555:, published in 1848, Trevelyan later described the famine as "a direct stroke of an all-wise and all-merciful Providence", one which laid bare "the deep and inveterate root of social evil", that evil being Ireland's rural economic system of exploitative landlords and peasants overly dependent on the potato. The famine, he declared, was "the sharp but effectual remedy by which the cure is likely to be effected... God grant that the generation to which this great opportunity has been offered may rightly perform its part and we may not relax our efforts until Ireland fully participates in the social health and physical prosperity of Great Britain." This mentality of Trevelyan's was influential in persuading the government to do nothing to restrain mass evictions.. Historians disagree concerning Trevelyan's responsibility for famine relief policy in Ireland, and what exactly was his role in it. Karen Sonnelitter discusses the subject in her
683:, the seat of government, on 18 February, and transmitted to Madras. On 4 March, an open telegram was sent to Calcutta implying an adverse opinion of this proposal by the governor and council of Madras. On 9 March, a letter was sent to Madras stating the central government's objection to the transmission of such a message in an open telegram at a time when native feeling could not be considered stable. At the same time, the representative of the Madras government in the legislative council of India was prohibited from following the instructions of his superiors to lay their views upon the table and to advocate on their behalf. On 21 March, the government sent another telegram to Madras declaring the bill would be introduced and referred to a committee which was due to report in five weeks. On 26 March, opinions among Trevelyan and his council were recorded and, on his authority, the document found its way into the papers.
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1308:"Numerous popular articles and histories have quoted Trevelyan as saying, "the judgement of God sent the calamity to teach the Irish a lesson, that calamity must not be too much mitigated." According to Robin Haines, this phrase, which Trevelyan never actually wrote, is the result of a misinterpretation by historian Jennifer Hart in her 1960 article, "Sir Charles Trevelyan at the Treasury." Haines argues that Trevelyan's most contemptuous words were for Irish landlords, and he was known at the time for his empathy towards Irish Catholics.
828:, stunned to discover Charles Edward's father Rev. George Trevelyan was a slaveholder, announced a plan to travel to the Caribbean and apologize for the family's ownership of 1,004 enslaved Africans. The Trevelyan family plans to pay reparations to Grenada's people. Members of the family decided to sign a letter of apology for enslaving captive Africans on six sugar plantations in Grenada. The Trevelyan family received compensation from the British government in 1835 for the abolition of slavery a year earlier.
663:, and Trevelyan was offered the appointment. Having maintained his knowledge of oriental affairs by close attention to all subjects affecting the interest of India, he entered upon his duties as governor of Madras in the spring of 1859. He soon became popular in the presidency. It is claimed that due to his conduct in office, the natives became reconciled to the government. An assessment was carried out, a police system organised in every part, and, contrary to the traditions of the
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bare minimum to feed those starving from the famine. He was nicknamed as "linchpin of relief operations". Trevelyan believed that labourers should have seen this as a happy event to take advantage of what he called "breathing-time" to harvest their own crops and carry out wage-producing harvest work for large farmers. But the return of the blight had deprived labourers of any crops to harvest and farmers of agricultural work to hire labourers for.
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514:. He also worked to improve the condition of the native population. He abolished the transit duties by which the internal trade of India had long been fettered. For these and other services, he received the special thanks of the governor-general in council. Before leaving Delhi, he donated personal funds for construction of a broad street through a new suburb, then in course of erection, which thenceforth became known as Trevelyanpur.
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378:, India. There, by a combination of diligence and self-discipline together with his outstanding intellectual talents he achieved rapid promotion. He occupied several important and influential positions in various parts of India, but his priggish and often indiscreet behaviour endeared him to few of his colleagues and involved him in almost continual controversy.
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the government to fix everything, "as if they have themselves no part to perform in this great crisis." By blaming the famine on the gentry, Trevelyan justified the actions—or inaction—of the
British Government. These same gentry were of course raising the crops of oats and grains as well as meat that were exported under armed guard to England.
