524:, possibly in association with Manzat. Feminine names are among them, for example Amat-Ĺ imut. Some of these names, as well as other given names from the same area, combine Akkadian and Elamite elements, but according to Ran Zadok it is difficult to speculate about the identity of their bearers.
258:: "lady of the city"), a goddess most likely analogous to Manzat. According to Wouter Henkelman the deity NIN.DAR.A, who appears with Manzat in some inscriptions, can also be identified with Simut. However, Daniel T. Potts identifies NIN.DAR.A as a goddess. The name
512:
argues that it is possible that Simut had a minor cult center somewhere in
Mesopotamia, in parallel with how another Elamite deity worshiped there and attested in theophoric names, Igishta (IGI.DU; Igišta) had one in Udannu, a small settlement near
112:, a goddess representing the rainbow. He appears in inscriptions of various Elamite kings which mention a number of temples dedicated to him. However, it is not known which city served as his main cult center. He was also worshiped in
1106:
Dalley, Stephanie (2013). "Gods from north-eastern and north-western Arabia in cuneiform texts from the First
Sealand Dynasty, and a cuneiform inscription from Tell en-Naṣbeh, c.1500 BC".
490:, which indicates that Elamite and Iranian deities were worshiped side by side in this period. At least one theophoric name invoking Simut, Shati-Shimut, appears in this corpus of texts.
285:
and shared his association with Mars and possibly his warlike character, though unlike him he was not an underworld deity. The two of them are equated in a multi column edition of the
235:
498:
The oldest attestations of the worship of Simut in
Mesopotamia are theophoric names from the Old Babylonian period, with the oldest identified in texts dated to the reign of
190:). It is possible that he was a warrior god, and that the word tentatively translated as "herald" refers to a specific administrative or military position. Like
319:. Hubshan was an area associated with the worship of Manzat, Simut's presumed wife, according to Elamite royal inscriptions. It is presently unknown if "
298:
453:
and
Hutelutush-Inshushinak sites of worship of Manzat and Simut treated as a pair existed in Susa. A temple in Anshan was dedicated jointly to Simut,
388:
311:
Wouter
Henkelman proposes that "Nergal of Hubshal" (or Hubshan), a deity known from Assyrian sources, can be identified Simut. However,
1136:
387:
Sanam-Shimut. Other historically notable
Elamites bearing theophoric names invoking Simut include Kuk-Simut, chancellor of king
1393:
1370:
1333:
1239:
1214:
1096:
482:. According to one of these texts, a priest named Appirka received wine from the royal administration to offer it to Simut,
425:, its name and location are presently unknown. Multiple temples dedicated to him are attested in Elamite texts, for example
1052:
Bartelmus, Alexa (2017). "Die Götter der
Kassitenzeit. Eine Analyse ihres Vorkommens in zeitgenössischen Textquellen".
479:
1069:
152:, "the strange star". It is also possible that in at least one location another logographic spelling of his name was
1386:
From the foundations to the crenellations : essays on temple building in the
Ancient Near East and Hebrew Bible
144:, as well as logographic MAN/PAP. The last spelling might be related to one of the Mesopotamian names of theplanet
200:, which can be understood as "(area of) divine protection." He appears in judicial and economic documents from
1232:
The other gods who are: studies in
Elamite-Iranian acculturation based on the Persepolis fortification texts
1411:
Salo, Reettakaisa Sofia (2021). "Fremde Götter—eigene Götter: Zu den neuassyrischen Götterbeschreibungen".
1137:"The Seal of an Official or an Official Seal? The Use of Court Seals in Old Babylonian Susa and Haft Tepe"
254:, a goddess regarded as the divine representation of the rainbow. He was also associated with Belet-ali (
159:
The romanization "Simut" reflects the standard spelling of this theonym in
Mesopotamian sources from the
1517:
1446:
Zadok, Ran (2014). "On Population Groups in the Documents from the Time of the First Sealand Dynasty".
413:
While it is assumed Simut had a main cult center, similar to how Inshushinak was associated with Susa,
323:
of Hubshen" known from the same Assyrian sources as Nergal of Hubshen is related in any way to Manzat.
238:, Daniel T. Potts, following the more recent research of Wouter Henekelman, concludes that he had no
1532:
520:
Multiple theophoric names indicate that Simut was among the deities present in the pantheon of the
160:
446:
437:
to him. The latter one was shared with the goddess Belet-ali. It was referred to with the term
1522:
1512:
535:. He might also be present in an earlier Nippur god list, but this attestation is uncertain.
521:
370:
164:
303:
220:
204:, in at least one case sharing the role of a divine witness and guardian of contracts with
8:
168:
1209:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East (in German). Brill.
1471:
1167:
354:
263:
231:
457:, Napirisha and Inshushinak. It was built during the reign of Hutelutush-Inshushinak.
