Uncle Tom's Cabin - Knowledge

1281: 1659: 1637: 455: 842:. Stowe made it somewhat subtle and in some cases she wove it into events that would also support the dominant theme. One example of this is when Augustine St. Clare is killed, he attempted to stop a brawl between two inebriated men in a cafe and was stabbed. Another example is the death of Prue, who was whipped to death for being drunk on a consistent basis; however, her reasons for doing so is due to the loss of her baby. In the opening of the novel, the fates of Eliza and her son are being discussed between slave owners over wine. Considering that Stowe intended this to be a subtheme, this scene could foreshadow future events that put alcohol in a bad light. 714: 782:. His goal is to demoralize Tom and break him of his religious faith; he eventually orders Tom whipped to death out of frustration for his slave's unbreakable belief in God. The novel reveals that, as a young man, he had abandoned his sickly mother for a life at sea and ignored her letter to see her one last time at her deathbed. He sexually exploits Cassy, who despises him, and later sets his designs on Emmeline. It is unclear if Legree is based on any actual individuals. Reports surfaced in the late 1800s that Stowe had in mind a wealthy cotton and sugar plantation owner named 942: 1591:, with the last author having been a close personal friend of Stowe's when the two lived in Cincinnati. Simms' book was published a few months after Stowe's novel, and it contains a number of sections and discussions disputing Stowe's book and her view of slavery. Hentz's 1854 novel, widely read at the time but now largely forgotten, offers a defense of slavery as seen through the eyes of a Northern woman—the daughter of an abolitionist, no less—who marries a Southern slave owner. 6912: 10852: 47: 10862: 894:

stated that Stowe saw her novel as offering a solution to the moral and political dilemma that troubled many slavery opponents: whether engaging in prohibited behavior was justified in opposing evil. Was the use of violence to oppose the violence of slavery and the breaking of proslavery laws morally defensible? Which of Stowe's characters should be emulated, the passive Uncle Tom or the defiant George Harris? Stowe's solution was similar to

7827: 676:. Despite Legree's cruelty, Tom refuses to stop reading his Bible and comforting the other slaves as best he can. While at the plantation, Tom meets Cassy, another slave whom Legree used as a sex slave. Cassy tells her story to Tom. She was previously separated from her son and daughter when they were sold. She became pregnant again but killed the child because she could not tolerate having another child separated from her. 6982: 562: 827: 312: 1691:'s version and, according to Francis Underwood, was "delighted" by Caroline Howard's portrayal of Topsy). Aiken's stage production was the most popular play in the U.S. and Britain for 75 years. Stowe's refusal to authorize a particular dramatic version left the field clear for any number of adaptations, some launched for (various) political reasons and others as simply commercial theatrical ventures. 1147: 684:

does, taking Emmeline with her. When Tom refuses to tell Legree where Cassy and Emmeline have gone, Legree orders his overseers to kill Tom. As Tom is dying, he forgives the overseers who savagely beat him. Humbled by the character of the man they have killed, both men become Christians. George Shelby, Arthur Shelby's son, arrives to buy Tom's freedom, but Tom dies shortly after they meet.

661: 823:" on the destructive nature of slavery (such as when a white woman on the steamboat carrying Tom further south states, "The most dreadful part of slavery, to my mind, is its outrages of feelings and affections—the separating of families, for example."). One way Stowe showed the evil of slavery was how this "peculiar institution" forcibly separated families from each other. 633:, St. Clare debates slavery with his Northern cousin Ophelia who, while opposing slavery, is prejudiced against black people. St. Clare, however, believes he is not biased, even though he is a slave owner. In an attempt to show Ophelia that her prejudiced views against black people are wrong, St. Clare purchases Topsy, a young black slave, and asks Ophelia to educate her. 706: 611: 1122:

runaway slaves in Cincinnati. It is reported that "She observed firsthand several incidents which galvanized her to write famous anti-slavery novel. Scenes she observed on the Ohio River, including seeing a husband and wife being sold apart, as well as newspaper and magazine accounts and interviews, contributed material to the emerging plot."

969:. I could not leave it any more than I could have left a dying child." Another reader is described as obsessing on the book at all hours and having considered renaming her daughter Eva. Evidently the death of Little Eva affected a lot of people at that time, because in 1852, 300 baby girls in Boston alone were given that name. 6950:– edited by Stephen Railton, covers 1830 to 1930, offering links to primary and bibliographic sources on the cultural background, various editions, and public reception of Harriet Beecher Stowe's influential novel. The site also provides the full text of the book, audio and video clips, and examples of related merchandising. 1042: 905:. In this view, the character of George Harris embodies the principles of free labor, and the complex character of Ophelia represents those Northerners who condoned compromise with slavery. In contrast to Ophelia is Dinah, who operates on passion. During the course of the novel Ophelia is transformed, just as the 697:, the African nation created for former American slaves. George Shelby returns to the Kentucky farm, where after his father's death, he frees all his slaves. George Shelby urges them to remember Tom's sacrifice every time they look at his cabin. He decides to lead a pious Christian life just as Uncle Tom did. 3052: 1202:

hate her litigiousness, her insolence, and her ambition. All parties hailed Mrs. Stowe as a revolter from the enemy... She taught us how to prove that democrats may be tyrants, that an aristocracy of caste is more oppressive than an aristocracy of station... Our pity for the victim is swallowed up by

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nature of slavery. For Stowe, blood relations rather than paternalistic relations between masters and slaves formed the basis of families. Moreover, Stowe viewed national solidarity as an extension of a person's family, thus feelings of nationality stemmed from possessing a shared race. Consequently,

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Over the years scholars have postulated a number of theories about what Stowe was trying to say with the novel (aside from the major theme of condemning slavery). For example, as an ardent Christian and active abolitionist, Stowe placed many of her religious beliefs into the novel. Some scholars have

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and become free. In Louisiana, Uncle Tom almost succumbs to hopelessness as his faith in God is tested by the hardships of the plantation. He has two visions, one of Jesus and one of Eva, which renew his resolve to remain a faithful Christian, even unto death. He encourages Cassy to escape, which she

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expressed a different view with her famous defense of the book in "Sentimental Power: Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Politics of Literary History." Tompkins praised the style so many other critics had dismissed, writing that sentimental novels showed how women's emotions had the power to change the world