574:–Liberal Government held power in Britain, with Trevelyan acting as treasurer. In this position Trevelyan had considerable influence over the parliament's decisions, especially the plans for the relief effort in Ireland. Along with the Whig government, he believed Ireland needed to correct itself and that a
991:, about the Great Irish Famine: "Michael, they have taken you away / because you stole Trevelyan's corn / so the young might see the morn / now a prison ship lies waiting in the bay." Because of Trevelyan's policies, the Irish consider him one of the most detested figures in their history, along with
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on 23 March 1879, he was childless after two marriages. He bequeathed his north-country property to
Charles. A biographer from the family notes that Walter had changed his will in 1852, having been impressed by Charles' son. The young George Otto Trevelyan had visited Walter and his wife and received
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Undoubtedly it conveys a strong censure on one act of Sir
Charles Trevelyan's public conduct, yet Sir Charles Trevelyan has merits too inherent in his character, to be clouded and overshadowed by this simple act, and I trust in his future career he may be useful to the public service and do honour to
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agreed with
Trevelyan, faulting the gentry for not instructing their proprietors to improve their estates and not planting crops other than the potato. In his letter to Lord Monteagle, Trevelyan identified the gentry with the "defective part of the national character" and chastised them for expecting
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in the crucial years from 1846 to 1852. Many members of the
British upper and middle classes believed that the famine was a divine judgment—an act of Providence although these views also existed in the Irish Catholic Church. A leading exponent of the providentialist perspective was Trevelyan, who was
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After the end of the
Peelite Relief Programs, the Whig–Liberal government instituted the Labour Rate Act, which provided aid only to the most severely affected areas of the famine. This Labour Act took time to be implemented, as was Trevelyan's intention, allowing the British government to spend the
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attitude was the best solution. Though the efforts made by
Trevelyan did not produce any permanent remedy to the situation, he believed that if the British Government gave Ireland all that was necessary to survive, the Irish people would come to rely on the British government instead of fixing their
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In 1831, he moved to
Calcutta, and became deputy secretary to the government in the political department. Trevelyan was especially zealous in the cause of education, and in 1835, largely owing to his persistence, government was led to decide in favour of the promulgation of European literature and
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Meanwhile, in
Ireland a million people starved to death, as the Irish watched with increasing fury as boatloads of homegrown oats and grain departed on schedule from their shores for shipment to England. Food riots erupted in ports such as Youghal, near Cork, where people tried unsuccessfully to
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Trevelyan said in his 9 October 1846 letter to Lord
Monteagle that "the government establishments are strained to the utmost to alleviate this great calamity and avert this danger" as was within their power so to do. Trevelyan praised the government and denounced the Irish gentry in his letter,
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A more honest, zealous, upright, and independent servant could not be. He was a loss to India, but there would be danger if he were allowed to remain, after having adopted a course so subversive of all authority, so fearfully tending to endanger our rule, and so likely to provoke the people to
627:. From 1851 until its termination in 1858, the society sponsored the emigration of around 5,000 Scots to Australia and thus increasing the devastation of the Clearances. Trevelyan likewise supported Irish emigration, saying "We must not complain of what we really want to obtain".
539:. Altogether, about a million people in Ireland are reliably estimated to have died of starvation and epidemic disease between 1846 and 1851, and some two million emigrated in a period of a little more than a decade (1845–55). On 27 April 1848, Trevelyan was appointed as a
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had been appointed financial member of the legislative council of India. At the beginning of the new year, he proposed a plan of retrenchment and taxation by which he hoped to improve the financial position of the British administration: his plan was introduced at
605:. But in 1846, more than ninety percent of the potato crop had been destroyed. The large crops of oats and grain were not affected, and if those crops had been distributed to the Irish people rather than exported, mass starvation could have been avoided.
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confiscate a boatload of oats. At Dungarvan, in County Waterford, British troops were pelted with stones as they shot into the crowd, killing at least two people and wounding several others. British naval escorts were then provided for the riverboats.
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On his return home in 1865, Trevelyan became engaged in discussions of the question of army purchase, on which he had given evidence before the royal commission in 1857. Later he was associated with a variety of social questions, such as charities,
647:, laid the foundation for securing the admission of qualified and educated persons into positions that had been dominated by members of aristocratic and influential families who benefitted by personal networks. It was intended to be a merit system.
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are widely believed to have slowed relief for the famine. However, he displayed a distinct contrast in his attitude to the Highland Potato Famine; in one letter addressing the situation in Scotland dated 29 April 1846, Trevelyan wrote:
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in London, and discharged the functions of that office for nineteen years. In Ireland, he administered the relief works of 1845–47, when upwards of 734,000 men were employed by the government during the
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hints of the secret will. The modest social position of the family was suddenly elevated to one of wealth and property, recorded as an important event in the history of the baronetcy.
