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431:. Many human-induced sinkholes occur where natural diffused recharge is disturbed and surface water becomes concentrated. Activities that can accelerate sinkhole collapses include timber removal, ditching, laying pipelines, sewers, water lines, storm drains, and drilling. These activities can increase the downward movement of water beyond the natural rate of groundwater recharge. The increased runoff from the impervious surfaces of roads, roofs, and parking lots also accelerate man-induced sinkhole collapses.
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812:) – This term refers to a group of unique, round, water-filled pits in the Bahamas. These formations seem to be dissolved in carbonate mud from above, by the sea water. The dark color of the water is caused by a layer of phototropic microorganisms concentrated in a dense, purple colored layer at 15 to 20 m (49 to 66 ft) depth; this layer "swallows" the light.
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natural conditions. Soil-collapse sinkholes, which are characterized by the collapse of cavities in soil that have developed where soil falls down into underlying rock cavities, pose the most serious hazards to life and property. Fluctuation of the water level accelerates this collapse process. When water rises up through fissures in the rock, it reduces soil
1332:. The sinkhole, which is located in an area of karst bedrock, is approximately 80 metres (260 ft) in diameter and 30 metres (98 ft) deep with many mature trees growing on the floor of the hole. At the level of the surrounding ground, the sinkhole covers an area of approximately 1.3 acres. Its presence is indicated on
2348:"GIS and Spatial Statistical Methods for Determining Sinkhole Potential in Frederick Valley, Maryland, page 100 in Kuniansky, E.L., 2008, U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, Bowling Green, Kentucky, May 27–29, 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5023, 142 p."
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Sinkholes can also form when natural water-drainage patterns are changed and new water-diversion systems are developed. Some sinkholes form when the land surface is changed, such as when industrial and runoff-storage ponds are created; the substantial weight of the new material can trigger a collapse
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In 2015, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated the cost for repairs of damage arising from karst-related processes as at least $ 300 million per year over the preceding 15 years, but noted that this may be a gross underestimate based on inadequate data. The greatest amount of karst sinkhole damage in
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notes that "It is a frightening thought to imagine the ground below your feet or house suddenly collapsing and forming a big hole in the ground." Human activities can accelerate collapses of karst sinkholes, causing collapse within a few years that would normally evolve over thousands of years under
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Some induced sinkholes are preceded by warning signs, such as cracks, sagging, jammed doors, or cracking noises, but others develop with little or no warning. However, karst development is well understood, and proper site characterization can avoid karst disasters. Thus most sinkhole disasters are
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The most likely locations for sinkhole collapse are areas where there is already a high density of existing sinkholes. Their presence shows that the subsurface contains a cave system or other unstable voids. Where large cavities exist in the limestone large surface collapses can occur, such the
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Cover-collapse sinkholes or "dropouts" form where so much soil settles down into voids in the limestone that the ground surface collapses. The surface collapses may occur abruptly and cause catastrophic damages. New sinkhole collapses can also form when human activity changes the natural
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This large vertical hole is not a true sinkhole, as it did not form via the dissolution of limestone, dolomite, marble, or any other water-soluble rock. Instead, they are examples of "piping pseudokarst", created by the collapse of large cavities that had developed in the weak, crumbly
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Solution or dissolution sinkholes form where water dissolves limestone under a soil covering. Dissolution enlarges natural openings in the rock such as joints, fractures, and bedding planes. Soil settles down into the enlarged openings forming a small depression at the ground surface.
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in North
America is known for having frequent sinkhole collapses, especially in the central part of the state. Underlying limestone there is from 15 to 25 million years old. On the fringes of the state, sinkholes are rare or non-existent; limestone there is around 120,000 years old.
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but is often used for any deep water-filled pits formed in carbonate rocks. The name originates from the deep blue color of water in these sinkholes, which is created by the high clarity of the water and the great depth of the sinkholes; only the deep blue color of the visible
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flowed through these volcanic deposits and mechanically washed fine volcanic materials out of them, then progressively eroded and removed coarser materials. Eventually, these underground voids became large enough that their roofs collapsed to create large holes.
1283:– Greece. The sinkhole of Vouliagmeni is known as "The Devil Well", because it is considered extremely dangerous. Four scuba divers have died in it. Maximum depth of 35.2 m (115 ft 6 in) and horizontal penetration of 150 m (490 ft).
424:. Later, as the water level moves downward, the softened soil seeps downwards into rock cavities. Flowing water in karst conduits carries the soil away, preventing soil from accumulating in rock cavities and allowing the collapse process to continue.
1277:– France. It is 103 m (338 ft) deep, with a diameter of 33 metres (108 feet). Visitors descend 75 m via a lift or a staircase to a lake allowing a boat tour after entering into the cave system which contains a 55 km subterranean river.
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Since water level changes accelerate sinkhole collapse, measures must be taken to minimize water level changes. The areas most susceptible to sinkhole collapse can be identified and avoided. In karst areas the traditional foundation evaluations
1074:– Dahab, Egypt. A round sinkhole or blue hole, 130 m (430 ft) deep. It includes an archway leading out to the Red Sea at 60 m (200 ft), which has been the site for many freediving and scuba attempts, the latter often fatal.
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and a bad drainage system were blamed for its creation. It swallowed a three-story building and a house; it measured approximately 20 m (66 ft) wide and 30 m (98 ft) deep. A similar hole had formed nearby in
February 2007.
496:, as a result of man-made lowering of the water level in a nearby rock quarry. This "December Giant" or "Golly Hole" sinkhole measures 130 m (425 ft) long, 105 m (350 ft) wide and 45 m (150 ft) deep.
1523:, Florida. Appeared 8 May 1981. It was approximately 110 m (350 ft) wide and 25 m (75 ft) deep. It was notable as one of the largest recent sinkholes to form in the United States. It is now known as Lake Rose.
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Sinkholes tend to occur in karst landscapes. Karst landscapes can have up to thousands of sinkholes within a small area, giving the landscape a pock-marked appearance. These sinkholes drain all the water, so there are only
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from running or standing water, but may also form in high and dry places in specific locations. Sinkholes that capture drainage can hold it in large limestone caves. These caves may drain into tributaries of larger rivers.
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volcanic deposits underlying the city. Although weak and crumbly, these volcanic deposits have enough cohesion to allow them to stand in vertical faces and to develop large subterranean voids within them. A process called
1221:– Belize. Spectacular, round sinkhole, 124 m (407 ft) deep. Unusual features are tilted stalactites in great depth, which mark the former orientation of limestone layers when this sinkhole was above sea level.
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671:(Mexico), where more than 20 sinkholes and other karst formations have been shaped by volcanically heated, acidic groundwater. This has produced not only the formation of the deepest water-filled sinkhole in the world—
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Large and visually unusual sinkholes have been well known to local people since ancient times. Nowadays sinkholes are grouped and named in site-specific or generic names. Some examples of such names are listed below.
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has declared that the potential for sinkhole collapse must be a part of land-use planning in karst areas. Where sinkhole collapse of structures could cause loss of life, the public should be made aware of the risks.
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Some sinkholes form in thick layers of homogeneous limestone. Their formation is facilitated by high groundwater flow, often caused by high rainfall; such rainfall causes formation of the giant sinkholes in the
1261:, near Rome, Italy. At the bottom of an 80 m (260 ft) conical pit, and approximately 400 m (1,300 ft) deep, it is among the deepest sinkholes in the world (see Sótano del Barro below).
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2822:
Paull, Charles K.; Dallimore, Scott R.; Jin, Young Keun; Caress, David W.; Lundsten, Eve; Gwiazda, Roberto; Anderson, Krystle; Hughes Clarke, John; Youngblut, Scott; Melling, Humfrey (22 March 2022).
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is a sinkhole with a surface area of around 4,765 square metres (51,290 sq ft) situated in the village of Qrendi in Malta. The diameter is around 50m, the depth is around 15m, and the perimeter 300m.
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develop underground. These sinkholes can be dramatic, because the surface land usually stays intact until there is not enough support. Then, a sudden collapse of the land surface can occur.
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901:– These are extremely large sinkholes, typically deeper and wider than 250 m (820 ft), with mostly vertical walls, most often created by the collapse of caverns. The term means
1564:, Venezuela, there is a complex of canyons with sinkholes. Deepest sinkhole is 450 m (1,480 ft) deep (from lowest rim within canyon); total depth 950 m (3,120 ft).
