
209:
206:âbutterflyâ,
205:
201:
197:
194:
193:
192:
190:
185:
184:
180:
176:
172:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
121:
117:
115:
111:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
90:
86:
85:
84:
80:
75:
72:
71:
69:
66:
64:
60:
57:
53:
49:
43:
36:
31:
19:
18:Sko languages
6049:
6042:
6041:Families in
5976:
5927:
5825:
5813:
5663:
5631:
5622:Pano-Tacanan
5579:
5542:
5530:
5501:ArutaniâSape
5493:
5438:
5420:
5413:
5398:Oto-Manguean
5396:
5379:
5372:
5319:
5307:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5252:
5245:
5222:
5215:
5203:
5176:
5154:
5147:
5135:
5123:
5106:
5099:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5066:
5059:
5018:
4985:
4981:Western Daly
4959:PamaâNyungan
4957:
4945:
4938:
4925:
4903:
4898:Eastern Daly
4896:
4888:
4843:
4719:
4707:
4692:
4685:
4668:
4646:
4617:KaureâKosare
4577:DosoâTurumsa
4567:ChimbuâWahgi
4557:Bulaka River
4541:Austronesian
4539:
4500:
4493:
4474:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4349:Sino-Tibetan
4347:
4330:
4313:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4260:
4250:Austronesian
4248:
4241:
4229:
4175:
4113:Nilo-Saharan
4111:
4104:
4089:Austronesian
4087:
4080:
4016:
3999:Indo-Pacific
3949:KwomtariâFas
3924:AsmatâMombum
3865:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3802:Butam-Taulil
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3690:Doso-Turumsa
3662:
3620:
3596:
3575:
3558:
3549:
3532:
3523:
3519:Yellow River
3503:Middle Sepik
3501:
3478:(West Wapei)
3424:
3417:
3410:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3300:
3293:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3156:Lepki-Murkim
3111:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3019:HatamâMansim
3006:
2982:
2960:
2951:
2944:
2859:
2830:Chimbu-Wahgi
2759:
2745:Greater Awyu
2710:Paniai Lakes
2700:Asmat-Kamoro
2572:Western Skou
2498:
2429:
2403:
2379:. Retrieved
2369:
2361:
2340:
2319:. Retrieved
2309:
2294:
2269:
2252:
2246:
2235:
2226:
2213:
2186:
2176:
2163:
2144:
2116:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1554:
1500:
1488:
1296:) listed by
1279:
1105:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
989:
945:
925:
920:
879:
870:Vanimo Coast
869:
862:
859:Usher (2020)
822:
818:
809:
803:
801:
792:Western Skou
791:
787:
785:
724:
694:
667:
657:
648:
636:
566:Serra Hills
546:Iʼsaka
540:
532:
525:Mark Donohue
523:
445:
438:Malcolm Ross
435:
368:
362:
350:
343:
340:
308:
289:
279:
273:
269:
265:
255:
251:
243:
233:
232:âmosquitoâ,
229:
225:
221:
211:
207:
203:
199:
189:minimal sets
186:
182:
168:
136:are a small
133:
129:
127:
105:Western Skou
87:
82:Subdivisions
73:
47:distribution
40:Vanimo Coast
5935:Germanosign
5839:Mura-PirahĂŁ
5720:LuleâVilela
5696:Bora-Witoto
5671:UruâChipaya
5644:TicunaâYuri
5627:PebaâYaguan
5612:Nambikwaran
5415:Uto-Aztecan
5351:Mesoamerica
5205:Uto-Aztecan
5194:Tsimshianic
5156:Palaihnihan
5026:Malak-Malak
4763:Papuan Gulf
4737:West Papuan
4642:Lower Sepik
4632:Lakes Plain
4535:AraiâSamaia
4523:the Pacific
4231:Afroasiatic
4106:NigerâCongo
4082:Afroasiatic
3939:DaniâKwerba
3919:AraiâSamaia
3909:Papuan Gulf
3899:East Papuan
3884:West Papuan
3616:Middle Ramu
3534:Upper Sepik
3349:Lower Sepik
3092:Lakes Plain
3062:Tanah Merah
2855:Duna-Bogaya
2733:, Indonesia
2690:Ok-Oksapmin