128:
Various spellings of Simut's name are attested in Elamite sources, including phonetic
1527:
1475:
1463:
1399:
1389:
1366:
1339:
1329:
1235:
1210:
1159:
1155:
1123:
1092:
1065:
399:
255:
1459:
1455:
1416:
1358:
1151:
1115:
1084:
1057:
509:
450:
426:
393:
380:
350:
326:
286:
251:
180:
109:
61:
41:
1250:
1429:
1305:
1287:
1268:
1204:
1186:
471:
Worship of Simut continued in the former Elamite territory under the rule of the
442:
422:
384:
375:
402:, and Simut-wartash from the Sukkalmah period, whose inscriptions were found in
532:
1420:
1061:
19:
This article is about the Elamite god. For the ancient Egyptian official, see
1506:
1467:
1403:
1362:
1343:
1163:
1127:
434:
333:
due to their shared role as heralds of the gods in the respective pantheons.
320:
1325:
God lists from Old Babylonian Nippur in the University Museum, Philadelphia
407:
362:
312:
1088:
499:
483:
475:
366:
205:
113:
527:
Nine theophoric names invoking Simut have been identified in texts from
316:
1119:
196:
454:
418:
414:
1352:
1323:
1485:"CCP 6.7.B - Weidner's God List B - Cuneiform Commentaries Project"
1381:
449:", "fate" or "(divine) help", According to inscriptions of kings
342:
290:
259:
239:
209:
153:
1484:
297:, a deity named Raqadu appears instead of Laṣ, and according to
528:
487:
472:
461:
346:
294:
282:
271:
267:
191:
167:
ones, Ĺ imut (Shimut) appears to be the correct orthography. In
117:
101:
77:
236:
Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie
503:
465:
403:
358:
330:
329:
proposes that Mesopotamians might have associated Simut with
275:
20:
642:
545:
514:
430:
216:
201:
145:
105:
97:
46:
696:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
585:
583:
581:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
686:
684:
1016:
944:
932:
799:
797:
795:
756:
373:
copies of earlier inscriptions also mention a governor (
353:, Simut is attested for the first time in the treaty of
179:
Simut was known as "god of Elam", "herald of the gods" (
1234:. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.
922:
920:
869:
619:
578:
557:
464:
left behind an inscription dedicated to Humban, Tepti,
289:. In another version of this text he appears alongside
1028:
744:
681:
445:
variously translated in modern literature as "gate", "
992:
980:
792:
720:
671:
669:
654:
1004:
968:
956:
917:
893:
857:
845:
833:
821:
809:
708:
341:
Like many other gods worshiped in Elam, for example
281:
In Mesopotamia Simut was frequently associated with
223:, and the planet was often called "the star Simut",
171:
sources, the name is spelled as "Ĺ umudu" (Shumudu).
905:
881:
780:
768:
595:
666:
607:
308:it is possible to identify her as Simut's spouse.
250:In Elam Simut was likely viewed as the husband of
245:
293:, the wife of Nergal. In a variant discovered in
1504:
732:
215:Simut was frequently associated with the planet
104:of the gods, and was associated with the planet
1081:The First Dynasty of the Sealand in Mesopotamia
315:instead suggested that this title referred to
478:dynasty, and he is attested in the so-called
234:describes Simut as an "infernal" god in the
1413:Law and (Dis)Order in the Ancient Near East
194:, Simut was associated with the concept of
1427:
1415:(in German). Penn State University Press.
357:with an unknown Elamite monarch, possibly
1266:
1248:
1229:
1051:
1022:
950:
938:
762:
648:
636:
589:
572:
551:
493:
116:, where he was compared with the war god
1321:
1144:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1134:
1034:
875:
262:or Nindar originally belonged to a male
186:) and "mighty one, herald of the gods" (
1303:
1285:
1054:Karduniaš. Babylonia under the Kassites
750:
702:
690:
660:
1505:
1184:
1105:
1078:
998:
986:
803:
726:
1445:
1379:
1350:
1010:
974:
962:
926:
911:
899:
887:
863:
851:
839:
827:
815:
786:
714:
675:
601:
1482:
1410:
1206:Geschichte der hethitischen Religion
1202:
774:
738:
613:
13:
14:
1544:
1306:"Manziʾat/Mazziʾat/Mazzât/Mazzêt"
1108:Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy
108:. He was closely associated with
1489:Digital Object Identifier System
1454:(2). Maney Publishing: 222–237.
1428:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998),
1249:Henkelman, Wouter F. M. (2011),
1230:Henkelman, Wouter F. M. (2008).
1156:10.7817/jameroriesoci.138.1.0121
1150:(1). American Oriental Society.
1056:. De Gruyter. pp. 245–312.