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the United States occurs in
Florida, Texas, Alabama, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Pennsylvania. The largest recent sinkhole in the USA is possibly one that formed in 1972 in
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region of the Czech
Republic, is the deepest known underwater cave in the world. The lowest confirmed depth (as of 27 September 2016) is 473 m (404 m below the water level).
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island in Papua New Guinea. Powerful underground rivers may form on the contact between limestone and underlying insoluble rock, creating large underground voids.
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1439:, Texas. Several sinkholes have formed, the most recent in 2008 with a maximum diameter of 620 ft (190 m) and maximum depth of 45 m (150 ft).
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both in diameter and depth, and vary in form from soil-lined bowls to bedrock-edged chasms. Sinkholes may form gradually or suddenly, and are found worldwide.
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871:– Friulan Italian dialect word (from the Latin fŏvea: "pit" or "chasm"). The name, is given to sinkholes in the frontier zone between the Italian region of
2494:"Possibly the nation's largest recent sinkhole – the 'December Giant' measuring 425 feet long, 350 feet wide and 150 feet deep – formed in central Alabama"
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1271:. Approximately 530 m (1,740 ft) deep pit with nearly vertical walls, contains an approximately 280–290 m (920–950 ft) deep lake.
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Occasionally a sinkhole may exhibit a visible opening into a cave below. In the case of exceptionally large sinkholes, such as the Minyé sinkhole in
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Site
Characterization in Karst and Pseudokarst Terraines: Practical Strategies and Technology for Practicing Engineers, Hydrologists and Geologists
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1449:, Florida. 35 m (120 ft) deep, 500 ft (150 m) wide. Twelve springs, some more visible than others, feed a pond at the bottom.
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for cavities and defects in the underlying rock. Since the soil/rock surface in karst areas are very irregular the number of subsurface samples (
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Cover-subsidence sinkholes form where voids in the underlying limestone allow more settling of the soil to create larger surface depressions.
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On 2 July 2015, scientists reported that active pits, related to sinkhole collapses and possibly associated with outbursts, were found on the
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1984:
3554:[Deciphering the Hanzhong tiankeng group – world-class "Nature Museum"]. Hanzhong People's Municipal Government. 25 November 2016.
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Tolmachev, Vladimir; Leonenko, Mikhail (2011). "Experience in
Collapse Risk Assessment of Building on Covered Karst Landscapes in Russia".
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1429:, New Mexico. The surface entrance is only 80 feet (24 m) in diameter, it expands to a diameter of 130 feet (40 m) at the bottom.
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2806:"IDENTIFICATION AND DELINEATION OF SINKHOLE COLLAPSE HAZARDS IN FLORIDA USING GROUND PENETRATING RADAR AND ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY IMAGING"
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1204:– Bahamas. The second deepest known sinkhole under the sea, depth 203 m (666 ft). Popular location for world championships of
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2436:"The current status of mapping karst areas and availability of public sinkhole-risk resources in karst terrains of the United States"
1557:, Venezuela. Largest sinkhole in sandstone, 314 m (1,030 ft) deep, with vertical walls. Unique, isolated forest on bottom.
1157:, China, covers an area of nearly 5019 square kilometers with the largest sinkhole being 520 meters in diameter and 320 meters deep.
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Beaumont, P.B.; Vogel, J.C. (May–June 2006). "On a timescale for the past million years of human history in central South Africa".
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is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. The term is sometimes used to refer to
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1132:, China, is 613 m (2,011 ft) deep, with vertical walls. At the bottom is an isolated patch of forest with rare species.
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1513:, Louisiana. Original depth 3.4 m (11 ft), currently 400 m (1,300 ft) at Diamond Crystal Salt Mine collapse.
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dòla:"valley" or "dale"). The name is widely used in various slavic regions of
Eastern Europe for sinkholes, including Romania.
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452:. Recommendations for land uses in karst areas should avoid or minimize alterations of the land surface and natural drainage.
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area in southern Italy also has numerous sinkholes. Sinkholes can be formed in retention ponds from large amounts of rain.
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Collapses, commonly incorrectly labeled as sinkholes, also occur due to human activity, such as the collapse of abandoned
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1084:, Turkey. Its dimensions are about 150 m (490 ft) in diameter with a maximum depth of 70 m (230 ft).
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Pseudokarst sinkholes resemble karst sinkholes but are formed by processes other than the natural dissolution of rock.
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Kambesis, P.; Brucker, R.; Waltham, T.; Bell, F.; Culshaw, M. (2005). "Collapse sinkhole at
Dishman Lane, Kentucky".
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are more general terms for sites that drain surface water, possibly by infiltration into sediment or crumbled rock.
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In such conditions, the largest known sinkholes of the world have formed, like the 662-metre-deep (2,172 ft)
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3405:"ASTER mapping of limestone formations and study of caves, springs and depressions in parts of Sultanate of Oman"
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1459:. Appeared 2 December 1972. Approximately 300 by 325 ft (91 by 99 m) and 35 m (120 ft) deep.
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Man-made activities and land alterations that cause water-level fluctuations accelerate cover-collapse sinkholes
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3536:[Tiankeng group of geological relics with rare plants and flying cats found in Shaanxi]. Sohu.com Inc.
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1368:. 120 m (400 ft) diameter and 15 m (50 ft) deep, it is still growing as of June 2021. 2021.
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1104:(Hawiyat Najm, the Falling Star Sinkhole, Dibab Sinkhole) – Oman, approximately 30 m (98 ft) deep.
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The cost of karst subsidence and sinkhole collapse in the United States compared with other natural hazards
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1163:(Taiq, Teeq, Tayq) in Oman is one of the largest sinkholes in the world by volume: 90,000,000 m (3.2
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1469:, Tennessee. 13.6 km (5.3 sq mi) in area and 42.7 m (140 ft 1 in) deep, a
1143:, is the deepest known underwater ocean sinkhole in the world. It is 300.89 m (987.2 ft) deep.
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give way. They can also occur from the overpumping and extraction of groundwater and subsurface fluids.
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and some other regions. Many cenotes have formed in limestone deposited in shallow seas created by the
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sedimentation in upper parts of sinkholes, leading to sealing of these sinkholes with travertine lids.
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140:, formed when underground salt is dissolved by freshwater intrusion, due to continuing sea-level drop.
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1503:, Florida. 8.1 km (2,000 acres) in area, 27 m (89 ft) deep and almost perfectly round.
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of the roof of an existing void or cavity in the subsurface, resulting in development of a sinkhole.
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in the layer of microorganisms causes heating of the water. One of them is the Black Hole of Andros.
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Collapse formed by rainwater leaking through pavement and carrying soil into a ruptured sewer pipe.
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Parise, M.; Gunn, J. (2007). "Natural and anthropogenic hazards in karst areas: an introduction".
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762:. Sinkholes that form in coral reefs and islands that collapse to enormous depths are known as
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When sinkholes are very deep or connected to caves, they may offer challenges for experienced
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1578: – Links to Knowledge articles on sinkholes, blue holes, dolines, cenotes, and pit caves
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3516:"Researchers just discovered the world's deepest underwater sinkhole in the South China Sea"
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More than three acres of forest suddenly disappeared into this "December Giant" sinkhole in
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1493:. Nearly 15 m (49 ft) in diameter and approximately 60 m (200 ft) deep.
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3709:"A sinkhole larger than a football field has appeared in Mexico — and it's still growing"
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Dashiwei
Tiankeng Group, Leye, Guangxi: discoveries, exploration, definition and research
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1061:– Zambia. About 3.5 hectares (8.6 acres) in area and about 100 m (330 ft) deep.
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3606:(1): 1–8, Fig. 4. Structural interpretation of Xiaozhai Tiankeng, page 4. Archived from
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2824:"Rapid seafloor changes associated with the degradation of Arctic submarine permafrost"
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2197:"Development of sinkholes resulting from man's activities in the eastern United States"
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2019:"Large heterogeneities in comet 67P as revealed by active pits from sinkhole collapse"
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1181:, China. Double nested sinkhole with vertical walls, 662 m (2,172 ft) deep.