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In the summer of 1846, Trevelyan ordered the Peelite Relief Programmes, which had been operating since the early years of the famine, to be shut down. This was done on 21 July 1846 by
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Our measures must proceed with as little disturbance as possible of the ordinary course of private trade, which must ever be the chief resource for the subsistence of the people, but,
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civil service as a writer in 1826, having displayed from an early age a great proficiency in Asian languages and dialects. On 4 January 1827, Trevelyan was appointed assistant to Sir
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The Great Famine in Ireland began as a catastrophe of extraordinary magnitude, but its effects were severely worsened by the actions and inactions of the Whig government, headed by
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In 1862, Trevelyan returned to India as finance minister. His tenure of office was marked by important administrative reforms and by extensive measures for the development of
588:. Trevelyan believed that if the relief continued while a new food crisis was unfolding, the poor would become permanently conditioned to having the state take care of them.
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Today Trevelyan is mostly remembered for his reluctance to disburse direct government food and monetary aid to the Irish during the famine due to his strong belief in
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was published by Trevelyan in 1838. In April 1836, he was nominated secretary to the Sudder board of revenue, an office he had held until his return in January 1838.
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The potato blight eventually spread to the Western Highlands of Scotland, causing similar destitution and deaths. In 1851, in response to that crisis, Trevelyan and
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502:, where, during a residence of four years, he was entrusted with the conduct of several important missions. For some time he acted as guardian to the youthful
397:, whilst in Scotland he was closely associated with the work of the Central Board for Highland Relief. His inaction and personal negative attitude towards the
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economics. Trevelyan's defenders say that larger factors than his own acts and beliefs were more central to the problem of the famine and its high mortality.
790:, who was advised at the end of a lengthy letter that detailed the evils of alcohol. He issued a costly and unsuccessful challenge for the title and estate.
346:– a group of sophisticated families noted for their severity of principle as much as for their fervent evangelism." Trevelyan was a student of the economist
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to any one who wished to purchase. These and other reforms introduced or developed by Trevelyan won the gratitude and esteem of the Madras population.
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from 1859 to 1860, and Indian Finance Minister from 1862 to 1865. A reformer of the civil service, he is widely regarded as the founder of the modern
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On arrival of this intelligence in Britain, the Governor of Madras was at once recalled. This decision occasioned much discussion both in and out of
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while at Haileybury. His rigid adherence to Malthusian population theory during the Irish famine is often attributed to this formative tutelage.
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The Guardian, February 13, 2023, "'My forefathers did something horribly wrong': British slave owners' family to apologise and pay reparations"
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2000:
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The Trevelyan (Charles Edward) Archive, which includes Trevelyan's papers covering 25 years of his personal life and career, is held at
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1990:
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blaming them for the famine. He believed that the landlords had a responsibility to feed the labourers and increase land productivity.
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he expressed during his term in the critical position of administrating relief for the millions of Irish peasants suffering under the
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on Trevelyan. Barnacle controls the "Circumlocution Office", where everything goes round in circles, and nothing ever gets done.
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1499:, 11 May 1860, cols. 1130–61; Statement of Sir C. E. Trevelyan of the Circumstances connected with his Recall from India, 1860.
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at Haileybury in Hertfordshire. R.A.C. Balfour stated that "his early life was influenced by his parents' membership of the
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461:, then a member of the supreme council of India and one of his closest friends. By his first wife he had one son and heir:
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252:. In the late 1850s and 1860s he served there in senior-level appointments. Trevelyan was instrumental in the process of
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In 1853, Trevelyan proposed the organisation of a new system for hiring of people in the government civil service. The
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980:, refer to Trevelyan, as well as Queen Victoria and Lord Russell, as being among those responsible for the famine.
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Secondly on 14 October 1875 he married Eleanor Anne Campbell, a daughter of Walter Campbell of Islay in Scotland.
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MacMillan, David (1963). "Sir Charles Trevelyan and the Highland and Island Emigration Society, 1849-1859".
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chiefly responsible for administering Irish relief policy throughout the famine years. In his book
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Firstly on 23 December 1834, in India, to Hannah More Macaulay (d. 5 August 1873), a sister of
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in 1857; 3rd edit. 1858. Several of his addresses, letters, and speeches were also published.
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1493: How Europe's Discovery of the Americas Revolutionized Trade, Ecology and Life on Earth
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in Southern India which were likely to suit as Sanitaria, or quarters for European troops.
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248:. During this time he was responsible for facilitating the government's response to the
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The Army Purchase Question and Report and Evidence of the Royal Commission considered,
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in that county. Trevelyan died at 67 Eaton Square, London, on 19 June 1886, aged 79.
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Balfour, R.A.C. (1990–92). "The Highland and Island Emigration Society, 1852-1858".