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and other sentimental novels because these books were written by women and so prominently featured what one critic called "women's sloppy emotions". Another literary critic said that had the novel not been about slavery, "it would be just another sentimental novel", and another described the book as

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to New Orleans to be sold, and he rescues the five- or six-year-old girl from drowning. Eva begs her father to buy Tom, and he becomes the head coachman at the St. Clare house. He spends most of his time with the angelic Eva. Eva often talks about love and forgiveness, convincing the dour slave girl

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and from there Tom is to be transported to a slave market. While on board, Tom meets Eva, an angelic little white girl. They quickly become friends. Eva falls into the river and Tom dives into the river to save her life. Being grateful to Tom, Eva's father Augustine St. Clare buys him from Haley and

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farmer named Arthur Shelby facing the loss of his farm because of debts. Even though he and his wife Emily Shelby believe that they have a benevolent relationship with their slaves, Shelby decides to raise the needed funds by selling two of them—Uncle Tom, a middle-aged man with a wife and children,

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was released, repackaging the novel as an "American classic". Through the 1880s until its copyright expired, the book served as a mainstay and reliable source of income for Houghton Mifflin. By the end of the nineteenth century, the novel was widely available in a large number of editions and in the

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may therefore prove a startling experience. It is a much more impressive work than one has ever been allowed to suspect." Jane Tompkins stated that the novel is one of the classics of American literature and wonders if many literary critics dismiss the book because it was simply too popular during

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that "Nothing attributable to Mrs. Stowe or her handiwork can account for the novel's enormous vogue; its author's resources as a purveyor of Sunday-school fiction were not remarkable. She had at most a ready command of broadly conceived melodrama, humor, and pathos, and of these popular sentiments

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gratified in England were not hatred or vengeance, but national jealousy and national vanity. We have long been smarting under the conceit of America—we are tired of hearing her boast that she is the freest and the most enlightened country that the world has ever seen. Our clergy hate her voluntary

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Some critics highlighted Stowe's paucity of life-experience relating to Southern life, saying that it led her to create inaccurate descriptions of the region. For instance, she had never been to a Southern plantation. Stowe always said she based the characters of her book on stories she was told by

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engraved for the first printing. Published in book form on March 20, 1852, the novel sold 3,000 copies on that day alone, and soon sold out its complete print run. In the first year after it was published, 300,000 copies of the book were sold in the United States. Eight printing presses,

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met Stowe in 1862 he supposedly commented, "So this is the little lady who started this great war." Historians are undecided if Lincoln actually said this line, and in a letter that Stowe wrote to her husband a few hours after meeting with Lincoln no mention of this comment was made. Many writers

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During Eliza's escape, she meets up with her husband George Harris, who had run away previously. They decide to attempt to reach Canada but are tracked by Tom Loker, a slave hunter hired by Mr. Haley. Eventually Loker and his men trap Eliza and her family, causing George to shoot him in the side.

1712:. These plays varied tremendously in their politics—some faithfully reflected Stowe's sentimentalized antislavery politics, while others were more moderate, or even pro-slavery. Many of the productions featured demeaning racial caricatures of black people; some productions also featured songs by 5819:

Dixon might be best described as a professional racist who made his living writing books and plays attacking the presence of African Americans in the United States. A firm believer not only in white supremacy, but also in the 'degeneration' of blacks after slavery ended, Dixon thought the ideal

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Derived from a presentation at the June 2007 Uncle Tom's Cabin in the Web of Culture conference, sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities, and presented by the Harriet Beecher Stowe Center (Hartford, CT) and the Uncle Tom's Cabin & American Culture Project at the University of

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generally took a pro-slavery viewpoint, arguing that the issues of slavery as depicted in Stowe's book were overblown and incorrect. The novels in this genre tended to feature a benign white patriarchal master and a pure wife, both of whom presided over childlike slaves in a benevolent extended

419:, Jacobs was enslaved for most of her life, including by the president of Bowdoin College. In her final years, Jacobs lived as a free woman, laundering clothes for Bowdoin students. She achieved respect from her community due to her devout religious beliefs, and her funeral was widely attended. 853:

is the moral power and sanctity of women. Through characters like Eliza, who escapes from slavery to save her young son (and eventually reunites her entire family), or Eva, who is seen as the "ideal Christian", Stowe shows how she believed women could save those around them from even the worst

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On their boat ride to freedom, Cassy and Emmeline meet George Harris' sister Madame de Thoux and accompany her to Canada. Madame de Thoux and George Harris were separated in their childhood. Cassy discovers that Eliza is her long-lost daughter who was sold as a child. Now that their family is

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stereotype of black children (in the character of Topsy); the Uncle Tom, an African American who is too eager to please white people. Stowe intended Tom to be a "noble hero" and a Christ-like figure who, like Jesus at his crucifixion, forgives the people responsible for his death. The false

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as a necessary step toward the abolition of slavery. In this view, abolitionists had begun to resist the vision of aggressive and dominant men that the conquest and colonization of the early 19th century had fostered. To change the notion of manhood so that men could oppose slavery without

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with slavery. This theme is most evident when Tom urges St. Clare to "look away to Jesus" after the death of St. Clare's beloved daughter Eva. After Tom dies, George Shelby eulogizes Tom by saying, "What a thing it is to be a Christian." Because Christian themes play such a large role in

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and Harry, the son of Emily Shelby's maid Eliza—to Mr. Haley, a coarse slave trader. Emily Shelby is averse to this idea because she had promised her maid that her child would never be sold; Emily's son, George Shelby, hates to see Tom go because he sees the man as his friend and mentor.

1092:. In a series of letters in the paper, Delany accused Stowe of "borrowing (and thus profiting) from the work of black writers to compose her novel" and chastised Stowe for her "apparent support of black colonization to Africa." " Martin was "one of the most out-spoken black critics" of 932:

and Christianity as well as passivism, and praised men for cooperation, compassion, and civic spirit. Others within the abolitionist movement argued for conventional, aggressive masculine action. All the men in Stowe's novel are representations of either one kind of man or the other.

