146:
were depicted on the reliefs of seven tombs at
Saqqarra, six tombs at Giza, and the pyramids of Queen Khentkaus. Most memets were double-clarinets, where two reed tubes were tied or glued together to form one instrument. Multiple pipes were used to reinforce sound or generate a strong beat-tone with slight variations in tuning among the pipes. One of the tubes usually functioned as a drone, but the design of these simple instruments varied endlessly. The entire reed entered the mouth, meaning that the player could not easily articulate so melodies were defined by quick movement of the fingers on the tone holes. These types of double-clarinets are still prevalent today, but also developed into simplified single-clarinets and hornpipes. Modern-day idioglots found in Egypt include the
174:
82:
696:
956:, the lower lip rests against, but not over, the teeth as in pronouncing the letter "V" and the corners of the lip are drawn in (similar to a drawstring bag). With the less common double-lip embouchure, the top lip is placed under (around) the top teeth. In both instances, the position of the tongue in the mouth plays a vital role in focusing and accelerating the air stream blown by the player. This results in a more mature and full sound, rich in
763:
730:
746:
713:
31:
70:), there is no mouthpiece; the two parts of the reed vibrate against one another. Reeds are traditionally made of cane and produce sound when air is blown across or through them. The type of instruments that use a single reed are clarinets and saxophone. The timbre of a single and double reed instrument is related to the
659:
951:
muscles on the sides of the mouth. The top teeth rest on top of the mouthpiece. The manner in which the lower lip rests against the teeth differs between clarinet and saxophone embouchures. In clarinet playing, the lower lip is rolled over the teeth and corners of the mouth are drawn back, which has
145:
Most single-reed instruments are descended from single-reed idioglot instruments called 'memet', found in Egypt as early as 2700 BCE. Due to their fragility, no instruments from antiquity were preserved but iconographic evidence is prevalent. During the Old
Kingdom in Egypt (2778–2723 BCE), memets
53:
to produce sound. The very earliest single-reed instruments were documented in ancient Egypt, as well as the Middle East, Greece, and the Roman Empire. The earliest types of single-reed instruments used idioglottal reeds, where the vibrating reed is a tongue cut and shaped on the tube of cane. Much
89:: tubular single reeds in which the reed is still part of the reed stem. Reeds can be split from middle upward (kataglott, the reed hangs down) and from top downward (anaglott, the reed stands up). These particular reeds are drawn from those used in an
74:
caused by the shape of the corpus. E.g. the clarinet is only including the odd harmonics due to air column modes canceling out the even harmonics. This may be compared to the timbre of a
185:, and reed of a clarinet. These three components are present in many modern European Classical single-reed instruments and tend to be aesthetically and mechanically similar.
592:†The lowest possible pitch of each clarinet and saxophone is dependent on its manufacturer and model (the pitches used are typical of professional instruments).
359:
Note that if one was to compare clarinets to their saxophone counterparts while considering their approximate lowest (concert) pitch†, the order would shift:
928:
Although the clarinet and saxophone both have a single reed attached to their mouthpiece, the playing technique or embouchure is distinct from each other.
952:
the effect of drawing the upper lip around the mouthpiece to create a seal due to the angle at which the mouthpiece rests in the mouth. With the
1365:
907:
54:
later, single-reed instruments started using heteroglottal reeds, where a reed is cut and separated from the tube of cane and attached to a
34:
The reeds of alto (left) and tenor saxophones (right) . They are of comparable dimensions to alto and bass clarinet reeds, respectively.
1403:
1370:
917:
1121:
1030:
1007:
1930:
1021:
207:
422.3 Reedpipes with free reeds: The reed vibrates through a closely fitted frame, and there are fingerholes.
200:
422.2 Single reed instruments: The pipe has a single 'reed' consisting of a percussion lamella. These are the
1396:
178:
1480:
998:
17:
173:
1114:
1389:
1894:
1770:
1467:
1429:
71:
1033:. "One will play a square wave and sound rather like a bagpipe or other double-reed instrument."