2683:, Indonesia
2659:Palmer 2018
2544:Serra Hills
2507:Piore River
2036:kĂŁ; pĂŁ; tĂŁ
2024:sĂ qĂšngpĂčĂ (
1639:röbe; röÌe
1532:pi, fi, pĩ
1528:Western Sko
1508:Serra Hills
947:Serra Hills
927:Piore River
824:Piore River
805:Piore River
696:Serra Hills
669:Piore River
602:West Coast
100:Serra Hills
95:Piore River
54:coast near
6067:Categories
5929:Francosign
5777:Chiquitano
5757:Alacalufan
5565:Guaicuruan
5538:Chapacuran
5521:Cahuapanan
5489:Araucanian
5392:MixeâZoque
5387:Misumalpan
5101:Comecrudan
4953:Nyulnyulan
4732:Upper Yuat
4709:Torricelli
4681:Senu River
4612:Foja Range
4518:New Guinea
4443:Burushaski
4304:Kartvelian
4279:HmongâMien
4095:KhoeâKwadi
3994:SepikâRamu
3653:New Guinea
3598:Lower Ramu
3560:Sepik Hill
3446:Marienberg
3437:Torricelli
3404:Amto-Musan
3380:Upper Yuat
3329:Torricelli
3085:Tor-Kwerba
2771:Southwest
2729:Southeast
2439:0858835622
2381:2021-01-20
2321:2020-11-05
2091:References
1925:wungawunga
1801:tĂ„Ă„; tĂŁĆĂŁ
897:Dumo-Dusur
541:Macro-Skou
533:Macro-Skou
531:he called
305:Morphology
228:âgardenâ,
214:âlanguageâ
52:New Guinea
45:Geographic
5960:Tanzanian
5901:languages
5798:HodĂŻ/Joti
5742:Isolates
5681:Yanomaman
5617:OtomĂĄkoan
5581:Jirajaran
5570:Guajiboan
5532:Catacaoan
5511:Barbacoan
5440:Cuitlatec
5409:Totonacan
5368:Jicaquean
5247:Chimariko
5143:Muskogean
5125:Kalapuyan
5119:Iroquoian
5094:Chumashan
5087:Chinookan
5080:Chimakuan
4998:Yangmanic
4993:Worrorran
4976:Wagaydyic
4866:Australia
4715:Trans-Fly
4381:Yeniseian
4368:Tyrsenian
4262:Dravidian
3934:Trans-Fly
3867:YĂ©lĂź Dnye
3590:subgroups
3495:subgroups
3439:subgroups
3072:Northern
2935:Nusantara
2920:Manubaran
2750:Kayagaric
2672:subgroups
788:Inner Sko
726:Inner Sko
311:isolating
268:âgrassâ,
250:frondsâ,
248:sago palm
224:âtoothâ,
210:âhouseâ,
202:âlouseâ,
144:coast of
114:Glottolog
50:northern
5993:See also
5970:Isolates
5945:Japanese
5885:Yuracaré
5767:Candoshi
5726:Macro-JĂȘ
5691:Zaparoan
5686:Zamucoan
5676:Witotoan
5659:Tucanoan
5654:Tiniguan
5649:Timotean
5633:Quechuan
5602:Matacoan
5597:Mascoian
5587:Jivaroan
5550:Chibchan
5544:Charruan
5495:Arawakan
5432:Isolates
5363:Chibchan
5239:Isolates
5211:Wakashan
5172:Salishan
5114:Eskaleut
5020:Giimbiyu
5012:Isolates
4921:Jarrakan
4916:Iwaidjan
4773:Isolates
4627:Kutubuan
4495:Sumerian
4431:Isolates
4386:Yukaghir
4355:Tungusic
4321:Mongolic
4309:Koreanic
4268:Eskaleut
4159:Isolates
4143:Ubangian
3838:Makolkol
3708:Dibiyaso
3636:(Tanggu)
3609:Misegian
3604:Ottilien
3399:Left May
3384:Arafundi
3361:Kwomtari
3302:Uhunduni
3275:Central
3136:Nimboran
2933:Eastern
2905:Goilalan
2900:Koiarian
2805:Central
2679:Central
2448:67292782
2412:37096514
2205:67292782
2079:See also
1897:ri; rite
1686:lu; luto
1370:âbreastâ
1300:(2018):
1276:Cognates
986:Pronouns
971:Sumararu
899:(Vanimo)
786:Foley's
768:/ Sangke
605:Border:
483:(Tumawo)
459:(Warapu)
422:(Warapu)
272:âhairâ,
258:âgreaseâ
254:âstarâ,
187:Example
160:Typology
120:skoo1245
6043:italics
6020:Pidgins
6005:Creoles
5955:Swedish
5923:Chinese
5870:Urarina
5855:Puinave
5809:Itonama
5803:Irantxe
5772:Chimane
5702:Chimuan
5607:Nadahup
5526:Cariban
5506:Aymaran
5467:America
5309:Waikuri
5302:Tonkawa
5295:Timucua
5288:Takelma
5281:Siuslaw
5270:Kutenai
5254:Esselen
5217:Wintuan
5178:Shastan
5149:Na-Dene
5137:Maiduan
5074:Caddoan
5048:America
5002:Wagiman
5000:(incl.