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was the best-selling novel in the world during the 19th century. As a result, the book (along with illustrations from the book and associated stage productions) played a major role in perpetuating and solidifying such stereotypes into the American psyche. In the 1960s and 1970s, the

6985: 640:, which she shares with the people around her. As a result of her death and vision, the other characters resolve to change their lives, Ophelia promising to throw off her personal prejudices against blacks, Topsy saying she will better herself, and St. Clare pledging to free Tom. 775:. Before dying, she gives a lock of her hair to each of the slaves, telling them that they must become Christians so that they may see each other in Heaven. On her deathbed, she convinces her father to free Tom, but because of circumstances the promise never materializes. 481:, an abolitionist periodical, starting with the June 5, 1851, issue. It was originally intended as a shorter narrative that would run for only a few weeks. Stowe expanded the story significantly, however, and it was instantly popular, such that protests were sent to the 1210:, who wrote her in response: "I have read your book with the deepest interest and sympathy, and admire, more than I can express to you, both the generous feeling which inspired it, and the admirable power with which it is executed." The historian and politician 1475:

Many modern scholars and readers have criticized the book for condescending racist descriptions of the black characters' appearances, speech, and behavior, as well as the passive nature of Uncle Tom in accepting his fate. The novel's creation and use of common

1807:, this film was "a decided innovation" in motion pictures and "the first time an American company" released a dramatic film in three reels. Until then, full-length movies of the time were 15 minutes long and contained only one reel of film. The movie starred 1679:

estimated that "for every one of the three hundred thousand who bought the novel in its first year, many more eventually saw the play." In 1902, it was reported that by a quarter million of these presentations had already been performed in the United States.

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was the most-filmed book of that time period). Because of the continuing popularity of both the book and "Tom" shows, audiences were already familiar with the characters and the plot, making it easier for the film to be understood without spoken words.

11636: 7359: 376: 1118:, being forced to leave town for selling the novel to threatening letters sent to Stowe (including a package containing a slave's severed ear). Many Southern writers, like Simms, soon wrote their own books in opposition to Stowe's novel. 1032:

ignited a firestorm of protest from defenders of slavery (who created a number of books in response to the novel) while the book elicited praise from abolitionists. The novel is considered an influential "landmark" of protest literature.

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When Eliza overhears Mr. and Mrs. Shelby discussing plans to sell Tom and Harry, Eliza determines to run away with her son. The novel states that Eliza made this decision because she fears losing her only surviving child (she had already

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Before St. Clare can follow through on his pledge, he dies after being stabbed outside a tavern. His wife reneges on her late husband's vow and sells Tom at auction to a vicious plantation owner named Simon Legree. Tom is taken to rural

1521:", which sometimes replaced Tom's grim death with an upbeat ending where Tom causes his oppressors to see the error of their ways, and they all reconcile happily. Stowe had no control over these shows and their alteration of her story. 956:

and domestic fiction (also called women's fiction). These genres were the most popular novels of Stowe's time and were "written by, for, and about women" along with featuring a writing style that evoked a reader's sympathy and emotion.

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was the best-selling novel and the second best-selling book of the 19th century, following the Bible. It is credited with helping fuel the abolitionist cause in the 1850s. The influence attributed to the book was so great that a likely

1913:. This controversial 1915 film set the dramatic climax in a slave cabin similar to that of Uncle Tom, where several white Southerners unite with their former enemy (Yankee soldiers) to defend, according to the film's caption, their " 964:

The power in this type of writing can be seen in the reaction of contemporary readers. Georgiana May, a friend of Stowe's, wrote a letter to the author, saying: "I was up last night long after one o'clock, reading and finishing

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sold equally well in Britain; the first London edition appeared in May 1852 and sold 200,000 copies. In a few years, over 1.5 million copies of the book were in circulation in Britain, although most of these were

1329:. It is an unintentionally ludicrous book, full of preposterous melodramatic incidents; it is also deeply moving and essentially true; it is hard to say which quality outweighs the other." But he concludes "I would back 7260: 1636: 1792:. This version was evidently similar to many of the "Tom Shows" of earlier decades and featured several stereotypes about blacks (such as having the slaves dance in almost any context, including at a slave auction). 5954: 5722: 1308:

has claimed that Baldwin missed the point and that the purpose of the novel was "to treat slavery not as a political issue but as an individually human one – and ultimately a challenge to Christianity itself."

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Eliza is a slave who serves as a personal maid to Mrs. Shelby. She escapes to the North with her five-year-old son Harry after he is sold to Mr. Haley. Her husband, George, eventually finds Eliza and Harry in

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as "a bad novel, having, in its self-righteousness, virtuous sentimentality". He argued that the novel lacked psychological depth, and that Stowe, "was not so much a novelist as an impassioned pamphleteer".

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to whites. Stowe intended Tom to be a "noble hero" and a praiseworthy person. Throughout the book, far from allowing himself to be exploited, Tom stands up for his beliefs and refuses to betray friends and

1612:). More than half of these anti-Tom books were written by white women, Simms commenting at one point about the "Seemingly poetic justice of having the Northern woman (Stowe) answered by a Southern woman." 2029: 1364:

in what has been called a "serious attempt to resurrect it as both a central document in American race relations and a significant moral and political exploration of the character of those relations."

1687:—"Tom shows"—began to appear while the novel was still being serialized. Stowe refused to authorize dramatization of her work because of her distrust of drama (although she did eventually go to see 6360: 1698:

laws existed at the time. The book and plays were translated into several languages; Stowe received no money, which could have meant as much as "three-fourths of her just and legitimate wages".

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Cuenca, Carme Manuel (Winter 1997–1998). "An angel in the plantation: The economics of slavery and the politics of literary domesticity in Caroline Lee Hentz's 'The Planter's Northern Bride'".

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family style plantation. The novels either implied or directly stated that African Americans were a childlike people unable to live their lives without being directly overseen by white people.