217:
1221:
1107:
811:
182:
55:
1874:
1650:
1604:
1437:
1236:
1155:
953:
831:
622:
577:
531:
323:
190:
8:
1760:
1679:
1490:
999:
Musical
Instruments: History, Technology, and Performance of Instruments of Western Music
566:
346:
1864:
1859:
1765:
1609:
1251:
507:
328:
130:
46:
1904:
1782:
1775:
1457:
1452:
1339:
1026:
1003:
402:
341:
259:
50:
1847:
1842:
426:
254:
1510:
1287:
868:
472:
391:
305:
216:
The following is a list of clarinets and saxophones, relative to their range and
1899:
1645:
1515:
1412:
1261:
1150:
846:
617:
542:
437:
351:
282:
30:
1924:
1827:
1665:
1170:
647:
637:
496:
461:
300:
277:
226:
1745:
1231:
826:
669:
81:
1099:
658:
114:
1837:
1812:
1535:
1485:
1420:
1323:
102:
75:
59:
1854:
1832:
1787:
1740:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1640:
948:
607:
1201:
791:
702:
1909:
1822:
1755:
1750:
1730:
1660:
1594:
1579:
1226:
1206:
1165:
943:, formed by resting the reed upon the bottom lip, which rests on the
936:
816:
796:
771:
695:
674:
662:
632:
373:
236:
158:
118:
110:
1574:
1318:
890:
94:
1817:
1807:
1735:
1624:
1584:
1442:
1266:
1216:
1145:
957:
932:
851:
806:
768:
735:
612:
368:
318:
231:
154:
43:
1381:
1802:
1655:
1619:
1589:
1475:
1360:
1292:
1211:
1180:
1160:
902:
801:
642:
627:
249:
162:
138:
106:
98:
67:
1869:
1792:
1599:
1569:
1564:
1530:
1520:
1297:
1282:
1241:
1196:
1175:
873:
863:
821:
786:
752:
147:
126:
122:
90:
1500:
1797:
1714:
1614:
1525:
1447:
1344:
1302:
1256:
944:
912:
878:
841:
719:
295:
134:
93:. Also used in bagpipes, and reedpipes or clarinet family:
931:
The standard embouchures for single reed woodwinds like the
762:
1694:
1505:
729:
272:
63:
1075:
The
Clarinet: Some notes upon its history and construction
1495:
1246:
836:
745:
712:
996:
Donald Murray
Campbell, Arnold Myers; et al. (2004).
211:
923:
596:
1922:
1047:. United States: Diagram Visual Information Ltd.
1019:Foster, Caxton C. and Soloway, Elliott (1981).
1397:
1115:
1092:. New York, NY: Taplinger Publishing Company.
947:and is supported by the chin muscles and the
1129:
1404:
1390:
1122:
1108:
977:
975:
973:
189:Single reed instruments fall under three
1077:. New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Company.
1062:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
981:
657:
172:
80:
29:
1072:
1042:
986:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
970:
14:
1923:
1066:
1036:
1385:
1103:
1087:
990:
165:. See links to other examples below.
1081:
1057:
1411:
1051:
204:including clarinets and saxophones.
24:
212:Comparing clarinets and saxophones
25:
1942:
168:
58:of some sort. By contrast, in a
1045:Musical Instruments of the World
924:Playing a single reed instrument
761:
744:
728:
711:
694:
597:List of single-reed instruments
1013:
680:
13:
1:
963:
653:
27:Class of woodwind instruments
7:
10:
1947:
220:from the opposite family:
1887:
1723:
1687:
1678:
1633:
1557:
1548:
1466:
1428:
1419:
1353:
1332:
1311:
1275:
1189:
1138:
1025:, p.165. Addison-Wesley.
601:
1043:Midgley, R, ed. (1976).
62:instrument (such as the
1931:Single-reed instruments
1073:Rendall, G.F. (1971).
665:
186:
142:
40:single-reed instrument
35:
1022:Real Time Programming
941:single lip embouchure
661:
176:
84:
33:
1651:Heckelphone-clarinet
1156:Heckelphone-clarinet
1060:The Baroque Clarinet
982:Hoeprich, E (2008).
954:saxophone embouchure
939:are variants of the
623:Heckelphone-clarinet
218:key of transposition
1058:Rice, A.R. (1992).
49:that uses only one
1610:Reclam de xeremies
1252:Reclam de xeremies
1002:, p.53-5. Oxford.
666:
197:412.13 Free reeds.
187:
143:
131:reclam de xeremies
36:
1918:
1917:
1883:
1882:
1783:Gourd mouth organ
1674:
1673:
1544:
1543:
1379:
1378:
1088:Kroll, O (1968).
589:
588:
357:
356:
153:Examples include
150:and the zummara.