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in these areas. Examples of karst landscapes with numerous massive sinkholes include
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Erchul, R.A. (1991). "Illegal disposal in sinkholes: The threat and the solution.".
1378:. 160 m (520 ft) across, 140 m (460 ft) deep, with thousands of
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particles together and then carry away the lax particles, gradually forming a void.
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processes. Sinkholes are usually circular and vary in size from tens to hundreds of
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Sinkholes and subsidence: karst and cavernous rocks in engineering and construction
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Sinkholes and
Subsidence: Karst and Cavernous Rocks in Engineering and Construction
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1728:"Subsidence and sinkholes in East Tennessee. A field guide to holes in the ground"
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fall with spectacular waterfalls into this 250 m (820 ft) deep sinkhole.
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1055:– South African freshwater sinkhole, approximately 290 m (950 ft) deep.
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Sinkholes are common where the rock below the land surface is limestone or other
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Palmer, Arthur N. (1 January 1991). "Origin and morphology of limestone caves".
1599: – Cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the emptying of a magma chamber
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Sinkholes have been used for centuries as disposal sites for various forms of
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or river may be visible across its bottom flowing from one side to the other.
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3472:]. Nanning, Guangxi, China: Guangxi Scientific and Technical Publishers.
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1670: – Type of seasonal or periodic lake found in limestone areas of Ireland
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Weary, David J. (2015). Doctor, Daniel; Land, Lewis; Stephenson, J (eds.).
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1392:. Deepest water-filled sinkhole in world, 339 m (1,112 ft) deep.
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476:) required per unit area is usually much greater than in non-karst areas.
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1358:. 372 m (1,220 ft) deep, round sinkhole with overhanging walls.
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197:. For example, groundwater may dissolve the carbonate cement holding the
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Waltham, T. (2008). "Sinkhole hazard case histories in karst terrains".
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824:– This name was initially given to the deep underwater sinkholes of the
617:(Papua New Guinea). The largest known sinkholes formed in sandstone are
464:) of the ability of soil to support a structure must be supplemented by
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3494:"China Exclusive: South China Sea "blue hole" declared world's deepest"
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Landscapes and Landforms of Hungary – World Geomorphological Landscapes
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Appalachian Karst: Proceedings of the Appalachian Karst Symposium. 1991
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1116:
967:
A crown hole is subsidence due to subterranean human activity, such as
955:
946:
920:
913:– This term is used in New Zealand karst country to describe sinkholes.
905:
in Chinese; many of this largest type of sinkhole are located in China.
895:– This name is given to several giant pits in several states of Mexico.
813:
809:
676:
668:
500:
484:
436:
321:
317:
209:
182:
3735:"Ground Gives Way, and a Louisiana Town Struggles to Find Its Footing"
3348:
1419:, Louisiana. About 25 acres in area and 230 m (750 ft) deep.
1385:
744:
672:
427:
Induced sinkholes occur where human activity alters how surface water
5874:
5746:
5455:
5340:
5330:
5113:
5103:
5098:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4771:
4761:
4716:
4701:
4686:
4654:
4629:
4456:
4451:
4399:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4107:
4102:
4025:"What are sinkholes, how do they form and why are we seeing so many?"
3900:
2206:. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 968. U.S. Government Print Office.
1801:
1788:
1623:
1178:
996:
820:
763:
649:
626:
316:, in the United States of America. More commonly, collapses occur in
309:
248:
244:
198:
194:
174:
117:
2540:
2250:
5487:
5475:
5385:
5365:
5355:
5335:
5315:
5305:
5108:
5093:
4831:
4821:
4816:
4691:
4676:
4644:
4406:
4394:
4299:
2211:
1294:
1290:
1188:
992:
880:
830:
555:
540:
508:
217:
162:
137:
2883:"Holes the size of city blocks are forming in the Arctic seafloor"
841:– This refers to the characteristic water-filled sinkholes in the
774:
747:
cenote in Mexico (the world's deepest water-filled sinkhole), the
5781:
5706:
5653:
5390:
5345:
5160:
5051:
4902:
4776:
4619:
4389:
4363:
4324:
4260:
4191:
4112:
2564:"Karst flash floods: an example from the Dinaric karst (Croatia)"
2081:
1629:
1596:
1375:
1268:
1245:
1154:
1129:
1120:
1012:
984:
876:
825:
758:
in Venezuela, the Sótano del Barro in Mexico, and in the town of
729:
683:
532:
524:
516:
512:
170:
55:
2320:
1763:(3rd ed.). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 440.
581:
547:, where one-third of the total land area is underlain by karst.
5889:
5425:
5410:
5395:
5320:
5130:
5088:
5056:
4664:
4624:
4542:
3664:"52°07'57.5"N 9°44'45.4"W · Kilderry South, Co. Kerry, Ireland"
1832:"Getting Down and Dirty in an Underground River in Puerto Rico"
1479:– a blue hole located 80 km (50 mi) off the coast of
1365:
1004:
1000:
968:
954:" first created large underground voids, as water from leaking
846:
837:
544:
528:
305:
255:
236:
232:
89:
4989:
4467:
3991:
US Geological Survey Water Science School page about sinkholes
2803:
2562:
Bonacci, O.; Ljubenkov, I.; Roje-Bonacci, T. (31 March 2006).
5375:
5135:
4681:
4634:
4576:
4220:
4174:
3668:
52°07'57.5"N 9°44'45.4"W · Kilderry South, Co. Kerry, Ireland
3634:"Missing American divers will be laid to rest after 30 years"
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
1652:
1635:
1405:– blue hole located 48 km (30 mi) off the coast of
1252:
1091:
988:
980:
867:
755:
736:
710:
691:
520:
504:
313:
291:
267:
121:
75:
3761:"Daisetta sinkhole still a mystery 8 months after it formed"
3306:
Lóczy, Dénes, ed. (2015). "The Crater Lakes of Nagyhegyes".
3003:(4th ed.). Footscray, Vic.: Lonely Planet. p. 65.
2561:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2077:"It's the pits: Comet appears to have sinkholes, study says"
732:) as places to deposit precious items and human sacrifices.
5450:
5155:
5078:
4498:
4357:
3369:
1886:
10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0001:oamolc>2.3.co;2
1168:
1037:
936:
formed suddenly in May of that year; torrential rains from
717:
resources, with serious health implications in such areas.
610:
296:
186:
4072:
2811:. Subsurface Evaluations, Inc. Case 3 – Mariner Boulevard.
2232:
2129:
798:– In the south of France (this name means pit cave in the
4861:
3178:
Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology
2179:
169:
The formation of sinkholes involves natural processes of
663:
Unusual processes have formed the enormous sinkholes of
173:
or gradual removal of slightly soluble bedrock (such as
2821:
2000:
1998:
1694:
Williams, Paul (2004). "Dolines". In Gunn, John (ed.).
1620: – Deep underwater sinkhole in the South China Sea
2433:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2016:
2434:
Kuniansky, E.L.; Weary, D.J.; Kaufmann, J.E. (2016).
1661: – paleontological site in Grant County, Indiana
833:
can penetrate such depth and return after reflection.
588:
in France known since the 3rd c. and explored in 1889
511:; the Italian peninsula; the Chalk areas in southern
499:
Other areas of significant karst hazards include the
308:
and salt cavern storage in salt domes in places like
3144:"Sinkhole in Guatemala: Giant Could Get Even Bigger"
3070:
2670:"Largest and most impressive sinkholes of the world"
1995:
1663:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1613:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1592:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
5844:
Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
3378:(1st American ed.). New York: DK Pub. p.
3334:
2321:Waltham, Tony; Bell, Fred; Culshaw, Martin (2005).
2267:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2017:Vincent, Jean-Baptiste; et al. (2 July 2015).
1940:
3371:
3272:"Crown hole appears in Magheracloone, Co Monaghan"
2974:""Haunted" Maya Underwater Cave Holds Human Bones"
1908:
2992:
2602:
2289:. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers.
239:, that can be dissolved naturally by circulating
37:"Doline" redirects here. For other meanings, see
5976:
3838:Nation's largest sinkhole may be near Montevallo
3265:
3263:
3114:
2521:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
2096:
1605: – Two sinkholes in Mersin Province; Turkey
1043:Some of the largest sinkholes in the world are:
3929:"Looking back at Winter Park's famous sinkhole"
3880:"Cathedral Valley – Capitol Reef National Park"
3135:
3117:"¿Que diablos provoco este escalofriante hoyo?"