480:Persepolis fortification archive
1460:10.1179/0334435514z.00000000036
1044:
460:The Neo-Elamite ruler Hanni of
429:dedicated houses of worship in
246:Associations with other deities
1357:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
538:
266:, the husband of the goddess
221:Babylonian astrological texts
1434:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1310:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1304:Lambert, Wilfred G. (1987),
1292:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1286:Lambert, Wilfred G. (1983),
1273:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1255:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1191:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
242:or underworld associations.
174:
100:god. He was regarded as the
7:
1322:Peterson, Jeremiah (2009).
1267:Krebernik, Manfred (2008),
1185:Edzard, Dietz-Otto (1998),
10:
1549:
1388:. MĂĽnster: Ugarit-Verlag.
1328:. MĂĽnster: Ugarit Verlag.
1135:De Graef, Katrien (2018).
336:
18:
16:Elamite herald of the gods
1421:10.1515/9781646021208-021
1382:"Elamite Temple Building"
1380:Potts, Daniel T. (2010).
1351:Potts, Daniel T. (1999).
1062:10.1515/9781501503566-011
365:, where he appears after
208:and the Mesopotamian sun
73:
68:
57:
52:
40:
33:
28:
1430:"Nergal A. Philological"
1363:10.1017/cbo9780511489617
161:Middle Babylonian period
1354:The Archaeology of Elam
1203:Haas, Volkert (2015) .
1079:Boivin, Odette (2018).
270:, who was worshiped in
123:
74:Mesopotamian equivalent
494:Mesopotamian reception
1114:(2). Wiley: 177–185.
1089:10.1515/9781501507823
522:First Sealand dynasty
188:silhak perir nappipir
163:, though in earlier,
1483:Zaia, Shana (2017).
406:on the coast of the
705:, pp. 345–346.
651:, pp. 364–366.
554:, pp. 511–512.
383:period bearing the
379:) of Elam from the
264:Mesopotamian deity
232:Wilfred G. Lambert
35:Herald of the gods
1518:Mesopotamian gods
1395:978-3-86835-031-9
1372:978-0-521-56358-1
1335:978-3-86835-019-7
1241:978-90-6258-414-7
1216:978-90-04-29394-6
1120:10.1111/aae.12005
1098:978-1-5015-0782-3
400:Shimashki dynasty
299:Manfred Krebernik
83:
82:
1540:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1479:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1424:
1407:
1376:
1347:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1245:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1166:. Archived from
1141:
1131:
1102:
1075:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
700:
694:
688:
679:
673:
664:
658:
652:
646:
640:
634:
617:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
576:
570:
555:
549:
510:Stephanie Dalley
451:Shutruk-Nahhunte
427:Untash-Napirisha
417:with Huhnur and
397:
327:Stephanie Dalley
307:
287:Weidner god list
26:
25:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1533:Martian deities
1503:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1491:
1438:
1436:
1396:
1373:
1336:
1314:
1312:
1296:
1294:
1278:
1276:
1259:
1257:
1242:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1195:
1193:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1139:
1099:
1072:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
985:
981:
973:
969:
961:
957:
949:
945:
937:
933:
925:
918:
910:
906:
898:
894:
886:
882:
874:
870:
862:
858:
850:
846:
838:
834:
826:
822:
814:
810:
802:
793:
785:
781:
773:
769:
761:
757:
749:
745:
737:
733:
725:
721:
713:
709:
701:
697:
689:
682:
674:
667:
659:
655:
647:
643:
635:
620:
612:
608:
600:
596:
588:
579:
571:
558:
550:
546:
541:
496:
443:hapax legomenon
391:
385:theophoric name
339:
301:
248:
177:
126:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1546:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1500:
1499:
1480:
1443:
1425:
1408:
1394:
1377:
1371:
1348:
1334:
1319:
1301:
1283:
1264:
1246:
1240:
1227:
1215:
1200:
1182:
1132:
1103:
1097:
1083:. De Gruyter.
1076:
1070:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1027:
1025:, p. 310.
1023:Bartelmus 2017
1015:
1013:, p. 226.
1003:
1001:, p. 149.
991:
989:, p. 229.
979:
977:, p. 348.
967:
965:, p. 346.
955:
953:, p. 365.
951:Henkelman 2008
943:
941:, p. 313.
939:Henkelman 2008
931:
929:, p. 247.
916:
904:
902:, p. 223.
892:
880:
878:, p. 129.
868:
866:, p. 180.
856:
854:, p. 164.
844:
842:, p. 146.
832:
830:, p. 102.
820:
818:, p. 111.
808:
806:, p. 181.
791:
779:
777:, p. 367.
767:
765:, p. 247.
763:Krebernik 2008
755:
753:, p. 507.