16:(Redirected from
1938:
1848:Orthotonophonium
1843:Indian harmonium
1685:
1684:
1558:Cylindrical bore
1555:
1554:
1430:Cylindrical bore
1426:
1425:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1034:
1017:
1011:
994:
988:
987:
979:
765:
748:
732:
715:
698:
583:
582:
572:
571:
560:
559:
548:
547:
537:
536:
525:
524:
513:
512:
502:
501:
490:
489:
478:
477:
467:
466:
455:
454:
443:
442:
432:
431:
420:
419:
408:
407:
397:
396:
385:
384:
362:
361:
340:
339:
317:
316:
294:
293:
271:
270:
248:
247:
223:
222:
202:percussion reeds
191:Hornbostel–Sachs
21:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1879:
1719:
1670:
1629:
1540:
1462:
1415:
1413:Reed aerophones
1410:
1380:
1375:
1354:Southeast Asian
1349:
1328:
1307:
1288:Double clarinet
1271:
1185:
1134:
1128:
1098:
1097:
1086:
1082:
1071:
1067:
1056:
1052:
1041:
1037:
1018:
1014:
995:
991:
980:
971:
966:
926:
897:Southeast Asian
869:Double clarinet
778:
777:
776:
775:
774:
766:
757:
756:
755:
749:
740:
739:
738:
733:
724:
723:
722:
716:
707:
706:
705:
701:Treble/soprano
699:
690:
689:
683:
656:
604:
599:
580:
579:
569:
568:
563:
557:
556:
545:
544:
534:
533:
528:
522:
521:
510:
509:
499:
498:
493:
487:
486:
475:
474:
464:
463:
458:
452:
451:
440:
439:
429:
428:
423:
417:
416:
405:
404:
394:
393:
388:
382:
381:
337:
336:
314:
313:
291:
290:
268:
267:
245:
244:
214:
171:
72:harmonic series
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1944:
1934:
1933:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1900:Quadruple reed
1897:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1646:Heckel-clarina
1643:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1276:Middle Eastern
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1262:Stock-and-horn
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1151:Heckel-clarina
1148:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1080:
1065:
1050:
1035:
1012:
989:
968:
967:
965:
962:
925:
922:
921:
920:
915:
910:
905:
899:
898:
894:
893:
887:
886:
882:
881:
876:
871:
866:
860:
859:
858:Middle Eastern
855:
854:
849:
847:Stock-and-horn
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
783:
782:
767:
760:
759:
758:
750:
743:
742:
741:
734:
727:
726:
725:
717:
710:
709:
708:
700:
693:
692:
691:
687:
686:
685:
684:
682:
679:
678:
677:
672:
655:
652:
651:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
618:Heckel-clarina
615:
610:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
593:
587:
586:
575:
564:
561:
552:
551:
540:
529:
526:
517:
516:
505:
494:
491:
482:
481:
470:
459:
456:
447:
446:
435:
424:
421:
412:
411:
400:
389:
386:
377:
376:
371:
366:
355:
354:
349:
344:
332:
331:
326:
321:
309:
308:
303:
298:
286:
285:
280:
275:
263:
262:
257:
252:
240:
239:
234:
229:
213:
210:
209:
208:
205:
198:
170:
169:Classification
167:
87:idioglot reeds
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1943:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1828:Physharmonica
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1771:Richter-tuned
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:Central Asian
1310:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1091:
1084:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1054:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1031:9780201019377
1028:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1008:9780198165040
1005:
1001:
1000:
993:
985:
978:
976:
974:
969:
961:
959:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
896:
895:
892:
889:
888:
885:Central Asian
884:
883:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
857:
856:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
780:
779:
773:
770:
764:
754:
747:
737:
731:
721:
714:
704:
697:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
664:
660:
649:
648:Bass Clarinet
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
605:
591:
590:
585:
576:
574:
565:
554:
553:
550:
541:
539:
530:
519:
518:
515:
506:
504:
495:
484:
483:
480:
471:
469:
460:
449:
448:
445:
436:
434:
425:
414:
413:
410:
401:
399:
390:
379:
378:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:Lowest Pitch
364:
363:
360:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