734:, the title character, was initially seen as a noble, long-suffering Christian slave. In more recent years, his name has become an epithet directed towards African-Americans who are accused of 446:(1853). This non-fiction book was intended to not only verify Stowe's claims about slavery but also point readers to the many "publicly available documents" detailing the horrors of slavery. 283:

have, to an extent, overshadowed the historical effects of the book as a "vital antislavery tool". Nonetheless, the novel remains a "landmark" in protest literature, with later books such as

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experienced a revival of interest in the early 1960s. In the Chinese communist view of the book, Uncle Tom was interpreted as having been betrayed by his "Christian consciousness." In 1961,

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was "convinced both of the social uses of the novel and of Stowe's humanitarianism" and heavily promoted the novel in his newspaper during the book's initial release. Though Douglass said

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not only for the stereotypes the novel had created about African-Americans but also because of "the utter disdain of the Tom character by the black community". These writers included

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of motherhood and the power of Christian love, she emphasizes the connections between these and the horrors of slavery. Stowe sometimes changed the story's voice so she could give a "

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two children). Eliza departs that night, leaving a note of apology to her mistress. She later makes a dangerous crossing over the ice of the Ohio River to escape her pursuers.

11628: 7246: 1280: 8089: 428: 1838:), this two-hour movie was more than a year in production and was the third most expensive picture of the silent era (at a cost of $ 1.8 million). The black actor 12248: 8133: 2050:, On p. 141, Tompkins writes "Stowe conceived her book as an instrument for bringing about the day when the world would be ruled not by force, but by Christian love.". 1850: 1226:, published in 1852, exercised, largely from fortuitous circumstances, a more immediate, considerable and dramatic world-influence than any other book ever printed." 12243: 4304: 11604: 1917:

birthright". According to scholars, this reuse of such a familiar image of a slave cabin would have resonated with, and been understood by, audiences of the time.

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For several decades after the end of the silent film era, the subject matter of Stowe's novel was judged too sensitive for further film interpretation. In 1946,

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have also credited the novel with focusing Northern anger at the injustices of slavery and the Fugitive Slave Law and helping to fuel the abolitionist movement.

12278: 9794: 9789: 7966: 7288: 490: 1757:, which was one of the first full-length movies. The still shows Eliza telling Uncle Tom that he has been sold and that she is running away to save her child. 755:

to Stowe's husband Calvin, a professor at the school. According to Rankin, in February 1838, a young slave woman, Eliza Harris, had escaped across the frozen

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Legree begins to hate Tom when Tom refuses Legree's order to whip his fellow slave. Legree beats Tom viciously and resolves to crush his new slave's faith in

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Ammons, Elizabeth (1986). "Stowe's Dream of the Mother-Savior: Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Women Writers Before the 1920s". In Sundquist, Eric J. (ed.).

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and cites "real life equivalents" to them while also mounting a more "aggressive attack on slavery in the South than the novel itself had". Like the novel,

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also created great interest in the United Kingdom. The first London edition appeared in May 1852 and sold 200,000 copies. Some of this interest was due to

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takes him with the family to their home in New Orleans. Tom and Eva begin to relate to one another because of the deep Christian faith they both share.

12172: 8408: 8106: 8099: 1731:"dominated northern popular culture... for several years" during the 19th century, and the plays were still being performed in the early 20th century. 1675:

was the best-selling novel of the 19th century, far more Americans of that time saw the story as a stage play or musical than read the book. Historian

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attacked the novel, claiming that the character of Uncle Tom engaged in "race betrayal", and that Tom made slaves out to be worse than slave owners.

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Simon Legree is a cruel slave owner—a Northerner by birth—whose name has become synonymous with greed and cruelty. He is arguably the novel's main

4455: 12126: 10444: 10419: 10221: 10129: 8679: 8413: 7447: 12228: 10271: 9914: 9303: 9182: 8094: 7661: 7597: 7592: 7414: 7018: 6689: 3061:, p. 24 states that "Stowe held specific beliefs about the 'evils' of slavery and the role of Americans in resisting it." The book then quotes 1517:

stereotype of Tom as a "subservient fool who bows down to the white man", and the resulting derogatory term "Uncle Tom", resulted from staged "

343: 6220: 5768: 1352:, have to some extent obscured the book's historical impact as a "vital antislavery tool". After the turn of the millennium, scholars such as 10798: 10156: 9909: 9904: 9330: 7853: 5857:"Over and above ... There Broods a Portentous Shadow – The Shadow of Law: Harriet Beecher Stowe's Critique of Slave Law in Uncle Tom's Cabin" 5785: 3576: 2586: 2038:, On p. 122, de Rosa quotes Tompkins 1985, p. 145 that Stowe's strategy was to destroy slavery through the "saving power of Christian love".. 1780:

was one of the earliest full-length movies (although full-length at that time meant between 10 and 14 minutes). This 1903 film, directed by

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Goldner, Ellen J. (Spring 2001). "Arguing with Pictures: Race, Class and the Formation of Popular Abolitionism Through Uncle Tom's Cabin".

4165: 2466: 885:—and because of Stowe's frequent use of direct authorial interjections on religion and faith—the novel often takes the "form of a sermon". 1830:

At least four more movie adaptations were created in the next two decades. The last silent film version was released in 1927. Directed by

12268: 12263: 10719: 10249: 9298: 9057: 7848: 7074: 798:, inspiration for the character of Uncle Tom, said that Legree was modeled after Bryce Lytton, "who broke my arm and maimed me for life." 504:

into a book. Convinced the book would be popular, Jewett made the unusual decision (for the time) to have six full-page illustrations by

4425: 4365: 1131:, an attempt to document the veracity of the novel's depiction of slavery. In the book, Stowe discusses each of the major characters in 815:

is dominated by a single theme: the evil and immorality of slavery. While Stowe weaves other subthemes throughout her text, such as the

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Winship, Michael (2010). "The Library of Congress in 1892: Ainsworth Spofford, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, and Uncle Tom's Cabin".

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Because Stowe saw motherhood as the "ethical and structural model for all of American life" and also believed that only women had the

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Tom Loker, changed after being healed by the Quakers, returns to the story. He has helped George, Eliza, and Harry enter Canada from

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religious beliefs show up in the novel's final, overarching theme—the exploration of the nature of Christian love and how she feels

12218: 12121: 11895: 10580: 10515: 9217: 9192: 8428: 8403: 8353: 8333: 7172: 7057: 6328:"Systemic Racism as a Living Text: Implications of Uncle Tom's Cabin as a Fictionalized Narrative of Present and Past Black Bodies" 1740: 3995: 10783: 10758: 10474: 10171: 10067: 9919: 9252: 9132: 8343: 7835: 7686: 5826:

Berman, Carolyn Vellenga (Summer 2000). "Creole Family Politics in Uncle Tom's Cabin and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl".

