123:(FAO) emphasized on hunger and malnutrition problems of the world in 1960 and introduced the concept of protein gap, showing that 25% of the world population had a deficiency of protein intake in their diet. It was also feared that agricultural production would fail to meet the increasing demands of food by humanity. By the mid 60’s, almost quarter of a million tons of food yeast were being produced in different parts of the world and Soviet Union alone produced some 900,000 tons by 1970 of food and fodder yeast.
2659:
613:
Cultivation of microorganisms generally has a much lower water footprint than agricultural food production. Whereas the global average blue-green water footprint (irrigation, surface, ground and rain water) of crops reaches about 1800 liters per kg crop due to evaporation, transpiration, drainage and
241:
The problem with extracting single-cell proteins from the wastes is the dilution and cost. They are found in very low concentrations, usually less than 5%. Engineers have developed ways to increase the concentrations including centrifugation, flotation, precipitation, coagulation, and filtration, or
628:
Unlike agricultural products which are processed towards a desired quality, it is easier with microorganisms to direct production towards a desired quality. Instead of extracting amino acids from soy beans and throwing away half of the plant body in the process, microorganisms can be genetically
176:(1974). The Soviet Ministry of Microbiological Industry had eight plants of this kind by 1989. However, due to concerns of toxicity of alkanes in SCP and pressured by the environmentalist movements, the government decided to close them down, or convert to some other microbiological processes.
245:
The single-cell protein must be dehydrated to approximately 10% moisture content and/or acidified to aid in storage and prevent spoilage. The methods to increase the concentrations to adequate levels and the de-watering process require equipment that is expensive and not always suitable for
90:
reaching 9 billion by 2050, there is strong evidence that agriculture will not be able to meet demand and that there is serious risk of food shortage. Autotrophic SCP represents options of fail-safe mass food-production which can produce food reliably even under harsh climate conditions.
1691:
Pobiega, Katarzyna; Sękul, Joanna; Pakulska, Anna; Latoszewska, Małgorzata; Michońska, Aleksandra; Korzeniowska, Zuzanna; Macherzyńska, Zuzanna; Pląder, Michał; Duda, Wiktoria; Szafraniuk, Jakub; Kufel, Aniela; Dominiak, Łukasz; Lis, Zuzanna; Kłusek, Emilia; Kozicka, Ewa (January 2024).
629:
modified to overproduce or even secrete a particular amino acid. However, in order to keep a good consumer acceptance, it is usually easier to obtain similar results by screening for microorganisms which already have the desired trait or train them via selective adaptation.
617:
Cultivation of microorganisms does not require fertile soil and therefore does not compete with agriculture. Thanks to the low water requirements, SCP cultivation can even be done in dry climates with infertile soil and may provide a means of fail-safe food supply in arid
78:
growth. Thanks to the high diversity of microbial metabolism, autotrophic SCP provides several different modes of growth, versatile options of nutrients recycling, and a substantially increased efficiency compared to crops. A 2021 publication showed that
688:
Similar to plant cells, the cell wall of some microorganisms such as algae and yeast contains indigestible components, such as cellulose. The cells of some kind of SCP should be broken up in order to liberate the cell interior and allow complete
507:
Whereas large parts of crops, such as stems, leaves and roots, are not edible, single-cell microorganisms can be used entirely. Whereas parts of the edible fraction of crops are indigestible, many microorganisms are digestible at a much higher
518:
Microorganisms can utilize a broad spectrum of raw materials as carbon sources including alkanes, methanol, methane, ethanol and sugars. What was considered "waste product" often can be reclaimed as nutrients and support growth of edible
503:
Microorganisms have a much higher growth rate (algae: 2–6 hours, yeast: 1–3 hours, bacteria: 0.5–2 hours). This also allows selection for strains with high yield and good nutritional composition more quickly and easily compared to
511:
Microorganisms usually have a much higher protein content of 30–70% in the dry mass than vegetables or grains. The amino acid profiles of many SCP microorganisms often have excellent nutritional quality, comparable to hen's
217:
ferment waste materials (including wood, straw, cannery, and food-processing wastes, residues from alcohol production, hydrocarbons, or human and animal excreta). With 'electric food' processes the inputs are electricity,
568:
from the air and are thus independent of chemical N-fertilizer, whose production, utilization and degradation causes tremendous harm to the environment, deteriorates public health, and fosters climate change.
