Silencer (firearms)

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firearm suppressor manufacturers. In MIL-STD 1474D, materiel that produced peak levels below 140 dB were not subject to a requirement to wear hearing protection devices that could affect a person's situational awareness. Firearms have different levels of perceived loudness. This difference can be related to the peak sound pressure level but also to the initial duration of the impulse. A longer initial duration (also known as the A-duration) can create a sensation that impulses with the same sound pressure level (dB pSPL) are louder because the muzzle blast interacts with the body for a longer period of time. For instance, the peak levels of a Remington model 788, 22" barrel .308 caliber, 150-grain bullet rifle and a Winchester Mossberg 4x4, 24" barrel .300 caliber, 150 grain bullet rifle were 169 and 171 dB pSPL, respectively. The mean A-duration of the .308 Remington was 0.35 milliseconds and the A-duration of the .300 Winchester was 0.42 ms, 20% longer. When the impulses' peak sound pressure levels are normalized to the same level (170 dB pSPL), the equivalent energy of the .300 Winchester was approximately 1 dB greater than that of the .308 Remington. In other words, greater energy was present for the impulse with a longer A-duration.

1249: 454:, and in various state laws, regulating the sale and ownership of firearm silencers. In the same year, the American Silencer Association (ASA) was founded by US manufacturers of silencers, with the same goals of moving silencers into the mainstream. Along with state and federal legislative lobbying efforts, the NRA and ASA began public information campaigns designed to change the perception of silencers from their association with espionage, assassination, crime or military special operation use, to instead show that silencers can have health and safety benefits, primarily protecting the hearing of shooters and people in the vicinity, and to debunk the perceived myth in popular television, film and video game media that silencers are so effective that gunshot sounds can go totally unnoticed, such as by people in the next room of a building. 1029:

cancel out the gunshot sound of the firearm. The devices tested incorporate multiple microphones, speakers, and an auditory processor. The first shot fired is recorded, and then played back precisely out of sync(180 degrees out of phase) with each subsequent shot. This has proven successful with small caliber(.17-.22) rifles, but the amplitude has not been matched efficiently with larger cartridges. With the use of subsonic ammunition, the resultant sound waves effectively cancel out one another, and with the exception of the sound of the action cycling, eliminate any gunshot sound. In the current development stage, this has worked only in close proximity to the shooter, and the pressure wave (p-wave) can still be felt. Each time a different type of ammunition or firearm is used, the device needs recalibration.

689: 362: 1149: 1434: 1141: 1375: 1133: 1618: 1065: 1121: 594: 1508: 99: 697: 744:. There are typically at least four and up to perhaps fifteen chambers in a suppressor, depending on the intended use and design details. Often, a single, larger expansion chamber is located at the muzzle end of a can-type silencer, which allows the propellant gas to expand considerably and slow down before it encounters the baffles or wipes. This larger chamber may be "reflexed" toward the rear of the barrel to minimize the overall length of the combined firearm and silencer, especially with longer weapons such as rifles. 671: 662: 898: 680: 993: 732:. Some can-type silencers, named for their resemblance to beverage cans, are detachable, and can be attached to a different firearm. In contrast, integral silencers consist of an expansion chamber or chambers surrounding the barrel. The barrel has openings or ports that bleed off-gases into the chambers. This type of silencer is part of the firearm, and maintenance of the suppressor requires that the firearm be at least partially disassembled. 1268: 940: 488: 45: 821:. Z is expensive to machine and includes pockets of dead airspace along the sidewalls which trap expanded gases and hold them thereby lengthening the time that the gases cool before exiting. Omega-type baffles form a series of spaced cones drawing gas away from the borderline and incorporate a scalloped mouth creating cross-bore turbulence, which is in turn directed to a "mouse-hole" opening between the baffle stack and sidewall. 56: 1472:, which has led most U.S. manufacturers to advertise sub-140dB silencers as hearing safe. Current OSHA standards would allow less than a single second of cumulative exposure to impact noise over 130 dB per 24 hours. That would equate to a single .308 round fired through a very efficient suppressor. This result effectively requires all users of silencers to wear additional ear protection. 845:. Each wipe may have either a hole drilled in it before use or a pattern stamped into its surface at the point where the bullet will strike it, or it may simply be punched through by the bullet. Wipes typically last for a small number of firings (perhaps no more than five) before their performance is greatly degraded. While many suppressors used wipes in the 869:

bullet (grease requires this step as well). Generally, only pistol silencers are shot wet, as rifle silencers handle such high pressure and heat that the liquid is gone within 1–3 shots. Many manufacturers will not warranty their rifle suppressors for wet fire, as some feel this may even result in a dangerous over-pressurization of the silencer.

1371:, a very popular caliber for suppressed shooting, can use almost any factory-loaded 147 grains (9.5 g) weight round to achieve subsonic performance. These 147gr weight bullets typically have a velocity of 900–980 feet per second (270–300 m/s), which is less than the 1,140 feet per second (350 m/s) speed of sound. 1012:(or destructive interference) are used in an attempt to make the suppressor quieter. These effects are achieved by separating the flow of gases and causing them to collide with one another or by venting them through precision-made holes. The intended effect of frequency shifting is to shift audible sound waves frequencies into 1081:

captive-piston ammunition; QSPR ammunition resembled metal-cased .410-bore shotgun shells. The cartridge case internally works as a piston to trap the gases; the piston pushes the bullet, but the gases are retained in the cartridge case instead of being expelled noisily; in tests of the PSS the sound pressure level was 124.6

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baffles are usually carefully shaped to divert the propellant gases effectively into the chambers. This shaping can be a slanted flat surface, canted at an angle to the bore, or a conical or otherwise curved surface. One popular technique is to have alternating angled surfaces through the stack of baffles.

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The legal regulation of silencers varies widely around the world. In some nations, such as Finland, France, and New Zealand some or all types of suppressors are essentially unregulated and are sold through retail stores or by mail-order. In other countries, their possession or use is more restricted.

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cartridge case. The subsonic .300 Whisper fires up to a 250 grains (16 g), .30 caliber bullet at about 980 feet per second (300 m/s), generating about 533 foot-pounds force (723 J) of energy at the muzzle. While this is similar to the energy available from the .45 ACP pistol cartridge,

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However, the numeric effectiveness of subsonic rounds is, again, misrepresented by media. Independent testing of commercially available firearm suppressors with commercially available subsonic rounds has found that .308 subsonic rounds decreased the volume at the muzzle by 10 to 12dB when compared to

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find silencers bring various important benefits that outweigh the extra weight and resulting change in the firearm's center of gravity. The most important advantage of a suppressor is the hearing protection for the shooter as well as his or her companions. Many hunters have suffered permanent hearing

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Functionally, a suppressor is meant to diminish the report of a discharged round, or make its sound unrecognizable. Other sounds emanating from the weapon remain unchanged. Even subsonic bullets make distinct sounds by their passage through the air and striking targets, and supersonic bullets produce

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and the MTs-116M suppressed sniper rifle, a 12.7mm silenced development of the 7.62mm MTs-116M. The large calibre allows the bullet to be fired at subsonic speed, eliminating a major source of noise, while retaining accuracy, range, and effectiveness. All of these weapons use special, very expensive,

864:, but it can run or evaporate out of the silencer. Grease, while messier and less effective than water, can be left in the suppressor indefinitely without losing effectiveness. Oil is the least effective and least preferable, as it runs while being as messy as grease, and leaves behind a fine mist of 1589:

Portugal: Silencers "Sound Moderators" are permitted for hunters and sport shooters since 22 September 2019. As they are only classified as accessories, prior authorization is not required for their acquisition, and they can be purchased by gun license holders upon presentation of the respective gun

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Traditional measures of suppressor noise reduction have focused on the change in the peak sound pressure level between suppressed and unsuppressed conditions. Because of the MIL-STD 1474D, the ability to reduce the suppressed level to below 140 dB peak sound pressure level (dB pSPL) was the goal for

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An alternate method under development is called an "anti-phase destructive interference generator." The process duplicates the sound waves generated by the muzzle blast and then uses them to create an anti-phase auditory signal. Currently, this is a muzzle attached device and is only being tested to

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The ballistic crack depends on the speed of sound, which in turn depends mainly on air temperature. At sea level, an ambient temperature of 70 °F (21 °C), and under normal atmospheric conditions, the speed of sound is approximately 1,140 feet per second (350 m/s). Bullets that travel

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Wipes, packing materials, and purpose-designed wet cans have been generally abandoned in 21st-century suppressor design because they decrease overall accuracy and require excessive cleaning and maintenance. The instructions from several manufacturers state that their suppressors need not be cleaned

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Baffles are usually circular metal dividers that separate the expansion chambers. Each baffle has a hole in its center to permit the passage of the bullet through the silencer and toward the target. The hole is typically at least 1mm larger than the bullet caliber to minimize the risk of the bullet

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may be used to fill the chambers and further dissipate and cool the gases. These are somewhat more effective than empty chambers but less effective than wet designs. Metal mesh, if properly used, may last for hundreds or thousands of shots of spaced semi-automatic fire; however, steel wool usually

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Spacers separate baffles and keep them aligned at a specified distance from one another inside the silencer. Many baffles and spacers are manufactured as a single assembly and several suppressor designs have all the baffles attached together with spacers as a one-piece helical baffle stack. Modern

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Two ancillary advantages of the silencer are recoil reduction and flash suppression. Muzzle flash is reduced both by being contained in the suppressor and by the arresting of unburned powder that would ordinarily burn in the air and intensify the flash. Recoil reduction results from the slowing of

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oil after each shot. Water-based gels, such as wire-pulling lubricant gel, are a good compromise; they offer the efficacy of water with less mess, as they do not run or drip. However, they take longer to apply, as they must be cleared from the bore of the suppressor to ensure a clear path for the

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often use quick-detach suppressors that use coarser than normal threads and are installed over an existing muzzle device such as a flash suppressor and can include a secondary locking mechanism to allow the shooter to quickly and safely add or remove a sound suppressor based on individual needs.

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Apart from integral silencers that are integrated as a part of the firearm's barrel, most suppressors have a female threaded end, which attaches to male threads cut into the exterior of the barrel. These types of silencers are mostly used on handguns and rifles chambered in .22LR. More powerful

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Cross-section drawing of a rimfire rifle suppressor, showing short expansion chamber and thirteen plastic baffles. These baffles use alternating angled flat surfaces to repeatedly deflect gas expanding through the suppressor. In the actual suppressor, baffles are orientated at 90 degrees to one

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because service life is unacceptably short. Some modern suppressors using steel or high-temperature alloy baffles can endure extended periods of fully automatic fire without damage. The highest-quality rifle suppressors available today have a claimed service life of greater than 30,000 rounds.

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Both types of silencers reduce noise by allowing the rapidly expanding gases from the firing of the cartridge to be decelerated and cooled through a series of hollow chambers. The trapped gas exits the suppressor over a longer period of time and at a greatly reduced speed, producing less noise

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In addition to containing and slowly releasing the gas pressure associated with muzzle blast or reducing pressure through the use of coolant mediums, advanced silencer designs attempt to modify the properties of the sound waves generated by the muzzle blast. In these designs, effects known as

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ammunition, the bullet itself produces a loud and very sharp sound as it leaves the muzzle in excess of the speed of sound and gradually reducing speed as it travels downrange. This is a small sonic boom, and is referred to in the firearm field as ballistic crack or sonic signature. Subsonic

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assault rifle has a muzzle attachment that claims apparent noise reduction by venting some gases through a "dog-whistle" type channel. Phase cancellation occurs when similar sound waves encounter one another 180° out of phase, cancelling the amplitude of the wave and eliminating the pressure

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of all kinds are often confused as to the direction of the source of a well-suppressed shot. In the field, however, the comparatively large size of a centerfire rifle suppressor can cause unwanted noise if it bumps or rubs against vegetation or rocks, so many users cover them with

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In 2014, the ASA changed its name to American Suppressor Association "in a continuing effort to dispel myths about suppressors". Gun control advocates have said that changing the name from "silencer" to "suppressor" is semantic propaganda similar to the efforts to avoid terms like

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Taking advantage of either property requires that the silencer be designed within the specification of the muzzle blast in mind. For example, the velocity of the sound waves is a major factor. This figure can change significantly between different cartridges and barrel lengths.

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Cross-section drawing of a pistol suppressor, showing expansion chamber wrapped around inner suppressor assembly, and four wipes. The bullet pushes a bullet-diameter hole through the wipes, trapping propellant gas behind it entirely until the bullet has passed through the wipe

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Comparatively, ear protection commonly used while shooting provides 18 to 32 dB of sound reduction at the ear. For additional comparison, chainsaws, rock concerts, rocket engines, pneumatic drills, small firecrackers, and ambulance sirens are rated between 100 and 140 dB.

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says that "A silencer does not make a soldier silent, but it does make him invisible." Silencers are particularly useful in enclosed spaces where the sound, flash and pressure effects of a weapon being fired are amplified. Such effects may disorient the shooter, affecting

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damage due to someone else firing a high-caliber gun too closely without warning. By reducing noise, recoil and muzzle-blast, it also enables the firer to follow through calmly on their first shot and fire a further carefully aimed shot without delay if necessary.

641:), the louder the muzzle blast, and consequently a more efficient or larger silencer system is required. A gunshot (the combination of the sonic boom, the vacuum release, and hot gases) will almost always be louder than the sound of the action cycling of an 1221:, discussing low-velocity pistol calibers, suggest the recoil reduction is around 15%. With high-velocity calibers, recoil reduction runs in the range of 20–30%. The added mass of the suppressor—normally 300 to 500 grams—also helps to manage the recoil. 1608:(FAC). It is generally taken that good reason to possess the firearm "should normally imply "good reason" to possess a sound moderator". In 2024, the U.K. Government undertook a consultation on removing sound moderators from licencing controls entirely. 1333:, for example) to a subsonic 950 ft/s (290 m/s), the muzzle energy is reduced by a factor of 8. Military marksmen and police units may use subsonic ammunition in suppressed rifles when minimal noise is more important than range and energy. 251:

In 1892, Swiss inventor Jakob Stahel patented a silencer intended for killing cattle, though he claimed it could be adapted to other firearms too. In 1894 another silencer for use with firearms was patented by another Swiss inventor, C.A. Aeppli.

1911: 325:, where Roosevelt was dictating a letter. When Roosevelt finished, Donovan turned his back and fired a shot into a sandbag he had brought with him, announced what he had done and handed the smoking gun to the astonished president. The British 1722:. Individual states and several municipalities also have their specific requirements. Federal law provides severe penalties for crimes of violence committed using firearms equipped with silencers, with a minimum prison sentence of 30 years. 283:

was developed in parallel with the firearm silencer by Maxim in the early 20th century, using many of the same techniques to provide quieter-running engines, and in many English-speaking countries automobile mufflers are called silencers.

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Spain: firearms silencers are prohibited by the Decree regulating firearms (technically, the law just references the Decree). Airgun "moderators" are not explicitly mentioned, so they are tolerated. Ambiguous rulings by authorities are

1648:. A prohibited device is not inherently illegal in Canada but it does require an uncommon and very specific prohibited device license for its possession, use, and transport. Silencers cannot be imported into the country by civilians. 1420:

of a supersonic bullet can be lowered by other means, before it leaves the barrel. Some silencer designs, called integrals, do this by allowing gas to bleed off along the length of the barrel before the projectile exits. The

645:. Alan C. Paulson, a renowned firearms specialist, claimed to have encountered an integrally suppressed .22 LR gun that had such a quiet report. Properly evaluating the sound generated by a firearm can be done only with a 1593:

Russian Federation: firearm silencers use (legally defined as "devices for noiseless shooting") is prohibited, and dealers are prohibited from selling them, but there is no penalty for purchasing or possession of such

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and thus increase the felt recoil. The weight of the silencer and the location of that additional weight at the muzzle reduces recoil through the basic mass as well as muzzle flip because of the location of this mass.

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Aside from reductions in volume, suppressors tend to alter the sound to something that is not identifiable as a gunshot. This reduces or eliminates attention drawn to the shooter. A Finnish expression dating from the

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can negate the sonic boom, mechanical noise can be reduced but is nearly impossible to eliminate. For these reasons, it is difficult to completely silence any firearm, or achieve a high level of noise suppression in

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level because of the reduced sound. The USMC purchased 7,000 suppressors in 2020, and planned to have a total of 30,000 by the end of 2023, making them the first armed service to issue suppressors for general usage.

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Cross-section drawing of a centerfire rifle suppressor, showing expansion chamber "reflexed" (going back around) the rifle barrel, and four sound baffles. The diffractor and baffles are carefully shaped to deflect

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at all. Furthermore, legal changes in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s made it much more difficult for end-users to legally replace internal silencer parts, and the newer designs reflect this reality.

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Despite their Hollywood image, suppressors are not 'silencers'. They won't completely muffle rifle or handgun noise, and they won't stop the sonic crack of a bullet that comes from traveling beyond the speed of

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From a physics standpoint, supersonic cartridge loads are impractical to suppress past the levels that are merely hearing-safe for the shooter due to the sonic boom emitted by the bullet, and cartridges such as

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During the early 1900s, Hiram Percy Maxim designed and patented gun silencers. His efforts were directed toward both military and sporting arms and resulted in his forming the Maxim Silencer Company, Hartford,

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a small sonic boom, resulting in a ballistic crack. Semi-automatic and fully automatic firearms also make distinct noises as their actions cycle, ejecting the fired cartridge case and loading a new round.

1085:, similar to a suppressed .22 rimfire pistol. The ammunition itself, rather than the weapon, is silent; in the US each individual round is considered to be a silencer, subject to regulations on silencers. 150:, by modulating the speed and pressure of the propellant gas released from the muzzle. Like other muzzle devices, a silencer can be a detachable accessory mounted to the muzzle, or an integral part of the 373:

silence, while "suppressor" or "moderator" are defined as meaning only reduced sound intensity, in spite of its original definition. As such, "suppressor" and "moderator" have become the suggested terms.

1329:, thus lessening effectiveness on the target; this can be compensated for by increasing bullet weight. For example, if the muzzle velocity is reduced from 2,700 ft/s (820 m/s) (common for the 204:

the muzzle blast sideways, silencers release almost all the gases towards the front. However, the internal baffles significantly prolong the time of the gas release and thereby decrease the rearward

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propellant gases that contribute 30–50% of recoil velocity. However, some suppressors can increase the backpressure produced by the propellant gases. This can cause them to function somewhat like a

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Special cartridges have been developed for use with a silencer. These cartridges use very heavy bullets to make up for the energy lost by keeping the bullet subsonic. A good example of this is the

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As the suppressed sound of firing is overshadowed by ballistic crack, observers can be deceived as to the location of the shooter, often from 90 to 180 degrees from his actual location. However,

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as essentially equivalent and interchangeable, neither applying exclusively or primarily to sound, and both being applicable as much to complete and total quiet or to partial reduction of sound.

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12.77 Sound moderators are subject to certificate control under section 57(1) of the 1968 Act as an accessory "designed or adapted to diminish the noise or flash caused by firing" a firearm.

1445:. A recent study of various suppressors reported peak sound pressure level reductions between 17dB and 24dB. Another study evaluated two calibers of rifle and nine suppressors, .223 caliber 3952: 1555:

Finland: a firearm silencer is classified as a firearm part by law. Purchasing a suppressor requires a firearm ownership permit, which must be shown to the vendor at the moment of purchase.

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Murphy, William J.; Flamme, Gregory A.; Campbell, Adam R.; Zechmann, Edward L.; Tasko, Stephen M.; Lankford, James E.; Meinke, Deanna K.; Finan, Donald S.; Stewart, Michael (2018-01-26).

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Sweden: Since 1 July 2022, silencers are regulated the same way as ammunition. Anyone who has the right to possess a certain weapon for shooting may possess silencers that fit the weapon.

1569:, which can be purchased by anyone over 18 years of age, can be purchased by anyone over 18. A hunting license allows the purchase of a suppressor for long guns for centerfire ammunition. 849:

era, most modern suppressors do not use them as anything that touches the projectile degrades accuracy. All wipes deteriorate quickly and require disassembly and spare parts replacement.

1549: 1662:. They are legal for individuals to possess and use for lawful purposes in 42 of the 50 states. However, a prospective owner must go through an application process administered by the 1044:, and phase cancellation in particular is therefore extremely difficult (if not impossible) to achieve. Some suppressor manufacturers claim to use phase cancellation in their designs. 2327: 227:

Because the internal baffles will slow and cool the released gas and contain gunpowder that is still burning upon exit from the muzzle, silencers also reduce or even eliminate the

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inside the silencer, reducing the amount of lead that might be inhaled by the shooter and others around them. However, in auto-loading actions, this might be offset by increased

860:). The coolant lasts only a few shots before it must be replenished, but can greatly increase the effectiveness of the suppressor. Water is most effective, because of its high 755:

pistols was 150 mm (5.9 in) long and 45 mm (1.8 in) in outside diameter, and was designed for six shots with standard ammunition or up to thirty shots with

3594:"Differential effects of suppressors on hazardous sound pressure levels generated by AR-15 rifles: Considerations for recreational shooters, law enforcement, and the military" 271:, is usually credited with inventing and selling the first commercially successful silencer around 1902. He received his patent on March 30, 1909. Maxim gave his device the 4044: 2685:"So I see a big part of my job as educating the public about silencers and trying to undo so much of that stupid Hollywood idea about silencers being an assassin's tool. 1714:

allows silencer ownership, but prohibit using silencers while hunting. The federal legal requirements to manufacture a silencer in the United States are enumerated in

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behind it is redirected through a longer and convoluted escape path created by the baffles, prolonging the release time. This slows down the gas and dissipates its

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In Australia, use, and ownership of silencers is generally limited to government, security, and law enforcement use only and prohibited for private firearm owners.

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allowed police to issue permits for firearms with sound suppressors for hunting permits. Hunters are allowed to use them only for the sanitary shooting of animals.

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may occur at 85 time-weighted-average decibels or above if exposed for a prolonged period, and suppressed gunshots regularly meter above 130 dB. However, the U.S.

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Live tests by independent reviewers of numerous commercially available suppressors find that even low-power, unsuppressed .22LR handguns produce gunshots over 160

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rifles may use this type of attachment, but harsh recoil may cause the suppressor to over-tighten to the barrel and the suppressor can become difficult to remove.

416: 1576:). The exception to this is any silencers acquired before 4 November 2013, where these items can be freely retained and used. No registration is needed for these. 1072:

Another silencer technology uses a captive piston cartridge; examples are the Smith & Wesson Quiet Special Purpose Revolver (QSPR) and the Soviet and Russian

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degrades within ten shots, with stainless steel wool lasting longer than regular steel wool. Like wipes, packing materials are rarely found in modern silencers.

1449:(five suppressors) and .300 caliber AAC Blackout (four suppressors), and reported noise reduction of the peak sound level pressure between 7 dB and 32 dB. The 1112:, plastic water bottles, and foam-filled pillows are also used. In the United States, improvised silencers are governed by the same laws as manufactured ones. 3740:

Murphy, William J.; Flamme, Gregory A.; Zechmann, Edward L.; Dektas, Caroline; Meinke, Deanna K.; Stewart, Michael; Lankford, James E.; Finan, Don S. (2012).

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McCombie, Brian (August 28, 2014). "Joshua Waldron: How two guys in a rock band redesigned silencers and became the biggest suppressor maker in the nation".

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system, where sensitive microphones are coupled to computers running algorithms, and use the ballistic crack to detect and localize the origin of the shot.

3124: 1674:, which is the legal document allowing possession of a silencer. The eight states that have explicitly banned any civilian from possessing a silencer are: 1663: 450:

began a campaign to increase the civilian use of silencers for hunting and sport shooting in the US, setting the goals of easing the restrictions in the

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to refer to firearm noise reduction is in US Patent 4530417, July 23, 1985, "A suppressor for reducing the muzzle blast of firearms or the like". In

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is an example of this, with holes right after the chamber of the barrel used to reduce a regular 115 or 124gr ammunition to subsonic velocities.

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While some consider the noise reduction of a suppressor significant enough to permit safe shooting without hearing protection ("hearing safe"),

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Baffles have not been given any specific angles, a specific size, or weight to meet any standards; they are created on a trial and error basis.

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Propellant gas heats and erodes the baffles, causing wear, which is worsened by high rates of fire. Aluminum baffles are seldom used with fully

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Stewart, Michael; Meinke, Deanna K.; Flamme, Gregory A.; Murphy, William J.; Finan, Donald S.; Lankford, James E.; Tasko, Stephen M. (2017).

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Italy: a silencer is considered a restricted firearms accessory, which can only be sold to the armed forces, police and government agencies.(

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the same caliber of suppressed supersonic ammunition. When combined with silencers, the subsonic .308 rounds metered between 121 and 137dB.

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In the real world, 'silencers' are actually 'suppressors,' and they don't eliminate the sound of a gunshot so much as slightly reduce it —

243:, in contrast, conceals visible flashes by screening them from the direct line of sight, rather than reducing the intensity of the flash. 2464: 1182: 2617: 1248: 2643:

Sweeney, Patrick (February 10, 2017). "Ruger silent-SR: One of the great names in firearms takes the plunge into a once-taboo market".

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Wipes are inner dividers intended to touch the bullet as it passes through the silencer, and are typically made of rubber, plastic, or

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With subsonic ammunition, the Silent-SR provided the Hollywood 'phuut-phuut' noise that all movie suppressors are supposed to deliver

1453:, a British World War II suppressed rifle used in small numbers by Special Forces, was recorded at 85.5 dB in official firing tests. 1906: 1552:

makes the unlicensed possession of a silencer illegal. As of 7 May 2014 it is legal to own and use silencers for hunting.

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Measurements relying upon sound level meters are often unable to capture the waveform details to accurately describe the impulse.

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hitting the baffle, called a baffle strike. Baffles are typically made of stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, or alloys such as

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Germany: a silencer is treated the same in the eyes of the law as the weapon it is designed for. Accordingly, suppressors for

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There are several unique baffle designs. M, K, Z, monolithic core and Ω (Omega) are the most prevalent. M-type, an inverted

2216: 1285: 957: 505: 3789:"Přehledně: Jaké změny přináší novela zákona o zbraních [What changes are coming with the Firearms Act Amendment]" 3788: 3098: 2751: 321:. According to OSS research chief Stanley Lovell, Donovan, an old and trusted friend of the President, was waved into the 3189:

100 Deadly Skills: The SEAL Operative's Guide to Eluding Pursuers, Evading Capture, and Surviving Any Dangerous Situation

3071: 1521: Suppressors are legal to own for firearms owners (for reasons like hunting, sport, self-defence or no reason asked) 382: 177:

to exit normally. During firing, the bullet passes through the bore with little hindrance, but most of the expanding gas

1395: 1148: 361: 3229: 3197: 1892: 17: 3529:"The reduction of gunshot noise and auditory risk through the use of firearm suppressors and low-velocity ammunition" 2072:

Colonel Albert Pope and His American Dream Machines: The Life and Times of a Bicycle Tycoon Turned Automotive Pioneer

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In New Zealand, following firearm law changes in April 2019, suppressors could still be fitted to a standard firearm.

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ammunition eliminates this sound, but at the cost of lower velocity, resulting in decreased range and much decreased

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Czech Republic: C-category accessory, i.e. they are available to gun license holders and subject to registration

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has stated that the most prominent disability in former servicemen is reduced and damaged hearing and that the

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United Kingdom: Sound Moderators are regulated as controlled components and require an entry on the owner's

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In the United States, taxes and strict regulations affect the manufacture and sale of silencers under the

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that emits noise from escaping gases. Some revolver designs attempt to overcome this, such as the Russian

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Norway: not regulated and can be purchased by anyone for any firearm. No licence or permit is necessary.

1056:

have long been recognized as the easiest to suppress even if using technology dating back to the 1940s.

470:", while gun-rights advocates make essentially the opposite argument, and also that the widespread term 381:(NFA) of 1934 defined silencers and established regulations limiting their sale and ownership. Both the 1480: 1461: 910:'s Salvo silencer for shotguns attaches via internal barrel threading normally used to mount removable 341: 280: 2957:. Firearms Programs Division. U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives. p. 176. 2412: 37:"Sound suppressor" and "Sound moderator" redirect here. For a method for reducing unwanted sound, see 2533: 2496: 2284: 1617: 424: 412: 2693:

McCombie, Brian (June–July 2012). "Hush-up: How sound suppressors work and why you should own one".

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of the matter (gas and projectile) leaving the barrel, the negation of which, because momentum is

1188:

There are advantages to using a silencer that are not related to sound suppression. Hunters using

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Gun rights advocates and gun media generally claim that the word "silencer" is defined as meaning

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Silencers vary greatly in size and efficiency. One disposable type developed in the 1980s by the

572:-cracking sound associated with high-frequency shockwaves caused by an object (in this case, the 498: 1644:

In Canada, a device to muffle or stop the sound of a firearm is a "prohibited device" under the

1361:

the reduced diameter, and streamlined shape of the heavy .30 caliber bullet provides far better

1152:

Rear of suppressor showing the rotational indexing system incorporated into some Nielsen devices

333:

pistol with an integral silencer was also used by the American OSS on clandestine operations in

4122: 3719: 3698: 3274:"Finland's Silenced .338 Long-Range Sniper:Sako TRG42 Rifle and BR-Tuote T8M Reflex Suppressor" 2915: 2856: 1651: 1645: 1437:

Firearm suppressors including the SilencerCo Osprey 9, SWR Octane 45, and SilencerCo Saker 5.56

1174: 642: 593: 310: 3967: 3669: 3501: 3474: 3358: 3307: 2952: 2919: 2455: 2167: 2140: 2070: 2023: 1992: 1064: 700:

Firearm suppressor disassembled to show blast chamber, baffles, and sections of the outer tube

393:. Hiram Percy Maxim, the original inventor of the device, marketed them as "Maxim Silencers". 3844: 3246: 3004: 2794: 2563: 2546: 2509: 2097: 2050: 1715: 1659: 1469: 1406: 1189: 1167: 1109: 818: 467: 378: 314: 79: 3814: 3592:

Lobarinas, Edward; Scott, Ryan; Spankovich, Christopher; Prell, Colleen G. Le (2016-02-12).

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Itabashi, Hideo H. (2011). "Injuries Due to Firearms and Other Missile-Launching Devices".

2245: 1848: 1707: 861: 675:

another about the axis of bullet travel. (The illustration does not demonstrate this well.)

634: 217: 38: 3910: 3870: 2430: 1632: Legal, but illegal to hunt with. It is now legal to hunt with suppressors in Vermont 1368: 235:, which reduces the amount of flash by dispersing burning gases that are already released 8: 2700: 2270: 2266:"Gun silencers are hard to buy. Donald Trump Jr. and silencer makers want to change that" 1795: 1750: 1605: 1362: 1257: 716:

and contains expansion chambers. It is usually cylindrical in shape, and attaches to the

611: 602: 428: 264: 186: 166: 60: 3822: 3757: 275:

name "Maxim Silencer," and it was regularly advertised in sporting goods magazines. The

98: 3993: 3629: 3574: 3561: 1909:, Aeppli, C.A., "Knall-Dämpfungsapparat für Feuerwaffen", issued 1894-03-20 1719: 1559: 1224:

A suppressor also cools the hot gases coming out of the barrel enough that most of the

1005: 767:

cartridge is 509 mm (20.0 in) long and 76 mm (3.0 in) in diameter.

748: 696: 650: 288: 4167: 3884: 3285: 2527: 813:, is the crudest. K forms slanted obstructions diverging from the sidewalls, creating 629:

Muzzle blast generated by firearm discharge is directly proportional to the amount of

3973: 3850: 3769: 3621: 3613: 3566: 3548: 3507: 3480: 3364: 3315: 3252: 3225: 3193: 3159: 3010: 2958: 2925: 2886: 2800: 2622: 2392: 2173: 2146: 2103: 2076: 2029: 1998: 1973: 1446: 1410: 1073: 881: 825: 556: 299: 272: 256: 220:

of its mounting location (at the far front end of the barrel) will also help counter

209: 74: 3969:

Guns in American Society: An encyclopedia of history, politics, culture, and the law

3911:"Forskrift om skytevåpen, våpendeler og ammunisjon mv. (Våpenforskriften) - Lovdata" 3633: 3578: 3030: 2490: 856:

in the expansion chambers to cool the propellant gases and reduce their volume (see

3761: 3605: 3556: 3540: 2129:– Lovell claimed that a weapon so quiet would be more efficient than any death ray. 1833: 1810: 1790: 1770: 1745: 1699: 1667: 1450: 911: 717: 638: 344:

began to field suppressors in its combat units, citing improved communication on a

232: 4287: 3609: 3544: 551:

generated by high-pressure gases escaping and expanding from the muzzle after the

4216: 3648: 3187: 3153: 2796:

Handbook of Firearms and Ballistics: Examining and Interpreting Forensic Evidence

2728: 2723: 2704: 2677: 2654: 1950: 1417: 1330: 1178: 810: 158: 143: 3593: 3528: 2367:. Firearms technology. U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives 3248:

SAS and Elite Forces Guide Sniper: Sniping Skills from the World's Elite Forces

2591: 2586: 1838: 1346: 1170:, concentration and accuracy, and can permanently damage hearing very quickly. 1125: 1101: 803: 772: 756: 725: 646: 584: 463: 182: 2827: 670: 597:

Revolver with suppressor. Gas can be seen escaping between barrel and cylinder

123: 4300: 4291: 3773: 3617: 3552: 2645: 1977: 1843: 1691: 1671: 1666:(ATF), which requires a federal tax payment of $ 200 and a thorough criminal 1326: 1237: 857: 806:

have successfully used plastic baffles (certain models by Vaime and others).

459: 240: 216:

is inversely proportional to time. The weight of the silencer itself and the

1964:

Crossman, Edward (1923). Popular Science (ed.). "Maxim's House of Silence".

560: 239:

the muzzle, without necessarily reducing sound or recoil. A flash hider, or

3625: 3570: 3470: 2695: 1828: 1800: 1703: 1391: 1379: 1353: 1233: 802:

out of sheet metal. A few silencers for low-powered cartridges such as the

661: 615: 544: 334: 306: 228: 197: 170: 127: 89: 3385: 3048: 1093:

Improvised silencers have been made from a variety of materials. In 2015,

897: 3742:"Noise exposure profiles for small-caliber firearms from 1.5 to 6 meters" 3425: 2354:

Section 1(a), Public Law No. 474, Ch. 757, 48 Stat. 1236 (June 26, 1934).

2323: 1756: 1711: 1037: 1036:

However, these concepts are controversial because a muzzle blast creates

852:

Wet silencers or wet cans use a small quantity of water, oil, grease, or

846: 679: 623: 322: 318: 221: 147: 992: 2828:"Reflex suppressor for Barrett M82A1 - BR reflex suppressors (Finland)" 2672: 1695: 1675: 1321: 1292: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1162: 1105: 1013: 996: 964: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 907: 877: 814: 760: 630: 577: 565: 552: 512: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 432: 401: 151: 84: 3765: 3450: 2639:

Examples of blaming Hollywood exaggeration of silencer effectiveness:

763:. In contrast, one suppressor designed for rifles firing the powerful 3815:"Bekendtgørelse om våben og ammunition der må anvendes til jagt m.v." 3125:"Homeless Man's Black Market Submachine Guns and Improvised Silencer" 1994:

Marlin Firearms: A History of the Guns and the Company That Made Them

1925: 1483:' decision to purchase and use suppressors would solve this problem. 1342: 1098: 1041: 922: 918: 795: 548: 260: 3741: 1398: 1267: 939: 752: 590:

A silencer can affect only the noise generated by the muzzle blast.

487: 3072:"Beyond Quiet: The Russian PSS Captive Piston Pistol (2 Web pages)" 1687: 1679: 1442: 1210: 1199: 1194: 713: 709: 607: 569: 196:

Silencers can also reduce the recoil during shooting, but unlike a

190: 162: 44: 1815: 1753:, for a similar device but far bigger, on ends of railway tunnels 1082: 1053: 865: 791: 764: 349: 276: 135: 49: 27:

Device which reduces sound intensity or muzzle flash on a firearm

3222:

Forensic Neuropathology: A Practical Review of the Fundamentals

1805: 1775: 1683: 1566: 1402: 1383: 1206: 1049: 721: 619: 583:

Mechanical noise generated by the internal moving parts of the

573: 330: 302: 205: 178: 174: 139: 4103:"Criminal Code of Canada, Part III Firearms and other Weapons" 3877: 610:. Revolvers have a looser gas seal between the barrel and the 55: 3591: 2984:

Waldron, Len. "SilencerCo Salvo 12 Gauge Suppressor Review."

1422: 1229: 1136:

Retaining ring unscrewed and Nielsen device partially removed

1021: 1017: 729: 705: 345: 294:

Silencers were regularly used by agents of the United States

213: 3526: 1527: Suppressors are legal to own with special permit only 1225: 873: 842: 540:

When discharged, a firearm makes sound from three sources:

3739: 3363:. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. pp. 232–233. 3334: 2885:. Fort Myers, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 210–214, 295. 1759:, a device to reduce the noise made by a camera's shutter 853: 131: 69: 4217:"Title 18, United States Code, Section 924(c)(1)(B)(ii)" 3503:

The Battle Rifle: Development and Use Since World War II

2569:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

2217:"Marine Corps begins widespread fielding of suppressors" 1562:

pistols are sold without government oversight in France.

2753:

ASA changes its name to American Suppressor Association

2581: 2579: 704:

A silencer is typically a hollow metal tube made from

3780: 3386:"The use of sound suppressors on high-powered rifles" 3337:"NHCA Position Statement, Recreational Firearm Noise" 692:

Cross-section of a suppressor integral to the firearm

2525: 474:

reflects technical ignorance and is poorly defined.

2576: 1957: 1664:

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives

637:. Therefore, the greater the case capacity (i.e. a 435:, but not firearms. These dictionaries define both 387:

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives

4011: 3479:. Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books. p. 223. 3284:(8). New York: Harris Publications. Archived from 3155:Workbench Silencers: The Art Of Improvised Designs 3003:Webb, Brandon; Doherty, Glen (15 September 2010). 2618:"Suppressors: For Hearing and the Shooting Sports" 2526: 2489: 2488: 2169:Encyclopedia of Military Technology and Innovation 2055:. New York: Buyers' Reference Company. p. 53. 1868:"Firearms - Gun Control Act Definition - Silencer" 1621:Legality of firearm suppressors by US jurisdiction 1144:Nielsen device completely removed and disassembled 1020:), beyond the range of human hearing. The Russian 3099:"The Science of Russia's New Silent Sniper Rifle" 466:" in favor of friendlier-sounding language like " 30:"Suppressor" redirects here. For other uses, see 4298: 2924:. New York: Penguin Group US. pp. 218–235. 2558: 2556: 2521: 2519: 2259: 2257: 2255: 1590:license. Moderators don't need to be registered 200:or a recoil compensator, which reduce recoil by 2996: 2241:"Gun lobby seeks to calm fears about silencers" 1217:, is transferred to the gun as recoil. Paulson 291:was known to purchase and use Maxim silencers. 185:into a larger surface area, reducing the blast 3817:[Hunting weapons and ammunition act]. 3314:. Berkley Publishing Group. pp. 228–235. 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2611: 2609: 2484: 2482: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2064: 2062: 1763: 736:signature. The chambers are divided by either 146:of the muzzle report (sound of a gunshot) and 3238: 3147: 3145: 2727:. E. Garrett Bewkes IV – via 2562: 2553: 2516: 2431:"Five sound moderators on test - Shooting UK" 2252: 2145:. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 187. 2028:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 165. 1466:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 999:Osprey .45 suppressor on a Springfield pistol 836: 3746:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 3676:. The Hearing Industry Resource. March 2007 3305: 3031:".22 and .45 as easy to suppress ammunition" 2954:Federal Firearms Regulations Reference Guide 2788: 2786: 1477:United States Department of Veterans Affairs 1365:performance, improving range substantially. 1356:cartridge, which is formed from a necked-up 4223:. Cornell University Law School. 2013-02-13 4209: 4198:. Cornell University Law School. 2008-09-24 4123:"Importing a Firearm or Weapon into Canada" 3493: 3396: 3312:Stalkers and Shooters: A history of snipers 3306:Dater, Philip; Dockery, Kevin (July 2007). 3009:. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. pp. 71–72. 3002: 2921:Stalkers and Shooters: A History of Snipers 2899: 2606: 2479: 2378: 2227: 2172:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 237. 2132: 2089: 2059: 1943: 555:exits the barrel and breaks the functional 4192:"Title 26, United States Code, Chapter 53" 4184: 3959: 3444: 3442: 3151: 3142: 3122: 3049:"Sound Suppressors on High-Powered Rifles" 3041: 2945: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2015: 1059: 656: 157:A typical silencer is a metallic (usually 3560: 3463: 3377: 3344:National Hearing Conservation Association 3299: 3244: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2783: 2676:. Gun Digest Books – via 2633: 2307: 2305: 2264:Rosenwald, Michael S. (January 9, 2017), 2263: 1308:Learn how and when to remove this message 980:Learn how and when to remove this message 528:Learn how and when to remove this message 3953:"::: Lei n.º 5/2006, de 23 de Fevereiro" 3836: 3697:. Campus.murraystate.edu. Archived from 3350: 3219: 3096: 3023: 2692: 2669: 2159: 2069:Goddard, Stephen B. (11 November 2000). 1963: 1616: 1582:Poland: In 2020, a new amendment to the 1506: 1432: 1373: 1247: 1147: 1139: 1131: 1119: 1063: 991: 896: 695: 687: 678: 669: 660: 592: 477: 419:, and other dictionaries apply the term 360: 97: 54: 43: 3662: 3499: 3448: 3439: 3402: 3360:Gun Digest Shooter's Guide to the AR-15 3271: 3185: 3179: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3006:21st Century Sniper: The complete guide 2914: 2841: 2820: 2759: 2642: 2615: 2384: 2238: 2138: 2095: 2068: 2052:Electrical Record and Buyer's Reference 2022:Freeman, Morton S. (18 December 1997). 2021: 1984: 1822: 1533: Suppressors are prohibited to own 1416:Without using subsonic ammunition, the 1409:, high retained downrange energy, high 1341:near the speed of sound are considered 1088: 396:The earliest use of the technical term 14: 4299: 4074:"Firearms licensing: sound moderators" 3965: 3786: 3687: 3418: 3278:Guns & Weapons for Law Enforcement 3123:Weingarten, Dean (November 27, 2015). 2880: 2863: 2849:"Suppressors - Silencers - SilencerCo" 2749: 2302: 2127:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 2122: 2116: 1991:USAR, William S. Brophy (1 May 1989). 1905: 1401:ammunition used in rifles such as the 1243: 784: 313:demonstrated the pistol for President 287:Former president of the United States 142:) is discharged, thereby reducing the 3500:Tilstra, Russell C. (21 March 2014). 3469: 3383: 2883:Cartridges and Firearm Identification 2792: 2721:"Hollywood has a lot to answer for". 2628:National Rifle Association of America 2616:LaSorte, Darren (December 22, 2011), 2357: 2333:from the original on 30 December 2023 2210: 2208: 2195:"USMC Begins Roll Out of Suppressors" 1468:uses 140 dB as the safety cutoff for 448:National Rifle Association of America 4115: 4095: 3994:"BOE.es - Documento BOE-A-2020-9134" 3966:Carter, Gregg Lee (1 January 2002). 3842: 3712: 3646: 3640: 3356: 3059: 2547:participating institution membership 2510:participating institution membership 2214: 2192: 2165: 2048: 1990: 1951:"US Patent 958935A - Silent Firearm" 1290:adding citations to reliable sources 1261: 962:adding citations to reliable sources 933: 510:adding citations to reliable sources 481: 4243:"Criminal Use of Firearm Silencers" 4139: 4021:[Suppressors (in Sweden)]. 3925:"Dwie ustawy z podpisem Prezydenta" 2799:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 32. 2774: 2042: 1095:Los Angeles County sheriff deputies 24: 4084:from the original on 21 April 2024 3787:Gawron, Tomáš (22 December 2020). 3598:International Journal of Audiology 3533:International Journal of Audiology 3476:Gun Digest Book of Beretta Pistols 3357:Mann, Richard A. (30 April 2014). 3192:. Simon and Schuster. p. 70. 3097:Hambling, David (25 August 2018). 2793:Heard, Brian J. (17 August 2011). 2205: 2102:. Globe Pequot Press. p. 74. 2099:The History of Winchester Firearms 1115: 311:William Joseph "Wild Bill" Donovan 173:, with a hollow bore to allow the 48:A case of suppressors produced by 25: 4328: 4281: 4240: 4172:americansuppressorassociation.com 4147:"13 V.S.A. § 4010. Gun silencers" 4045:"Guide on Firearms Licensing Law" 3670:"Firearms and Hearing Protection" 2777:Silencer: History and performance 2385:Greener, W. W. (1 October 2002). 2313:"Guide on Firearms Licensing Law" 2193:Moss, Matthew (13 January 2021). 1550:Danish Weapons And Explosives Law 1515: Suppressors are unregulated 1128:protruding (completely assembled) 929: 759:(slower than the speed of sound) 298:, who favored the newly designed 3649:"WWII Silent Killer Still Lives" 2881:Walker, Robert E. (2013-03-21). 2734:. February 6, 2017. p. 10. 2166:Bull, Stephen (1 January 2004). 1997:. Stackpole Books. p. 653. 1751:Piston effect § Tunnel boom 1612: 1428: 1266: 938: 872:Packing materials such as metal 486: 408:is the more commonly used term. 4260: 4234: 4219:. Legal Information Institute. 4194:. Legal Information Institute. 4160: 4066: 4052:Guide on Firearms Licensing Law 4037: 3986: 3945: 3931: 3917: 3903: 3863: 3807: 3733: 3585: 3520: 3405:"Rethinking Direct Impingement" 3328: 3265: 3251:. Lyons Press. pp. 43–44. 3224:. Academic Press. p. 223. 3213: 3186:Emerson, Clint (Oct 13, 2015). 3116: 3090: 2978: 2743: 2448: 2423: 2405: 2348: 2285:"How Silent Are Gun Silencers?" 2277: 2186: 1926:"Die Geschichte der B&T AG" 1786:OTs-38 Stechkin silent revolver 1539: Missing or non-clear info 1277:needs additional citations for 1078:OTs-38 Stechkin silent revolver 1025:variations perceived as sound. 949:needs additional citations for 559:restraining the gas inside the 497:needs additional citations for 59:Suppressed firearms with their 3887:[Silencers in Italy]. 3152:Hollenbach, George M. (1996). 2572:(5th ed.). HarperCollins. 2326:. November 2022. p. 111. 1972:(2). Bonnier Corporation: 48. 1918: 1899: 1885: 1860: 1252:Kinematics of a Nielsen Device 1124:Rear of a suppressor with the 356: 13: 1: 4288:How does a gun silencer work? 4127:Canada Border Services Agency 3610:10.3109/14992027.2015.1122241 3545:10.1080/14992027.2017.1407459 3245:Dougherty, Martin J. (2012). 2974:– via DIANE Publishing. 1854: 1493: 892: 779: 169:containing numerous internal 4248:. Western Criminology Review 3392:. Vol. 1, no. 7–9. 2239:Devaney, Tim (May 5, 2017), 1068:Kinematics of the PSS pistol 917:Military rifles such as the 653:analyzer during live tests. 327:Special Operations Executive 296:Office of Strategic Services 208:generated — as for the same 7: 3939:"Polícia Segurança Pública" 3428:. world.guns.ru. 2001-01-26 2750:Slowik, Max (May 9, 2014), 2388:The Gun and Its Development 2025:A New Dictionary of Eponyms 1966:The Popular Science Monthly 1764:Notable suppressed firearms 1739: 901:Hunting rifle with silencer 633:to be combusted within the 281:internal combustion engines 269:American Radio Relay League 231:. This is different from a 126:device that suppresses the 32:Suppressor (disambiguation) 10: 4333: 3647:Rome, Robert (June 1984). 3506:. McFarland. p. 165. 3076:Small Arms Defense Journal 2465:National Rifle Association 2391:. Lyons Press. p. 9. 2075:. McFarland. p. 227. 1726: 1481:United States Marine Corps 1462:noise-induced hearing loss 1255: 837:Wipes and packing material 365:Different Silencer designs 342:United States Marine Corps 246: 36: 29: 3972:. ABC-CLIO. p. 512. 3891:(in Italian). 12 May 2017 3871:"§ 13 WaffG - Einzelnorm" 3849:. Knopf. pp. 45–46. 2592:Dictionary.com Unabridged 2534:Oxford English Dictionary 2497:Oxford English Dictionary 2096:Boorman, Dean K. (2001). 1670:. The tax payment buys a 1502: 425:electromagnetic shielding 3885:"Silenziatori in Italia" 3449:Silvers, Robert (2005). 2139:Kessler, Ronald (1994). 2123:Lovell, Stanley (1963). 1574:Law april 18 1975 Art. 2 1205:Silencers reduce firing 383:US Department of Justice 267:, and co-founder of the 4268:"Firearms changes FAQs" 3035:AssassinsTradeCraft.com 2732:(subscription required) 2708:(subscription required) 2681:(subscription required) 2658:(subscription required) 2651:Outdoor Sportsman Group 2539:Oxford University Press 2502:Oxford University Press 2125:Of Spies and Stratagems 1781:MSP Groza silent pistol 1584:Arms and Ammunition Act 1413:, and moderate recoil. 1378:Integral suppressor on 1358:.221 Remington Fireball 1232:that leaves the barrel 1060:Captive-piston silencer 657:Design and construction 102:Cutaway of a suppressor 4307:Firearm muzzle devices 4054:. November 2022. 12.77 4000:. pp. 63792–63842 3752:(3_Supplement): 1905. 3426:"Modern sniper rifles" 2703: – via 2653: – via 1652:Gun politics in Canada 1640: 1558:France: silencers for 1541: 1438: 1387: 1253: 1175:counter-sniper tactics 1153: 1145: 1137: 1129: 1069: 1000: 902: 798:out of solid metal or 701: 693: 685: 676: 667: 649:in conjunction with a 598: 366: 103: 95: 80:Heckler & Koch USP 52: 3846:Gun Guys: A road trip 3129:thetruthaboutguns.com 2457:The NRA Handbook 2024 1660:National Firearms Act 1620: 1510: 1436: 1407:ballistic coefficient 1377: 1251: 1168:situational awareness 1151: 1143: 1135: 1123: 1067: 995: 900: 699: 691: 682: 673: 664: 596: 478:Firearm noise anatomy 468:modern sporting rifle 379:National Firearms Act 364: 315:Franklin D. Roosevelt 273:popularly trademarked 101: 58: 47: 3722:. Hearinglossweb.com 3473:(28 February 2011). 3384:White, Mark (1998). 3272:Paulson, Al (2004). 1930:Brügger & Thomet 1849:Blank-firing adapter 1823:Other muzzle devices 1718:, Chapter 53 of the 1708:District of Columbia 1405:has a high subsonic 1286:improve this article 1089:Improvised silencers 958:improve this article 862:heat of vaporization 506:improve this article 423:to such contexts as 189:, thus lowering the 39:Active noise control 4317:American inventions 3927:. January 29, 2020. 3758:2012ASAJ..132.1905M 2701:Bonnier Corporation 2537:(Online ed.). 2500:(Online ed.). 2271:The Washington Post 1606:firearm certificate 1258:Subsonic ammunition 1244:Subsonic ammunition 1181:, such as the U.S. 1104:with an automobile 785:Baffles and spacers 643:autoloading firearm 603:subsonic ammunition 452:Federal NFA of 1934 389:(ATF) use the term 265:Hiram Stevens Maxim 4272:New Zealand Police 3843:Baum, Dan (2013). 3819:retsinformation.dk 2683:. pp. 48 ff. 2660:. pp. 32 ff. 2467:. 2024. p. 71 1720:United States Code 1641: 1542: 1439: 1388: 1363:external ballistic 1320:In weapons firing 1254: 1154: 1146: 1138: 1130: 1070: 1010:phase cancellation 1006:frequency shifting 1001: 903: 702: 694: 686: 677: 668: 651:frequency spectrum 599: 367: 337:-occupied Europe. 289:Theodore Roosevelt 255:American inventor 144:acoustic intensity 110:, also known as a 104: 96: 53: 18:Silencer (firearm) 3979:978-1-57607-268-4 3856:978-0-307-59541-6 3766:10.1121/1.4754989 3674:Hearingreview.com 3604:(sup1): S59–S71. 3539:(sup1): S28–S41. 3513:978-1-4766-1564-6 3486:978-1-4402-2424-9 3390:Small Arms Review 3370:978-1-4402-3847-5 3321:978-0-425-21542-5 3258:978-0-7627-8876-7 3158:. Paladin Press. 3103:Popular Mechanics 3016:978-1-61608-001-3 2990:. March 7, 2016. 2964:978-1-4289-5186-0 2931:978-1-4406-2890-0 2892:978-1-4665-8881-3 2830:. Guns.connect.fi 2806:978-1-119-96477-3 2775:Paulson, Alan C. 2623:American Rifleman 2545:(Subscription or 2508:(Subscription or 2398:978-1-58574-734-4 2179:978-1-57356-557-8 2152:978-0-671-73458-9 2109:978-1-58574-307-0 2082:978-1-4766-1334-5 2035:978-0-19-509354-4 2004:978-0-8117-4694-6 1411:sectional density 1382:sniper rifle and 1369:9×19mm Parabellum 1318: 1317: 1310: 1190:centerfire rifles 1074:PSS silent pistol 990: 989: 982: 826:automatic weapons 794:, and are either 765:.50 caliber (BMG) 538: 537: 530: 417:American Heritage 300:High Standard HDM 257:Hiram Percy Maxim 16:(Redirected from 4324: 4276: 4275: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4247: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4178: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4133: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4109: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4089: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4049: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4005: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3889:Military Weapons 3881: 3875: 3874: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3823:Miljøministeriet 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3727: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3706: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3681: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3653: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3564: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3446: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3341: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3293: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3078:. 16 August 2011 3068: 3057: 3056: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3000: 2994: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2912: 2897: 2896: 2878: 2861: 2860: 2855:. Archived from 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2790: 2781: 2780: 2772: 2757: 2756: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2733: 2715: 2709: 2687: 2682: 2664: 2659: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2613: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2600: 2583: 2574: 2573: 2560: 2551: 2550: 2542: 2530: 2523: 2514: 2513: 2505: 2493: 2486: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2462: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2442: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2372: 2361: 2355: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2332: 2317: 2309: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2296: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2261: 2250: 2249: 2236: 2225: 2224: 2215:Gonzales, Matt. 2212: 2203: 2202: 2199:The Firearm Blog 2190: 2184: 2183: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2136: 2130: 2128: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2066: 2057: 2056: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2019: 2013: 2012: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1938: 1937: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1864: 1834:Flash suppressor 1811:AAC Honey Badger 1791:PBS-1 Suppressor 1771:De Lisle carbine 1746:Title II weapons 1668:background check 1637: 1631: 1625: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1451:De Lisle carbine 1313: 1306: 1302: 1299: 1293: 1270: 1262: 1179:gunfire locators 985: 978: 974: 971: 965: 942: 934: 639:magnum cartridge 533: 526: 522: 519: 513: 490: 482: 233:flash suppressor 112:sound suppressor 21: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4312:Noise reduction 4297: 4296: 4284: 4279: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4241:Clark, Paul A. 4239: 4235: 4226: 4224: 4221:law.cornell.edu 4215: 4214: 4210: 4201: 4199: 4196:law.cornell.edu 4190: 4189: 4185: 4176: 4174: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4131: 4129: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4087: 4085: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4047: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4003: 4001: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3964: 3960: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3841: 3837: 3828: 3826: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3785: 3781: 3738: 3734: 3725: 3723: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3704: 3702: 3695:"2.7: Decibels" 3693: 3692: 3688: 3679: 3677: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3651: 3645: 3641: 3590: 3586: 3525: 3521: 3514: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3468: 3464: 3455: 3453: 3447: 3440: 3431: 3429: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3401: 3397: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3355: 3351: 3339: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3304: 3300: 3291: 3289: 3270: 3266: 3259: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3150: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3070: 3069: 3060: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3001: 2997: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2913: 2900: 2893: 2879: 2864: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2833: 2831: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2791: 2784: 2773: 2760: 2748: 2744: 2731: 2729:General OneFile 2724:National Review 2720: 2707: 2705:General OneFile 2680: 2678:General OneFile 2657: 2655:General OneFile 2638: 2634: 2614: 2607: 2598: 2596: 2585: 2584: 2577: 2561: 2554: 2544: 2524: 2517: 2507: 2487: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2440: 2438: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2383: 2379: 2370: 2368: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2303: 2294: 2292: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2262: 2253: 2237: 2228: 2213: 2206: 2191: 2187: 2180: 2164: 2160: 2153: 2137: 2133: 2121: 2117: 2110: 2094: 2090: 2083: 2067: 2060: 2047: 2043: 2036: 2020: 2016: 2005: 1989: 1985: 1962: 1958: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1935: 1933: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1912: 1904: 1900: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1876: 1874: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1825: 1820: 1766: 1742: 1729: 1710:. The state of 1639: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1615: 1540: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1505: 1496: 1470:impulsive noise 1431: 1418:muzzle velocity 1347:Pointed bullets 1331:.308 Winchester 1314: 1303: 1297: 1294: 1283: 1271: 1260: 1246: 1118: 1116:Characteristics 1091: 1062: 1038:broadband noise 986: 975: 969: 966: 955: 943: 932: 895: 839: 787: 782: 659: 580:through the air 534: 523: 517: 514: 503: 491: 480: 359: 309:. OSS Director 249: 159:stainless steel 130:created when a 120:sound moderator 94: 65:Top to bottom: 64: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4330: 4320: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4295: 4294: 4283: 4282:External links 4280: 4278: 4277: 4274:. 15 May 2019. 4259: 4233: 4208: 4183: 4159: 4138: 4114: 4094: 4080:. 2024-02-21. 4065: 4036: 4023:Swedish Police 4010: 3985: 3978: 3958: 3944: 3930: 3916: 3902: 3876: 3862: 3855: 3835: 3806: 3779: 3732: 3711: 3686: 3661: 3639: 3584: 3519: 3512: 3492: 3485: 3462: 3438: 3417: 3395: 3376: 3369: 3349: 3327: 3320: 3298: 3264: 3257: 3237: 3231:978-0080549842 3230: 3212: 3199:978-1476796055 3198: 3178: 3164: 3141: 3115: 3089: 3058: 3040: 3022: 3015: 2995: 2977: 2963: 2944: 2930: 2916:Dockery, Kevin 2898: 2891: 2862: 2859:on 2011-01-08. 2840: 2819: 2805: 2782: 2779:. Vol. 1. 2758: 2742: 2740: 2739: 2717: 2716: 2710:. p. 82. 2689: 2688: 2666: 2665: 2632: 2605: 2575: 2552: 2515: 2478: 2447: 2422: 2404: 2397: 2377: 2365:"Silencer FAQ" 2356: 2347: 2301: 2276: 2251: 2226: 2204: 2185: 2178: 2158: 2151: 2142:Inside the CIA 2131: 2115: 2108: 2088: 2081: 2058: 2041: 2034: 2014: 2003: 1983: 1956: 1942: 1917: 1898: 1893:"Jakob stahel" 1884: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1839:Muzzle booster 1836: 1831: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1656: 1634: 1628: 1622: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1580: 1577: 1570: 1563: 1556: 1553: 1546: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1504: 1501: 1495: 1492: 1430: 1427: 1396:armor-piercing 1316: 1315: 1274: 1272: 1265: 1256:Main article: 1245: 1242: 1126:Nielsen device 1117: 1114: 1102:submachine gun 1090: 1087: 1061: 1058: 988: 987: 946: 944: 937: 931: 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1888: 1873: 1869: 1863: 1859: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1844:Muzzle shroud 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1692:Massachusetts 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1672:revenue stamp 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1647: 1646:Criminal Code 1643: 1642: 1638: Illegal 1619: 1613:North America 1607: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548:Denmark: the 1547: 1544: 1543: 1509: 1500: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1435: 1429:Effectiveness 1426: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1386:assault rifle 1385: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1338: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1327:muzzle energy 1323: 1312: 1309: 1301: 1291: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1275:This section 1273: 1269: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1250: 1241: 1239: 1238:back pressure 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1164: 1158: 1150: 1142: 1134: 1127: 1122: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1086: 1084: 1079: 1075: 1066: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 998: 994: 984: 981: 973: 963: 959: 953: 952: 947:This section 945: 941: 936: 935: 927: 924: 920: 915: 913: 909: 899: 890: 886: 883: 882:metal washers 879: 875: 870: 867: 863: 859: 858:Ideal gas law 855: 850: 848: 844: 834: 830: 827: 822: 820: 816: 812: 807: 805: 801: 797: 793: 777: 774: 768: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 745: 743: 739: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 698: 690: 681: 672: 663: 654: 652: 648: 647:decibel meter 644: 640: 636: 632: 627: 625: 622:, and the US 621: 617: 613: 609: 604: 595: 591: 586: 582: 579: 575: 571: 567: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 543: 542: 541: 532: 529: 521: 511: 507: 501: 500: 495:This section 493: 489: 484: 483: 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 460:assault rifle 455: 453: 449: 446:In 2011, the 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 409: 407: 403: 399: 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 375: 372: 363: 354: 351: 347: 343: 340:In 2020, the 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 301: 297: 292: 290: 285: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 253: 244: 242: 241:muzzle shroud 238: 234: 230: 225: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 171:sound baffles 168: 164: 160: 155: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 100: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 67: 62: 57: 51: 46: 40: 33: 19: 4271: 4262: 4252:15 September 4250:. Retrieved 4236: 4225:. Retrieved 4220: 4211: 4200:. Retrieved 4195: 4186: 4175:. Retrieved 4171: 4162: 4150:. Retrieved 4141: 4130:. Retrieved 4117: 4106:. Retrieved 4097: 4086:. Retrieved 4077: 4068: 4056:. Retrieved 4051: 4039: 4027:. Retrieved 4025:(in Swedish) 4022: 4013: 4002:. Retrieved 3997: 3988: 3968: 3961: 3947: 3933: 3919: 3905: 3893:. Retrieved 3888: 3879: 3865: 3845: 3838: 3827:. Retrieved 3825:. 2014-05-07 3818: 3809: 3797:. Retrieved 3792: 3782: 3749: 3745: 3735: 3724:. Retrieved 3714: 3703:. Retrieved 3699:the original 3689: 3678:. Retrieved 3673: 3664: 3655: 3642: 3601: 3597: 3587: 3536: 3532: 3522: 3502: 3495: 3475: 3465: 3454:. Retrieved 3430:. Retrieved 3420: 3408:. Retrieved 3398: 3389: 3379: 3359: 3352: 3343: 3330: 3311: 3308:"Chapter 28" 3301: 3290:. Retrieved 3286:the original 3281: 3277: 3267: 3247: 3240: 3221: 3215: 3203:. Retrieved 3188: 3181: 3169:. Retrieved 3154: 3132:. Retrieved 3128: 3118: 3106:. Retrieved 3102: 3092: 3080:. 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Retrieved 1871: 1862: 1829:Muzzle brake 1801:VSS Vintorez 1704:Rhode Island 1649: 1583: 1497: 1489: 1485: 1474: 1459: 1455: 1440: 1415: 1389: 1380:VSS Vintorez 1367: 1354:.300 Whisper 1351: 1339: 1335: 1319: 1304: 1298:January 2019 1295: 1284:Please help 1279:verification 1276: 1223: 1218: 1204: 1187: 1177:can include 1172: 1159: 1155: 1097:recovered a 1092: 1071: 1046: 1040:rather than 1035: 1031: 1027: 1002: 976: 970:January 2019 967: 956:Please help 951:verification 948: 916: 904: 887: 871: 851: 840: 831: 823: 808: 788: 769: 746: 741: 737: 734: 703: 628: 624:S&W QSPR 616:Nagant M1895 601:While using 600: 589: 545:Muzzle blast 539: 524: 518:January 2019 515: 504:Please help 499:verification 496: 471: 456: 445: 440: 436: 420: 410: 405: 397: 395: 390: 376: 370: 368: 339: 307:World War II 293: 286: 254: 250: 236: 229:muzzle flash 226: 198:muzzle brake 195: 156: 119: 115: 111: 107: 105: 90:SIG Mosquito 85:Beretta 92FS 4168:"Education" 4029:1 September 3799:22 December 2435:Shooting UK 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