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copies (a similar situation occurred in the United States). By 1857, the novel had been translated into 20 languages. Translator

440:. Stowe also conducted interviews with people who escaped slavery. Stowe mentioned a number of these inspirations and sources in 9142: 1853:. Film versions were created overseas in the following decades, including a 1965 German-language version and a TV soap opera in 1143:

documented her previously consulted sources, she actually read many of the cited works only after the publication of her novel.

12223: 12058: 11879: 11799: 10724: 10469: 9212: 9207: 8882: 7998: 7935: 7494: 3767: 9052: 1602:, between twenty and thirty anti-Tom books were published (although others continued to be published after the war, including 11831: 11660: 10296: 9288: 9283: 9147: 9047: 8298: 8181: 7295: 2322: 1948: 747:

and emigrates with them to Canada, then France, and finally Liberia. The character Eliza was inspired by an account given at

31: 6241:"British Illustrated Editions of Uncle Tom's Cabin: Race, Working-Class Literacy, and Transatlantic Reprinting in the 1850s" 766:

Evangeline "Eva" St. Clare is the daughter of Augustine St. Clare. Eva enters the narrative when Uncle Tom is traveling via

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instead of realistic women, Stowe's novel "reaffirmed the importance of women's influence" and helped pave the way for the

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published the first Chinese translation in 1901, which was also the first American novel translated into that language.

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After Tom has lived with the St. Clares for two years, Eva grows very ill. Before she dies she experiences a vision of

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Bellin, Joshua D (1993). "Up to Heaven's Gate, Down in Earth's Dust: the Politics of Judgment in Uncle Tom's Cabin".

5500: 5235: 4816:

Castronovo, Russ (2014). "Transatlantic vs. Hemispheric: Toni Morrison's Long Nineteenth Century by Amy Brickhouse".

4683:

Africana: Arts and Letters: an A-to-Z reference of writers, musicians, and artists of the African American Experience

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was originally cast in the title role, but he was fired after the studio decided his "portrayal was too aggressive".

1110:

were outraged at the novel's release, with the book also roundly criticized by slavery supporters. Southern novelist

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Noble, Marianne (2003). "The Ecstasies of Sentimental Wounding in Uncle Tom's Cabin". In Rosenthal, Debra J. (ed.).

4574:

Trans-Atlantic Historical Solidarity: Lectures Delivered before the University of Oxford in Easter and Trinity Terms

12164: 11935: 9202: 9167: 9107: 9062: 8225: 8081: 7130: 7122: 7114: 7098: 7090: 7066: 6675:

Szczesiul, Anthony E. (March 1996). "The Canonization of Tom and Eva: Catholic Hagiography and Uncle Tom's Cabin".

1865: 1647: 1187: 1058:

had an "incalculable" impact on the 19th-century world and captured the imagination of many Americans. In a likely

272: 6493: 5783:

Benbow, Mark E. (October 2010). "Birth of a Quotation: Woodrow Wilson and 'Like Writing History with Lightning'".

1965: 1299:

published his influential and infamous critical essay "Everbody's Protest Novel". In the essay, Baldwin described

12273: 12106: 11668: 10768: 10753: 10635: 10595: 10494: 10479: 10464: 10459: 10291: 10196: 9227: 9122: 9082: 8803: 8639: 8057: 7860: 7232: 1583: 1191: 909:(three years later) proclaimed that the North must transform itself and stand up for its antislavery principles. 7902: 6690:"Lincoln, Stowe, and the 'Little Woman/Great War' Story: The Making, and Breaking, of a Great American Anecdote" 5900: 454: 12148: 10793: 10112: 9876: 9232: 9197: 9102: 8808: 8338: 7433: 7281: 6575: 1009:

offers a "critique of American society far more devastating than any delivered by better-known critics such as

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DiMaggio, Kenneth (2014). "Uncle Tom's Cabin: Global Best Seller, Anti-slave Narrative, Imperialist Agenda".

4795:

Negotiating Copyright: Authorship and the Discourse of Literary Property Rights in Nineteenth-Century America

1127: 1098: 1047: 442: 182: 6434:

Oertel, Kristen (May 2020). "Sharp Flashes of Lightning Come from Black Clouds: The Life of Josiah Henson".

12156: 12111: 11777: 11468: 11375: 11272: 10424: 10166: 9956: 9931: 9643: 8718: 8423: 8363: 8196: 8032: 7618: 6933: 6182:

Halpern, Faye (2011). "Unmasking Criticism: The Problem with Being a Good Reader of Sentimental Rhetoric".

1724:", and "Massa's in the Cold Ground"). The best-known Tom shows were those of George Aiken and H.J. Conway. 1497: 210: 155: 17: 11048: 1553:, writers in the Southern United States produced a number of books to rebut Stowe's novel. This so-called 834:, first edition. The image shows George Harris, Eliza, Harry, and Mrs. Smyth after they escape to freedom. 12233: 12180: 12081: 11927: 11283: 10855: 10603: 10354: 10191: 10181: 10176: 10134: 9558: 8857: 8308: 8218: 5047: 4705: 3752: 3664: 3423: 1508:

as a sex object (in the characters of Eliza, Cassy, and Emmeline); the affectionate, dark-skinned female

1338: 1088:

was "a work of marvelous depth and power," he also published criticism of the novel, most prominently by

4541: 1114:

declared the work utterly false while also calling it slanderous. Reactions ranged from a bookseller in

279:". The term came to be associated with an excessively subservient person. These later associations with 11692: 11473: 10918: 10746: 10334: 10161: 10044: 10022: 9951: 9866: 8927: 8728: 8606: 8588: 8157: 8020: 7881: 7776: 7623: 5991:

Dinerstein, Joel (Spring 2009). "'Uncle Tom Is Dead!': Wright, Himes, and Ellison Lay a Mask to Rest".

5660: 5608: 5446: 5350: 5097: 4752: 4463: 2782: 1068: 877: 862: 752: 339: 2695:

Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (July 3, 2011). "The Cousins' War: review of Amanda Foreman, 'A World on Fire'".