4971:Tangkic
4911:Garawan
4884:Bunuban
4845:Tambora
4812:Maybrat
4780:Abinomn
4703:Teberan
4664:Pauwasi
4654:Mairasi
4622:Kiwaian
4502:Tambora
4488:Shompen
4470:Kusunda
4463:Kenaboi
4449:Elamite
4421:Siangic
4403:Kho-Bwa
4397:Hrusish
4315:KraâDai
4299:Japonic
4208:Eurasia
4183:Sandawe
4166:Bangime
4131:Songhay
3859:isolate
3782:Baining
3715:Kaki Ae
3695:Komolom
3685:Teberan
3634:Ataitan
3629:Tamolan
3540:Wogamus
3525:Yerakai
3482:Monumbo
3451:Arapesh
3209:Kapauri
3195:Burmeso
3188:Abinomn
3146:Mairasi
3141:Sentani
3119:Pauwasi
3048:Maybrat
2962:Tambora
2915:Kwalean
2910:Yareban
2895:Mailuan
2796:Awin-Pa
2791:Kiwaian
2755:Kolopom
2720:Somahai
2535:(Nouri)
2402:(ed.).
2016:hƩ; wƩ
1873:breast
1859:mĂ ; nua
1630:hlĂșqbĂčr
1580:hlĂșqbĂčr
1464:rÔtoto
1437:âwaterâ
1387:âwomanâ
1353:âtoothâ
1114:pronoun
689:(Bouni)
552:linkage
453:(Krisa)
406:(Krisa)
276:âarrowâ
236:âwriteâ
5918:BANZSL
5880:Yamana
5865:Trumai
5834:Movima
5788:FulniĂŽ
5751:AikanĂŁ
5665:Tupian
5560:Chonan
5484:Arauan
5422:Xincan
5374:Lencan
5327:Yokuts
5224:Yukian
5189:Tanoan
5184:Siouan
5167:Pomoan
5108:Coosan
4934:Mirndi
4827:Porome
4822:Pawaia
4676:Senagi
4648:Madang
4597:Eleman
4552:Border
4483:Nihali
4476:Minoan
4456:Hattic
4438:Basque
4409:Mijiic
4391:Digaro
4375:Uralic
4361:Turkic
4212:Europe
4069:Africa
3750:Purari
3743:Porome
3736:Pawaia
3729:Karami
3722:Kamula
3680:Oriomo
3675:Eleman
3514:Nukuma
3461:Maimai
3319:basin
3237:Massep
3216:Kembra
3202:Elseng
3161:Senagi
3099:Border
2850:Kutubu
2840:Bosavi
2815:Madang
2761:Marori
2611:I'saka
2604:Others
2595:Wutung
2590:Vanimo
2580:Leitre
2529:(Sumo)
2523:(Ramo)
2446:
2436:
2410:
2203:
2193:
2151:
2123:
2070:hÄ©Ìto
2067:hi*tu*
2061:hnyĂ»mĂČ
2007:wĂłlĂČng
2004:stone
1970:water
1933:pemÉÌ
1922:woman
1908:panyua
1822:blood
1817:tĂŁ kĂČ
1811:kuekue
1769:nakÉÌ
1741:louse
1731:knaĆku
1709:tooth
1689:lutÉÌ
1664:qĂșrlĂčr
1605:Wutung
1598:Wutung
1557:Wutung
1518:Warapu
1404:âbirdâ
1399:pÉÉšma
1396:wƩawƩa
1336:âhandâ
1325:Wutung
1320:Barupu
1315:I'saka
1290:Wutung
1286:Barupu
1282:I'saka
1128:Wutung
1123:Barupu
1118:I'saka
1077:they (
1051:they (
933:Barupu
912:Wutung
908:(Nyao)
906:Sangke
892:Leitre
875:I'saka
821:(also
819:Lagoon
810:Lagoon
