86:
42:
61:
416:
386:
Silver beech trees typically dominate other species of beech in increasingly wet and cold environments, due to its competitive advantage in greater tolerance of low soil nutrients, greater shade tolerance and lower thermal optimum for photosynthesis. Extensive pure silver beech forests are commonly
390:
Throughout the New
Zealand landscape there are areas that have suitable soils and conditions, yet lack the presence of southern beech trees and given the common term of ābeech gapā. There are several hypotheses as to why these gaps occur, including glaciation, volcanic activity and drought. Also
374:
its geographical range extends from sea level to the treeline, while in the North Island they are restricted mainly to montane and subalpine forests on ranges and central volcanoes. Silver beech forests generally dominate wetter regions in the South Island within
387:
found in high altitude environments between 500 m and the timberline, but also exist in valley floors, especially in inland valleys where atmospheric and soil moisture is high.
391:
theorised that it might be caused due to drought from MÄori lighting forest fires pre-European settlement. The most significant example of a beech gap is located in central
298:. Its common name probably comes from the fact that its bark is whitish in colour, particularly in younger specimens. It is found from Thames southwards in the
314:
are small, thick and almost round in shape, 6 to 15 mm long and 5 to 15 mm wide with rounded teeth which usually occur in pairs, 1 or 2 hair fringed
423:
The wood is hard and is used for furniture. It is not durable outdoors. The bark contains a black dye and tannin which is used for tanning leather.
477:
1737:
1362:
797:
758:
1401:
712:
McCulloch, GA; Wallis, GP; Waters, JM (2010). "Onset of glaciation drove simultaneous vicariant isolation of alpine
Insects in New Zealand".
1814:
677:
Ogden, J; Deng, Y; Boswijk, G; Sandiford, A (2003). "Vegetation changes since early MÄori fires in
Waipoua Forest, Northern New Zealand".
766:
1698:
1543:
1323:
1711:
1556:
1336:
343:
1605:
1834:
1824:
790:
310:. Silver beech is a forest tree up to 30 m tall. The trunk, which is often buttressed, may be up to 2 m in diameter. The
85:
605:"Shade tolerance: An additional factor affecting the distribution of mountain beech and silver beech in New Zealand?"
1406:
1724:
1582:
1349:
1636:
1610:
1275:
783:
1765:
1468:
1829:
1388:
1204:
17:
191:
1561:
1760:
1716:
1631:
1463:
1341:
526:
1839:
1752:
1597:
1416:
1176:
1092:
848:
544:
1442:
926:
404:
392:
1819:
1742:
1367:
1237:
840:
400:
380:
1380:
604:
1218:
1148:
1127:
1106:
1030:
1022:
953:
471:
303:
218:
1623:
1429:
942:
1297:
1141:
686:
617:
235:
8:
1437:
1190:
1099:
880:
872:
775:
50:
690:
621:
441:
1786:
1644:
1489:
1455:
1211:
1155:
1134:
1113:
1054:
1038:
984:
737:
633:
244:
80:
698:
1685:
1618:
1530:
1424:
1284:
1183:
1169:
1120:
1046:
977:
969:
934:
918:
864:
729:
725:
741:
319:
275:
1791:
1690:
1649:
1535:
1494:
1289:
1197:
856:
721:
694:
637:
625:
572:
1676:
1521:
1162:
123:
1393:
1450:
1260:
576:
367:
287:
110:
629:
1808:
1375:
806:
450:
359:
70:
65:
41:
1778:
1481:
733:
371:
363:
307:
299:
439:
1569:
1269:
355:
295:
1703:
1548:
1328:
1079:
1068:
1009:
998:
905:
894:
827:
816:
179:
169:
1574:
1310:
376:
1587:
1231:
1773:
1670:
1515:
1476:
1254:
291:
136:
1729:
1354:
1315:
315:
159:
1302:
415:
149:
654:
Wardle, P (1980). "Ecology and distribution of silver beech (
396:
354:, silver beech is the most widely distributed beech taxon in
97:
440:
Barstow, M.; , Baldwin, H. & & Rivers, M.C. (2017).
311:
283:
805:
676:
658:) in the Paringa district, South Westland, New Zealand".
711:
601:
395:
in the South Island, two areas of high endemicity (
358:. Predominantly found in cold wet forests from the
603:
1806:
531:A Field Guide to the Native Trees of New Zealand
326:. It grows from low altitudes to the mountains.