130:
developed what they called "proteins-from-oil process": a technology for producing single-cell protein by yeast fed by waxy n-paraffins, a byproduct of oil refineries. Initial research work was done by
1237:
British
Petroleum and global oil, 1950–1975: the challenge of nationalism. Volume 3 of British Petroleum and Global Oil 1950–1975: The Challenge of Nationalism, J. H. Bamberg British Petroleum series
606:
Microbial biomass production is independent of seasonal and climatic variations, and can easily be shielded from extreme weather events that are expected to cause crop failures with the ongoing
695:
Depending on the kind of SCP and the cultivation conditions, care must be taken to prevent and control contamination by other microorganisms because contaminants may produce toxins such as
103:
and his colleagues found out the high value of surplus brewer’s yeast as a feeding supplement for animals. During World War I and World War II, yeast-SCP was employed on a large scale in
1774:
Bartholomai, Bradley M.; Ruwe, Katherine M.; Thurston, Jonathan; Jha, Prachi; Scaife, Kevin; Simon, Ryan; Abdelmoteleb, Mohamed; Goodman, Richard E.; Farhi, Moran (2022-10-01).
2491:
70:; production of SCP does not necessarily exhibit any of these serious drawbacks. As of today, SCP is commonly grown on agricultural waste products, and as such inherits the
515:
Some microorganisms can build vitamins and nutrients which eukaryotic organisms such as plants cannot produce or not produce in significant amounts, including vitamin B12.
54:
may be used as an ingredient or a substitute for protein-rich foods, and is suitable for human consumption or as animal feeds. Industrial agriculture is marked by a high
788:
673:, which is excreted in urine. Nucleic acid removal is not necessary from animal feeds but is from human foods. A temperature hold at 64 °C inactivates fungal
107:
to counteract food shortages during the war. Inventions for SCP production often represented milestones for biotechnology in general: for example, in 1919, Sak in
353:
120:
2330:
1929:"Unlocking the genomic potential of aerobes and phototrophs for the production of nutritious and palatable microbial food without arable land or fossil fuels"
677:. However, this problem can be remediated. One common method consists in a heat treatment which kills the cells, inactivates proteases and allows endogenous
99:
In 1781, processes for preparing highly concentrated forms of yeast were established. Research on Single Cell
Protein Technology started a century ago when
135:
at BP's Lavera Oil
Refinery in France; a small pilot plant there started operations in March 1963, and the same construction of the second pilot plant, at
132:
1357:
227:
1288:
1993:
Koukoumaki, Danai Ioanna; Tsouko, Erminta; Papanikolaou, Seraphim; Ioannou, Zacharias; Diamantopoulou, Panagiota; Sarris, Dimitris (2024-06-01).
783:
703:
which grows at a pH as low as 1, outside the tolerance of most microorganisms. This allows it to grow on acid-hydrolysed paper waste at low-cost.
633:
Although SCP shows very attractive features as a nutrient for humans, however there are some problems that deter its adoption on global basis:
621:
Photosynthetic microorganisms can reach a higher solar-energy-conversion efficiency than plants, because in photobioreactors supply of water, CO
157:
in 1976, and paraffin-fed yeast facilities being built in a number of countries. The primary use of the product was as poultry and cattle feed.
1572:
726:
730:
74:
and water footprint of industrial agriculture. However, SCP may also be produced entirely independent of agricultural waste products through
1362:
115:) in which sugar solution was fed continuously to an aerated suspension of yeast instead of adding yeast to diluted sugar solution once (
2637:
83:-driven microbial protein production could use 10 times less land for an equivalent amount of protein compared to soybean cultivation.
2375:
499:
Large-scale production of microbial biomass has many advantages over the traditional methods for producing proteins for food or feed.
1381:
2559:
2499:
2521:
1061:
1312:
1536:
Vrati S (1983). "Single cell protein production by photosynthetic bacteria grown on the clarified effluents of biogas plant".
2085:
Boyle NR, Morgan JA (March 2011). "Computation of metabolic fluxes and efficiencies for biological carbon dioxide fixation".