2931:
2828:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2758:
2756:
2696:
4013:of deepest "hole" for each state (Andy Martin)
3415:(1): 133–146, figure 9d (page 142), page 144.
3402:
3171:
3169:
3108:
2932:Vesper, D.J.; Loop, C.M.; White, W.B. (2001).
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2316:
2314:
402:
193:. Sinkholes often form through the process of
69:, enclosed depressions that are also known as
5005:
4483:
4058:
3600:Speleogenesis and Evolution of Karst Aquifers
3370:Halls, Monty; Krestovnikoff, Miranda (2006).
3260:
3082:
2706:Speleogenesis and Evolution of Karst Aquifers
1540:, New Zealand. 183 m (600 ft) deep.
1094:. A 112-metre (367 ft) deep pit cave in
361:
261:
3882:. National Park Service, US Dept of Interior
3287:
3285:
3212:
3031:
3017:
2753:
2690:
2676:
2010:
1987:. Utah gov Geological Survey. Archived from
1759:Thomas, David; Goudie, Andrew, eds. (2009).
1758:
5819:Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
3463:
3166:
2655:
2498:USGS Denver Library Photographic Collection
2311:
2068:
1584: – Sinkhole in Mersin Province, Turkey
1289:– Ireland. This sinkhole is located in the
377:
5792:History of hard rock miners' organizations
5012:
4998:
4490:
4476:
4065:
4051:
3926:
3894:
3784:
3625:
3590:
3403:Rajendran, Sankaran; Nasir, Sobhi (2014).
3293:"The cricket club that went down the hole"
2880:
2518:
2145:Benson, Richard C.; Yuhr, Lynn B. (2015).
2144:
1700:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 628–642.
975:. Examples have included, instances above
27:Geologically-formed topological depression
3812:"Devils Millhopper Geological State Park"
3631:
3486:
3282:
2934:"Contaminant transport in karst aquifers"
2857:
2847:
2587:
2568:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
2462:
1817:"Caves and karst – dolines and sinkholes"
1800:
1793:U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper
435:predictable and preventable rather than "
5777:American Society of Reclamation Sciences
5624:North American Aerospace Defense Command
3852:
3758:
3508:
3218:
3115:Vidal, Luis; Jorge Nunez (2 June 2010).
3088:
1829:
1693:
1590: – village in Gauteng, South Africa
1028:
773:
591:
580:
554:
478:
406:
394:
383:water-drainage patterns in karst areas.
295:
143:
131:
45:
3814:. Floridastateparks.org. Archived from
3175:
2776:
1697:Encyclopedia of Caves and Karst Science
1167:10 cu ft). Several perennial
766:and often become popular diving spots.
743:. Some of the most spectacular are the
285:
14:
5977:
3706:
3593:"Tiankeng: definition and description"
3580:from the original on 27 November 2016.
3558:from the original on 27 November 2016.
3540:from the original on 25 November 2016.
3269:
2906:
2804:William L. Wilson; K. Michael Garman.
2449:(3). Springer Berlin Heidelberg: 614.
2284:
2194:
2074:
1906:
1866:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1863:
1786:
1191:8 meters deep with one victim missing.
450:Winter Park, Florida sinkhole collapse
4993:
4471:
4046:
4022:
3965:
3902:Mine Safety and Health Administration
3732:
3305:
3091:"Massive Sinkhole Opens in Guatemala"
3076:
2785:. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 1A, 2A
2371:
2004:
1946:
1649: – Island in Nova Scotia, Canada
927:
701:have caused large sinkholes to form.
344:
235:, or in other soluble rocks, such as
3906:The Jefferson Island Mine inundation
3733:Wines, Michael (25 September 2013).
3570:"Dhofar caves: A tourist's paradise"
3141:
2998:
2777:Vazquez, Tyler (29 September 2017).
2739:
1782:
1780:
1761:The Dictionary of Physical Geography
1733:. State of Tennessee. Archived from
1725:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1689:
1687:
1685:
571:goes into a sinkhole leading to the
156:
4023:James, Vincent (18 February 2014).
3787:"Sinkhole and Town: Now You See It"
3591:Zhu, Xuewen; Waltham, Tony (2006).
3254:"Subsidence Incident | Gyproc"
2325:(1st ed.). Berlin : Springer
1018:
441:American Society of Civil Engineers
93:is a type of sinkhole that exposes
24:
5717:Journey to the Center of the Earth
5619:Naples underground geothermal zone
4004:Video of Sinkhole forming in Texas
3952:from websites or documents of the
3759:Horswell, Cindy (5 January 2009).
3552:"时事新闻--解密汉中天坑群——改写地质历史的世界级"自然博物馆""
2941:Theoretical and Applied Karstology
2911:. National Speleological Society.
2697:Zhu, Xuewen; Chen, Weihai (2006).
2345:
1809:
1655: – Mound of earth-covered ice
1212:
385:
368:
352:
254:As the rock dissolves, spaces and
25:
6011:
5834:Research Centre for Deep Drilling
5829:International Union of Speleology
4509:Glossary of caving and speleology
3984:
3632:Schonauer, Scott (21 July 2007).
3464:Zhu, Xuewen; et al. (2003).
3228:Journal of Cave and Karst Studies
3221:"Pseudokarst in the 21st Century"
2976:. 16 January 2014. Archived from
2699:"Tiankengs in the karst of China"
1830:Breining, Greg (5 October 2007).
1789:"A glossary of Karst terminology"
1777:
1714:
1682:
1208:, as well as recreational diving.
339:
3948: This article incorporates
3943:
3785:Blumenthal, Ralph (9 May 2008).
3337:South African Journal of Science
3270:Hussey, Sinéad (17 April 2020).
1985:"Sinkholes in Washington County"
1544:
1396:
1340:
808:(not to be confused with cosmic
724:sometimes used sinkholes in the
5824:Institution of Mining Engineers
5589:Underground Great Wall of China
5019:
4898:Nok and Mamproug Cave Dwellings
4497:
3954:United States Geological Survey
3927:Huber, Red (13 November 2012).
3920:
3872:
3846:
3830:
3804:
3778:
3752:
3726:
3707:Guzman, Joseph (10 June 2021).
3700:
3674:
3656:
3584:
3562:
3544:
3526:
3457:
3453:. Wondermondo. 3 February 2013.
3443:
3396:
3363:
3328:
3299:
3246:
3045:
2966:
2925:
2900:
2874:
2815:
2797:
2770:
2629:
2596:
2555:
2512:
2486:
2427:
2378:. University of South Florida.
2365:
2339:
2226:
2075:Ritter, Malcolm (1 July 2015).
1977:
1960:"Quarrying and the environment"
1952:
1915:. Pineapple Press Inc. p.
1034:Bimmah or Falling Star Sinkhole
713:. A consequence of this is the
466:geotechnical site investigation
390:USGS cover-subsidence sinkhole.
373:USGS cover-subsidence sinkhole.
5839:Society of Economic Geologists
5807:National Speleological Society
5757:Wonderland (fictional country)
3041:. Wondermondo. 17 August 2010.
3027:. Wondermondo. 19 August 2010.
3001:Diving & Snorkeling Belize
2672:. Wondermondo. 19 August 2010.
1900:
1857:
1823:
1752:
769:
760:Mount Gambier, South Australia
675:—but also unique processes of
161:Sinkholes may capture surface
112:– the chemical dissolution of
13:
1:
5264:Subterranean rivers of London
3089:Fletcher, Dan (1 June 2010).
2947:(14): 101–111. Archived from
2686:. Wondermondo. 5 August 2010.
1787:Monroe, Watson Hiner (1970).
1675:
962:
704:
660:states in Mexico and others.
550:
108:Most sinkholes are caused by
5797:National Mine Map Repository
5239:Jewel Cave National Monument
4951:List of UK caving fatalities
4427:Potentially hazardous object
3409:Environmental Earth Sciences
2881:Katie Hunt (14 March 2022).
2241:. Berlin: Springer. p.
1819:. British Geological Survey.