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jeopardizing their self-image or their standing in society, some abolitionists drew on principles of

898:'s: God's will would be followed if each person sincerely examined his principles and acted on them. 748: 416: 11163: 6701: 5901:"'Enslaving you, body and soul': the uses of temperance in Uncle Tom's Cabin and 'anti-Tom' fiction" 5557:

Tompkins, Jane (1985). "Sentimental Power: Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Politics of Literary History".

524:, which put the book back in print in November 1862. After that demand began to yet again increase. 11700: 11345: 10884: 10741: 10625: 10550: 10525: 10520: 10484: 10404: 10102: 10087: 9668: 8952: 8917: 8852: 8793: 8788: 8518: 7502: 6295:

Hovet, Theodore R. (1979). "Mrs. Thomas C. Upham's 'Happy Phebe': A Feminine Source of Uncle Tom".

1214:

wrote in 1852 that "it is the most valuable addition that America has made to English literature."

771:

Topsy that she deserves love. She even touches the heart of her Aunt Ophelia. Eventually Eva falls

525: 485:

office when she missed an issue. The final installment was released in the April 1, 1852, issue of

389: 335: 221: 11140: 7196: 5117:

The Colfax Massacre The Untold Story of Black Power, White Terror, and the Death of Reconstruction

1859: 12283: 11570: 11494: 11416: 11299: 10951: 10729: 10349: 10317: 10312: 10010: 9983: 9375: 8872: 8862: 8634: 8629: 8483: 8165: 7628: 7561: 7330: 7225: 7188: 5562: 5515: 5419: 5258: 5189: 5143: 5120: 5001: 4932: 4821: 4173: 3584: 3062: 1695: 1573: 1541: 1258: 1253: 713: 512:

By mid-1853, sales of the book dramatically decreased and Jewett went out of business during the

338:

and an active abolitionist, wrote the novel as a response to the passage, in 1850, of the second

2314: 920:

she advocated African colonization for freed slaves and not amalgamation into American society.

377:

The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself

240:

could overcome slavery. The novel focuses on the character of Uncle Tom, a long-suffering black

12308: 11954: 11871: 11360: 11188: 11071: 11054: 10975: 10714: 10414: 9988: 9578: 9415: 9390: 8922: 8823: 8738: 8478: 8387: 7746: 7337: 6968: 6274:

Hulser, Kathleen (2003). "Reading Uncle Tom's Image: From Anti-slavery Hero to Racial Insult".

4591: 1604: 1578: 1107: 1005:, were remarkable for their "intellectual complexity, ambition, and resourcefulness"; and that 787: 541: 6327: 4403: 2617: 1975: 1001:

for the better. She also said that the popular domestic novels of the 19th century, including

573:(1852). Eliza tells Uncle Tom that he has been sold and she is running away to save her child. 11903: 11839: 11452: 11426: 11324: 11088: 11023: 10945: 10630: 10530: 10344: 9993: 9946: 9856: 9824: 9531: 9521: 8967: 8957: 8942: 8892: 8847: 8503: 8488: 8381: 8141: 7993: 7806: 7801: 7766: 7576: 7571: 7456: 7204: 7027: 6106: 6066: 5627: 4433: 4373: 3777: 2657: 1909: 1839: 1568: 1353: 1178: 1111: 906: 791: 408: 320: 206: 202: 64: 5089: 3967:

Arise, Africa! Roar, China! Black and Chinese Citizens of the World in the Twentieth Century

493:. She renewed her copyright in 1879 and the work entered the public domain on May 12, 1893. 12101: 12091: 11644: 11537: 11339: 10788: 10640: 10613: 10082: 9861: 9844: 9501: 8997: 8982: 8977: 8947: 8932: 8912: 8530: 8318: 8125: 7741: 7670: 7397: 6739: 6512:

Ridgely, Joseph V. (January 1960). "Woodcraft: Simms's First Answer to Uncle Tom's Cabin".

5396: 5327: 4678: 4340: 1717: 1341:, though I know of no strictly literary test which would show where the superiority lies." 1288: 433: 6257: 6240: 5163:

The Company of the Creative: A Christian Reader's Guide to Great Literature and Its Themes

8: 12096: 11708: 11499: 11406: 11288: 11247: 11242: 11135: 10773: 10565: 10454: 10328: 9973: 9926: 9673: 9633: 9618: 9511: 9360: 9032: 8992: 8867: 8828: 8798: 8753: 8713: 8313: 8303: 8015: 7761: 7386: 7372: 7216: 5492: 5166: 4978: 3826: 1846: 1554: 1530: 1490: 1396: 1010: 929: 895: 839: 723: 673: 622:

Worried that Loker may die, Eliza convinces George to bring the slave hunter to a nearby

6915: 4702:

Reading Women: Literary Figures and Cultural Icons from the Victorian Age to the Present

1471:. The character of Sam helped create the stereotype of the lazy, carefree "happy darky". 12050: 11329: 11100: 10999: 10619: 10489: 10015: 10000: 9881: 9839: 9811: 9648: 9613: 9460: 9420: 8937: 8907: 8897: 8773: 8768: 8748: 8743: 8723: 8473: 8376: 8293: 8241: 7796: 7716: 7711: 7546: 7392: 7309: 6812: 6783: 6775: 6726: 6663: 6634: 6598: 6562: 6529: 6480: 6451: 6422: 6384:

Jones, Douglas A. (October 2019). "Adena Spingarn: Uncle Tom: From Martyr to Traitor".

6347: 6314: 6262: 6207: 6199: 6170: 6141: 6098: 6053: 6045: 6016: 6008: 5941: 5920: 5887: 5879: 5843: 5810: 5802: 5755: 5704: 4005: 3924: 2697: 1800: 1764:

has been adapted several times as a film. Most of these movies were created during the

1599: 1588: 1512:(through several characters, including Mammy, a cook at the St. Clare plantation); the 1321: 1081: 1075: 873: 521: 351: 261: 11576: 10981: 9593: 5543: 3919: 1864:

which ran for 205 episodes from July 1969 to March 1970. The final film version was a

1103:

a novel where an African American "chooses violent rebellion over Tom's resignation."