2051:
1245:
1218:
2663:
2619:
1865:"Single-Cell Protein Production by the Acid-Tolerant Fungus Scytalidium acidophilum from Acid Hydrolysates of Waste Paper"
1435:"Making the case for edible microorganisms as an integral part of a more sustainable and resilient food production system"
1407:
1331:
2540:
2440:
538:
with efficiencies ranging from 2-3 times to 10 times more efficiently than plants, when also considering the effects of
1639:"Killing two birds with one stone: chemical and biological upcycling of polyethylene terephthalate plastics into food"
2246:
1272:
832:"Photovoltaic-driven microbial protein production can use land and sunlight more efficiently than conventional crops"
2689:
2322:
1388:(Microbiological industry's first plant), in: Станислав Марков (Stanislav Markov) «Кстово – молодой город России» (
793:
1033:"Agriculture-independent, sustainable, fail-safe and efficient food production by autotrophic single-cell protein"
198:
Another type of single cell protein-based meat analogue (which does not use fungi however but rather bacteria) is
1694:"Fungal Proteins: Sources, Production and Purification Methods, Industrial Applications, and Future Perspectives"
1733:
Thiviya, Punniamoorthy; Gamage, Ashoka; Kapilan, Ranganathan; Merah, Othmane; Madhujith, Terrence (July 2022).
444:
246:
small-scale operations. It is economically prudent to feed the product locally and soon after it is produced.
2264:"Biotechnological Production of Sustainable Microbial Proteins from Agro-Industrial Residues and By-Products"
2201:
2184:
2679:
1588:"Methane Single Cell Protein: Potential to Secure a Global Protein Supply Against Catastrophic Food Shocks"
932:"Global environmental impacts of agricultural expansion: the need for sustainable and efficient practices"
1313:
National
Research Council (U.S.). Board on Science and Technology for International Development (1983).
2470:
1292:
527:
406:
2067:
1994:
1822:
1775:
2684:
1776:"Safety evaluation of Neurospora crassa mycoprotein for use as a novel meat alternative and enhancer"
470:
59:
1995:"Recent advances in the production of single cell protein from renewable resources and applications"
1823:"A review on mycoprotein: History, nutritional composition, production methods, and health benefits"
485:
419:
266:
259:
1102:
Godfray HC, Beddington JR, Crute IR, Haddad L, Lawrence D, Muir JF, et al. (February 2010).
808:
399:
287:
2694:
1821:
Ahmad, Muhammad Ijaz; Farooq, Shahzad; Alhamoud, Yasmin; Li, Chunbao; Zhang, Hui (2022-03-01).
1349:
393:
202:. Other producers are Unibio (Denmark) Circe Biotechnologie (Austria) and String Bio (India).
153:
The "food from oil" idea became quite popular by the 1970s, with
Champagnat being awarded the
2641:
699:
or cyanotoxins. An interesting approach to address this problem was proposed with the fungus
478:
449:
280:
222:
and trace minerals and chemicals such as fertiliser. It is also possible to derive SCP from
2133:
2006:
1876:
1160:
1115:
1076:
943:
843:
154:
136:
71:
1007:
990:
561:
that can be made by gasification of residual intractable biowastes such as lignocellulose.
8:
2180:
1927:
Alloul, Abbas; Spanoghe, Janne; Machado, Daniel; Vlaeminck, Siegfried E. (January 2022).
1637:
Schaerer LG, Wu R, Putman LI, Pearce JM, Lu T, Shonnard DR, et al. (February 2023).
1378:
546:
531:
426:
313:
273:
2137:
2010:
1880:
1164:
1151:
Wheeler T, von Braun J (August 2013). "Climate change impacts on global food security".
1119:
1080:
947:
847:
2290:
2263:
2214:
2156:
2121:
1961:
1928:
1668:
1614:
1587:
1553:
1510:
1483:
1464:
1316:
Workshop on Single-Cell
Protein: summary report, Jakarta, Indonesia, February 1–5, 1983
1184:
866:
831:
600:
360:
339:
332:
188:
1897:
1864:
2600:
2525:
2295:
2242:
2206:
2161:
2102:
2047:
2024:
1966:
1948:
1902:
1842:
1803:
1795:
1756:
1715:
1672:
1660:
1619:
1586:
García Martínez JB, Pearce JM, Throup J, Cates J, Lackner M, Denkenberger DC (2022).