1230:2010 Guatemala City sinkhole
1225:2007 Guatemala City sinkhole
1195:
1003:, England; and above an old
934:2010 Guatemala City sinkhole
596:A Floridian sinkhole in 2015
127:
7:
5802:National Mining Association
5629:Raven Rock Mountain Complex
2766:. Wondermondo. 3 July 2010.
2613:10.1007/978-94-007-1207-2_4
1568:
1382:and ancient rock paintings.
652:, China), giant sótanos in
403:Human accelerated sinkholes
189:roof, or a lowering of the
10:
6016:
5742:Tunnels in popular culture
5584:Underground City, Montreal
5579:Underground City (Beijing)
5524:816 Nuclear Military Plant
5254:Mammoth Cave National Park
3999:slide show of 31 sinkholes
2285:Sowers, George F. (1996).
1527:
1491:Capitol Reef National Park
1185:2024 Kuala Lumpur sinkhole
1022:
751:sinkhole in South Africa,
362:Cover-subsidence sinkholes
357:USGS dissolution sinkhole.
289:
262:Space and planetary bodies
243:. Sinkholes also occur in
214:Mammoth Cave National Park
36:
29:
5852:
5769:
5694:
5673:
5666:
5549:Cheyenne Mountain Complex
5516:
5293:
5286:
5216:
5034:
5027:
4974:
4943:
4911:
4870:
4755:
4600:
4515:
4506:
4419:
4382:
4341:
4323:
4292:
4285:
4253:
4219:
4212:
4190:
4160:
4126:
4093:
4084:
3429:10.1007/s12665-013-2419-7
3142:Than, Ker (1 June 2010).
2464:10.1007/s10040-015-1333-3
2155:10.1007/978-94-017-9924-9
1538:Abel Tasman National Park
1471:National Natural Landmark
1364:– Santa Maria Zacatepec,
1345:
1336:maps dating back to 1829.
1235:
1046:
271:67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
32:Sinkhole (disambiguation)
5995:Dinaric karst formations
5915:Underground construction
5787:Cave Research Foundation
4927:Cave of Forgotten Dreams
3500:. Xinhua. Archived from
3198:10.1144/1470-9236/07-211
3057:Waikato Regional Council
2589:10.5194/nhess-6-195-2006
2500:. U.S. Geological Survey
2353:. U.S. Geological Survey
2195:Newton, John G. (1987).
2117:. U.S. Geological Survey
1147:Shaanxi tiankeng cluster
715:pollution of groundwater
697:On the Arctic seafloor,
378:Cover-collapse sinkholes
5401:Missile launch facility
5274:Wind Cave National Park
4920:Diving into the Unknown
3682:"Shop.osi.ie Mapviewer"
3534:"陕西发现天坑群地质遗迹并发现少见植物和飞猫"
3219:Halliday, W.R. (2007).
2849:10.1073/pnas.2119105119
2220:2027/uc1.31210020732440
2149:. Dordrecht: Springer.
1907:Friend, Sandra (2002).
1632: – River in France
1560:In the western part of
1139:, located south of the
1113:Baatara gorge waterfall
1065:
859:– Slavic toponym (from
739:or, when water-filled,
39:Doline (disambiguation)
5554:Chicago Tunnel Company
5193:Subterranean waterfall
4966:Tham Luang cave rescue
4961:Riesending cave rescue
3950:public domain material
3039:"Black Hole of Andros"
1611: – cave in Greece
1320:52.132639°N 9.745944°W
1299:Milltown, County Kerry
1109:Baatara gorge sinkhole
1040:
787:
597:
589:
578:
537:Bosnia and Herzegovina
488:
417:U.S. Geological Survey
412:
391:
374:
358:
301:
153:
141:
58:
5569:Kőbánya cellar system
5559:Houston tunnel system
5539:Almadén Mercury Mines
5534:The Caves of Ægissíða
4934:The Underground Eiger
2637:"What is a sinkhole?"
2384:10.5038/9780991000951
2295:10.1061/9780784401767
2287:Building on sinkholes
1726:Kohl, Martin (2001).
1032:
1023:Further information:
938:Tropical Storm Agatha
873:Friuli-Venezia Giulia
777:
595:
584:
558:
482:
429:recharges groundwater
410:
395:Pseudokarst sinkholes
389:
372:
356:
299:
148:Collapse sinkhole in
147:
135:
49:
5964:Subterranean warfare
5737:Subterranea (comics)
5722:Moria (Middle-earth)
5702:Allegory of the cave
5686:Subterranean fiction
3970:, World Book, Inc.,
3966:Tills, Tony (2013),
3121:Las Ultimas Noticias
2443:Hydrogeology Journal
2115:Water Science School
1517:Winter Park Sinkhole
1455:or December Giant –
1413:Bayou Corne sinkhole
1372:Sima de las Cotorras
1325:52.132639; -9.745944
286:Artificial processes
30:For other uses, see
5920:Tunnel construction
5644:Subterranean Toledo
5639:Subterranean London
5529:Caves of Maastricht
4956:Alpazat cave rescue
4601:Types and formation
4017:Tennessee sinkholes
3859:Tennessee Landforms
3842:The Tuscaloosa News
3576:. 11 January 2015.
3520:The Washington Post
3466:广西乐业大石围天坑群发现探测定义与研究
3421:2014EES....71..133R
3190:2008QJEGH..41..291W
3148:National Geographic
2840:2022PNAS..11919105P
2834:(12): e2119105119.
2607:. pp. 75–102.
2580:2006NHESS...6..195B
2533:2007GSLSP.279....1P
2455:2016HydJ...24..613K
2046:10.1038/nature14564
2038:2015Natur.523...63V
1878:1991GSAB..103....1P
1659:Pipe Creek Sinkhole
1630:Forau de Aigualluts
1603:Cennet and Cehennem
1316: /
853:meteorite's impact.
607:Khammouan Mountains
603:subterranean rivers
494:Montevallo, Alabama
328:collapses when old
136:Sinkholes near the
5942:Mining engineering
5927:Underground living
5752:Underland (Narnia)
5667:Fictional features
5446:Underground hangar
5188:Subterranean river
5183:Subterranean fauna
4883:Cave-dwelling Jews
4630:Estavelle/Inversac
4078:list by death toll
3904:(13 August 1981).
3840:" (29 March 1973)
3791:The New York Times
3613:on 7 February 2017
3295:. 16 October 2017.
2999:Rock, Tim (2007).
2980:on 19 January 2014
2346:Doctor, Katarina.
1836:The New York Times
1443:Devil's Millhopper
1433:Daisetta Sinkholes
1275:Gouffre de Padirac
1041:
928:Piping pseudokarst
788:
682:The U.S. state of
598:
590:
586:Gouffre de Padirac
579:
489:
413:
392:
375:
359:
345:Solution sinkholes
312:, Mississippi and
302:
222:underground stream
154:
142:
59:
6000:Natural disasters
5972:
5971:
5860:Cave conservation
5765:
5764:
5662:
5661:
5508:Ventilation shaft
5287:Man-made features
5282:
5281:
4987:
4986:
4765:(Cave formations)
4528:Cave conservation
4465:
4464:
4442:Geomagnetic storm
4415:
4414:
4281:
4280:
4208:
4207:
4152:Soil liquefaction
4074:Natural disasters
4019:54,000+ sinkholes
3818:on 2 January 2015
3765:Houston Chronicle
3688:on 29 August 2012
3644:on 4 October 2013
3638:Stars and Stripes
3479:978-7-80666-393-6
3451:"Bimmah sinkhole"
2764:"Sistema Zacatón"
2749:. by Marcus Gary.
2747:"Sistema Zacatón"
2622:978-94-007-1206-5
2393:978-0-9910009-5-1
2164:978-94-017-9923-2
1991:on 23 March 2011.