772:Wutung
741:Leitre
675:Barupu
663:I'saka
611:Wutung
598:Leitre
562:Barupu
505:(Dumo)
503:Vanimo
498:Wutung
494:(Nyao)
492:Sangke
487:Leitre
457:Barupu
451:Iâsaka
420:Barupu
404:Iâsaka
395:(Dumo)
393:Vanimo
388:Wutung
384:(Nyao)
382:Sangke
330:Barupu
299:Kembra
297:, and
240:Wutung
218:Barupu
196:Iâsaka
179:Vanimo
142:Vanimo
89:I'saka
56:Vanimo
5875:Warao
5844:Nukak
5815:Kunza
5793:GuatĂł
5782:CofĂĄn
5762:CamsĂĄ
5555:Choco
5516:Boran
5465:South
5446:Huave
5381:Mayan
5332:Yuchi
5315:Washo
5265:Karuk
5260:Haida
5199:Utian
5131:Keres
5068:Alsea
5061:Algic
5046:North
4838:Taiap
4832:Sulka
4687:Sepik
4602:Engan
4343:Ongan
4326:Nivkh
4194:Shabo
4177:Jalaa
4171:Hadza
4125:Mande
3845:Sulka
3622:Grass
3493:Sepik
3471:Palei
3466:Wapei
3419:Tayap
3388:Piawi
3370:Walio
3336:Sepik
3313:Sepik
3265:Yetfa
3251:Molof
3244:Mawes
3230:Kimki
3180:Yapen
3165:Angor
3151:Kaure
2890:Dagan
2880:Angan
2731:Papua
2681:Papua
2552:Puari
2527:Bouni
2515:Bauni
2364:. Ms.
2345:(PDF)
1987:fire
1955:moon
1950:rĂŁĂŁÌ
1941:hlĂ ng
1914:kE ba
1889:tree
1856:skin
1839:bone
1825:hnjie
1790:bird
1785:pĂĄlÉ
1780:tyamu
1694:nose
1680:lĂșrtĂŽ
1644:hair
1633:kÉsu.
1627:head
1594:gloss
1572:lĂșrtĂŽ
1538:Isaka
1501:louse
1469:âeatâ
1453:âoldâ
1432:nake
1421:âdogâ
1345:noÊÉÌ
1311:gloss
1298:Foley
962:Pini
953:Puare
939:Nouri
843:Bouni
831:Bauni
755:Dusur
702:Puare
683:(Uni)
650:Foley
639:Nouri
621:Dusur
570:Puare
509:Dusur
463:Puari
415:Puari
353:Nouri
295:Kaure
291:Lepki
154:Papua
6050:bold
5977:See
5913:Arab
5899:Sign
5850:PĂĄez
5827:Maku
5821:Leco
5337:Zuni
5321:Yana
5275:Seri
5032:Tiwi
4852:Wiru
4817:Mpur
4807:Kuot
4790:AnĂȘm
4785:Abun
4752:Yuat
4747:Yawa
4693:Skou
4670:Ramu
4521:and
4415:Miju
4237:Ainu
4217:Asia
4215:and
4188:Laal
4149:Kadu
4137:Ijaw
4100:Kx'a
3831:Kuot
3810:AnĂȘm
3770:and
3757:Tabo
3588:Ramu
3577:Amal
3566:Tama
3551:Abau
3545:Iwam
3456:Urim
3426:Yadë
3412:Busa
3394:Yuat
3374:Papi
3354:Ramu
3317:Ramu
3258:Usku
3223:Keuw
3169:Dera
3129:West
3124:East
3041:Mpur
3034:Abun
2861:Wiru
2740:Anim
2695:Dani
2585:Skou
2562:Womo
2557:Rawo
2533:Bobe
2444:OCLC
2434:ISBN
2408:OCLC
2201:OCLC
2191:ISBN
2149:ISBN
2121:ISBN
2064:hime
2058:two
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