743:
731:
729:, p. 338.
719:
717:, p. 500.
707:
695:
693:, p. 345.
680:
665:
663:, p. 346.
653:
649:Henkelman 2008
641:
639:, p. 511.
637:Henkelman 2011
618:
616:, p. 235.
606:
604:, p. 225.
594:
592:, p. 258.
590:Henkelman 2008
577:
575:, p. 512.
573:Henkelman 2011
556:
552:Henkelman 2011
543:
542:
540:
537:
533:Kassite period
495:
492:
371:Old Babylonian
338:
335:
247:
244:
176:
173:
165:Old Babylonian
125:
122:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
66:
65:
59:
55:
54:
50:
49:
44:
38:
37:
34:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1545:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1173:on 2022-06-16
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1071:9781501503566
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1037:, p. 76.
1036:
1035:Peterson 2009
1031:
1024:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1000:
995:
988:
983:
976:
971:
964:
959:
952:
947:
940:
935:
928:
923:
921:
914:, p. 61.
913:
908:
901:
896:
890:, p. 68.
889:
884:
877:
876:De Graef 2018
872:
865:
860:
853:
848:
841:
836:
829:
824:
817:
812:
805:
800:
798:
796:
789:, p. 63.
788:
783:
776:
771:
764:
759:
752:
747:
740:
735:
728:
723:
716:
711:
704:
699:
692:
687:
685:
678:, p. 58.
677:
672:
670:
662:
657:
650:
645:
638:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
615:
610:
603:
598:
591:
586:
584:
582:
574:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
553:
548:
544:
536:
534:
530:
525:
523:
518:
516:
511:
507:
505:
501:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
474:
469:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:Chogha Zanbil
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
395:
390:
389:Tan-Ruhurater
386:
382:
378:
377:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
334:
332:
328:
324:
322:
318:
314:
309:
305:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
278:and Ki'esa.
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
243:
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
185:
184:berir napirra
182:
172:
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
79:
76:
72:
67:
63:
60:
56:
51:
48:
45:
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
1523:Stellar gods
1513:Elamite gods
1492:. Retrieved
1488:
1451:
1447:
1437:, retrieved
1433:
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1275:(in German)
1187:"Nindar(a)"
999:Boivin 2018
987:Boivin 2018
804:Dalley 2013
727:Edzard 1998
484:Ahura Mazda
468:and Simut.
392: [
367:Inshushinak
302: [
206:Inshushinak
154:NIN.DAR.(A)
134:Ĺ i-mu-ut-ta
114:Mesopotamia
69:Equivalents
1507:Categories
1494:2022-03-03
1439:2022-03-03
1315:2022-03-03
1297:2022-03-03
1279:2023-07-06
1260:2022-03-03
1222:2022-03-03
1196:2022-03-03
1177:2022-03-30
1011:Zadok 2014
975:Potts 1999
963:Potts 1999
927:Potts 1999
912:Potts 2010
900:Potts 1999
888:Potts 2010
864:Potts 1999
852:Potts 1999
840:Potts 1999
828:Potts 1999
816:Potts 1999
787:Potts 2010
715:Potts 2010
676:Potts 2010
602:Zadok 2014
539:References
476:Achaemenid
1476:161962886
1468:0334-4355
1404:618338811
1344:460044951
1164:0003-0279
1128:0905-7196
775:Haas 2015
739:Zaia 2017
614:Salo 2021
531:from the
500:Rim-Sîn I
455:Kiririsha
419:Napirisha
415:Ruhurater
355:Naram-Sin
175:Character
96:) was an
53:Genealogy
1528:War gods
1448:Tel Aviv
1269:"Raqadu"
381:Sargonic
256:Akkadian
240:funerary
225:Si-mu-ut
138:Ĺ i-mu-ut
130:Si-mu-ut
64:, Raqadu
1251:"Ĺ imut"
473:Persian
398:of the
343:Pinikir
337:Worship
260:Nindara
210:Shamash
181:Elamite
98:Elamite
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488:Mithra
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423:Anshan
351:Manzat
347:Humban
295:Ugarit
283:Nergal
272:Lagash
268:Nanshe
252:Manzat
230:While
197:kittin
192:Humban
148:, MAN-
142:Ĺ i-mut
118:Nergal
110:Manzat
102:herald
94:Shimut
78:Nergal
62:Manzat
58:Spouse
42:Planet
1472:S2CID
1288:"Laṣ"
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466:Napir
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276:Girsu
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21:Simut
1464:ISSN
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1390:ISBN
1367:ISBN
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1236:ISBN
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1160:ISSN
1124:ISSN
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486:and
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376:ensi
363:Awan
359:Hita
349:and
317:Ugur
217:Mars
202:Susa
146:Mars
140:and
124:Name
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