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The Great Irish Famine: A History in Documents: (From the Broadview Sources Series)
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244:, India. He returned to Britain and took up the post of Assistant Secretary to the
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1427:"Letter of Trevelyan to Lord Monteagle," (9 October 1846) in Kissane (ed.), p. 51
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The Compromise offered by Canada in reference to the reprinting of English Books,
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on 27 April 1848. Three decades later on 2 March 1874, he was created the first
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by Trevelyan to conduct surveys and make drawings for the Government of all the
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Much of the wealth of the family derived from the holding of slaves in Grenada.
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supported an exodus of nearly 5,000 people to Australia between 1851 and 1858.
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admitted that Trevelyan was the model for Sir Gregory Hardlines in his novel
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science among the Indians. An account of the efforts of government, entitled
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McRae, Malcolm (1962). "Sir Charles Trevelyan's Indian Letters, 1859–1865".
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A Report upon the Inland Customs and Town Duties of the Bengal Presidency,
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administrator. As a young man, he worked with the colonial government in
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On return to Britain in 1840 he was appointed as assistant secretary to
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On 21 January 1840, he entered on the duties of assistant secretary to
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Bourke, Austin (5–6 May 1977). "Apologia for a dead civil servant".
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The Application of the Roman Alphabet to all the Oriental Languages,
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1690: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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BBC: The ancient Chinese exam that inspired modern job recruitment
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as a writer (clerk) and was posted to the Bengal Civil Service at
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743:, and the like, and in the treatment of these. He was a staunch
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To the Ends of the Earth: Scotland's Global Diaspora, 1750-2010
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In addition to works mentioned, Trevelyan wrote the following:
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All went well until February 1860. Towards the close of 1859,
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as Assistant Secretary to HM Treasury (1840–1859) under the
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insurrection against the central and responsible authority.
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1158:"Britain's Idyllic Country Houses Reveal a Darker History"
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in Somerset. His mother was Harriet Neave, a daughter of
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Trevelyan is referred to in the modern Irish folk song "
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Members of the Council of the Governor General of India
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b A Very British Family: The Trevelyans and Their World
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976:, in their song of the same name from their 1992 album
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1396:"History – British History in depth: The Irish Famine"
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Trevelyan expressed his views in letters that year to
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of 1846–1857 in Scotland. In Ireland, he administered
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A Very British Family: The Trevelyans and their World
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Trevelyan's most enduring mark on history may be the
366:, Viceroy of India and other council members. c. 1864
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in India by means of public works. In 1862, Colonel
1451:Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society
1439:newspaper (22 September 1846), in Gray, pp. 154-55
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824:In February 2023, one of Trevelyan's descendants,
362:Charles Trevelyan, sitting second from left, with
1046:Timothy Egan, NYTimes SundayReview, 15 March 2014
2248:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
2229:
995:, who conquered the country in the 17th century.
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1053:Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness
747:, and gave his support to the Liberal cause in
659:resigned the governorship of the presidency of
645:The Organisation of the Permanent Civil Service
889:From Pesth to Brindisi, being Notes of a Tour,
561:The Great Irish Famine: A History in Documents
370:In 1826, as a young man, Trevelyan joined the
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1649:Victorian Literature and the Victorian State
1757:Works by Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet
1706:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
1611:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
1346:The Great Famine: Ireland's Agony 1845–1852
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2278:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
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1486:. Cambridge University Press. p. 131.
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2263:British East India Company civil servants
1566:. University College Cork. Archived from
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1471:. University of Texas. 2006. p. 106.
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1263:(305). Oxford University Press: 706–712.
883:Three Letters on the Devonshire Labourer,
232:(2 April 1807 – 19 June 1886) was a
224:Sir Charles Edward Trevelyan, 1st Baronet
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865:The Purchase System in the British Army,
520:On the Education of the People of India,
357:
149:
958:likely based the nepotistic aristocrat
786:The changed will came as a surprise to
778:, 6th Baronet, of Nettlecombe, died at
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180:
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2077:Prevention of Crime (Ireland) Act 1848
1625:. The Trollope Society. Archived from
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625:Highland and Island Emigration Society
465:Sir George Otto Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet
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428:Highland and Island Emigration Society
385:, and served to 1859, during both the
1925:List of memorials to the Great Famine
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1736:Charles Edward Trevelyan, 1st Baronet
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901:Christianity and Hinduism contrasted,
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690:. Defending the recall of Trevelyan,
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2283:People educated at Blundell's School
1535:"Trevelyan (Charles Edward) Archive"
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1112:
922:In conjunction with his cousin, Sir
694:, in his place in Parliament, said:
410:(at any cost), the people must not,
273:Descended from an ancient family of
1602:"Trevelyan, Walter Calverley"
1348:, Hambledon Continuum, p. 54,
1296:. Broadview Press. pp. 11–12.