1926:978-1-56164-258-8
1707:978-1-57958-399-6
1576:List of sinkholes
1481:Sarasota, Florida
1477:Green Banana Hole
1467:Cumberland County
1417:Assumption Parish
1407:Sarasota, Florida
1175:Xiaozhai Tiankeng
1126:Dashiwei Tiankeng
1025:List of sinkholes
973:military trenches
843:Yucatán Peninsula
726:Yucatán Peninsula
722:Maya civilization
699:methane emissions
646:Xiaozhai Tiankeng
635:Nakanaï Mountains
569:Jennings, Florida
157:Natural processes
16:(Redirected from
6007:
5937:Mine exploration
5712:Greek Underworld
5671:
5670:
5649:Turda Salt Mines
5634:Shanghai tunnels
5498:Smuggling tunnel
5441:Underground base
5436:Underground city
5351:Dugout (shelter)
5301:Air raid shelter
5291:
5290:
5249:Lechuguilla Cave
5229:Castellana Caves
5198:Underground lake
5032:
5031:
5028:Natural features
5014:
5007:
5000:
4991:
4990:
4610:Anchihaline cave
4592:Caves by country
4492:
4485:
4478:
4469:
4468:
4374:Tropical cyclone
4368:Tornado outbreak
4290:
4289:
4217:
4216:
4170:Pyroclastic flow
4162:Volcano eruption
4091:
4090:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4035:
3980:
3947:
3946:
3937:
3936:
3933:Orlando Sentinel
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3850:
3844:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3684:. Archived from
3678:
3672:
3671:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3640:. Archived from
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3597:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3504:on 24 July 2016.
3490:
3484:
3483:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3377:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3267:
3258:
3257:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3225:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3173:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3150:. Archived from
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3021:
3015:
3014:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2938:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2851:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2779:"The Hole Truth"
2774:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2727:on 13 March 2016
2726:
2720:. Archived from
2703:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2605:Karst Management
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2466:
2440:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2282:
2265:
2264:
2240:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2201:
2192:
2177:
2176:
2142:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2107:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2023:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1914:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:10.3133/wsp1899k
1784:
1775:
1774:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1739:
1732:
1723:
1712:
1711:
1691:
1664:
1614:
1609:Dersios sinkhole
1593:
1582:Akhayat sinkhole
1352:Cave of Swallows
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1202:Dean's Blue Hole
1166:
1078:Akhayat sinkhole
1019:Notable examples
987:; near mines in
861:Slovene language
800:Occitan language
573:Floridan Aquifer
507:; the island of
458:bearing capacity
206:Papua New Guinea
21:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6005:
6004:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5848:
5761:
5690:
5658:
5564:Kosvinsky Kamen
5512:
5371:Fallout shelter
5341:Crypt Mausoleum
5278:
5269:Veryovkina Cave
5259:Reed Flute Cave
5212:
5119:Solutional cave
5067:Communal burrow
5023:
5018:
4988:
4983:
4970:
4939:
4912:Popular culture
4907:
4866:
4764:
4759:
4751:
4697:Solutional cave
4602:
4596:
4511:
4502:
4496:
4466:
4461:
4411:
4378:
4342:Cyclonic storms
4337:
4319:
4277:
4273:Limnic eruption
4249:
4223:
4204:
4192:Natural erosion
4186:
4156:
4130:
4122:
4080:
4071:
4033:
4031:
4029:The Independent
3997:Daily Telegraph
3987:
3978:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3925:
3921:
3911:
3909:
3899:
3895:
3885:
3883:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3861:
3851:
3847:
3835:
3831:
3821:
3819:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3795:
3793:
3783:
3779:
3769:
3767:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3741:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3689:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3645:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3595:
3589:
3585:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3462:
3458:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3368:
3364:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3304:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3283:
3268:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3174:
3167:
3157:
3155:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3124:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3059:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3011:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2957:
2955:
2954:on 7 March 2021
2951:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2879:
2875:
2820:
2816:
2808:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2775:
2771:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2701:
2695:
2691:
2684:"Naré sinkhole"
2682:
2681:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2643:. 14 March 2016
2635:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2601:
2597:
2560:
2556:
2541:10.1144/SP279.1
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2416:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2283:
2268:
2261:
2251:10.1007/b138363
2231:
2227:
2199:
2193:
2180:
2165:
2143:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2073:
2069:
2032:(7558): 63–66.
2021:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1996:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1905:
1901:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1828:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1740:on 14 July 2015
1737:
1730:
1724:
1715:
1708:
1692:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:Turlough (lake)
1662:
1612:
1591:
1588:Blyvooruitzicht
1571:
1547:
1530:
1487:Gypsum Sinkhole
1457:Calera, Alabama
1399:
1380:green parakeets
1362:Puebla sinkhole
1356:San Luis Potosí
1348:
1343:
1334:Ordnance Survey
1324:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1259:Pozzo del Merro
1238:
1219:Great Blue Hole
1215:
1213:Central America
1198:
1164:
1141:Paracel Islands
1102:Bimmah Sinkhole
1088:Well of Barhout
1082:Mersin Province
1068:
1049:
1027:
1021:
965:
930:
780:Great Blue Hole
772:
707:
665:Sistema Zacatón
658:San Luis Potosí
553:
487:, Alabama, USA.
405:
397:
380:
364:
347:
342:
294:
288:
264:
159:
130:
114:carbonate rocks
110:karst processes
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6013:
6003:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5923:
5922:
5912:
5910:Trench warfare
5907:
5905:Tunnel network
5902:
5900:Tunnel warfare
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5856:
5854:
5853:Related topics
5850:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5677:
5675:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5609:Mount Yamantau
5606:
5601:
5599:Mines of Paris
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5473:
5468:
5466:Secret passage
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5297:
5295:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5234:Hang Sơn Đoòng
5231:
5226:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5141:Lava tree mold
5138:
5133:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5038:
5036:
5029:
5025:
5024:
5017:
5016:
5009:
5002:
4994:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4888:Cave monastery
4885:
4880:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4842:Speleoseismite
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4768:
4766:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4615:Breathing cave
4612:
4606:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4495:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4472:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4392:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4361:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4287:
4286:Meteorological
4283:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4166:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4142:Seismic hazard
4138:
4136:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4070:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4020:
4014:
4007:
4001:
3993:
3986:
3985:External links
3983:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3939:
3938:
3919:
3893:
3871:
3853:Dunigan, Tom.
3845:
3829:
3803:
3777:
3751:
3739:New York Times
3725:
3699:
3673:
3655:
3624:
3583:
3561:
3543:
3525:
3507:
3485:
3478:
3456:
3442:
3395:
3388:
3362:
3327:
3321:978-3319089973
3320:
3298:
3281:
3259:
3245:
3211:
3184:(3): 291–300.
3165:
3154:on 2 June 2010
3134:
3107:
3081:
3079:, p. 184.
3069:
3044:
3030:
3016:
3009:
2991:
2965:
2924:
2917:
2899:
2873:
2814:
2796:
2769:
2752:
2738:
2689:
2675:
2654:
2628:
2621:
2595:
2574:(2): 195–203.
2554:
2511:
2485:
2426:
2417:|website=
2392:
2364:
2338:
2332:978-3540207252
2331:
2310:
2303:
2266:
2259:
2225:
2212:10.3133/cir968
2178:
2163:
2128:
2095:
2067:
2009:
2007:, p. 182.
1994:
1976:
1951:
1949:, p. 181.
1939:
1925:
1899:
1856:
1822:
1808:
1776:
1770:978-1444313161
1769:
1751:
1713:
1706:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1585:
1579:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1514:
1504:
1494:
1484:
1474:
1460:
1450:
1440:
1430:
1420:
1410:
1403:Amberjack Hole
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1383:
1369:
1359:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1295:Kilderry South
1287:Pouldergaderry
1284:
1278:
1272:
1262:
1256:
1249:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1172:
1158:
1151:Daba Mountains
1144:
1133:
1123:
1105:
1099:
1085:
1075:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1048:
1045:
1020:
1017:
964:
961:
929:
926:
925:
924:
914:
906:
896:
888:
864:
854:
834:
817:
803:
784:Ambergris Caye
771:
768:
706:
703:
552:
549:
404:
401:
396:
393:
379:
376:
363:
360:
346:
343:
341:
340:Classification
338:
290:Main article:
287:
284:
263:
260:
229:carbonate rock
158:
155:
129:
126:
116:, collapse or
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6012:
6001:
5998:
5996:
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5988:
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5928:
5925:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5895:Civil defense
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5885:Cave painting
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5855:
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5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
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5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5809:
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5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5770:Organisations
5768:
5758:
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5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
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5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
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5708:
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5703:
5700:
5699:
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5650:
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5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5604:Mustang Caves
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
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5565:
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5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
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5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5515:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5471:Semi-basement
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5461:Subway system
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5431:Utility vault
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5416:Rock-cut tomb
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5406:Passage grave
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5361:Earth shelter
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5326:Blast shelter
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5285:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5244:Kazumura Cave
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5203:Volcanic pipe
5201:
5199:
5196:
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5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
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5166:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5151:Maternity den
5149:
5147:
5146:Magma chamber
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5125:
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5120:
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5115:
5112:
5110:
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5100:
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5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5062:Burrow fossil
5060:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5015:
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5008:
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4992:
4980:
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4823:
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4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4797:Dogtooth spar
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4782:Calcite rafts
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
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4763:
4758:
4754:
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4708:
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4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4582:Speleogenesis
4580:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4533:Cave painting
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4523:Biospeleology
4521:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4493:
4488:
4486:
4481:
4479:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4458:
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4453:
4450:
4448:
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4438:
4437:Meteor shower
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4408:
4405:
4401:
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4264:
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4238:
4236:
4235:Coastal flood
4233:
4232:
4230:
4227:
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4218:
4215:
4211:
4201:
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3998:
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3989:
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3979:
3977:9780716605676
3973:
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3951:
3934:
3930:
3923:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3881:
3875:
3860:
3856:
3855:"Grassy Cove"
3849:
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3833:
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3813:
3807:
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3389:9780756619497
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2800:
2784:
2783:Florida Today
2780:
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2304:0-7844-0176-4
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2260:3-540-20725-2
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2013:
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1556:
1552:
1551:Sima Humboldt
1549:
1548:
1545:South America
1539:
1535:
1534:Harwoods Hole
1532:
1531:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1507:Lake Peigneur
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:Kingsley Lake
1495:
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1488:
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1428:
1424:
1423:The Blue Hole
1421:
1418:
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1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:United States
1391:
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1384:
1381:
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1360:
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1350:
1349:
1341:North America
1335:
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1300:
1296:
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1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1266:
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1247:
1243:
1242:Hranice Abyss
1240:
1239:
1231:
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1223:
1220:
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1207:
1203:
1200:
1199:
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1186:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1162:
1161:Teiq Sinkhole
1159:
1156:
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1009:Magheracloone
1006:
1002:
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953:
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922:
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904:
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893:
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885:Karst Plateau
882:
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619:Sima Humboldt
616:
612:
608:
604:
594:
587:
583:
577:
574:
570:
566:
565:Alapaha River
562:
561:surface water
557:
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68:
64:
57:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5990:Road hazards
5865:Cave dweller
5727:Nome Kingdom
5681:Hollow Earth
5594:Maginot Line
5493:Storm cellar
5311:Burial vault
5177:
5173:Rock shelter
5084:Glacier cave
4932:
4925:
4918:
4878:Cave dweller
4792:Cave popcorn
4731:Underground
4706:
4650:Karst spring
4640:Glacier cave
4432:Impact event
4420:Astronomical
4354:Thunderstorm
4349:Bomb cyclone
4213:Hydrological
4199:
4182:Volcanic ash
4147:Seismic risk
4095:Mass wasting
4032:. Retrieved
4028:
4006:(8 May 2008)
3996:
3968:Science Year
3967:
3960:Bibliography
3959:
3958:
3942:
3932:
3922:
3910:. Retrieved
3896:
3884:. Retrieved
3874:
3862:. Retrieved
3858:
3848:
3841:
3832:
3820:. Retrieved
3816:the original
3806:
3794:. Retrieved
3790:
3780:
3768:. Retrieved
3764:
3754:
3744:26 September
3742:. Retrieved
3738:
3728:
3716:. Retrieved
3712:
3702:
3690:. Retrieved
3686:the original
3676:
3667:
3658:
3646:. Retrieved
3642:the original
3637:
3627:
3615:. Retrieved
3608:the original
3603:
3599:
3586:
3574:Muscat Daily
3573:
3564:
3546:
3528:
3519:
3510:
3502:the original
3497:
3488:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3445:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3374:Scuba diving
3373:
3365:
3340:
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3307:
3301:
3275:
3248:
3236:. Retrieved
3234:(1): 103–113
3231:
3227:
3214:
3181:
3177:
3156:. Retrieved
3152:the original
3147:
3137:
3125:. Retrieved
3123:(in Spanish)
3120:
3110:
3098:. Retrieved
3094:
3084:
3072:
3060:. Retrieved
3056:
3053:"Subsidence"
3047:
3033:
3019:
3000:
2994:
2982:. Retrieved
2978:the original
2968:
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2949:the original
2944:
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2902:
2890:. Retrieved
2886:
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2817:
2799:
2789:29 September
2787:. Retrieved
2782:
2772:
2741:
2731:23 September
2729:. Retrieved
2722:the original
2709:
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2678:
2645:. Retrieved
2640:
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2567:
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2497:
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2341:
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2228:
2203:
2146:
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2114:
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2080:
2070:
2029:
2025:
2012:
1989:the original
1979:
1967:. Retrieved
1963:
1954:
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1910:
1902:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1847:. Retrieved
1835:
1825:
1811:
1792:
1760:
1754:
1742:. Retrieved
1735:the original
1696:
1251:Maqluba, in
1153:of southern
1059:Lake Kashiba
1042:
979:trenches in
966:
943:
931:
916:
908:
902:
898:
890:
866:
856:
836:
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805:
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753:Sarisariñama
734:
719:
708:
696:
689:
681:
662:
643:
631:
615:Mamo Plateau
599:
563:flow of the
503:in northern
498:
490:
474:core samples
454:
446:
433:
426:
414:
398:
381:
365:
348:
334:
303:
274:
265:
253:
241:ground water
226:
203:
168:
160:
107:
102:
98:
97:underneath.
88:
84:
81:swallow hole
80:
74:
70:
66:
62:
60:
54:sinkhole in
43:
5947:Mole people
5932:Mine rescue
5880:Cave rescue
5870:Cave diving
5614:Mogao Caves
5544:Coober Pedy
5503:Spider hole
5481:Septic tank
5421:Root cellar
5072:Paleoburrow
5021:Subterranea
4757:Speleothems
4670:Exploration
4570:Troglofauna
4538:Cave survey
4516:Main topics
4447:Solar flare
4333:Megadrought
4293:Temperature
4266:Megatsunami
4245:Storm surge
4240:Flash flood
4118:Debris flow
4034:19 February
3617:28 November
3343:: 217–228.
3025:"Sinkholes"
2958:22 December
2357:27 November
2111:"Sinkholes"
1872:(1): 1–21.
1744:18 February
1618:Dragon Hole
1562:Cerro Duida
1521:Winter Park
1501:Clay County
1489:– Utah, in
1463:Grassy Cove
1447:Gainesville
1323: /
1311:9°44′45.4″W
1308:52°7′57.5″N
1281:Vouliagmeni
1206:free diving
1137:Dragon Hole
1053:Boesmansgat
977:World War I
956:water mains
952:soil piping
810:black holes
806:Black holes
770:Local names
749:Boesmansgat
639:New Britain
623:Sima Martel
576:groundwater
559:The entire
437:acts of God
318:urban areas
280:space probe
191:water table
181:water, the
179:percolating
103:stream sink
95:groundwater
5979:Categories
5959:Speleology
5952:in fiction
5732:Pellucidar
5574:Kome Caves
5224:Balve Cave
5168:Pit crater
5124:Talus cave
5047:Ant colony
4893:Kome Caves
4857:Stalagnate
4852:Stalagmite
4847:Stalactite
4837:Soda straw
4827:Shelfstone
4787:Cave pearl
4762:Speleogens
4727:Talus cave
4660:Ley tunnel
4587:Speleology
4565:Stygofauna
4128:Earthquake
4086:Geological
3912:4 February
3349:10204/1944
3077:Tills 2013
3062:25 January
2527:(1): 1–3.
2005:Tills 2013
1947:Tills 2013
1795:. 1899-K.
1676:References
1647:Oak Island
1642:Lake-burst
1511:New Iberia
1453:Golly Hole
1427:Santa Rosa
1390:Tamaulipas
1117:Tannourine
999:quarry in
963:Crown hole
947:Quaternary
921:Yugoslavia
919:– Used in
821:Blue holes
814:Metabolism
764:blue holes
728:(known as
705:Human uses
677:travertine
669:Tamaulipas
551:Occurrence
501:Ebro Basin
485:Montevallo
462:settlement
324:breaks or
322:water main
251:terrains.