1515:
1468:
1456:
1268:
1241:
1214:
1176:
1133:
971:
966:
931:
871:
637:
Fast growing microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast have a high concentration of
464:
346:
143:
127:
112:
1557:
545:
Some bacteria, such as several homoacetogenic clostridia, are capable of performing
2590:
2285:
2275:
2218:
2196:
2151:
2141:
2094:
2014:
1956:
1940:
1892:
1884:
1834:
1787:
1746:
1705:
1650:
1609:
1599:
1545:
1505:
1495:
1446:
1188:
1168:
1123:
1084:
1040:
1002:
961:
951:
905:
861:
851:
803:
766:
87:
1888:
1655:
1638:
1484:"Single Cell Protein-State-of-the-Art, Industrial Landscape and Patents 2001-2016"
910:
893:
2595:
2578:
2351:
2236:
1411:
1385:
1314:
1262:
1235:
1045:
772:
539:
55:
2579:"Recent advances in single cell protein use as a feed ingredient in aquaculture"
2376:"Kiverdi Uses NASA Technology To Make Protein, Fish Food, and Palm Oil from CO2"
2098:
2019:
1060:
Challinor AJ, Watson J, Lobell DB, Howden SM, Smith DR, Chhetri N (2014-01-01).
610:. Light-independent microorganisms such as yeasts can continue to grow at night.
100:
2126:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1838:
1751:
1734:
1451:
1434:
1404:
936:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
836:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
798:
607:
301:
67:
63:
1791:
1604:
168:, i.e., "protein-vitamin concentrate") plants next to their oil refineries in
2673:
2432:
2210:
2028:
1952:
1846:
1799:
1760:
1719:
1500:
1460:
1211:
Applied mycology and biotechnology. Volume 2: agriculture and food production
666:
438:
231:
183:
116:
80:
31:
2262:
Bajić B, Vučurović D, Vasić Đ, Jevtić-Mučibabić R, Dodić S (December 2022).
2146:
1944:
1172:
1128:
1103:
956:
856:
2604:
2299:
2165:
2106:
1970:
1906:
1807:
1664:
1623:
1519:
1180:
1137:
975:
875:
654:
638:
294:
161:
2280:
603:, in a manner of speaking, those bacteria can be "powered by electricity".
2638:"BioCity invests in carbon recycling start-up, Deep Branch Biotechnology"
2560:"A new nutrient for aquaculture, from microbes that consume carbon waste"
2042:
Litchfield JH (16 March 1989). "Single-cell proteins". In Marx JL (ed.).
1088:
642:
576:
374:
325:
223:
192:
1710:
1693:
1332:"Soviet Plant to Convert Oil to Protein for Feed; Use of Yeast Involved"
1549:
734:
707:
696:
682:
614:
runoff, closed bioreactors producing SCP exhibits none of these causes.
1735:"Single Cell Protein Production Using Different Fruit Waste: A Review"
830:
Leger D, Matassa S, Noor E, Shepon A, Milo R, Bar-Even A (June 2021).
761:
670:
658:
457:
367:
235:
205:
SCP has been argued to be a source of alternative or resilient food.
75:
1032:
522:
Like plants, autotrophic microorganisms are capable of growing on CO
111:
and
Hayduck in Germany invented a method named, “Zulaufverfahren”, (
2577:
Jones SW, Karpol A, Friedman S, Maru BT, Tracy BP (February 2020).
2261:
1992:
1062:"A meta-analysis of crop yield under climate change and adaptation"
674:
387:
214:
51:
746:
199:
173:
108:
104:
35:
2396:
2068:"What is Single Cell Protein (SCP)? Definition & Properties"
1585:
2658:
1690:
778:
723:: a single cell protein made by Solar Foods Ltd. Finland-based.
720:
646:
550:
321:
169:
43:
2414:
1926:
2178:
1573:"Plan to sell 50m meals made from electricity, water and air"
678:
434:
179:
47:
39:
2492:"Introducing Superbrewed Food's postbiotic cultured protein"
2462:
1482:
Ritala A, Häkkinen ST, Toivari M, Wiebe MG (March 1, 2017).
1101:
625:
and a balanced light distribution can be tightly controlled.