1192:The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845–1849
319:, Governor of the Bank of England.
254:reforming the British Civil Service
13:
1841:Great Hunger in Ireland, 1845–1852
1751:Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet
1724:Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet
1564:Multitext Project in Irish History
1183:
1068:The Great Hunger - Ireland 1845-49
937:
797:Special Collections and Archives.
650:
289:, then a Cornish clergyman, later
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2253:English people of Cornish descent
1920:National Famine Commemoration Day
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708:President of the Board of Control
197:Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet
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1775:Baronetage of the United Kingdom
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1729:
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1703:Dictionary of National Biography
1685:
1608:Dictionary of National Biography
1482:John, O'Beirne Ranelagh (2012).
1029:Chambers Biographical Dictionary
769:Trevelyan baronet, of Wallington
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422:He was cofounder in 1851, with
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2062:Poor Relief (Ireland) Act 1838
1880:Chronology of the Great Famine
1860:History of Ireland (1801–1923)
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16:British colonial administrator
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2258:Civil servants in HM Treasury
2072:Irish Poor Law Extension Acts
1257:The English Historical Review
1190:Woodham-Smith, Cecil (1991).
1064:Woodham-Smith, Cecil (1962).
999:
972:The Irish-American rock band
877:A Standing or a Popular Army,
1539:Newcastle University Library
1344:Murchadha, Ciarán Ó (2011),
795:Newcastle University Library
476:
325:
7:
1290:Sonnelitter, Karen (2018).
1269:10.1093/ehr/lxxvii.cccv.706
1014:Article on the Irish famine
962:, a character in his novel
907:Trevelyan's letters to the
806:anti-Irish racial sentiment
643:in November 1853, entitled
543:in reward of his services.
496:Charles Theophilus Metcalfe
467:(1838–1928), the statesman.
10:
2309:
2194:Irish National Land League
1915:Legacy of the Great Famine
1885:British Relief Association
1560:"Charles Edward Trevelyan"
1484:A Short History of Ireland
1180:. I.B. Taurus, 2006, p. 25
1072:. London: Old Town Books.
1042:"Paul Ryan's Irish Amnesia
1020:"Charles Edward Trevelyan"
924:Walter Calverley Trevelyan
776:Walter Calverley Trevelyan
637:Northcote–Trevelyan Report
340:East India Company College
268:
210:Venerable George Trevelyan
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2067:Temporary Relief Act 1847
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1910:Encumbered Estates' Court
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1773:
1698:Trevelyan, Charles Edward
1662:"Dropkick Murphys Lyrics"
1651:, JHU Press, 2013, p. 121
1509:Trevelyan, Laura (2012).
871:The British Army in 1868,
597:Lord Monteagle of Brandon
570:, specifically 1846, the
353:
285:, a son of the Venerable
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92:
76:
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23:
1855:Irish Famine (1740–1741)
1623:"Hardlines, Sir Gregory"
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763:Trevelyan was appointed
639:, signed by himself and
526:Role in the Irish Famine
481:
2164:European Potato Failure
2001:Marquess of Clanricarde
1966:Marquess of Londonderry
1905:Young Ireland rebellion
800:It has been said that:
414:, be allowed to starve.
412:under any circumstances
250:Great Famine in Ireland
2273:Great Famine (Ireland)
2159:Highland Potato Famine
2154:National Famine Museum
1749:Quotations related to
1647:Lauren M. E. Goodlad,
1113:Mann, Charles (2012).
1024:Cork Multitext Project
1016:, Ireland for Visitors
911:with the signature of
822:
717:
701:
641:Sir Stafford Northcote
532:Her Majesty's Treasury
498:, the commissioner at
416:
391:Highland Potato Famine
367:
166:Eleanor Anne Campbell
119:colonial administrator
87:London, United Kingdom
45:Trevelyan in the 1840s
2108:Robert Dudley Edwards
2046:William Henry Gregory
2041:Matthew James Higgins
2011:Christopher St George
1996:Marquess of Lansdowne
1986:Nassau William Senior
1802:George Otto Trevelyan
1469:Transatlantic History
1230:Devine, T.M. (2012).