602:Bayeur, NM; Carpenter, KL; Hughes, NM (2018).
791:
542:
318:are found on the underside of each leaf. Its
476:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
798:
784:
543:Heenan, Peter B.; Smissen, Rob D. (2013).
499:The Nature Guide to the New Zealand Forest
59:
40:
705:
649:
647:
549:and recognition of the segregate genera
536:
414:
597:
595:
593:
493:
491:
489:
487:
410:
14:
1807:
653:
1236:
1235:
779:
644:
509:
507:
1753:ce825c82-18ea-435d-a683-cd806cbcf6b5
1598:733a4b9a-ff9d-4426-93d8-057b45ca7eac
1417:6550a661-8419-4499-9cab-e4717f0b9fec
670:
590:
484:
1815:IUCN Red List least concern species
451:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
433:
24:
1637:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77134495-1
504:
407:) are separated by low diversity.
25:
1851:
752:
679:Journal of Archaeological Science
1766:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295607-1
1469:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:359094-1
767:New Zealand School of Forestry:
726:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.00980.x
84:
337:
868:(deciduous beech / tanglefoot)
660:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
520:
13:
1:
699:10.1016/S0305-4403(02)00250-9
515:Flora of New Zealand,volume 1
426:
1835:Garden plants of New Zealand
1825:Endemic flora of New Zealand
545:"Revised circumscription of
366:. No beeches are present on
7:
1084:Heenan & Smissen (2013)
1034:(guindo / Magellan's beech)
1014:Heenan & Smissen (2013)
910:Heenan & Smissen (2013)
832:Heenan & Smissen (2013)
497:John Dawson and Rob Lucas "
330:was proposed to be renamed
10:
1856:
577:10.11646/phytotaxa.146.1.1
517:",Government Printer, 1961
1660:
1505:
1244:
1066:
996:
892:
814:
630:10.1007/s00468-018-1654-7
250:
243:
224:
217:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
1026:(Ʊire / Antarctic beech)
809:(southern beech) species
759:University of Waikato:
458:: e.T61918019A61918061
420:
306:), and throughout the
279:
533:", Reed Methuen, 1986
418:
362:to the bottom of the
304:Mount Taranaki/Egmont
1830:Trees of New Zealand
1507:Lophozonia menziesii
1443:Nothofagus menziesii
1276:Nothofagus menziesii
1246:Nothofagus menziesii
1206:N. starkenborghiorum
769:Nothofagus menziesii
656:Nothofagus menziesii
444:Nothofagus menziesii
411:Cultivation and uses
332:Lophozonia menziesii
328:Nothofagus menziesii
270:, commonly known as
267:Nothofagus menziesii
253:Lophozonia menziesii
228:Nothofagus menziesii
957:(roble de santiago)
691:2003JArSc..30..753O
622:2018Trees..32..539B
346:Nothofagus solandri
51:Conservation status
421:
1802:
1801:
1619:Open Tree of Life
1425:Open Tree of Life
1238:Taxon identifiers
1229:
1228:
1178:N. pseudoresinosa
1094:N. aequilateralis
1050:(ChiloƩ's coigue)
1042:(coihue / coigĆ¼e)
973:(Antarctic beech)
850:N. cliffortioides
263:
262:
210:N. menziesii
74:
16:(Redirected from
1847:
1840:Ornamental trees
1795:
1794:
1782:
1781:
1769:
1768:
1756:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1733:
1732:
1720:
1719:
1707:
1706:
1694:
1693:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1653:
1652:
1640:
1639:
1627:
1626:
1614:
1613:
1601:
1600:
1591:
1590:
1578:
1577:
1565:
1564:
1552:
1551:
1539:
1538:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1498:
1497:
1485:
1484:
1472:
1471:
1459:
1458:
1446:
1445:
1433:
1432:
1420:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1397:
1396:
1394:NHMSYS0020704591
1384:
1383:
1371:
1370:
1358:
1357:
1345:
1344:
1332:
1331:
1319:
1318:
1306:
1305:
1293:
1292:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1233:
1232:
1085:
1015:
911:
852:(mountain beech)
833:
800:
793:
786:
777:
776:
746:
745:
720:(7): 2033ā2043.
709:
703:
702:
674:
668:
667:
651:
642:
641:
607:
599:
588:
587:
585:
583:
561:(Nothofagaceae)"
540:
534:
524:
518:
511:
502:
495:
482:
481:
475:
467:
465:
463:
437:
405:northwest Nelson
344:mountain beech (
230:
196:
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
44:
32:
31:
21:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1790:
1785:
1777:
1772:
1764:
1759:
1751:
1749:
1741:
1736:
1728:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1702:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1662:Fagus menziesii
1656:
1648:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1604:
1596:
1594:
1586:
1581:
1573:
1568:
1560:
1555:
1547:
1542:
1534:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1501:
1493:
1488:
1480:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1454:
1449:
1441:
1436:
1428:
1423:
1415:
1413:
1405:
1400:
1392:
1387:
1379:
1374:
1366:
1361:
1353:
1348:
1340:
1335:
1327:
1322:
1314:
1309:
1301:
1296:
1288:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1240:
1230:
1225:
1083:
1076:
1062:
1013:
1006:
992:
928:N. cunninghamii
909:
902:
888:
831:
824:
810:
804:
755:
750:
749:
710:
706:
675:
671:
652:
645:
600:
591:
581:
579:
541:
537:
525:
521:
512:
505:
501:", Godwit, 2000
496:
485:
469:
468:
461:
459:
438:
434:
429:
413:
340:
257:Fagus menziesii
255:
239:
232:
226:
213:
194:
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
28:
27:Species of tree
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1792:wfo-0000966467
1783:
1770:
1757:
1747:
1734:
1721:
1708:
1695:
1682:
1666:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1650:wfo-0001337664
1641:
1628:
1615:
1602:
1592:
1579:
1566:
1553:
1540:
1527:
1511:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1495:wfo-0000252141
1486:
1473:
1460:
1447:
1434:
1421:
1411:
1398:
1385:
1372:
1359:
1346:
1333:
1320:
1307:
1294:
1281:
1266:
1250:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1087:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1028:
1019:
1017:
994:
993:
991:
990:
982:
975:
967:
965:(silver beech)
959:
951:
940:
932:
930:(myrtle beech)
924:
915:
913:
890:
889:
887:
886:
878:
870:
862:
854:
846:
842:N. alessandrii
837:
835:
812:
811:
803:
802:
795:
788:
780:
774:
773:
764:
754:
753:External links
751:
748:
747:
704:
685:(6): 753ā767.
669:
643:
616:(2): 539ā547.
589:
535:
519:
503:
483:
431:
430:
428:
425:
412:
409:
368:Stewart Island
350:cliffortioides
339:
336:
288:southern beech
280:tawhai, tahina
261:
260:
248:
247:
241:
240:
233:
222:
221:
215:
214:
207:
205:
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200:
189:
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45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1852:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1820:Nothofagaceae
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
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1700:
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1692:
1687:
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1672:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1222:
1221:
1220:N. womersleyi
1217:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1150:N. flaviramea
1147:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1129:N. codonandra
1126:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1108:N. baumanniae
1105:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1058:(lenga beech)
1057:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1032:N. betuloides
1029:
1027:
1025:
1024:N. antarctica
1021:
1020:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1001:
1000:
995:
989:
987:
983:
981:
980:
976:
974:
972:
968:
966:
964:
960:
958:
956:
955:N. macrocarpa
952:
950:
949:
945:
941:
939:
937:
933:
931:
929:
925:
923:
921:
917:
916:
914:
908:
907:
901:
897:
896:
891:
885:
883:
879:
877:
876:(black beech)
875:
871:
869:
867:
863:
861:
859:
855:
853:
851:
847:
845:
843:
839:
838:
836:
830:
829:
823:
819:
818:
813:
808:
807:Nothofagaceae
801:
796:
794:
789:
787:
782:
781:
778:
772:
770:
765:
763:
762:
757:
756:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
708:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
665:
661:
657:
650:
648:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
598:
596:
594:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
539:
532:
528:
523:
516:
513:H.H. Allan, "
510:
508:
500:
494:
492:
490:
488:
479:
473:
457:
453:
452:
447:
445:
436:
432:
424:
417:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
388:
384:
382:
378:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:Bay of Plenty
357:
353:
351:
347:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:
259:
258:
254:
249:
246:
242:
237:
231:
229:
223:
220:
219:Binomial name
216:
212:
211:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:Nothofagaceae
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:Tracheophytes
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
82:
78:
72:
67:
66:Least Concern
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
35:Silver beech
33:
30:
19:
1661:
1506:
1245:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1143:N. discoidea
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1055:
1047:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1008:
1003:
997:
985:
978:
970:
963:N. menziesii
962:
961:
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884:(hard beech)
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580:. Retrieved
568:
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527:J. T. Salmon
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498:
472:cite journal
460:. Retrieved
455:
449:
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422:
389:
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372:South Island
364:South Island
349:
345:
341:
338:Distribution
331:
327:
323:
308:South Island
300:North Island
272:silver beech
271:
266:
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264:
256:
252:
251:
227:
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209:
208:
192:
180:
143:
130:
117:
104:
29:
18:Silver beech
1570:iNaturalist
1270:Wikispecies
1192:N. resinosa
1101:N. balansae
1074:Brassospora
882:N. truncata
874:N. solandri
860:(red beech)
356:New Zealand
296:New Zealand
193:Nothofagus
124:Angiosperms
1809:Categories
1588:77134495-1
1456:kew-135777
1451:Plant List
1213:N. stylosa
1157:N. grandis
1136:N. crenata
1115:N. brassii
1080:Trisyngyne
1069:Nothofagus
1056:N. pumilio
1040:N. dombeyi
1010:Nothofagus
1004:Nothofagus
999:Nothofagus
986:N. obliqua
944:Nothofagus
906:Lophozonia
900:Lophozonia
895:Nothofagus
828:Fuscospora
822:Fuscospora
817:Nothofagus
761:Nothofagus
571:(1): 131.
559:Trisyngyne
555:Lophozonia
551:Fuscospora
547:Nothofagus
427:References
419:Adult tree
342:Alongside
197:Lophozonia
188:Subgenus:
181:Nothofagus
1677:Q42856659
1522:Q42747105
1185:N. pullei
1171:N. perryi
1122:N. carrii
1072:subgenus
1048:N. nitida
1002:subgenus
979:N. rutila
971:N. moorei
936:N. glauca
920:N. alpina
898:subgenus
866:N. gunnii
820:subgenus
714:Evolution
565:Phytotaxa
401:Southland
381:Southland
377:Fiordland
370:. In the
334:in 2013.
204:Species:
94:Kingdom:
1779:50275429
1774:Tropicos
1743:11428685
1730:295607-1
1671:Wikidata
1516:Wikidata
1482:50275428
1477:Tropicos
1381:61918019
1368:10604033
1355:359094-1
1261:Q1434315
1255:Wikidata
1199:N. rubra
858:N. fusca
742:25206456
734:20199559
666:: 23ā36.
393:Westland
322:name is
302:(except
282:), is a
245:Synonyms
166:Family:
137:Eudicots
71:IUCN 3.1
1704:2874918
1549:7404866
1329:2874917
1303:1153908
1164:N. nuda
1077:(genus
1007:(genus
988:(roble)
938:(hualo)
922:(rauli)
903:(genus
825:(genus
687:Bibcode
638:4322296
618:Bibcode
316:domatia
292:endemic
290:family
286:of the
236:Hook.f.
176:Genus:
160:Fagales
156:Order:
98:Plantae
69: (
1750:NZOR:
1624:316863
1595:NZOR:
1575:410921
1562:467527
1430:316863
1414:NZOR:
844:(ruil)
740:
732:
636:
582:31 May
557:, and
462:26 May
403:, and
324:tawhai
312:leaves
150:Rosids
1738:IRMNG
1717:16547
1691:6HNYY
1606:NZPCN
1536:3W4TW
1407:28945
1363:IRMNG
1342:25394
1316:NOFME
1290:47SZY
948:leoni
771:photo
738:S2CID
634:S2CID
610:Trees
397:Otago
348:var.
320:MÄori
276:MÄori
195:subg.
144:Clade
131:Clade
118:Clade
105:Clade
1761:POWO
1725:IPNI
1712:GRIN
1699:GBIF
1632:POWO
1611:1036
1583:IPNI
1557:GRIN
1544:GBIF
1464:POWO
1438:PfaF
1402:NCBI
1376:IUCN
1350:IPNI
1337:GRIN
1324:GBIF
1311:EPPO
730:PMID
584:2015
478:link
464:2022
456:2017
379:and
284:tree
1787:WFO
1686:CoL
1645:WFO
1531:CoL
1490:WFO
1389:NBN
1298:EoL
1285:CoL
722:doi
695:doi
626:doi
573:doi
569:146
529:, "
294:to
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646:^
632:.
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567:.
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506:^
486:^
474:}}
470:{{
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