334:
333:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
311:
310:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
288:
287:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
265:
264:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
242:
241:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
221:
219:
206:
203:
199:
196:
195:
194:
192:
184:
180:
175:
166:
164:
160:
156:
151:
149:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
48:
45:
41:
32:
19:
1746:Couesnophone
1634:Conical bore
1549:
1511:Oboe d'amore
1486:English horn
1468:Conical bore
1232:Mock trumpet
1130:
1090:The Clarinet
1089:
1083:
1074:
1068:
1059:
1053:
1044:
1038:
1020:
1015:
997:
992:
984:The Clarinet
983:
940:
930:
927:
827:Mock trumpet
670:Mock Trumpet
358:
215:
201:
188:
152:
144:
86:
85:Drawings of
39:
37:
1838:Guide-chant
1813:Martinshorn
1550:Single reed
1536:Taepyeongso
1421:Double reed
1366:Sarune Etek
1333:South Asian
1324:Dili tuiduk
1133:instruments
1131:Single reed
908:Sarune Etek
688:Traditional
681:Traditional
538:Contra-alto
324:Contra-alto
161:, and some
103:dili tuiduk
76:square wave
60:double reed
18:Single-reed
1855:Saenghwang
1833:Pump organ
1788:Hornophone
1741:Concertina
1710:Pitch pipe
1705:Party horn
1700:Bullroarer
1641:Aulochrome
964:References
949:buccinator
654:Historical
608:Aulochrome
584:Contrabass
573:Contrabass
347:Contrabass
183:mouthpiece
159:saxophones
111:chalumeaus
56:mouthpiece
47:instrument
1910:Tone hole
1823:Organetto
1761:Chromatic
1756:Harmonica
1751:Harmoneon
1731:Accordion
1680:Free reed
1661:Saxophone
1595:Launeddas
1580:Chalumeau
1227:Launeddas
1207:Chalumeau
1166:Saxophone
958:overtones
937:saxophone
817:Launeddas
797:Chalumeau
772:Launeddas
769:Sardinian
751:Egyptian
675:Chalumeau
663:Chalumeau
633:Saxophone
374:Saxophone
237:Saxophone
193:classes:
155:clarinets
119:launeddas
1925:Category
1818:Melodica
1808:Mangtong
1766:Diatonic
1736:Claviola
1666:Tárogató
1625:Zhaleika
1585:Clarinet
1443:Chirimia
1267:Zhaleika
1222:Hornpipe
1217:Ganurags
1190:European
1171:Tárogató
1146:Clarinet
933:clarinet
852:Zhaleika
812:Hornpipe
807:Ganurags
781:European
736:Zhaleika
638:Tárogató
613:Clarinet
581:♭
570:♭
558:♭
546:♭
535:♭
523:♭
514:Baritone
511:♭
500:♭
488:♭
476:♭
465:♭
453:♭
441:♭
430:♭
418:♭
406:♭
395:♭
383:♭
369:Clarinet
338:♭
329:Baritone
319:Baritone
315:♭
292:♭
269:♭
246:♭
232:Clarinet
179:ligature
163:bagpipes
109:, early
44:woodwind
1803:Lusheng
1776:Tremolo
1656:Octavin
1620:Xaphoon
1605:Pibgorn
1590:Diplica
1481:Bombard
1476:Bassoon
1438:Balaban
1361:Pey pok
1293:Dozaleh
1237:Pibgorn
1212:Diplica
1202:BirbynÄ—
1181:Xaphoon
1161:Octavin
903:Pey pok
832:Pibgorn
802:Diplica
792:BirbynÄ—
718:Bamboo
703:birbynÄ—
643:Xaphoon
628:Octavin
433:Soprano
409:Soprano
398:Soprano
260:Soprano
255:Soprano
250:Soprano
139:zummara
107:dozaleh
99:diplica
68:bassoon
1870:Triola
1793:Hulusi
1688:Single
1600:Mijwiz
1575:BĂĽlban
1570:Arghul
1565:Alboka
1531:Sopila
1521:Rhaita
1516:Piston
1491:Gralla
1371:Toleat
1319:BĂĽlban
1298:Mijwiz
1283:Arghul
1242:Pilili
1197:Alboka
1176:Venova
1139:Modern
1029:
1006:
918:Toleat
891:BĂĽlban
874:Mijwiz
864:Arghul
822:Pilili
787:Alboka
753:mijwiz
602:Modern
148:arghul
137:, and
127:pilili
123:mijwiz
95:bĂĽlban
91:arghul
1888:Other
1860:Sheng
1798:Khene
1715:Sneng
1615:Sipsi
1526:Shawm
1448:Duduk
1345:Pungi
1303:Sipsi
1257:Sipsi
945:teeth
913:Sneng
879:Sipsi
842:Sipsi
720:sipsi
479:Tenor
306:Tenor
296:Tenor
227:Range
135:sipsi
115:cifte
42:is a
1905:Reed
1895:Bore
1724:Sets
1695:Bawu
1506:Oboe
1458:Piri
1453:Guan
1340:Pepa
1027:ISBN
1004:ISBN
935:and
549:Bass
503:Bass
468:Alto
444:Alto
352:Bass
342:Bass
301:Bass
283:Alto
278:Alto
273:Alto
177:The
66:and
64:oboe
51:reed
1865:ShĹŤ
1501:Kèn
1496:Hne
1247:Pku
837:Pku
1927::
1875:Yu
972:^
960:.
555:~B
520:~A
485:~B
450:~A
415:~D
380:~A
181:,
157:,
133:,
129:,
125:,
121:,
117:,
113:,
105:,
101:,
97:,
78:.
38:A
1405:e
1398:t
1391:v
1123:e
1116:t
1109:v
1010:.
578:E
567:B
562:0
543:B
532:E
527:1
508:E
497:B
492:1
473:B
462:E
457:2
438:E
427:B
422:3
403:B
392:E
387:3
335:B
312:E
289:B
266:E
243:B
141:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