210:Cedar Sink
71:shakeholes
5985:Sinkholes
5875:Cave gate
5747:Underdark
5695:Exemplars
5517:Exemplars
5456:Wine cave
5331:Catacombs
5217:Exemplars
5114:Show cave
5104:Lava tube
5099:Lava cave
4944:Incidents
4871:Dwellings
4812:Helictite
4807:Frostwork
4802:Flowstone
4772:Anthodite
4745:Waterfall
4717:Suffosion
4702:Show cave
4687:Salt cave
4655:Lava cave
4603:processes
4553:Equipment
4457:Hypernova
4452:Supernova
4400:Firestorm
4315:Heat wave
4310:Ice storm
4305:Cold wave
4108:Avalanche
4103:Landslide
3498:New China
3437:128443371
3357:0038-2353
3206:128585380
2718:1814-294X
2549:130950517
2473:130375566
2419:ignored (
2409:cite book
2173:132318001
1911:Sinkholes
1894:0016-7606
1844:0362-4331
1624:Estavelle
1244:, in the
1196:Caribbean
1179:Chongqing
1149:, in the
1096:Al-Mahara
1072:Blue Hole
997:limestone
903:sky holes
899:Tiankengs
883:, in the
851:Chicxulub
654:Querétaro
650:Chongqing
637:, on the
627:Venezuela
310:Louisiana
249:quartzite
245:sandstone
233:salt beds
199:sandstone
195:suffosion
175:limestone
128:Formation
118:suffosion
18:Sinkholes
5488:Stepwell
5476:Sewerage
5386:Hypogeum
5366:Erdstall
5356:Dry well
5336:Casemate
5316:Borehole
5306:Basement
5178:Sinkhole
5109:Pit Cave
5094:Ice cave
4979:Category
4832:Snottite
4822:Rimstone
4817:Moonmilk
4707:Sinkhole
4692:Sea cave
4677:Pit cave
4645:Ice cave
4407:ARkStorm
4395:Wildfire
4300:Blizzard
4200:Sinkhole
3908:(Report)
3886:24 March
3864:11 March
3648:28 April
3578:Archived
3556:Archived
3538:Archived
3312:Springer
3276:RTÉ News
3238:24 March
3158:20 March
3127:20 March
3100:20 March
3095:Time.com
2892:15 March
2868:35286188
2712:: 1–18.
2647:31 March
2204:Circular
2054:26135448
1849:31 March
1569:See also
1437:Daisetta
1291:townland
1265:Red Lake
1189:Malaysia
1115:next to
1111:and the
1007:mine in
993:Slovakia
881:Slovenia
831:spectrum
786:, Belize
541:Slovenia
509:Sardinia
422:cohesion
218:Kentucky
183:collapse
163:drainage
152:, Spain.
150:Chinchón
138:Dead Sea
63:sinkhole
52:Red Lake
5782:Bergamt
5707:Batcave
5654:Yaodong
5391:Manhole
5381:Foxhole
5346:Dungeon
5052:Aquifer
4903:Yaodong
4777:Boxwork
4620:Cave-in
4390:Derecho
4364:Tornado
4325:Drought
4261:Tsunami
4113:Mudflow
4009:Google
3796:29 June
3770:29 June
3718:11 June
3713:TheHill
3692:9 March
3417:Bibcode
3314:: 247.
3186:Bibcode
2984:24 June
2859:8944826
2836:Bibcode
2576:Bibcode
2529:Bibcode
2451:Bibcode
2082:AP News
2062:2993705
2034:Bibcode
1874:Bibcode
1597:Caldera
1555:Bolívar
1528:Oceania
1386:Zacatón
1376:Chiapas
1269:Croatia
1246:Moravia
1155:Shaanxi
1130:Guangxi
1121:Lebanon
1013:Ireland
985:Belgium
892:Sótanos
877:Croatia
838:Cenotes
826:Bahamas
745:Zacatón
730:cenotes
684:Florida
673:Zacatón
533:Croatia
525:Jamaica
517:Sichuan
513:England
470:borings
439:". The
320:due to
276:Rosetta
273:by the
256:caverns
171:erosion
85:swallet
56:Croatia
5890:Caving
5812:Grotto
5426:Tunnel
5411:Quarry
5321:Bunker
5208:Warren
5131:Cenote
5089:Grotto
5057:Burrow
5042:Alcove
4712:Spring
4625:Cenote
4548:Diving
4543:Caving
4501:topics
3974:
3476:
3435:
3386:
3355:
3318:
3204:
3007:
2915:
2866:
2856:
2716:
2619:
2547:
2504:28 May
2471:
2399:30 May
2390:
2329:
2301:
2257:
2171:
2161:
2121:29 May
2088:2 July
2060:
2052:
2026:Nature
1969:3 June
1932:7 June
1923:
1892:
1842:
1767:
1704:
1366:Puebla
1346:Mexico
1236:Europe
1080:is in
1047:Africa
1005:gypsum
1001:Dudley
969:mining
917:Vrtače
857:Dolina
847:Belize
741:divers
737:cavers
613:) and
545:Russia
543:; and
529:France
237:gypsum
122:meters
90:cenote
67:doline
5674:Types
5376:Fogou
5294:Types
5136:Karst
5035:Types
4740:River
4682:Ponor
4635:Foiba
4577:Karst
4560:Fauna
4383:Other
4254:Other
4221:Flood
4175:Lahar
3822:3 May
3611:(PDF)
3596:(PDF)
3468:[
3433:S2CID
3224:(PDF)
3202:S2CID
2952:(PDF)
2937:(PDF)
2809:(PDF)
2725:(PDF)
2702:(PDF)
2545:S2CID
2478:5 May
2469:S2CID
2439:(PDF)
2351:(PDF)
2200:(PDF)
2169:S2CID
2058:S2CID
2022:(PDF)
1738:(PDF)
1731:(PDF)
1653:Pingo
1636:Gully
1297:near
1253:Malta
1169:wadis
1092:Yemen
989:Nitra
981:Ypres
868:Foiba
782:near
756:tepuy
711:waste
692:Murge
567:near
521:China
505:Spain
330:pipes
326:sewer
314:Texas
306:mines
292:Pinge
268:comet
220:, an
185:of a
177:) by
76:ponor
5451:Well
5396:Mine
5156:Nest
5079:Cave
4760:and
4735:Lake
4722:Sump
4665:Mine
4499:Cave
4358:Hail
4226:List
4133:List
4036:2014
3972:ISBN
3914:2020
3888:2013
3866:2014
3824:2014
3798:2013
3772:2013
3746:2013
3720:2021
3694:2015
3650:2013
3619:2016
3474:ISBN
3384:ISBN
3353:ISSN
3316:ISBN
3240:2013
3160:2013
3129:2013
3102:2013
3064:2018
3005:ISBN
2986:2019
2960:2020
2913:ISBN
2894:2022
2864:PMID
2791:2017
2733:2010
2714:ISSN
2649:2016
2641:CNC3
2617:ISBN
2506:2019
2480:2019
2421:help
2401:2019
2388:ISBN
2359:2018
2327:ISBN
2299:ISBN
2255:ISBN
2159:ISBN
2123:2019
2090:2015
2050:PMID
1971:2018
1934:2010
1921:ISBN
1890:ISSN
1851:2016
1840:ISSN
1765:ISBN
1746:2014
1702:ISBN
1135:The
1107:The
1066:Asia
1038:Oman
995:; a
971:and
932:The
910:Tomo
879:and
796:Aven
778:The
720:The
690:The
656:and
621:and
611:Laos
472:and
460:and
415:The
247:and
187:cave
101:and
99:Sink
87:. A
50:The
5161:Bee
4862:Vug
4011:map
3425:doi
3380:267
3345:hdl
3341:102
3194:doi
2887:CNN
2854:PMC
2844:doi
2832:119
2609:doi
2584:doi
2537:doi
2525:279
2459:doi
2380:doi
2291:doi
2247:doi
2243:281
2216:hdl
2208:doi
2151:doi
2042:doi
2030:523
1964:bgs
1882:doi
1870:103
1797:doi
1301:at
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