2122:"Design and analysis of synthetic carbon fixation pathways"
1059:
662:
1773:
1481:
1104:"Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people"
755:
Superbrewed Food (formerly White Dog Labs). Delaware-based
1732:
650:
147:
2202:
10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0341:TNC]2.0.CO;2
591:. This feature allows autotrophic bacteria to grow on CO
2620:"Deep Branch Bio's Peter Rowe Wants to Save the Planet"
2576:
988:
894:"Water footprint benchmarks for crop produ160X14002660"
692:
Some kind of SCP exhibits unpleasant color and flavors.
121:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
1636:
829:
641:, notably RNA. Levels must be limited in the diets of
2119:
1820:
1281:
583:-sensitive, some bacteria are capable of performing O
164:
were particularly enthusiastic, opening large "BVK" (
989:Vermeulen SJ, Campbell BM, Ingram JS (2012-01-01).
564:
Some bacteria are diazotrophic, i.e. they can fix N
58:, high land use, biodiversity destruction, general
2640:. BioCity Group Ltd. 24 April 2019. Archived from
452:, Limnospira fusiformis, L. maxima and L. indica).
38:or protein extract from pure or mixed cultures of
2391:
2389:
2183:, Howarth RW, Cowling EB, Cosby BJ (2003-04-01).
2120:Bar-Even A, Noor E, Lewis NE, Milo R (May 2010).
2671:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2358:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
2327:ALLFED - Alliance to Feed the Earth in Disasters
1358:European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
1240:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 426–428.
1150:
891:
706:Some yeast and fungal proteins are deficient in
1208:
887:
885:
2541:"Would you eat blue algae to save the planet?"
2386:
2352:"Carbon Capture Process Makes Sustainable Oil"
2234:
2230:
2228:
2046:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–81.
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
2362:
1862:
1592:Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
1289:"UNESCO Science Prize: List of prize winners"
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
925:
923:
921:
882:
825:
823:
595:without light at a fast growth rate. Since H
579:. Whereas hydrogenases are normally highly O
2225:
2084:
1015:
2041:
1400:
1398:
1379:Первенец микробиологической промышленности
1195:
995:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
918:
645:animals to <50 g per day. Ingestion of
526:. Some of them, such as bacteria with the
2594:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2289:
2279:
2200:
2155:
2145:
2018:
1960:
1896:
1750:
1709:
1654:
1613:
1603:
1509:
1499:
1450:
1127:
1044:
1006:
965:
955:
909:
865:
855:
820:
1858:
1856:
1368:from the original on September 27, 2022.
575:for energy supply, using enzymes called
2524:. University of Antwerp. Archived from
2238:Use of Yeast Biomass in Food Production
1827:Trends in Food Science & Technology
1531:
1529:
1395:
1233:
1030:
892:Mekonnen MM, Hoekstra AY (2014-11-01).
2672:
2557:
2306:
1869:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1570:
1538:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
1432:
1414:(Johnson's Russia List, Dec. 19, 2002)
1329:
1260:
1213:. Elsevier Science. pp. 123–149.
929:
2617:
2538:
2035:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1853:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1535:
1350:"RusVinyl - Summary of Social Issues"
1319:. National Academy Press. p. 40.
1008:10.1146/annurev-environ-020411-130608
242:the use of semi-permeable membranes.
208:
2519:
2460:
2373:
2323:"High-tech resilient food solutions"
1526:
752:Circe Biotechnologie - Austria-based
230:. Similarly SCP can be derived from
195:, sold in Europe and North America.
2235:Halasz A, Lasztity R (1990-12-07).
1863:Ivarson KC, Morita H (March 1982).
182:is a range of vegetarian and vegan
142:The term SCP was coined in 1966 by
13:
2522:"Purple bacteria as a type of SCP"
2179:Galloway JN, Aber JD, Erisman JW,
1977:
1913:
1679:
213:Single-cell proteins develop when
14:
2706:
2651:
1267:. World Scientific. p. 205.
991:"Climate Change and Food Systems"
681:to hydrolyse RNA with release of
549:. This means they can metabolize
249:
16:Edible unicellular microorganisms
2657:
2583:Current Opinion in Biotechnology
2356:NASA Technology Transfer program
1209:Ugalde UO, Castrillo JI (2002).
