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487:
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466:, and began to manufacture steel. At first the output was insignificant, but gradually the magnitude of the operations was enlarged until the competition became effective, and steel traders generally became aware that the firm of Henry Bessemer & Co. was underselling them to the extent of UK£10–£15 a ton. This argument to the pocket quickly had its effect, and licences were applied for in such numbers that, in royalties for the use of his process, Bessemer received a sum in all considerably exceeding a million pounds sterling.
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W. M. Lord has said with regard to this success that "Sir Henry
Bessemer was somewhat exceptional. He had developed his process from an idea to a practical reality in his own lifetime and he was sufficiently of a businessman to have profited by it. In so many cases, inventions were not developed
519:
designed to stay level, however rough the sea, to save her passengers from seasickness. The mechanism – hydraulics controlled by a steersman watching a spirit level – worked in model form and in a trial version built in his garden in
Denmark Hill, London. However, it never received a proper seagoing
342:
had been working on a similar idea for some time prior to this. A reluctant patentor, and in this instance still working through some problems in his method, Nasmyth abandoned the project after hearing
Bessemer at the meeting. Bessemer acknowledged the efforts of Nasmyth by offering him a one-third
469:
However Mushet received nothing and by 1866 was destitute and in ill health. In that year his 16-year-old daughter, Mary, travelled to London alone, to confront
Bessemer at his offices, arguing that his success was based on the results of her father's work. Bessemer decided to pay Mushet an annual
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Bessemer was a prolific inventor and held at least 129 patents, spanning from 1838 to 1883. These included military ordnance, movable dies for embossed postage stamps, a screw extruder to extract sugar from sugar cane, and others in the fields of iron, steel and glass. These are described in some
637:
That a man who did so much for industrial development did not receive higher recognition from his own government was a source of deep regret for
English engineers, who alluded to the fact that in the United States, where the Bessemer process found much use, eight cities or towns bore his name.
184:
Bessemer had been trying to reduce the cost of steel-making for military ordnance, and developed his system for blowing air through molten pig iron to remove the impurities. This made steel easier, quicker and cheaper to manufacture, and revolutionised structural engineering. One of the most
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alone. Examples include railway structures such as bridges and tracks, where the treacherous nature of cast iron was keenly felt by many engineers and designers. There had been many accidents when cast iron beams collapsed suddenly, such as the
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Though this process is no longer commercially used, at the time of its invention it was of enormous industrial importance because it lowered the cost of production steel, leading to steel being widely substituted for
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189:, Bessemer also made over 100 other inventions in the fields of iron, steel and glass. Unlike many inventors, he managed to bring his own projects to fruition and profited financially from their success. He was
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when he was about 21 years old. He was an inventor who, while engaged by the Paris Mint, made a machine for making medallions that could produce steel dies from a larger model. He became a member of the
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When
Bessemer tried to induce makers to take up his improved system, he met with general rebuffs and was eventually driven to undertake the exploitation of the process himself. He erected steelworks in
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which was the only place where it was made at the time. He then copied and improved the product and made it capable of being made on a simple production line. It was an early example of
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is also named in his honour. In 2009, the public house "The
Fountain" in Sheffield city centre was renamed "The Bessemer" in homage to Henry Bessemer, who had a huge impact on the
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The process was kept secret, with only members of his immediate family having access to the factory. The
Nuremberg powder, which was made by hand, retailed in London for £5 12
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in 1848, but it was not commercially successful (, chapter 8). He gained experience in designing furnaces, which was to be of great use for his new steel-making process.
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under his tenure. IOM3 still recognises
Bessemer's legacy with an annual award of the medal for outstanding services to the steel industry; recent recipients include
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pension of £300, a very considerable sum, which he paid for over 20 years, possibly with a view to keeping the
Mushets from legal action. Bessemer also had works in
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of that country, was the first to make good steel by the process, but only after many attempts. His results prompted Bessemer to try a purer iron obtained from
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226:, and returned to Britain. There he invented a process for making gold chains, which was successful, and enabled him to buy a small estate in the village of
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test as, when the ship demolished part of the Calais pier on her maiden voyage, investor confidence was lost and the ship was scrapped.
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403:. Bessemer's attention was drawn to the problem of steel manufacture in the course of an attempt to improve the construction of guns.
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607:, and when the school was demolished in the 1980s the new road built in its place was named Bessemer Close in 1995. Bessemer Way in
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600:. Sheffield's Kelham Island Industrial Heritage Museum maintains an early example of a Bessemer converter for public viewing.
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Bessemer also obtained a patent in 1857 for the casting of metal between contrarotating rollers – a forerunner of today's
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processes and remarkably, Bessemer's original idea has been implemented in the direct continuous casting of steel strip.
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in Cheltenham which he titled "The Manufacture of Malleable Iron and Steel without Fuel." It was published in full in
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in the nineteenth century for almost one hundred years. He also played a significant role in establishing the town of
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The invention from which Bessemer made his first fortune was a series of six steam-powered machines for making
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involved using oxygen in air blown through molten pig iron to burn off the impurities and thus create steel.
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who the following December became infamous worldwide as the designer and railway engineer of the Tay Bridge.
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The Chartered Mechanical Engineer: The Journal of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Volume 12
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Coleford, Towns in the Forest Of Dean ForestWeb (fweb) – Virtual guide to the Royal Forest Of Dean
280:, or about 1/40th. The profits from sale of the paint allowed him to pursue his other inventions.
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for his contribution to science on 26 June 1879, and in the same year was made a fellow of the
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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615:'s development. In Workington, Cumbria, the local Wetherspoons pub is now named after him.
415:, but from the outset, the companies had great difficulty producing good-quality steel. Mr
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Lord, W. M. (1945). "The Development of the Bessemer Process in Lancashire, 1856–1900".
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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for his contribution to science in 1879, and in the same year was made a fellow of the
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454:. This improved the quality of the finished product and increased its malleability.
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structures. Wrought iron structures were much more reliable with very few failures.
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share of the value of his patent. Nasmyth turned it down as he was about to retire.
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of 1879, and failures continued until all cast iron under-bridges were replaced by
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Newton, David E. Chemistry of New Materials. New York: Facts on File, 2007. Print.
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Coincidentally, on the same page of the London Gazette there is the knighting of
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for ordnance production from 1850 to 1855 when he patented his method. However,
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515:(also called the "Bessemer Saloon"), a passenger steamship with a cabin on
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On 24 August 1856 Bessemer first described the process to a meeting of the
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Many industries were constrained by the lack of steel, being reliant on
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Sir Henry Bessemer, F.R.S.: an autobiography; with a concluding chapter
1013:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 823.
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in 1894. In 1895, he was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the
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quickly and the plums went to other persons than the inventors."
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169:(19 January 1813 – 15 March 1898) was an English inventor, whose
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687:. Lucidcafe.com (24 November 2014). Retrieved on 1 July 2015.
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Bessemer patented a method for making a continuous ribbon of
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in 1857, effectively nullifying Bessemer's 1855 US patent.
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Henry Bessemer worked on the problem of manufacturing cheap
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Man of Iron, Man of Steel: Lives of David and Robert Mushet
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IESIS Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland
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A Nation of Steel: The Making of Modern America: 1865-1925
588:. An honorary membership was conferred on Bessemer by the
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After suffering from seasickness in 1868, he designed the
474:, London, adjacent to the River Thames, from about 1865.
181:, nicknamed ‘Steel City’, as a major industrial centre.
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in 1891. He was elected an International Member of the
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Headstone of Sir Henry Bessemer, West Norwood cemetery
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Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland
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Bessemer licensed the patent for his process to five
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would become the most important technique for making
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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556:, London SE27. Other influential Victorians such as
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An introduction to the metallurgy of iron and steel
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769:"A. Bessemer's Specimen of Printing Types, 1830".
266:where a product is analysed, and then reproduced.
419:, a Swedish ironmaster, using the purer charcoal
273:per pound and he eventually reduced the price to
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960:
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859:"Sir Henry Bessemer's Connection with Printing"
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462:in a business partnership with others, such as
317:, an American inventor in Kentucky, received a
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490:Captioned "Steel", caricature of Bessemer by
603:A school was named after him in the town of
434:had carried out thousands of experiments at
1126:Sir Henry Bessemer, F.R.S. An Autobiography
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1047:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
620:Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
200:
1387:
1245:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
771:Journal of the Printing Historical Society
678:Sir Henry Bessemer Inventor & Engineer
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1464:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
1211:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
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978:
903:"Famous Inventors – Sir Henry Bessemer".
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744:"Made in Great Britain, Series 1, Steel"
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1206:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B"
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1170:. Iesis.org. Retrieved on 1 July 2015.
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1257:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
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598:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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383:of 1860. The problem recurred at the
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801:"Charlton House in England, Hitchin"
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1474:People of the Industrial Revolution
1306:Boylston, Herbert Melville (1936).
863:The Printing Times and Lithographer
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481:
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24:
1358:. Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins UP.
750:from the original on 28 March 2019
25:
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1218:from the original on 18 June 2006
1130:online at University of Rochester
1067:. fweb. Retrieved on 1 July 2015.
568:are buried in the same cemetery.
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1429:Burials at West Norwood Cemetery
1395:Works by or about Henry Bessemer
1321:The creators of the age of steel
1044:Dictionary of National Biography
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1038:"Mushet, Robert Forester"
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1254:New International Encyclopedia
1115:The Bessemer Saloon Steam-Ship
931:"Kelly Pneumatic Iron Process"
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594:American Philosophical Society
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1276:. Albion House. p. 140.
1089:Mills, Mary (8 August 2009).
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505:detail in his autobiography.
464:W & J Galloway & Sons
185:significant inventors of the
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1449:Fellows of the Royal Society
1157:. 1 July 1879. p. 2406.
1095:Greenwich Industrial History
209:, was born in London into a
187:Second Industrial Revolution
127:for the manufacture of steel
27:English inventor (1813–1898)
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907:. April 1942. p. 130.
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220:French Academy of Science
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1350:Misa, Thomas J. (1995).
1291:Bessemer, Henry (1905).
1120:27 December 2007 at the
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624:Iron and Steel Institute
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201:Father: Anthony Bessemer
1434:Businesspeople in steel
1381:Works by Henry Bessemer
1248:"Bessemer, Henry"
1091:"Bessemer in Greenwich"
1010:Encyclopædia Britannica
683:19 January 2013 at the
417:Göran Fredrik Göransson
377:Wootton bridge collapse
88:Charlton, Hertfordshire
1272:Anstis, Ralph (1997).
1135:3 October 2005 at the
1063:22 August 2012 at the
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115:Engineer and inventor
1343:10.1179/tns.1945.017
1185:search.amphilsoc.org
1181:"APS Member History"
905:The Meccano Magazine
381:Bull bridge accident
352:Kelham Island Museum
350:Bessemer converter,
171:steel-making process
1469:People from Hitchin
1324:. Chapman and Hall.
1005:Bessemer, Sir Henry
957:, pp. 218–219.
827:. 1954. p. 519
811:on 30 January 2013.
632:Indira Samarasekera
628:Bessemer Gold Medal
385:Tay Bridge disaster
373:Dee Bridge disaster
326:British Association
264:reverse engineering
205:Bessemer's father,
123:Development of the
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572:Honours and legacy
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530:continuous casting
524:Continuous casting
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436:Darkhill Ironworks
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161:Sir Henry Bessemer
18:Sir Henry Bessemer
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1316:Jeans, William T.
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562:Sir Henry Doulton
500:, 6 November 1880
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101:(1898-03-15)
63: 1890s
29:
1419:1898 deaths
1414:1813 births
1337:: 163–180.
1299:Engineering
1149:"No. 24739"
1077:Anstis 1997
869:11 February
728:25 February
719:"Sheffield"
497:Vanity Fair
492:Leslie Ward
413:ironmasters
285:plate glass
244:punchcutter
1408:Categories
1297:. London:
1100:19 January
940:20 January
788:Jeans 1884
666:References
613:Steel City
425:Cumberland
80:1813-01-19
1454:Huguenots
970:Lord 1945
831:8 October
697:Misa 1995
609:Rotherham
472:Greenwich
460:Sheffield
448:manganese
438:, in the
397:cast iron
364:cast iron
356:Sheffield
331:The Times
278:£ – 2 / 6
260:Nuremberg
179:Sheffield
145:Signature
90:, England
58:Bessemer
1318:(1884).
1310:. Wiley.
1213:Archived
1190:28 March
1133:Archived
1118:Archived
1061:Archived
754:28 March
748:Archived
681:Archived
578:knighted
512:Bessemer
428:hematite
421:pig iron
379:and the
228:Charlton
211:Huguenot
191:knighted
1397:at the
1265:Sources
1240::
1222:24 June
998::
777:. 1969.
746:. BBC.
605:Hitchin
517:gimbals
232:Hitchin
230:, near
207:Anthony
1362:
1280:
992:
444:carbon
334:. The
139:(1872)
132:Awards
1216:(PDF)
1209:(PDF)
642:Notes
536:Death
389:steel
311:steel
215:Paris
175:steel
167:
1360:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1224:2011
1192:2024
1102:2021
942:2024
871:2019
833:2018
756:2019
730:2019
564:and
446:and
399:and
366:and
96:Died
70:Born
1383:at
1339:doi
1007:".
580:by
510:SS
494:in
234:in
165:FRS
44:FRS
36:Sir
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