941: 653:

with other new slaves including Emmeline, whom Simon Legree has purchased to use as a

533:

United States it became the second best-selling book of that century after the Bible.

11962: 11548: 11432: 11145: 10861: 10117: 9719: 9653: 9588: 9491: 9410: 9370: 8972: 8778: 8733: 8348: 8200: 7960: 7566: 7541: 7379: 6962: 6872: 6787: 6638: 6602: 6484: 6455: 6351: 6283: 6266: 6211: 6057: 6020: 5983: 5924: 5891: 5814: 5664: 5643: 5633: 5612: 5589: 5566: 5519: 5496: 5473: 5450: 5423: 5400: 5377: 5354: 5331: 5308: 5285: 5262: 5239: 5216: 5193: 5170: 5147: 5124: 5101: 5090: 5074: 5051: 5028: 5024: 5005: 4982: 4959: 4936: 4913: 4890: 4867: 4844: 4825: 4802: 4779: 4756: 4733: 4709: 4686: 4664: 4657: 4641: 4622: 4599: 4577: 3974: 3838: 3096: 2318: 1889: 1824: 1796: 1721: 1325:

in November 1945, claims that "perhaps the supreme example of the 'good bad' book is

953: 854:

injustices. Though later critics have noted that Stowe's female characters are often

668:(1852). Cassy, another of Legree's slaves, ministers to Uncle Tom after his whipping. 598: 233: 140: 6824:

Wright, Robert E. (Winter 2021). "Liberty Befits All: Stowe and Uncle Tom's Cabin".

5657:

Playing the Race Card: Melodramas of Black and White from Uncle Tom to O. J. Simpson

5209:

Voices Beyond Bondage An Anthology of Verse by African Americans of the 19th Century

3831:

Strangers Drowning : Impossible Idealism, Drastic Choices, and the Urge to Help

3686: 2265: 437: 11761: 11516: 11207: 11042: 9729: 9598: 9568: 9563: 9496: 9435: 9430: 9385: 8887: 8877: 8783: 8763: 8758: 8508: 8498: 8458: 7403: 6974: 6804: 6767: 6718: 6655: 6626: 6590: 6554: 6521: 6472: 6443: 6414: 6393: 6372: 6339: 6306: 6252: 6191: 6162: 6133: 6094: 6037: 6000: 5979: 5912: 5871: 5835: 5794: 5747: 5696: 5044:

Whitewashing Uncle Tom's Cabin: Nineteenth-Century Women Novelists Respond to Stowe

3419: 2875: 2444:

Bowdoin College Museum of Art - There Is a Woman in Every Color: Black Women in Art

2310: 1900: 1831: 1643: 1609: 1435: 1380: 1305: 1174: 1028:

has exerted an influence equaled by few other novels in history. Upon publication,

783: 772: 566: 505: 477: 464: 412: 404: 384:, a formerly enslaved black man, had lived and worked on a 3,700-acre (15 km) 347: 209:

in 1852, the novel had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans and

166: 123: 84: 2492: 2357: 1504:

are the "happy darky" (in the lazy, carefree character of Sam); the light-skinned

556: 12132: 12086: 11911: 11863: 11847: 11815: 11684: 11527: 11463: 11395: 11278: 11237: 11194: 11094: 10993: 10907: 10803: 10092: 9941: 9834: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9694: 9663: 9573: 9516: 9506: 9465: 8493: 8463: 8283: 7908: 7721: 7551: 7518: 6938: 6610: 6153:

Grant, David (1998). "Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Triumph of Republican Rhetoric".

5687:

Arnett, A. M. (March 1920). "Review of James Baird Weaver by Fred Emory Haynes".

5469: 4886: 4727: 2833: 1881: 1877: 1820: 1808: 1781: 1750: 1509: 1207: 1115: 1071: 1063: 1014: 973: 912: 855: 846: 816: 372: 361: 257: 5067:

Blood on the Stage, 1800 to 1900: Milestone Plays of Murder, Mystery, and Mayhem

1078:

said that the book convinced him to become active in the abolitionist movement.

1059: 253: 11542: 11522: 11509: 11447: 11411: 11334: 11252: 11169: 11106: 10969: 10963: 9871: 9819: 9658: 9623: 9583: 9475: 9455: 9450: 9405: 8684: 8525: 8513: 8173: 7887: 7811: 7781: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7556: 7323: 7274: 7026: 6630: 6617:

Revisited: the Bible, the Romantic Imagination, and the Sympathies of Christ".

5856: 5549: 5212: 4909: 3572: 2394: 1713: 1505: 1410: 1357: 1334: 1316: 654: 614:

Illustration of Tom and Eva by Hammatt Billings for the 1853 deluxe edition of

497: 324: 290: 237: 225: 118: 6376: 6343: 5798: 5647: 5466:

Images of Blacks in American Culture: A Reference Guide to Information Sources

2531: 2440:"Narrative of Phebe Ann Jacobs, or, "Happy Phebe" by Mrs. T.C. Upham, c. 1850" 1218:, the American ambassador to Britain during the Civil War, argued later that " 1036: 915:

can also be seen at play in Stowe's book, with the novel as a critique of the

830:"The fugitives are safe in a free land." Illustration by Hammatt Billings for 12197: 11553: 11532: 11504: 11442: 11401: 11390: 11350: 11309: 11304: 11267: 11213: 11017: 10987: 10139: 9739: 9734: 9724: 9699: 9608: 9603: 9445: 9440: 9425: 9395: 9365: 8703: 8328: 8047: 7928: 7816: 7791: 7771: 7701: 7536: 7510: 7354: 7106: 6287: 5347:

Ruthless Democracy A Multicultural Interpretation of the American Renaissance

4723: 3834: 3092: 1941:, an 1884 novel that attempted to do for Native Americans in California what 1849:

considered filming the story but ceased production after protests led by the

1789: 1709: 1447: 1420: 1415: 1399:

but also protest literature in general. Later books that owe a large debt to

1312: 1296: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1199: 1162:. The scene—a runaway black slave and child attacked by dogs—was inspired by 1155: 1089: 997: 990: 795: 513: 381: 300: 295: 6740:"The Greatest Book of Its Kind: A Publishing History of 'Uncle Tom's Cabin'" 6476: 5370:

A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin

5278:

A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin

4975:

Beyond The River: The Untold Story of the Heroes of the Underground Railroad

1041: 952:

is written in the sentimental and melodramatic style common to 19th-century

901:

Scholars have also seen the novel as expressing the values and ideas of the

849:

to save the United States from the demon of slavery, another major theme of

763:

with her child in her arms and stayed at his house on her way farther north.