794:Fermentative hydrogen production
669:. Uric acid can be converted to
2630:
2611:
2570:
2551:
2532:
2513:
2484:
2473:from the original on 2023-10-31
2454:
2443:from the original on 2023-03-25
2425:
2407:
2344:
2333:from the original on 2023-09-23
2255:
2172:
2113:
2078:
2060:
1814:
1767:
1726:
1630:
1579:
1564:
1475:
1426:
1417:
1405:KIRISHI: A GREEN SUCCESS STORY?
1372:
1342:
1323:
1306:
1254:
1227:
775:: a type of single-cell protein
1291:. UNESCO. 2001. Archived from
1144:
1095:
1053:
982:
66:by emission of a third of all
1:
2558:Wright J (12 February 2018).
2044:A Revolution in Biotechnology
1889:10.1128/aem.43.3.643-647.1982
1656:10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.06.012
1330:Shabad T (10 November 1973).
1264:Microbial Process Development
911:10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.06.013
814:
653:breakdown leads to increased
494:
166:belkovo-vitaminny kontsentrat
126:In the 1960s, researchers at
2596:10.1016/j.copbio.2019.12.026
2498:. 2022-06-21. Archived from
1780:Food and Chemical Toxicology
1046:10.7287/peerj.preprints.1279
414:Methylophilus methylotrophus
139:in Britain, was authorized.
30:refer to edible unicellular
7:
2099:10.1016/j.ymben.2011.01.005
2020:10.1016/j.crcon.2023.07.004
1999:Carbon Resources Conversion
1390:Kstovo, Russia's Young City
714:
685:from cell to culture broth.
599:can be made efficiently by
587:-dependent respiration of H
571:Many bacteria can utilize H
254:Microbes employed include:
119:). In post war period, the
10:
2711:
1839:10.1016/j.tifs.2022.01.027
1752:10.3390/separations9070178
1452:10.1007/s12571-019-00912-3
408:Rhodopseudomonas palustris
94:
2539:Frost R (July 30, 2020).
1792:10.1016/j.fct.2022.113342
1605:10.3389/fbioe.2022.906704
1571:Boffey D (29 June 2019).
1488:Frontiers in Microbiology
789:Deep Branch Biotechnology
472:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
60:environmental degradation
2374:Lamb C (2 August 2019).
1501:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02009
1423:EOS, april 2019, page 52
1031:Bogdahn I (2015-09-17).
553:, a gas mixture of CO, H
486:Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
267:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
137:Grangemouth Oil Refinery
2690:Biochemical engineering
2618:Terry M (13 May 2019).
2564:Global Seafood Alliance
2415:"Kiverdi's Air Protein"
2147:10.1073/pnas.0907176107
1945:10.1111/1751-7915.13747
1933:Microbial Biotechnology
1643:Trends in Biotechnology
1433:Linder T (April 2019).
1173:10.1126/science.1239402
1129:10.1126/science.1185383
957:10.1073/pnas.96.11.5995
857:10.1073/pnas.2015025118
809:Microbial food cultures
701:Scytalidium acidophilum
649:compounds arising from
420:Metylococcus capsulatus
401:Rhodobacter sphaeroides
381:Scytalidium acidophilum
288:Kluyveromyces marxianus
2463:"Single Cell Proteins"
2185:"The Nitrogen Cascade"
758:Deep Branch - UK-based
743:Unibio - Denmark-based
740:Avecom - Belgium-based
528:Wood–Ljungdahl pathway
394:Rhodobacter capsulatus
2281:10.3390/foods12010107
2087:Metabolic Engineering
1361:. February 14, 2008.
1069:Nature Climate Change
930:Tilman D (May 1999).
898:Ecological Indicators
479:Porphyridium cruentum
450:Arthrospira platensis
354:Neurospora intermedia
295:Komagataella pastoris
281:Cyberlindnera jadinii
2666:at Wikimedia Commons
2528:on 12 December 2019.
1295:on February 10, 2009
1089:10.1038/nclimate2153
308:Torulopsis corallina
155:UNESCO Science Prize
72:ecological footprint
20:Single-cell proteins
2680:Single-cell protein
2664:Single-cell protein
2138:2010PNAS..107.8889B
2011:2024CarRC...700195K
1881:1982ApEnM..43..643I
1711:10.3390/app14146259
1234:Bamberg JH (2000).
1165:2013Sci...341..508W
1120:2010Sci...327..812G
1081:2014NatCC...4..287C
948:1999PNAS...96.5995T
848:2021PNAS..11815025L
842:(26): e2015025118.
737:. California-based.
547:syngas fermentation
427:Cupriavidus necator
314:Geotrichum candidum
274:Yarrowia lipolytica
62:and contributes to
2496:Fi Global Insights
2421:. Air Protein Inc.
2403:. Air Protein Inc.
1550:10.1007/BF00256454
1410:2009-08-07 at the
1384:2019-03-27 at the
1336:The New York Times
1261:Doelle HW (1994).
749:- California-based
661:, which can cause
601:water electrolysis
361:Sclerotium rolfsii
340:Fusarium venenatum
333:Aspergillus oryzae
209:Production process
189:Fusarium venenatum
28:microbial proteins
2662:Media related to
2644:on 28 March 2020.
2132:(19): 8889–8894.
2053:978-0-521-32749-7
1247:978-0-521-78515-0
1220:978-0-444-51030-3
1159:(6145): 508–513.
1114:(5967): 812–818.
942:(11): 5995–6000.
804:Alternative foods
465:Dunaliella salina
347:Neurospora crassa
144:Carroll L. Wilson
133:Alfred Champagnat
128:British Petroleum
2702:
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799:Hydrogenotrophs
773:Purple bacteria
769:- Chicago-based
729:and subsidiary
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2632:
2624:BioSpace.com
2623:
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2586:
2582:
2572:
2563:
2553:
2544:
2534:
2526:the original
2520:Spanoghe J.
2515:
2504:. Retrieved
2500:the original
2495:
2486:
2475:. Retrieved
2466:
2456:
2445:. Retrieved
2436:
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2418:
2409:
2400:
2379:
2355:
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2335:. Retrieved
2326:
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1704:(14): 6259.
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1356:
1344:
1335:
1325:
1315:
1308:
1297:. Retrieved
1293:the original
1283:
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1236:
1229:
1210:
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994:
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835:
727:Kiverdi, Inc
700:
639:nucleic acid
632:
577:hydrogenases
498:
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212:
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187:
178:
165:
159:
152:
141:
125:
101:Max Delbrück
98:
85:
81:photovoltaic
27:
23:
19:
18:
2589:: 189–197.
2072:OfficialVds
1939:(1): 6–12.
1739:Separations
904:: 214–223.
731:Air Protein
683:nucleotides
643:monogastric
375:Trichoderma
326:Mycoprotein
224:natural gas
193:mycoprotein
172:(1973) and
76:autotrophic
2674:Categories
2506:2023-12-15
2477:2023-12-15
2461:Circe.at.
2447:2023-12-15
2337:2023-12-15
2274:(1): 107.
2189:BioScience
1786:: 113342.
1745:(7): 178.
1598:: 906704.
1299:2009-07-07
815:References
735:Lisa Dyson
708:methionine
697:mycotoxins
689:digestion.
657:levels of
618:countries.
534:can fix CO
495:Properties
186:made from
2380:The Spoon
2211:0006-3568
2029:2588-9133
1953:1751-7915
1847:0924-2244
1833:: 14–29.
1800:0278-6915
1761:2297-8739
1720:2076-3417
1673:252034899
1469:255611995
1461:1876-4525
762:LanzaTech
675:proteases
671:allantoin
659:uric acid
508:fraction.
504:breeding.
458:Chlorella
445:Spirulina
368:Polyporus
236:upcycling
113:fed-batch
86:With the
2605:31991311
2545:Euronews
2471:Archived
2467:Circe.at
2441:Archived
2331:Archived
2300:36613323
2166:20410460
2107:21276868
1971:33529492
1907:16345970
1808:35963473
1665:36058768
1624:35957636
1558:36659986
1520:29081772
1494:: 2009.
1408:Archived
1382:Archived
1363:Archived
1181:23908229
1138:20110467
976:10339530
876:34155098
715:See also
388:Bacteria
215:microbes
52:bacteria
2419:Kiverdi
2401:Kiverdi
2397:"About"
2291:9818480
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