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withdraw the siphons into the shell have a "pallial sinus", a sort of pocket, into which the siphons can fit when they are withdrawn, so that the two shell valves can close properly. The existence of this pocket shows even in an empty shell, as a visible indentation in the pallial line, a line which
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For these freshwater snails, the siphon is an anti-predator adaptation. It reduces their vulnerability to being attacked and eaten by birds because it enables the apple snails to breathe without having to come all the way up to the surface, where they are easily visible to predators.
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322:, and live buried in the sediment, need to use these tube-like structures. The function of these siphons is to reach up to the surface of the sediment, so that the animal is able to respire, feed, and excrete, and also to reproduce.
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have an extensible siphon made from a flap of the left mantle cavity. They use this siphon in order to breathe air while they are submerged in water which has a low oxygen content so they cannot effectively use their gill.
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364:. Usually water enters the mantle cavity through the inhalant siphon, moves over the gills, and leaves through the exhalant siphon. The water current is utilized for respiration, but also for
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384:. Most other bivalves ingest microscopic phytoplankton as food from the general water supply, which enters via the inhalant siphon and reaches the mouth after passing over the gill.
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Although in gastropods the siphon functions perfectly well as a tube, it is not in fact a hollow organ, it is simply a flap of the mantle that is rolled into the shape of a tube.
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Depending on the species and family concerned, some bivalves utilize their inhalant siphon like the hose of a vacuum cleaner, and actively suck up food particles from the marine
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Water enters the mantle cavity around the sides of the funnel, and subsequent contraction of the hyponome expands and then contracts, expelling a jet of water.
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Siphons in molluscs are tube-like structures in which water (or, more rarely, air) flows. The water flow is used for one or more purposes such as
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bivalve. The adductor muscles have been cut, the valves are gaping. The internal anatomy is visible, including the paired siphons to the right
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Many bivalves that have siphons can withdraw them completely into the shell when needed, but this is not true of all species. Bivalves that
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The deeper a bivalve species lives in the sediment, the longer its siphons are. Bivalves which have extremely long siphons, like the
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360:. There is an inhalant or incurrent siphon, and an exhalant or excurrent siphon. The water is circulated by the action of the
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called a siphon, or inhalant siphon, through which water is drawn into the mantle cavity and over the gill for respiration.
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Those bivalves that have siphons, have two of them. Not all bivalves have siphons however: those that live on or above the
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has been modified in order to house and protect the soft tissue of the siphon. This shell modification is known as the
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which "smell" or "taste" the water, in order to hunt for food. Marine gastropods that have a siphon are either
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255:, except that the apple snail's siphon can be retracted completely, or extended to various lengths as needed.
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A single siphon occurs in some gastropods. In those bivalves which have siphons, the siphons are paired. In
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pictured to the right, the shell has a simple "siphonal notch" at the anterior edge of the
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in a seafood tank; the paired siphons (or "necks") of this species can be one meter long
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In many marine gastropods where the siphon is particularly long, the structure of the
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776:. Page uploaded 11 January 2003, last change 7 July 2007, accessed 26 February 2009.
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Apple snails use the siphon in a way that is reminiscent of a human swimmer using a
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possessed a hyponome and if so what form it may have taken, is as yet not known.
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In the case of some other marine gastropod shells, such as the volute and the
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differs however, in that it is a one-piece flap that is folded over. Whether
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Anatomical structure which is part of the body of some aquatic molluscs
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Diagramatic drawing of the inside of one valve of a bivalve such as a
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The bivalve's two siphons are situated at the posterior edge of the
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pictured here, live very deeply buried, and are hard to dig up when
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344:: pallial sinus on the lower left, at the posterior end of the clam
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showing paired siphons (upper inhalant and lower exhalant siphon),
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gastropod molluscs, the animal has an anterior extension of the
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of the mollusc, and the water flow is directed to (or from) the
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is an anatomical structure which is part of the body of aquatic
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This siphon is a soft fleshy tube-like structure equipped with
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seen from the front, showing the opening of the hyponome.
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runs along parallel to the ventral margin of the shell.
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The shells of these freshwater snails have simple round
429:, the hyponome is a muscular tube. The hyponome of the
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Palaeos
Metazoa: Mollusca: Bivalvia: Bivalve Glossary
648:. The apple snail website. Accessed 18 November 2008.
705:
Natural
Histories: Stories from the Tennessee Valley
748:Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2000.
634:. Hawaiian Marine Life. Accessed 18 November 2008.
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55:(members of these classes include saltwater and
184:has an exceptionally long siphonal canal, see
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1169:
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269:
266:; there is no special notch for the siphon.
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659:Los Marineros Marine Life. Caption Mollusca
539:Engraving of Florida freshwater applesnail
407:to expel water, a function that produces a
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929:
915:
831:. Blandford Press Limited, Poole, Dorset,
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213:which is found in sea hares of the genus
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501:The siphon of a large herbivore marine
219:; this reflex has been much studied in
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1456:Flotation devices ("secondary fins")
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599:Abbott, RT and Sandstrom, GF (2001)
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13:
1748:) → Juvenile → Subadult → Adult •
460:is a scavenger. Siphon on the left
199:instead of a long siphonal canal.
14:
2239:
2134:Reproductive system of gastropods
885:
708:. University of Tennessee Press.
207:gill and siphon withdrawal reflex
2139:Respiratory system of gastropods
2054:Circulatory system of gastropods
1492:Hepatopancreas (digestive gland)
1415:
1409:
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850:Class Cephalopoda: the Head-Feet
702:Bales, SL and Venable, S. 2007.
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2228:Invertebrate respiratory system
1461:Funnel–mantle locking apparatus
863:
821:
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728:Oceanography and Marine Biology
403:or siphon is the organ used by
135:moving across coral at low tide
2079:Excretory system of gastropods
2069:Digestive system of gastropods
1648:Nuchal folds (occipital folds)
1643:Nuchal crest (occipital crest)
876:http://palaeo-electronica.org/
751:WDFW - Shellfish: Geoduck clam
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651:
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593:
1:
568:
417:In most cephalopods, such as
2144:Sensory organs of gastropods
2109:Nervous system of gastropods
1754:Protoconch (embryonic shell)
818:. accessed 26 February 2009.
797:. accessed 26 February 2009.
754:. accessed 26 February 2009.
693:, accessed 26 February 2009.
90:. The siphon is part of the
7:
2175:Circumesophageal nerve ring
689:. The apple snail website,
10:
2244:
878:Accessed 21 November 2008.
860:Accessed 21 November 2008.
829:The Encyclopedia of Shells
670:Accessed 21 November 2008.
602:Seashells of North America
440:
375:
270:Paired siphons of bivalves
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856:16 September 2008 at the
691:http://www.applesnail.net
613:Nassa mud snails, p. 142.
584:Ă–rstan A. 13 April 2007.
489:Clam with its siphon out
180:. For a gastropod whose
772:6 November 2008 at the
725:Barnes, H. (Ed.) 2008.
545:; siphon on lower right
395:Hyponome of cephalopods
827:S. Peter Dance. 1977.
666:3 October 2000 at the
345:
303:
282:
139:In some (but not all)
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28:
1735:Developmental stages:
1627:Spadix and antispadix
1511:Nephridia ("kidneys")
814:12 March 2008 at the
793:23 April 2009 at the
339:
288:
277:
129:
22:
902:More bivalve anatomy
787:Anatomy of a Bivalve
474:Pomacea canaliculata
372:, and reproduction.
310:, as is the case in
2099:Hypobranchial gland
2047:Internal soft parts
1971:External soft parts
1722:Squid giant synapse
630:25 May 2011 at the
524:Nautilus belauensis
227:Siphon as a snorkel
2218:Cephalopod zootomy
1653:Occipital membrane
1526:Pericardial glands
1221:Argonautid eggcase
839:, pp. 288, page 8.
686:Respiratory system
645:Respiratory system
587:Melongena's siphon
557:Four specimens of
508:Cymbiola magnifica
457:Nassarius fossatus
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304:
283:
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29:
2223:Gastropod anatomy
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2124:Oesophageal pouch
1983:Caudal mucous pit
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1591:Suckers and hooks
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1516:Nidamental glands
1446:Dermal structures
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1151:
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737:978-1-4200-6574-9
714:978-1-57233-561-5
611:978-1-58238-125-1
127:
57:freshwater snails
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2114:Nidamental gland
2038:Suprapedal gland
1935:Other hard parts
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1746:Doratopsis stage
1717:Squid giant axon
1636:Occipital region
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1487:Ctenidia (gills)
1482:Branchial hearts
1475:Internal anatomy
1439:External anatomy
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763:M. Alan Kazlev.
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590:. Snail's Tales.
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560:Panopea generosa
554:
542:Pomacea paludosa
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409:locomotive force
387:Please also see
281:with siphons out
186:Venus comb murex
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71:and relatives).
23:A specimen of a
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897:Bivalve anatomy
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858:Wayback Machine
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289:Drawing of the
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366:filter feeding
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235:in the genera
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178:siphonal canal
156:chemoreceptors
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2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
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1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1755:
1751:
1747:
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1736:
1731:
1723:
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1677:
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1634:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:Buccal region
1598:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1559:
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1555:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1537:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1506:Needham's sac
1504:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
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1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
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1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
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1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1269:Spirula shell
1267:
1265:
1264:Gladius (pen)
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1254:Cirrate shell
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1005:Prodissoconch
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
995:Pallial sinus
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
952:
950:
948:
944:
939:
932:
927:
925:
920:
918:
913:
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909:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
877:
873:
872:
866:
859:
855:
852:
851:
845:
838:
837:0-7137-0698-8
834:
830:
824:
817:
813:
810:
809:
803:
796:
792:
789:
788:
782:
775:
771:
768:
767:
760:
753:
752:
745:
738:
734:
730:
729:
722:
715:
711:
707:
706:
699:
692:
688:
687:
681:
679:
677:
669:
665:
662:
660:
654:
647:
646:
640:
633:
629:
626:
625:
619:
612:
608:
604:
603:
596:
589:
588:
581:
579:
574:
562:
561:
553:
548:
544:
543:
535:
530:
526:
525:
518:
513:
510:
509:
504:
497:
492:
485:
480:
476:
475:
468:
463:
459:
458:
450:
445:
444:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
412:
410:
406:
402:
392:
390:
385:
383:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:mantle cavity
354:
351:
343:
338:
334:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
301:
297:
296:
292:
287:
280:
276:
267:
265:
260:
256:
254:
249:
246:
245:
240:
239:
234:
224:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
206:
200:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
167:
165:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
142:
134:
133:
115:In gastropods
112:
110:
109:
104:
99:
97:
96:mantle cavity
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
26:
21:
2200:
2032:
1851:Periostracum
1734:
1663:Nuchal organ
1562:Hectocotylus
1451:Fins (wings)
1430:
1357:Body chamber
1321:Periostracum
1106:
1000:Periostracum
990:Pallial line
870:
865:
849:
844:
828:
823:
807:
802:
786:
781:
765:
759:
750:
744:
727:
721:
704:
698:
685:
658:
653:
644:
639:
623:
618:
601:
595:
586:
558:
540:
522:
506:
472:
455:
416:
413:
400:
398:
386:
379:
355:
349:
347:
324:
305:
293:
261:
257:
250:
242:
236:
233:apple snails
230:
221:neuroscience
214:
204:
201:
192:
190:
171:
168:
153:
138:
132:Melo amphora
130:
106:
100:
88:reproduction
73:
32:
30:
2180:Trochophore
2165:Pseudofeces
2119:Odontophore
2074:Diverticula
2018:Pneumostome
1861:Planispiral
1750:Egg fossils
1709:Photophores
1672:Other parts
1617:Odontophore
1539:Head &
1372:Phragmocone
1138:Trochophore
1133:Pseudofeces
965:Hinge teeth
731:CRC Press.
624:Cone snails
605:Macmillan.
405:cephalopods
389:pseudofeces
231:Freshwater
103:cephalopods
84:respiration
53:Cephalopoda
2207:Categories
2129:Osphradium
2104:Nephridium
2023:Rhinophore
2013:Parapodium
1942:Clausilium
1881:Selenizone
1871:Protoconch
1821:Body whorl
1684:Statocysts
1521:Osphradium
1259:Cuttlebone
1185:Cephalopod
1128:Glochidium
1102:Nephridium
1075:Soft parts
960:Hinge line
871:Discussion
569:References
427:cuttlefish
164:scavengers
141:sea snails
76:locomotion
45:Gastropoda
2160:Epiphragm
2064:Ctenidium
1952:Operculum
1947:Love dart
1911:Umbilicus
1876:Sculpture
1856:Peristome
1831:Columella
1794:Gastropod
1742:Paralarva
1569:Tentacles
1382:Siphuncle
1341:Umbilicus
1326:Sculpture
1231:Orthocone
1087:Ctenidium
1020:Sculpture
1010:Resilifer
435:ammonites
382:substrate
370:excretion
308:substrate
302:and foot.
279:Veneridae
264:apertures
193:Nassarius
160:predators
39:in three
1993:Cnidosac
1811:Aperture
1607:Aptychus
1579:Dactylus
1350:Internal
1301:Aperture
1294:External
1287:Features
1242:Internal
1209:External
1123:Abductin
1066:Sea silk
1015:Resilium
970:Ligament
892:Glossary
854:Archived
812:Archived
791:Archived
770:Archived
739:. p. 77.
716:. p. 66.
664:Archived
628:Archived
431:nautilus
401:hyponome
331:clamming
327:geoducks
320:sediment
312:scallops
197:aperture
108:hyponome
49:Bivalvia
37:molluscs
2190:Veliger
2170:Torsion
1796:anatomy
1697:General
1497:Ink sac
1362:Camerae
1336:Sutures
1187:anatomy
1143:Veliger
940:anatomy
938:Bivalve
808:Siphons
441:Gallery
419:octopus
376:Feeding
342:venerid
316:oysters
291:venerid
253:snorkel
238:Pomacea
216:Aplysia
205:Aplysia
80:feeding
65:octopus
41:classes
25:venerid
2033:Siphon
2003:Mentum
1998:Mantle
1988:Cerata
1962:Radula
1906:Suture
1826:Callus
1622:Radula
1574:Carpus
1431:funnel
1428:&
1426:Mantle
1387:Whorls
1311:Callus
1274:Stylet
1107:Siphon
1097:Mantle
1056:Byssus
1040:Annuli
980:Lunule
955:Callus
835:
735:
712:
609:
503:volute
425:, and
211:reflex
149:mantle
145:marine
92:mantle
86:, and
33:siphon
2153:Other
2008:Notum
1957:Pearl
1926:Whorl
1921:Varix
1916:Valve
1896:Spire
1866:Plait
1846:Nacre
1803:Shell
1738:Spawn
1584:Manus
1542:limbs
1377:Septa
1367:Nacre
1331:Spire
1316:Lirae
1202:Types
1194:Shell
1116:Other
1061:Pearl
1030:Valve
1025:Umbo
985:Nacre
947:Shell
423:squid
362:gills
300:shell
182:shell
174:shell
69:squid
61:clams
2059:Crop
1841:Lira
1816:Apex
1679:Eyes
1612:Beak
1557:Arms
1499:and
1466:Tail
1306:Apex
1035:Beak
975:Lira
833:ISBN
733:ISBN
710:ISBN
607:ISBN
399:The
244:Pila
241:and
202:The
51:and
1836:Lip
1501:ink
350:can
162:or
2209::
1752:•
1740:→
874:.
675:^
577:^
505:,
421:,
391:.
368:,
333:.
314:,
223:.
188:.
166:.
143:,
111:.
98:.
82:,
78:,
67:,
63:,
59:,
47:,
43::
31:A
1786:e
1779:t
1772:v
1744:(
1177:e
1170:t
1163:v
930:e
923:t
916:v
661:.
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