985:The Fields of Athenry
802:
712:
696:
599:and in an article in
404:
361:
291:Archdeacon of Taunton
135:Hannah More Macaulay
25:Sir Charles Trevelyan
2021:Lionel de Rothschild
1726:at Wikimedia Commons
1103:, Simon Schama, 2001
1101:A History of Britain
915:were collected with
751:, while residing at
631:Civil Service Reform
559:of primary sources,
152:; died
2288:People from Taunton
2268:Governors of Madras
2179:Theories of famines
2174:Economic liberalism
2098:Cecil Woodham-Smith
2026:Stephen Spring Rice
1991:Viscount Palmerston
934:1856, 1862, 1872).
891:1871; 2nd ed. 1876.
873:1868; 4th ed. 1868.
867:1867; 2nd ed. 1867.
855:1848; 2nd ed. 1880.
843:1834; 3rd ed. 1858.
667:, land was sold in
449:Marriages and issue
432:Highland Clearances
336:Charterhouse School
330:He was educated at
105:Charterhouse School
1971:Marquess Conyngham
1734:Works by or about
816:administration of
759:Legacy and honours
665:East India Company
488:East India Company
453:He married twice:
439:Governor of Madras
372:East India Company
368:
295:Sir John Trevelyan
236:civil servant and
2225:
2224:
2138:Christine Kinealy
2123:Diarmaid Ferriter
2006:Charles Trevelyan
1981:Robert Gore-Booth
1930:1879 Irish Famine
1870:Absentee landlord
1808:
1807:
1799:Succeeded by
1761:Project Gutenberg
1722:Media related to
1303:978-1-77048-688-1
1176:Laura Trevelyan,
1166:. 13 August 2021.
853:The Irish Crisis,
729:roving commission
721:natural resources
557:edited collection
548:Lord John Russell
430:which during the
332:Blundell's School
312:Sir Richard Neave
308:Nettlecombe Court
293:, the 3rd son of
277:, he was born in
221:
220:
214:Harriet Trevelyan
2300:
2215:
2214:
2036:Paweł Strzelecki
1956:Viscount Halifax
1834:
1827:
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1629:on 23 April 2014
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1407:
1402:. 1 January 2001
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1355:978-1-84725217-3
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1117:. Granta Books.
1110:
1104:
1098:
1083:
1071:
1060:
949:The Three Clerks
944:Anthony Trollope
928:Trevelyan Papers
926:, he edited the
917:Additional Notes
788:Alfred Trevelyan
774:When his cousin
725:Douglas Hamilton
704:Sir Charles Wood
621:Sir John McNeill
586:Sir Charles Wood
553:The Irish Crisis
424:Sir John McNeill
318:
305:
287:George Trevelyan
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184:
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71:, United Kingdom
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993:Oliver Cromwell
978:Fire of Freedom
956:Charles Dickens
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938:Popular culture
834:
826:Laura Trevelyan
761:
753:Wallington Hall
653:
651:Return to India
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486:He entered the
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1570:on 18 May 2014
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2005:
1976:Lord Farnham
1951:Earl Russell
1793:
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1753:at Wikiquote
1701:
1665:. Retrieved
1656:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1627:the original
1617:
1606:
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1572:. Retrieved
1568:the original
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1404:. Retrieved
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82:(1886-06-19)
80:19 June 1886
61:2 April 1807
18:
2243:1886 deaths
2238:1807 births
2128:Colm TĂłibĂn
2016:Robert Peel
1895:Coffin ship
1680:Attribution
1234:. Penguin.
1194:. Penguin.
1007:BBC History
913:Indophilus,
657:Lord Harris
566:During the
504:Madhu Singh
383:HM Treasury
93:Nationality
2232:Categories
2113:Joel Mokyr
2086:Historians
1865:Penal Laws
1796:1874–1886
1740:Wikisource
1667:14 October
1059:: 429–566.
1000:References
780:Wallington
692:Palmerston
688:Parliament
669:fee simple
581:problems.
57:1807-04-02
1890:Souperism
1875:Corn Laws
1782:New title
741:pauperism
655:In 1858,
612:The Times
602:The Times
512:Bhurtpore
477:Biography
426:, of the
326:Education
2217:Category
2199:Land War
1633:21 April
1574:21 April
1031:, 1990,
974:Black 47
710:, said:
699:himself.
681:Calcutta
389:and the
283:Somerset
275:Cornwall
246:Treasury
242:Calcutta
238:colonial
192:Children
69:Somerset
2147:Related
1848:General
1788:Baronet
1694::
1544:12 July
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