400:), where he helped other fugitive slaves settle and become self-sufficient. 12031: 12023: 11365: 11319: 11293: 11232: 11112: 10608: 10585: 10575: 10570: 10107: 10049: 9961: 9936: 9849: 9829: 9628: 9526: 7988: 7954: 7914: 7786: 6709:

Watson, Charles S. (November 1976). "Simms's Review of Uncle Tom's Cabin".

5489:

The Underground Railroad: An Encyclopedia of People, Places, and Operations

1873: 1151: 760: 393: 198: 147: 6447: 6195: 6041: 5916: 2783:"Uncle Tom's Cabin: History of the Book in the 19th-Century United States" 11745: 11489: 11437: 11257: 11200: 11005: 10957: 9380: 8418: 8398: 8040: 7942: 7756: 7706: 6397: 5820:

solution to America's racial problems was to deport all blacks to Africa.

4366:"The First Uncle Tom's Cabin Film: Edison-Porter's 'Slavery Days' (1903)" 1885: 1869: 1816: 1812: 1765: 1486: 1477: 1375:

directed a stage play adaptation of the book. The revival of interest in

1237: 1229: 924: 916: 735: 630: 587: 392:, owned by Isaac Riley. Henson escaped slavery in 1830 by fleeing to the 331: 217: 7425: 6779: 6203: 6049: 6012: 5945: 5806: 4615:

Homelessness in American Literature: Romanticism, Realism, and Testimony

3193: 1664:

Little Eva's death scene in Brady's 1901 revival at the Academy of Music

264:

and declaring, "So this is the little lady who started this great war."

11970: 11919: 11855: 11582: 11457: 11370: 11354: 11262: 11011: 10763: 9638: 9400: 8601: 8596: 7639: 7261:"Uncle Tom's Cabin" Contrasted with Buckingham Hall, the Planter's Home 6816: 6771: 6730: 6667: 6566: 6533: 6318: 6145: 6004: 5955:"Mightier than the Sword: Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Battle for America" 5883: 5847: 5759: 5708: 4863: 4000: 1914: 1513: 1405: 1383:, who was viewed as having developed a new spirit of Black resistance. 1372: 779: 756: 356: 285: 6426: 6174: 5443:

The Cambridge Companion to Nineteenth-Century American Women's Writing

2530:(Sixth ed.). The Columbia Encyclopedia. 2001–2005. Archived from 213:, and is said to have "helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War". 46: 30:

This article is about the mid-19th-century novel. For other uses, see

10027: 8210: 7047: 6918:

Mightier Than the Sword: Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Battle for America

6361:"Uncle Tom's Cabin: The First American Novel Translated into Chinese" 5559:

Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction, 1790–1860

5373: 5281: 4955: 4798: 4618: 1785: 1706: 1702: 1676: 1518: 1438:

as "merely a sentimental novel"; critic George Whicher stated in his

1051:(1853), documenting the veracity of her novel's depiction of slavery. 902: 767: 731: 680: 650: 594: 489:. Stowe arranged for the story's copyright to be registered with the 316: 276: 6888:

Stowe, Harriet Beecher; Gates, Henry Louis; Robbins, Hollis (2007).

6808: 6722: 6659: 6558: 6525: 6310: 6137: 5875: 5839: 5751: 5700: 5230:

Lowance, Mason I. (Jr.); Westbrook, Ellen E.; De Prospo, R. (1994).

1277:

with Ellison figuratively killing Uncle Tom in the opening chapter.

993:

fiction", full of "broadly conceived melodrama, humor, and pathos".

858: 664:

Full-page illustration by Hammatt Billings for the first edition of

528:

acquired the rights from Ticknor in 1878. In 1879, a new edition of

11737: 11421: 11379: 10876: 10032: 7155: 6991: 6957: 6795:

Wolff, Cynthia Griffin (1995). "Masculinity in Uncle Tom's Cabin".

6594: 6418: 6166: 5186:

Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class

4659:

The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher

2467:"David Treadwell: Pine Grove Cemetery celebrates 200th anniversary" 1745: 1626: 1159: 961:

has been called a "representative" example of a sentimental novel.

605: 578: 268: 7826: 6646:

Stone, Harry (1957). "Charles Dickens and Harriet Beecher Stowe".

4166:"People & Events: Uncle Tom's Cabin Takes the Nation by Storm" 11807: 1463: 1195: 869: 694: 561: 545: 397: 11693:

Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States

6943: 3920:"Digging Through the Literary Anthropology of Stowe's Uncle Tom" 1379:

intersected with the translation and popularization of works by

826: 311: 11769: 10830:

List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

6923: 6541:

Riss, Arthur (1994). "Racial Essentialism and Family Values in

4883:

Historical Dictionary of Women's Education in the United States

4540:. Department of English, University of Virginia. Archived from 4462:. Department of English, University of Virginia. Archived from 4432:. Department of English, University of Virginia. Archived from 4402:. Department of English, University of Virginia. Archived from 4372:. Department of English, University of Virginia. Archived from 4339:. Department of English, University of Virginia. Archived from 3253: 2996:

Foner, Eric (March 30, 2008). "Reconstructing Reconstruction".

2309:. American National Biography Online, Oxford University Press. 1937: 1854: 1683:

Given the lax copyright laws of the time, stage plays based on

1349: 820: 637: 623: 11629:

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave

5324:

The Collected Essays, Journalism, and Letters of George Orwell

3583:. Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Archived from 3402: 3400: 1535: 1434:

and propaganda". The novel has also been dismissed by several

6405:

Nichols, Charles (1958). "The Origins of Uncle Tom's Cabin".

5439:"The Sentimental Novel: The Example of Harriet Beecher Stowe" 4818:

The Oxford Handbook of Nineteenth-Century American Literature

4538: