Sikh music - Knowledge

1356: 4425: 1617: 2090:, which is described as being the most explicitly-defined and unique of all the kirtan sittings, with the utilization of standardized melodies that date back to the time period of the Sikh gurus. One of the unique aspects of this sitting is that it is the only one where the drummer role within a kirtan group is required to sing certain verses solo. In-between the verses of the Asa ki Vaar, the kirtan group can implement verses from other compositions of their liking. No discourse occurs during this sitting and its time length is usually between two and three hours but it may be longer depending on how many other compositions were included to be interspersed between the hymns of the Asa ki Vaar. Kirtanis aim to be able to perform this specific sitting well as it is a badge of honour to be considered a talented performer of it. It is also said to be the sitting that is most inductive of producing a meditative experience for the participants, due to the combination of the early morning hours ( 94: 1165: 5005: 1749: 970: 2318: 2010:) to be able to follow along and sing with the performers, it also allows for the laypersons to internalize the message of the underlying hymn rather than focus too much on the musical expression itself. The singing by vocalists is interspersed by supportive and harmonizing melodies played by the harmonium, with the drummer playing variations utilizing the tabla in "tempo and rhythmic variety". All these factors are geared towards producing a calm and spiritual setting and experience for the participants. Presentation and performance are the two important factors of the "traditional" ragi kirtan performance type. Lines from certain hymns tend to be repeated to allow for the listeners to join in on the singing. Various genres found within the "traditional" ragi kirtan sub-type are 1425: 2203: 1297: 2268:

influences how people engage with it, including musical performers and their listeners. The manner of Sikh music recorded within the industry has diverged quite far from how Sikh music was traditionally performed. It is characterized by influences and adoptions of prevailing and popular tunes, trends, styles, and intricate instrumental accompaniment not observable in Sikh musical performances at gurdwaras. Accompanying video records of the music records tend to display the typical ragi jatha trio with two harmonium-players and a tabla-player, with the supporting instruments and musicians invisible in the background not-in-view also playing along to produce the recording.

1948: 1262: 1921: 1458:. In 1991, during the traditional Sikh musicology campaign by the Ludhiana Jawaddi Kalan (Sikh school of music), an audio-recording effort of traditional Sikh ragi families' performances, in-order to document and preserve the Sikh music tradition, was overseen by Sant Succha Singh. A committee was formed for the purpose of identifying the authentic Sikh raga traditions and renditions of various raga types, known as the Rag Nirnayak Committee. The findings of the committee were commended upon by Gurnam Singh in 2000. A later and updated edition of the 3061:. The Goindwal Pothis contain musical information based upon ragas. The musical raga expression of the pothis during the period of the early Sikh gurus were mostly stable throughout the years but the changes that are observed across the various texts reflect wider changes of Indian raga music during the time-periods they were compiled, such as the invention of new ragas and new forms of existing ragas. Particular ragas were selected or invented by the Sikh gurus for their purported spiritual effects and their ability to evoke the state of 5309: 1853: 2155: 2228:, literally "unbroken") between hymns and compositions being performed, with the person leading the performance being a shared role that involves taking turns between men or women in the congregation. The goal of the Akhand Kirtani style is to ignite a "ecstatic fervor" amid members of the participating assembly, which is accomplished by sudden or gradual changes in tempo, rhythm, or volume. This style often involves the recitation and performance of group chantings of 9124: 793: 9116: 5118: 130: 22: 2079:). True mastery of kirtan requires a deep understanding and knowledge of Sikh philosophy, history, and culture. According to the late Bhai Avtar Singh, a preeminent ragi of his time, the most important criteria for becoming a good kirtankar was first living a life in-line with the principles set-out in the Guru Granth Sahib, and then an education in its prescribed ragas. 2129:), and other ceremonies, kirtan performances are also held. The families celebrating these events can request particular hymns or compositions of their choosing to be sung and played by the kirtani group. With the Anand Karaj specifically, there is a particular arrangement to be followed. First, a group of compositions appropriate to the setting is performed. After, the 3006:, such as the Asa and Majh ragas. The names of variations of the ragas also detail that various regional styles that influenced them. The variations of the Gauri raga reveal different regional locations. The organization of the various ragas within the Guru Granth Sahib is a contested topic of debate amongst the academe, with different scholars offering their views. 2102:(all night), which occur annually as events with various musicians taking part and ending with a Asa ki Vaar performance in the early morning-time. At the principle Sikh shrine, the Harmandir Sahib, kirtani sittings occur continuously all-day and all-night, from the beginning of dawn to past midnight, and are arranged based upon the time of day and season. 5093:; ਵਾਜਾ). There is now a revival among the Sikh community to bring native, Guru-designated instruments back into the sphere of Sikh music to play Gurbani in the specified Raag. Organizations like Raj Academy & Nad Music Institute are among the many online teaching services available. These instruments include: 2251:, which involves Sikh women and girls convening together in gurdwaras during off-peak hours, often in the afternoon. It is characterized by a call-and-response format alternating between various members of the gathered group. An instrument often played during these group musical performances by women is the 2094:), uninterrupted performance, and long lengths. In-regards to the other sittings, they tend to be much less structured and varied. The other sittings usually consist of the performance of a few gurbani compositions and the performance draws to a close by singing the six stanzas of the Anand composition. The 1332:

led to it becoming popular and eventually replacing many local Sikh instruments. However, the harmonium is unsuited for playing traditional raga music because of its rigidness, fixed-state, and equal-temperament tuning that cannot create the microtonal inflections and ornaments required within raga music.

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Kirtan within gurdwara is usually performed by the ragi jathi, typically consisting of three members in modern-times but four members in historical-times. Aside from being required to perform musically, they also are needed to perform the liturgy services. The ragis are traditionally all male and are

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Some scholarly work has been conducted to identify original raga traditions that were invented and performed by the Sikhs. The Punjabi University of Patiala conducted work in 1979 for this purpose, analyzing the musical traditions practiced by the eleventh-generation familial ragi brothers, Gurcharan

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During the partition of Punjab in 1947, one of the three Sikh traditional music institutions, the Rababis, would suffer a deathblow it has not since recovered from, as many former Muslim rababis who had performed at Sikh shrines moved away to Pakistan and future performances by Muslim rababis at Sikh

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Many of the raga and musical form sections found within the Guru Granth Sahib have been allotted corresponding ghars as a numeric designation, with most having up to seven ghar forms assigned to them. However, the inner meaning of these ghar designations are accepted to have been lost throughout the

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provides the views of the late Bhai Avtar Singh Ragi on the subject of autochenous Sikh raga traditions and styles. Greater investigation is needed to look at the issue in further-depth, such as viewing the diverse rag-form and notation material, and also the identification of different rag versions

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In recent times, the traditional raga based Sikh musical tradition (including singing the partal with a complex array of taals) has fallen out of favour and been replaced with "semi-classical, light, light, folk or even filmy" styles. However, efforts are being undertaken to revive traditional Sikh

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In the early 19th century, the harmonium began to be used amongst local musicians, eventually including Sikhs, in the Indian subcontinent; however, its adoption would have devastating impacts on native Sikh instruments. The harmonium was easy to learn and play, plus it was easily transported, which

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secured over the shoulder by its player. Melodic instruments are not used during the procession due to their weight and immobility. However, many modern Nagar Kirtans have floats which allow a ragi jatha to be seated upon to play melodic instruments or simply opt to playing a pre-recording of Sikh

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saints who belonged to varying religious backgrounds, along with his own works and that of his predecessory gurus. The second edition of the Adi Granth was completed by Guru Gobind Singh, whom added the works of his father, the previous guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur. It is the second edition of the text

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made a similar push to resurrect the traditional Sikh instruments and ragas at its gurdwaras but this was a short-lived attempt and was given up on after three or four lessons due to the difficulty of teaching the musical performers the traditional methods and tools. It has been argued by Amandeep

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he raga organization of the Adi Granth presents an excellent combination of lyrical and rational elements. It is far more complex than any simple explanation would describe it. It may be added here that understanding the ragas of the Adi Granth and their organization solely in terms of the modern

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markers within the same hymn, usually the first marker occurs after a verse in question form and the second marker exists after the verse in answer form to the prior question presented earlier in the hymn. There are also numeric sequencing markers to formulate the order at-which verses are to be

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origins, with the taus designed into a unique peacock shape and introduced into Sikh music by Guru Hargobind and the later dilruba invented by Guru Gobind Singh. The saranda is traced back to Guru Amar Das and Guru Arjun. Furthermore, the Sikh gurus actively patronized and encouraged the musical

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Taals have a vocalised and therefore recordable form wherein individual beats are expressed as phonetic representations of various strokes played upon the tabla. Various Ghars (literally 'Houses' which can be inferred to be "styles" – basically styles of the same art with cultivated traditional

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which can ignite a certain mood in the reciter and listeners. There are primarily 31 ragas utilized within the primary Sikh scripture, with further variants ragas based upon these primary set. Whilst a lot of the variant ragas have been given names, many are instead named based upon sequential

1070:(plucked lute), and would travel alongside Nanak and play the instrument when Nanak spoke his teachings. As a result of this, Mardana is credited as establishing the rababi tradition in Sikhism. When Guru Nanak received a revelation, he would exclaim: "Mardaneya! Rabab chhed, bani aayee hai" . 1993:

What is now termed "traditional" (but it is not truly historically accurate to apply this appellation to this type as truly traditional kirtan differs substantially from what is described here) ragi jatha kirtan performances in gurdwaras nowadays employ simple melodies which are set to basic

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he rāg arrangement in the Adi Granth, unlike that in the Goindval Pothis, defies an entirely satisfactory explanation... My suggestions toward interpreting the structure of the Adi Granth may yet yield no perfect answers, but I hope they are sufficient to challenge any argument that the rag

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Many Sikh homes have recorded Sikh music playing throughout the day. Its purpose is to create a setting of serenity and spirituality within the home. Sikhs opt to listen to this form of music when commuting. The recording of Sikh music has grown into a large industry in its own right, which

2188:, typically happening around the gurdwara complex or the local neighbourhood, where participation by the general Sikh public in singing the hymns as part of the ceremony is highly encouraged. The leader of the Nagar Kirtan procession gives out a call and the accompanying or observing 1721:

A blowback to the rabab instrument's usage in Sikh circles came in the aftermath of the partition of the Punjab in 1947, due to many Muslim rababi families migrating to their new homes in Pakistan or became pushed to the margins of society due to changing socio-cultural

1573:, and more, may also be expressed within the title. However, the true contents and meanings of these musical forms have mostly been lost to common knowledge and are now unknown. Finally, the final important piece of musical information provided in the title is the 1990:). Younger ragis have started wearing different colours outside of traditional range. Ragis are paid a regular salary whilst employed at a gurdwara but they can also perform at private events for extra income. Ragi jathas performing at a ticketed venue is taboo. 1986:("ragi in service at the Harmandir Sahib gurdwara"). The ragi jatha members tend to wear simplistic clothes, usually white or off-white long shirts and pants. Ragi males tend to wear white, navy, saffron, or black turbans and female ragis wear long scarves ( 2063:

There now exists various Sikh educational institutions solely dedicated to teaching Sikh music, that specialize in the training of ragis. However, traditionally the training of ragis occurred at more general Sikh educational institutions (known as a

1164: 1198:, the first edition of what would become the Guru Granth Sahib later-on, which was and remains the main source for Sikh religious musical theory and practice. Guru Arjan is further credited with establishing the practice of there being five kirtan 951:

performed as per the prescribed ragas found within the Sikh scripture, Inderjit Kaur believes a more fitting term for the raga genre is "rāg-ādhārit shabad kīrtan". She further believes that the Sikh musicology as a whole should be referred to as

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near Amritsar or Jawaddi Kalan in Ludhiana. Training of Sikh kirtanis usually starts when they are young and aside from their musical training, they are also educated in the Sikh scriptures and correct pronunciation of their contents (known as

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However, the source for the hymns they sing are not sourced from the sanctified works of literature, so the musical performances of dhadis is not classified as "Sikh shabad kirtan" but it still forms a vital and important part of Sikh

1936:(ragi ensemble) on an elevated stage. The ragis sit on the elevated stage facing the gathered Sikh congregation in the room, who sit directly on the floor at a lower level. Kirtan is performed within the gurdwaras on both regular and 1444:

at Gurdwara Gur Gian Prakash, or the Jawwadi Taksal, in Ludhiana. The Jawwadi Taksal sought to bring back traditional instruments that the harmonium had supplanted and revive the usage of raga metres and modes. In circa 2007, the

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and is the central native organizing and classification mechanism and scheme present within the Guru Granth Sahib, where various compositions and sections of the text are privided primarily based upon their accompanying

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The various Sikh states (especially Patiala, Nabha, and Kapurthala) of the 19th century also did their part on ensuring the smooth passing of Sikh musical tradition throughout the generations by patronizing many Sikh

1978:' as a surname, some may further add the word 'Khalsa' to their name. However, it is acceptable for ragis to attach a location-based or employment-based suffix to their name for disambiguation purposes, such as 2317: 1467:(schools of music). Inderjit Kaur's research on ghar variants of different ragas links the usage of many of them to the Sikh gurus, which could legitimize their usage in contemporary Sikh musical performances. 1311:

After the death of Banda, the Sikhs had to disperse to places of safe haven during state persecution and thus their established musical institutions could not easily be sustained whilst they were fighting for

1404:, literally, “four”, consisting of a vocalist, supporting vocalist, stringed melodic instrument player, and drummer) but the standard size of a kirtan group performance was reduced to a trio of three persons. 1315:

At many points during the 18th century, no kirtan was being performed at the central Sikh shrine of Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar due to the reigning governments' genocidal policies enacted against the Sikhs.

2216:-like characteristics, with a notable genre sharing features with the aforementioned being the Akhanḍ Kīrtanī style. The Akhand Kirtani style began in the early 20th century and was invented by the famous 2998:

Sikhs ragas were both sourced from ragas used within both Hindu and Islamic music. For example, Bhairav and Srirag ragas are Hindu liturgical ragas whilst Suhi raga and the Kafi styles were from the

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Amateur expressions of Sikh music tends to rely upon more participation from the general Sikh laity. Instruments used in this form are often hand-held idiophonic percussion instruments, such as the

1001:. There are also artistic depictions of Guru Nanak and Mardana as musicians amid various 18th and 19th century paintings, where Guru Nanak is shown singing whilst Mardana is playing his instrument. 2029:

in its performances. Traditional Sikhs attempting to revive the more historical expressions of their music, such as by playing instruments like the rabab, saranda, and taus, are referred to as the

5376:: native word for 'harmonium'): introduced by Europeans and massively adopted and popularized by the Sikhs in the 19th and 20th centuries, ultimately supplanting native instruments of the region 1833:

Later on in the same century, names of ragis like Bhai Jwala Singh (a tenth generation member of a traditional kirtankar family), his sons Avtar Singh and Gurcharan Singh, are important to note.

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A further difference between dhadi performers and other Sikh music traditions is that the dhadis perform whilst standing up, meanwhile the other Sikh musician types perform whilst sitting down.

1509:. No other literary work is allowed to be a source for Sikh religious kirtan. However, an exception exists for the dhadi tradition, which sing heroic ballads not sourced from the above texts. 973:

Painting of Guru Nanak (middle, seated), Bhai Bala (left, standing), and Bhai Mardana (right, seated), from a 19th century manuscript, MSS Panj. D4 (Folio 8v), at the British Library, London.

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Fresco depicting a Sikh ragi jatha musically performing using traditional instruments in the presence of Guru Amar Das from Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879

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The first effort to revive the musical traditions of the Sikhs in their autochenous form, incorporating both the historical instruments, metres, and modes, began in the 1930s–1940s by the

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raga titles and their lack of numeric designations, Inderjit Kaur believes the ghars correspond to varying versions of particular ragas. Another view is that the ghars are related to the

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Bhai Sham Singh is renowned for his long service as a ragi at the Golden Temple, serving as a kirtan performer for some 70 years around the later 19th and early 20th century.

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movement. During the 1970s, the Namdhari leader, Jagjit Singh, tried in his own effort to revive the musical traditions of the Sikhs. Many youth were trained in traditional

4456:(microtone). However an argument is made against its relation to shrutīs based upon the observation that sequential shrutīs cannot occur in ragas which are not heptatonic. 2025:

However, the truly traditional ragi kirtan style, as found in earlier times, employed stringed instruments rather than the now commonplace harmonium. It also involved more

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A later Muslim rababi who performed kirtan at Sikh shrines, including the Harmandir Sahib, was Bhai Sain Ditta, who flourished during the early part of the 19th century.

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raga musical expression. Traditional Sikh instruments have been supplanted by the harmonium, violin, mandolin, and electronic keyboard, and are at risk of extinction.

2178:. The manner of display of amateur forms of Sikh music often is in-contrast to the professional forms. Amateur performances of Sikh music tends to occur as part of a 1951:

This is the interior of the Gurdwara Guru Nanak Punjabi Sabha Chakala, Mumbai, India. The raised stage to the right is where Ragi Jathas sit and perform Sikh music.

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Additionally in the same time period, traditional drum instruments, such as the mridang and jori, also became scarce amongst the Sikhs, having been replaced by the

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also offered his views on the topic, believing that using modern Indic musical traditions to analyze the musical system of the Guru Granth Sahib is insufficient:

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form, which was a popular form within the prevailing Indian music between the 16th and 17th centuries. During the time period when Sikh hymns were composed, the

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The Muslim rababis did not have any Sikh patrons in the newly-formed Pakistan, as the local Sikhs also left for India, leaving their traditional art in decline.

6128: 1944:) tends to be the day where more kirtan performances are held throughout the day whilst for other days, kirtan performances usually occur in the evening time. 6050: 5977: 9158: 93: 1488:

that was renamed as the Guru Granth Sahib and given the mantle of being the guru of the Sikhs. Sikh musical tradition derives mostly from this scripture.

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The concept of the hymns within the text producing a specific emotional and psychological reaction or state upon the listener or performer is known as

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The musical lineage of Bhai Mardana continued after Mardana's death and his descendents carried-on with serving the Sikh gurus as musical performers.

68: 1970:(literally, "lady"). Mixed-gender ragi jathas are exceedingly rare. Ragis are not allowed to use caste-based surnames and thus only keep the names ' 1685:

The rababi tradition formed out of the lineage of Muslim musicians and instrumentalists performing kirtan for the Sikh gurus and the Sikh community.

2059:-style kirtan – characterized by the ragi pausing the singing to elaborate on the hymn being performed and present a short discourse or exposition. 1407:

This reduction in a role is due to the decline of stringed instruments, as before there was a dedicated stringed-instrumentalist in a kirtan group.

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Photograph titled 'Lute Players near the Golden Temple', taken on 28 January 1903. Kept in the Gertrude Bell collection of Newcastle University.

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This was accompanied by a decline in the usage of traditional Sikh instruments, especially stringed-instruments (such as the rabab, saranda, and

4885:. These particular melodies are assigned mostly to the hymns falling under the vaar form and were based upon popular, contemporary melodies. 4395:. Each melody sets a particular mood for the hymn, adding a deeper dimension to it. The Guru Granth Sahib is thought by many to have just 31 1450:

Singh (dilruba player) that the harmonium distracts the congregation whilst the traditional instruments help create a meditative experience.

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Similar to the rababi tradition, the ragi tradition also received the patronage of Sikh polities, such as by Nabha, Patiala, and Kapurthala.

6376: 2244:, is recited over-and-over again with increasing energy. The style is further characterized by a cyclical pattern of increasing intensity. 2979: 2292: 1454:

Singh and Avtar Singh, eventually publishing their study of 500 shabad executions plus the notations by the two brothers under the title

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are used in Sikh music simply to create a mood, and are not restricted to particular times. A mood can be created by the music of the

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states the following, highlighting the unknown that remains when attempting the understand the organization of the Guru Granth Sahib:

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Photograph of Sikh men posed with various traditional Sikh instruments, them namely being identified, from left-to-right, as a: (1)

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Notable ragis of the early 20th century include Hira Singh, Santa Singh, Sunder Singh, Sammund Singh, Surjan Singh, and Gopal Singh.

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There have been attempts at reviving the rababi tradition, as there still remains descendents of traditional rababi families living.

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During the early 20th century, Muslim rababis who regularly performed at the Golden Temple were Bhai Chand, Bhai Taba, and Bhai Lal.

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Dhadis usually perform in groups of three, where heroic ballads are musically performed but "interspersed with chanted narratives."

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After the passing of Guru Nanak, his successors would continue to expand Sikh musicology and add new flavours and colours to it.

6069: 7703: 2192:(congregation) reply with a response. Nagar Kirtans are characterized by their usage of handheld percussion instruments and a 2053:-style kirtan – characterized by the ragi interspersing verses from related hymns to elaborate on the main, overarching theme. 2022:. The most renowned and well-received performer of the "traditional" ragi kirtan style is Bhai Harjinder Singh Srinagar Vale. 8010: 4921:

marker at the antecedent position and further there also exist hymns which are absent of these markers. There also exist two

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at Bhaini Sahib through the Namdhari effort. The next push for the revival of Sikh traditional music was in 1991 during the

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Sikh music performed as per the musical modes, melodies, and forms prescribed as per the Guru Granth Sahib declined greatly.

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Sirlekh refers to the shabad titles and important information regarding music is expressed within it. Firstly, the type of

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variances) also have their own preferences. The term "tāl" is not explicitly used within any shabad title, aside from the

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The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India, Chief Editor : Late Pandit Nikhil Ghosh published by OXFORD Press.

1424: 1322:, who himself was a renowned kirtankar, restarted many Sikh musical traditions that had been on the brink of extinction. 9167: 7268: 6901: 5225:): created and played by Guru Gobind Singh when his soldiers asked him for a smaller, more portable version of the Taus 4909:

marker are often the ones that communicate the central message of the particular hymn. The majority of hymns contain a

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As time went-on, this amateur trend of Sikh singers eventually developed into the professional tradition now known as

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Within the Guru Granth Sahib, various musical forms are utilized. A list of Sikh musical forms are listed below:

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Musical information is also expressed within the body of the hymns themselves, examples include the verse meter (

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In a case of mythology interacting with history, various instruments' origin is credited to Sikh gurus. The

3116:, including Deccani ones) under which Gurbani is written, in order of appearance with page numbers. The name of 9023: 9018: 4873:

form dominated in south Indian mandirs. However, neither of these forms are present within the Sikh scripture.

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are found in this section ordered chronologically by the Guru or other Bhagat that have written hymns in that

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The institution was born out of a few amateur or non-professional singers during the period of the Sikh gurus.

9670: 8533: 7815: 6443: 6424:. Gurmat Gyan Online Study Centre – Punjabi University of Patiala. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 3031: 1304:

The first decline of Sikh musical traditions began following the death of Guru Gobind Singh and execution of

816: 2006:. The performance of gurbani kirtan within gurdwaras was simplified to allow for the gathered congregation ( 1752:

Photograph of the Sikh ragi Sham Singh, who performed kirtan music at the Golden Temple complex for 70 years

1577:(literally, “house”), differentiated by various accompanying numbers, whose meanings have also become lost. 977:

Musical expression has held a very important place within the Sikh tradition ever since its beginning, with

8894: 7842: 7693: 7646: 4942:(devotion) will be overlaid with themes of "love, longing, union, wonder, and virtue." Some other ras' are 3057:(manuscripts) circulating around the contemporary Sikh circles, with the most well-known of them being the 1410:

Nowadays kirtan groups consist of the two vocalists playing the harmonium alongside a drummer on the tabla.

1102:, which ended up influencing this early Sikh musical expression. Later, other musical traditions, such as 933:. Sikh music exists in various melodic modes, musical forms, styles, musicians, and performance contexts. 8704: 7835: 1876:

Two dhadi performers known by name during the period of the sixth guru are Bhai Abdallah, who played the

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By the 20th century, many rababis replaced their traditional rabab by swapping it out with the harmonium.

702: 7044:"Sikh Reht Maryada, the Definition of Sikh, Sikh Conduct & Conventions, Sikh Religion Living, India" 6474:ਗੁਰਮਤਿ ਸੰਗੀਤ ਤਕਨੀਕੀ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਵਲੀ, ਗੁਰਨਾਮ ਸਿੰਘ (ਡਾ.) ਮੁੱਖ ਸੰਪਾ., ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ ਪਟਿਆਲਾ, 2012. (in Punjabi) 1947: 1343:, promoted traditional Sikh music as part of the religious community's "identity, culture, and society." 1004:

References made to music during the time of Guru Nanak found within the Varan of Bhai Gurdas, includes:

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Painting from Lahore of musicians from the Sikh period (1799–1849). From the Chughtai Museum of Lahore.

6687:"Punjabi varsity's Firandia rabab helps revival of string instrument | Ludhiana News – Times of India" 1698:

During this era, the Muslim rababi institution received patronage from various Sikh polities, such as

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The table below covers the seventeen Ghars found in the primary Sikh scripture (Guru Granth Sahib):

1077:, the accompanying verse compositions to the music him and Mardana conjured was recorded in various 9663: 8899: 8775: 8754: 8105: 7529: 7358: 6178:"Official Website of Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Sri Amritsar – Sri Guru Granth Sahib" 4215: 4171: 809: 712: 645: 47: 9186: 8699: 6783: 5369: 9778: 9598: 9088: 9065: 8663: 8175: 8150: 7785: 7588: 7413: 7388: 7295: 7273: 7043: 6637: 6252: 6227: 5396: 3280: 2459: 2235: 650: 570: 521: 486: 472: 8684: 1523:, with most of them arranged methodically to music and authorship by their title, known as the 1371:

These reoccuring disturbances also led to the decline of many aspects of Sikh musical tradition.

9717: 9603: 8919: 8618: 8603: 8593: 8573: 8568: 8373: 8279: 8180: 8155: 7800: 7790: 7750: 7616: 2619: 1937: 1554: 1261: 737: 64: 1920: 9103: 9043: 8956: 8689: 8558: 8528: 8307: 8266: 7631: 7578: 7499: 7139: 6711: 6483:ਗੁਰਮਤਿ ਸੰਗੀਤ ਪਰਬੰਧ ਤੇ ਪਾਸਾਰ, ਗੁਰਨਾਮ ਸਿੰਘ (ਡਾ.), ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ, ਪਟਿਆਲਾ, 2000. (in Punjabi) 5158:), however Baldeep Singh, an expert in the Sikh musical tradition, challenges this narrative. 4905:(literally, "support") marker used in other Indic musical traditions. The verse containing a 4109: 3706: 3560: 3003: 1758:

Developing alongside the Rababi tradition discussed earlier as a parallel tradition were the

1319: 1206:

shrine in Amritsar. The five sittings of kirtan that were established by him are as follows:

660: 655: 7524: 7514: 6541: 1383:) which were mostly supplanted by the introduced harmonium by the early-to-mid-20th century. 9380: 9033: 8991: 8976: 8914: 8884: 8694: 8588: 8393: 8246: 8233: 8190: 7996: 7953: 7931: 7780: 7710: 7621: 7548: 7278: 6129:"Why attempts to revive traditional Sikh instruments at gurdwaras have failed for 90 years" 5161: 5025: 2946: 2221: 2217: 1895:

The overall tone of a dhadi performance tends to be highly charged and is full of emotions.

1178: 767: 742: 732: 707: 615: 7519: 3140: 1932:. Within the central room, there is a dedicated space beside the sacred scripture for the 8: 9093: 9028: 8986: 8946: 8941: 8904: 8583: 8518: 8508: 7825: 7805: 7765: 7735: 7164: 5074: 3009: 2707:, with seventeen variants, designated with ghar numbers 1-17, three of which have names: 1491:

Traditional Sikh kirtan only sings verses sourced from either the Guru Granth Sahib, the

1335:

Then around the turn of the 20th century, a group of Sikh scholars, namely Charan Singh,

1305: 1074: 777: 727: 717: 159: 6759: 6152: 9332: 9196: 9119: 9098: 8929: 8854: 8658: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8523: 8398: 8378: 8303: 8274: 8213: 8145: 8090: 7820: 7678: 7668: 7658: 7636: 7626: 7603: 7568: 7471: 7263: 7258: 7168: 7119: 6465:ਕਾਨ੍ਹ ਸਿੰਘ ਨਾਭਾ (ਭਾਈ), ਗੁਰ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਰਤਨਾਕਰ ਮਹਾਨ ਕੋਸ਼, ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿਭਾਗ, ਪੰਜਾਬ, 2011 (in Punjabi) 6031: 5127: 2464: 2381: 1340: 1066: 481: 448: 154: 149: 73: 7087: 6883: 2662:, with eleven variants, designated with names (without any ghar number designations): 2098:

composition is performed during evening sittings. Another kind of session is known as

9752: 9732: 9577: 9562: 9516: 9426: 9385: 8981: 8814: 8780: 8623: 8608: 8488: 8256: 8208: 8160: 8130: 8125: 7795: 7775: 7770: 7760: 7683: 7673: 7641: 7593: 7509: 7481: 7451: 7421: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7019: 6437: 6351: 6202: 6035: 6023: 5279: 5200: 5085:

meaning "stringed instruments") to die down in favor of foreign instruments like the

5070: 5033: 5017: 4392: 3164: 2305: 2185: 1824:

One notable ragi who received the sponsorship of Sikh states was Baba Pushkara Singh.

1477: 1397:

Changes can also be observed regarding the size of kirtan groups who were performing.

1379: 1364: 1360: 1278: 1184: 993: 772: 580: 229: 224: 219: 4881:

There are various melody specifications used within the Guru Granth Sahib, known as

2068:), which had a section dedicated for the training of Sikh musicians, such as at the 1127:, the second guru and immediate successor of Nanak, regularized the chanting of the 1090:

During the time of Guru Nanak, the predominant musical tradition of the era was the

9127: 9053: 9013: 8846: 8785: 8553: 8513: 8503: 8493: 8408: 8383: 8337: 8289: 8251: 8223: 8203: 8198: 8140: 8135: 8100: 8095: 8082: 7869: 7830: 7740: 7730: 7725: 7688: 7653: 7563: 7538: 7328: 7219: 7132: 6015: 5222: 5208: 5151: 5043: 4893:

Within a particular shabad hymn found in the scripture, choruses are marked with a

3608:

Vairaag, loss (that is why Alahniya is sung in this Raag when someone passes away)

2537: 2416: 1963: 1707: 1336: 747: 674: 516: 321: 291: 214: 113: 1527:. Within the shabads, there are musical notations contained within them, known as 1481:

compiled by Guru Arjan and completed in 1604 included musical verses from fifteen

9702: 9686: 9634: 9292: 9057: 8996: 8749: 8709: 8653: 8563: 8483: 8241: 8170: 8120: 8043: 7755: 7720: 7715: 7663: 7583: 7285: 7253: 7245: 6302: 6277: 6019: 5308: 2999: 2549: 2411: 1852: 1282: 1079: 797: 635: 266: 1805:

Gulab Rai, Bhel, Mansud, and Gurbaksh, all four of whom served Guru Tegh Bahadur

9727: 9697: 9608: 9344: 9003: 8806: 8668: 8419: 8368: 7948: 7909: 7879: 7466: 7431: 7308: 7209: 6971: 6003: 5182: 5146:. The Sikh rabab was traditionally a local Punjabi variant of the North Indian 5078: 3741: 3200: 2522: 2353: 2069: 1770: 1743: 1671: 1629: 1270: 1098: 926: 594: 286: 281: 256: 204: 144: 6951: 6869: 6827: 2643:

The primary ragas, their derivative versions (along with assigned ghars) are:

9767: 9712: 9506: 9136: 8936: 8714: 8445: 8363: 7938: 7611: 7558: 7494: 7353: 7343: 7194: 6803: 6517: 6027: 5316: 5186: 4869: 4131: 3640: 2396: 2376: 2154: 2119: 1847: 1703: 1506: 1203: 1138: 930: 557: 547: 366: 351: 326: 301: 189: 129: 98: 37: 7348: 6565: 2883:, with two variants, designated with ghar numbers 1-2, with ghar 2 named as 2046:

There are two different kinds of shabad kirtan performances by ragi jathas:

1627:

Some examples of descendents of Bhai Mardana who worked as musicians in the

1134: 985:. Textual traditions connecting Guru Nanak and Mardana to music include the 501: 9747: 9737: 9639: 9431: 9406: 9272: 8859: 8819: 8648: 8455: 8388: 8063: 8038: 8033: 7926: 7698: 7553: 7426: 7393: 7214: 7199: 6662:"Learning of Gurmat Sangeet >> Musical Instruments of Gurmat Sangeet" 6589: 5991:(1–2). University of California, Santa Cruz: 251–278 – via ebscohost. 5194: 5139: 4864: 4724: 4441:

centuries. Due to this, it is not utilized within contemporary Sikh music.

4429: 4240: 4087: 3340: 2474: 2401: 2180: 1812: 1640: 1492: 1182:(waisted bowed lute) and is also remembered as the inventor of the upright 1152: 982: 587: 459: 454: 438: 346: 261: 209: 194: 57: 6995: 6377:"SGPC to revive 'gurbani kirtan' with string instruments in Golden Temple" 5286:): creation traditionally attributed to Satta and Balwand in the court of 1034:

Regarding the Kartarpur chapter of Guru Nanak's life, Bhai Gurdas states:

439: 430: 421: 9707: 9644: 9282: 8744: 8598: 8548: 8478: 8450: 8440: 8435: 8342: 8019: 7982: 7960: 7889: 7446: 7378: 7373: 7338: 7060: 6735: 6181: 5135: 4360: 3874: 3776: 3684: 2512: 2469: 2348: 2343: 2125: 1958: 1815: 1779:

Some notable Sikh kirtankars during the period of the Sikh gurus include:

1699: 1659: 1161:

verses as kirtan to form the prime component of Sikh wedding ceremonies.

1147: 998: 987: 552: 511: 429: 391: 381: 361: 356: 341: 336: 306: 296: 271: 2640:

primary raga, whose variants have been given their own dedicated names.

1912:

There are various genres, contexts, and musicians of modern Sikh music.

1347:

sites was barred by the Sikh clergy due to changing sociocultural norms.

1188:(drum pair), which he had derived from an older instrument known as the 9557: 9322: 9302: 9231: 9206: 9083: 9075: 9008: 8909: 8889: 8829: 8613: 8347: 8053: 8048: 7904: 7573: 7543: 7456: 7441: 7363: 7333: 7313: 7204: 7189: 7184: 7176: 7114: 5287: 5238: 5190: 5169: 5147: 5143: 5122: 5086: 5038: 5029: 4433: 3715: 3240: 3178: 2527: 2391: 2358: 2338: 2112: 1663: 1367:(a bowed, fretted lute) and a court musician of the Nizam of Hyrderabad 1266: 1173: 1129: 1124: 1019:

Every house was a place of worship with constant kīrtan as on Baisakhi

978: 722: 697: 640: 621: 601: 542: 420: 386: 376: 371: 331: 199: 184: 179: 170: 6613: 4974:. Within this concept, there are three prevailing categories known as 1790:

Narain Das, Padha, and Ugrsain, all three of whom served Guru Amar Das

1359:

Photograph of Bhai Phumman Singh, a ragi (Sikh religious musician) of

9486: 8951: 8543: 8538: 8058: 7899: 7368: 6937: 3692:

This being a flexible Raag it is apt for communicating many feelings

2797:, and others designated with ghar numbers 1-7 and 9, and 10 named as 2611: 2230: 1419: 414: 6493: 1867:

These dhadi performers sang odes of valour, such as heroic ballads (

1517:

The central Sikh sacred text, the Guru Granth Sahib, contains 6,000

9567: 9552: 9496: 9317: 9312: 9048: 8879: 8874: 8864: 8836: 7914: 7884: 7489: 5320: 5297: 5054: 2856:, and others designated with ghar numbers 1-8 with ghar 2 named as 2605: 2333: 2240: 2075: 1929: 1652: 1648: 1073:

After Guru Nanak settled down in the locality he founded, known as

1049:

Sodar and Ārtī were sung, and in the early morning Jāp was recited

901: 872: 840: 792: 692: 682: 630: 316: 102: 9655: 7318: 5360:, are also commonly used, especially in folk forms of Sikh music. 1836:

Furthermore, Balbir Singh and Dyal Singh should also be mentioned.

491: 9582: 9572: 9491: 9481: 9476: 9456: 9375: 9327: 9287: 9226: 9221: 9181: 7436: 7398: 7155: 6422:"Learning of Gurmat Sangeet >> ਗੁਰਮਤਿ ਸੰਗੀਤ ਦੀ ਸਾਜ਼ ਪਰੰਪਰਾ" 5340: 5255: 5214: 5174: 5062: 5021: 4859: 4419: 3914: 3834: 3662: 2942: 2502: 2454: 2386: 2288: 2212: 2206:

Photograph of Bhai Randhir Singh performing kirtan with followers

2174: 2138: 1889:

The vogue of the Dhadi tradition rose quickly during this period.

1535:(verse). The text itself provides the structure of the metre and 1157: 1116: 1092: 918: 506: 121: 9613: 9547: 9542: 9526: 9521: 9461: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9390: 9267: 9262: 9241: 9236: 9201: 9191: 9038: 8971: 8966: 8413: 7894: 7874: 7461: 7403: 7383: 7323: 7303: 5249: 5117: 5013: 4897:(literally, "pause") designation whilst verses are marked with 4833: 4761: 4307: 4248: 4223: 4193: 3732: 2977:

is a chapter or section in the Guru Granth Sahib starting with

2628: 2532: 2517: 2497: 2479: 2168: 2136:(“connected to You”) is performed. Then the four verses of the 2130: 1928:

Professional Sikh musical performances are usually done within

1611: 1519: 1501: 1483: 947: 922: 687: 536: 531: 526: 496: 311: 276: 242: 7988: 6972:"Percussion Instruments in Gurbani Sangeet- SearchGurbani.com" 6070:"Guru Nanak Sahib Ji And Bhai Mardana Ji – Gateway To Sikhism" 1557:, is given. Secondly, various kinds of musical forms, such as 9511: 9501: 9471: 9370: 9365: 9339: 9307: 9297: 9216: 9211: 8961: 8824: 7943: 7919: 5379: 5243: 5228: 5050: 5009: 4853:

Most hymns contained within the Guru Granth Sahib are in the

3053:

Before the compilation of the Adi Granth, there were various

2247:

Another tradition of amateur Sikh musical performance is the

2035: 1971: 1882: 1726: 1433: 1388: 1110: 1104: 251: 139: 6919: 6518:"Stringed Instruments in Gurbani Sangeet- SearchGurbani.com" 6253:"Bairag and Viraag Defined: Devotional Austerity in Sikhism" 6228:"Bairag and Viraag Defined: Devotional Austerity in Sikhism" 4938:(aesthetic experiences). Hymns aiming to evoke the state of 2759:, with ten variants, designated with ghar numbers 1-9 and 12 1795:

Ramu, Jhaju, and Mukand, all three of whom served Guru Arjan

1539:

shabads provide information on the aesthetics of the music.

9466: 9436: 9349: 9246: 7859: 6494:"Musical Instruments in Gurbani Sangeet- SearchGurbani.com" 5978:"Sikh Shabad Kīrtan and Gurmat Sangīt: What's in the Name?" 5291: 5066: 4753: 2591: 2507: 2282: 2194: 2033:

genre of kirtan. It is largely based upon the contemporary

1975: 1869: 1428:

Surinder Singh performing traditional Sikh music in Austria

1190: 7124: 4917:-subsequent. However, there are also hymns that contain a 4888: 2142:

composition are performed. The last hymn performed is the

1962:(literally, "brother"). In modern-times, there has been a 7970: 6400: 2904:, with eleven variants, designated with ghar numbers 1-11 1818:

was Bhai Mansa Singh, who performed at the Golden Temple.

1281: (bowed fretted lute) and dilruba are ultimately of 917:), is the classical music style that is practised within 7061:"Wind Instruments in Gurbani Sangeet- SearchGurbani.com" 3002:

tradition. Further, some of the ragas were sourced from

2747:, and others designated with ghar numbers 1, 2, 4, and 5 5036:, c. 1920s. Published in the first edition of the 4387:

regardless of the time of day. There are a total of 60

2898:, with three variants, designated with ghar numbers 1-3 2877:, with three variants, designated with ghar numbers 1-3 2731:, with seven variants, designated with ghar numbers 1-7 2650:, with seven variants, designated with ghar numbers 1-7 1800:

Banvali and Parsram, both of whom served Guru Hargobind

1729:, another stringed instrument, in Sikh musical circles. 1400:

Before, it was normal for there to be four performers (

4805:(acrostic song using letters of the Gurmukhi alphabet) 2871:, with five variants, designated with ghar numbers 1-5 2771:, with five variants, designated with ghar numbers 1-5 2765:, with four variants, designated with ghar numbers 1-4 2753:, with four variants, designated with ghar numbers 1-4 2725:, with four variants, designated with ghar numbers 1-4 2656:, with four variants, designated with ghar numbers 1-4 1666:, both of whom served both Guru Ram Das and Guru Arjan 5081:

caused the use of traditional instruments (ਤੰਤੀ ਸਾਜ;

4444:

After analyzing the titles of the ghars found in the

2892:, with six variants, designated with ghar numbers 1-6 2737:, with two variants, designated with ghar numbers 1-2 1966:, whose members are given the honourifical prefix of 912: 883: 851: 97:

Musicians singing and playing in the interior of the

7055: 7053: 6884:"Saaj (Musical Instruments) | Discover Sikhism" 6852:"Kirtan: Singing to the Divine - Esplanade Offstage" 5073:

for playing their compositions. Colonization of the

3744:. It denotes feeling of beautification and yearning 2937:, with one variant without a ghar number designation 2865:, with one variant without a ghar number designation 2846:, with one variant without a ghar number designation 2840:, with one variant without a ghar number designation 1647:

Sadu and Badu, both of whom served Guru Amar Das in

3046:

The Guru Granth Sahib: Canon, Meaning and Authority

2618:) is a complex structure of musical melody used in 1864:

tradition dates back to the time of Guru Hargobind.

6420:Singh, Gurnam; Singh, Kanwaljit; Singh, Amandeep. 3718:have, however, used it for the message of Bhakti) 2991:. All raags in the Guru Granth Sahib Ji are named 1420:Revival and documentation of the traditional forms 956:", of which, raga kirtan is a genre found within. 7050: 6902:"Classical Indian Musical Instruments for Kirtan" 5053:have historically used a variety of instruments ( 4913:marker after the first verse, which is termed as 3017:combinations of the Adi Granth are insignificant. 2777:, with one variant, designated with ghar number 1 1811:A renowned ragi or kirtankar during the reign of 1012:ghar ghar hove dharamsāl, hove kīrtan sadā visoā 63:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate 9765: 3568:No specific feeling but the Raag has a softness 2949:, is composed in and divided into a total of 60 1692:by the Sikhs, which meant "those of Baba Nanak". 6352:"Saaj (Musical Instruments) | Discover Sikhism" 6203:"Saaj (Musical Instruments) | Discover Sikhism" 1940:. For the major and popular gurdwaras, Sunday ( 1194:. Guru Arjan was also the one who compiled the 9166: 7088:"Sikh Saaj | Other | Tabla – Discover Sikhism" 6001: 2814:, and others designated with ghar numbers 1-13 1856:Illustration of a Dhadi musical group of three 1286:development of professional kirtan performers. 9671: 9152: 8004: 7140: 6684: 2914:, and others designated with ghar numbers 1-2 2834:, and others designated with ghar numbers 1-3 2824:, and others designated with ghar numbers 1-2 2787:, and others designated with ghar numbers 1-3 2569: 2489:Poetical metres, modes, measures, and rhythms 1785:Dipa and Bula, both of whom served Guru Angad 1737: 1151:("Bliss") composition. As for the next guru, 817: 5181:: meaning "a hundred colours"): promoted by 2184:procession on-foot, which occurs outside of 1589:), chorus and verse marking and sequencing ( 6419: 6052:Sikh Devotional Music – Its Main Traditions 6004:"Sikh Sacred Music, Empire and World Music" 5069:. The Sikh Gurus specifically promoted the 3086:which, when chanted, eliminate all desire. 3075:dhan su rāg surangaṛe ālāpat sabh tikh jāi 2293:List of ragas in Hindustani classical music 2086:(sitting) consists of a performance of the 1688:These Muslim rababis of kirtan were called 1600: 1141:, institutionalized the practice of ending 1087:claims to be an extant text of this kind. 964: 945:has come to be used as a name for all Sikh 105:(painting by William Carpenter, circa 1854) 9678: 9664: 9159: 9145: 8011: 7997: 7147: 7133: 6870:"Canadian Sikh Heritage | Sikh Music" 6303:"Some Technical Terms Used In The Gurbani" 6278:"Some Technical Terms Used In The Gurbani" 4251:Ras (meaning 'devotional spirit/essence') 2576: 2562: 1042:sodaru ārtī gāvīai amrit vele jāpu uchārā 890:music of the counsel or tenets of the Guru 824: 810: 8320:List of battles involving the Sikh Empire 3208:Satisfaction, softness of heart, sadness 2627:. It is a set of rules of how to build a 2210:Some displays of amateur Sikh music have 6832:Sikh Musical Heritage – The Untold Story 6570:Sikh Musical Heritage – The Untold Story 5307: 5116: 5003: 4876: 4423: 2924:, designated with ghar numbers 1-2, and 2201: 2153: 2146:(“the wedding has occurred, O Father”). 1946: 1919: 1851: 1747: 1725:The rabab was gradually replaced by the 1615: 1423: 1354: 1295: 1260: 1163: 968: 92: 5386:): supplanted earlier jori and pakhawaj 4929: 4889:Chorus and verse marking and sequencing 4399:or melodies which is correct of single 3039:Indian musical tradition is inadequate. 2271: 1924:Sikh Rāgis Kirtan Jatha. Nairobi, 1942. 9766: 6250: 6225: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5397:Music of Punjab § Gurbani Sangeet 4436:) listening to kirtan, circa 1800–1840 4117:Seriousness, brings stability of mind 3542:Asavari Sudhang/Komal Rishabh Asavari 3073:ਧੰਨੁ ਸੁ ਰਾਗ ਸੁਰੰਗੜੇ ਆਲਾਪਤ ਸਭ ਤਿਖ ਜਾਇ ॥ 2920:, with four variants: two versions of 2186:gurdwaras' central darbar (court) hall 2158:A Nagar Kirtan procession in Bahdurpur 1133:("Ballad of Hope") composition in the 9659: 9140: 7992: 7128: 7115:The 31 Raags of Sri Guru Granth Sahib 7082: 7080: 6952:"Canadian Sikh Heritage | Sikh Music" 6938:"Traditional Sikh String Instruments" 6709: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6106: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5431: 2953:. This is a combination of 31 single 2636:numbers. An exception of this is the 1460:Gūrbāni Sangīt: Prāchīn Rīt Ratnāvalī 1456:Gūrbāni Sangīt: Prāchīn Rīt Ratnāvalī 1172:According to popular Sikh tradition, 6126: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6086: 5975: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5323:according to the Sikh Rehat Maryada. 4863:form was popular in northern Indian 3067: 1512: 1318:However, later on the same century, 1036: 1006: 15: 9685: 6374: 6048: 4990:(beyond other aesthetic delights). 3101:Following is the list of all sixty 2969:composed by combining two or three 1605: 1553:, a musical designation within the 1291: 13: 7077: 6002:van der Linden, Bob (2011-12-01). 1841: 1679:Chatra, who served the later gurus 1639:Sajada, whom served Guru Angad at 1633:(court) of the Sikh gurus include: 1273:(centre-right) with Sikh musicians 53:for transliterated languages, and 33:of its non-English content, using 14: 9790: 7108: 6401:"Tanti Saaj – Sri Gurmat Academy" 6300: 6275: 6251:Khalsa, Sukhmandir (2013-07-22). 6226:Khalsa, Sukhmandir (2013-07-22). 6083: 5408: 5271:Percussion instruments, known as 1956:given the honourifical prefix of 1265:Fresco artwork from the pre-1984 1155:regulated the performance of the 839:, also known as Gurbani Sangeet ( 9536:Non-Membranous Percussion (Ghan) 9400:Membranous Percussion (Avanaddh) 9123: 9122: 9114: 8925:Sikhs in the British Indian Army 6153:"Raags of Sri Guru Granth Sahib" 5356:Idiophone instruments, known as 4737: 4471:Taalee(s) (Pattern of Clapping) 3670:Softness, satisfaction, sadness 3065:. The Guru Granth Sahib states: 2983:, and all the hymns produced in 2316: 2082:During morning hours, the first 1880:, and Bhai Nath, who played the 1120:, began to influence the Sikhs. 791: 128: 20: 9115: 8018: 7966:Contemporary Sant Mat movements 7036: 7012: 6988: 6964: 6944: 6930: 6912: 6894: 6876: 6862: 6844: 6820: 6796: 6776: 6752: 6728: 6703: 6678: 6654: 6630: 6606: 6582: 6558: 6534: 6510: 6486: 6477: 6468: 6459: 6450: 6413: 6393: 6368: 6344: 6319: 6294: 6269: 6244: 5363: 5319:drum is also required in every 5294:into two individual instruments 5150:known as the 'Firandia' rabab ( 5108:Stringed instruments, known as 4926:followed when being performed. 4789:(songs of the times of the day) 4771:(verse with metrical variation) 1915: 1762:, who were Sikh kirtan singers. 1442:Adutti Gurmat Sangeet Sammellan 1137:as a carol. Angad's successor, 9774:Ragas in the Guru Granth Sahib 9019:Sikhism and sexual orientation 6219: 6195: 6170: 6145: 6062: 6042: 5995: 5096: 4993: 3882:Strangeness, surprise, beauty 2407:Salok Sahaskriti Mahalla Pehla 2255:(small, double-headed barrel) 936: 69:multilingual support templates 1: 6784:"Sikh Instrument-The Saranda" 6710:Singh, Baldeep (2012-06-27). 6685:Bharat Khanna (Nov 1, 2019). 5401: 5351: 5266: 5235:): smaller version of Dilruba 4749:(songs with chorus and verse) 3095:—Guru Granth Sahib, page 958 2262: 1593:), and aesthetic experience ( 6760:"Saranda | Discover Sikhism" 6638:"Sikh Instruments-The Rabab" 6020:10.1080/17448727.2011.637364 5142:on his travels accompanying 4986:(serene contemplation), and 3082:Blessed are those beautiful 3024:The Making of Sikh Scripture 1580: 1064:Mardana was a player of the 981:and his faithful companion, 954:gurmat sangīt shāstar/vigyān 7: 9623:Historical/possibly extinct 7154: 6127:Nair, Malini (2022-06-02). 5390: 5332:Wind instruments, known as 5221:: meaning "Heart-thief" in 4777:(song of the twelve months) 3163:Ang (page of appearance in 3124:(English: Deccani) are not 3004:folk culture and traditions 1984:Hazuri Ragi Harmandir Sahib 1674:, who served Guru Hargobind 913: 884: 852: 761:Sikhism and other religions 440: 431: 422: 10: 9795: 9168:Indian musical instruments 8379:British East India Company 5976:Kaur, Inderjit N. (2011). 5394: 5000:Folk instruments of Punjab 4997: 4722: 4417: 4194:Malar/Malaar/Mallar/Malhar 2286: 2280: 2149: 2105:During major life events ( 2041:Hindustani classical music 1964:rise of female ragi jathas 1845: 1741: 1738:Kirtankar (Ragi) tradition 1609: 1542: 1470: 1308:in the early 18th century. 959: 9693: 9622: 9591: 9535: 9399: 9358: 9255: 9174: 9112: 9074: 8845: 8805: 8791:Treaty of Amritsar (1846) 8771:Treaty of Amritsar (1809) 8763: 8737: 8720:Johann Martin Honigberger 8677: 8579:Chattar Singh Attariwalla 8471: 8464: 8428: 8356: 8330: 8298: 8265: 8232: 8189: 8081: 8072: 8026: 7981: 7858: 7602: 7480: 7412: 7294: 7244: 7175: 7162: 7020:"Jori | Discover Sikhism" 6442:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6327:"ਲੋਕ ਸਾਜ਼ – ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਪੀਡੀਆ" 5985:Journal of Punjab Studies 5168:): created and played by 5103: 5061:) to play & sing the 4982:-attuned consciousness), 4403:. However, combined with 3602:Vadhans/Vadahans/Wadhans 3288:Satisfaction and balance 3139:per se; it simply means ' 2806:, with fifteen variants: 2449: 905: 876: 844: 8781:Treaty of Chushul (1842) 8776:Tripartite Treaty (1838) 4823:(song honoring divinity) 4095:Love and beautification 3954:Nut Narayan/Nat Narayan 3248:Inspiration, motivation 3170:Main, Mixed, or Deccani 2234:, where the most-common 1907: 1601:Traditional institutions 1058:—Varan Bhai Gurdas 1:38 1028:—Varan Bhai Gurdas 1:27 965:Period of the Sikh gurus 9599:Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya 8786:Treaty of Lahore (1846) 8664:Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana 7589:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh 7092:www.discoversikhism.com 7024:www.discoversikhism.com 6888:www.discoversikhism.com 6804:"Raj Academy | Saranda" 6764:www.discoversikhism.com 6666:gurmatgyanonlinepup.com 6356:www.discoversikhism.com 6207:www.discoversikhism.com 5347:meaning "Indian flute") 5327: 5193:. Also associated with 4718: 4413: 4391:or melodies within the 4017:Giving up of cowardice 3991:Mali Gaura/Maali Gaura 2910:, with three variants: 2820:, with three variants: 2300:Part of a series on the 2276: 1813:Maharaja Ranjit Singh's 1499:of Bhai Gurdas, or the 244:Selected revered saints 9604:Indian classical music 9359:Bowed Stringed (Vitat) 9256:Plucked Stringed (Tat) 8619:Ajit Singh Sandhawalia 8604:Mangal Singh Ramgarhia 8594:Ranjodh Singh Majithia 8574:Sher Singh Attariwalla 8569:Sham Singh Attariwalla 8465:Officials and warriors 8374:Emirate of Afghanistan 8280:Battle of Chillianwala 7505:Darbar Sahib Kartarpur 7254:Beliefs and principles 6712:"Rabab goes shopping…" 5313: 5125: 5047: 4468:Name(s) (Latin/Roman) 4437: 4428:Miniature painting of 4361:Jaijavanti/Jaijaiwanti 4241:Kaliyan/Kaliaan/Kalyan 4110:Bhairo/Bhairao/Bhairon 3416:Gauri Poorabi Deepaki 3154:Name(s) (Latin/Roman) 3080: 3071: 3051: 3029: 2852:, with nine variants: 2830:, with four variants: 2783:, with four variants: 2743:, with five variants: 2620:Indian classical music 2236:name of God in Sikhism 2207: 2159: 1952: 1925: 1886:(small handheld drum). 1857: 1755: 1621: 1429: 1368: 1301: 1274: 1169: 1145:performances with the 1047: 1040: 1017: 1010: 974: 738:Jathedar of Akal Takht 106: 8957:Fariduddin Ganjshakar 8700:François Henri Mouton 8690:Jean-Baptiste Ventura 8529:Khushal Singh Jamadar 8316:Panchayati Revolution 8312:Hill States–Sikh Wars 8267:Second Anglo-Sikh War 7579:Qila Mubarak, Patiala 7065:www.searchgurbani.com 6976:www.searchgurbani.com 6590:"Raj Academy | Rabab" 6522:www.searchgurbani.com 6498:www.searchgurbani.com 6049:Paintal, Ajit Singh. 5311: 5207:meaning "peacock" in 5120: 5007: 4877:Melody specifications 4795:(songs of separation) 4783:(song of lunar dates) 4427: 3308:Loss, beautification 3141:in south Indian style 3120:ending with the word 3036: 3022:Gurinder Singh Mann, 3014: 2793:, with ten variants: 2465:Guruship proclamation 2205: 2199:music for the event. 2157: 1950: 1923: 1855: 1751: 1619: 1555:Indian melodic system 1427: 1358: 1320:Jassa Singh Ahluwalia 1299: 1264: 1167: 972: 96: 8738:Influential families 8695:Claude Auguste Court 8685:Jean-François Allard 8599:Surat Singh Majithia 8589:Lehna Singh Majithia 8394:Hill States Alliance 8247:Battle of Ferozeshah 8234:First Anglo-Sikh War 7954:Akhand Kirtani Jatha 7932:Piara Singh Bhaniara 7811:United Arab Emirates 7549:Hazuri Bagh Baradari 7279:Cannabis and Sikhism 6996:"Raj Academy | Jori" 5071:stringed instruments 4930:Aesthetic experience 4901:. It is akin to the 4410:, that total is 60. 3160:Emotion/Description 2460:Appellations for God 2325:Popular compositions 2272:Musical fundamentals 2222:Akhand Kirtani Jatha 2002:but also the 6-beat 1998:—usually the 8-beat 1651:and Guru Ram Das in 1176:was a player of the 861:the speech of wisdom 768:Sikhism and Hinduism 31:specify the language 29:This article should 9029:Idolatry in Sikhism 8947:Nanakshahi calendar 8942:Sikh Light Infantry 8584:Amar Singh Majithia 8519:Mahan Singh Mirpuri 8310:, Katoch–Sikh War, 6716:The Anād Foundation 5075:Indian Subcontinent 3784:Joy and separation 3157:Name(s) (Gurmukhi) 3147: 3105:(including 39 main 3010:Gurinder Singh Mann 2144:viāh hoā mere bāblā 1306:Banda Singh Bahadur 1234:performance of the 1224:performance of the 1214:performance of the 1135:early morning hours 1085:Guru Harsahai Pothi 798:Religion portal 778:Sikhism and Jainism 728:Nanakshahi calendar 9333:Electronic tanpura 8930:11th Sikh Regiment 8745:Sandhawalia family 8659:Sultan Mahmud Khan 8644:Jarnail Ghaus Khan 8629:Sangat Singh Saini 8524:Dewan Mokham Chand 8399:Kingdom of Mankera 8275:Battle of Ramnagar 8219:Battle of Peshawar 8214:Battle of Nowshera 8091:Battle of Bhangani 7569:Nanak Shahi bricks 7472:Tav-Prasad Savaiye 7264:Sikh Rehat Maryada 7259:Guru Maneyo Granth 6691:The Times of India 6375:PTI (2022-05-25). 5314: 5126: 5112:, are as follows: 5048: 4566:Matt (Ashat) Taal 4538:Panj Taal Swaaree 4474:Maatraa(s) (Beat) 4438: 4301:Parbhati/Prabhati 3707:Bairarri/Bhairaagi 3241:Dhanasri/Dhanasari 3146: 2382:Bhattan De Savaiye 2368:Other compositions 2208: 2160: 2134:palai taiḍ ai lāgī 2111:), such as birth ( 1982:("from Delhi") or 1953: 1926: 1858: 1756: 1622: 1430: 1369: 1302: 1275: 1202:(sittings) at the 1170: 975: 482:Sikh Rehat Maryada 449:Guru Maneyo Granth 107: 9761: 9760: 9653: 9652: 9517:Jori (instrument) 9134: 9133: 8815:Bandi Chhor Divas 8799: 8798: 8733: 8732: 8705:Alexander Gardner 8624:Kahan Singh Nakai 8609:Akali Phula Singh 8489:Diwan Bhawani Das 8326: 8325: 8257:Battle of Sobraon 8209:Battle of Shopian 7694:Jammu and Kashmir 7594:Well of Dina Nath 7422:Guru Granth Sahib 7235:Guru Granth Sahib 7230:Guru Gobind Singh 7225:Guru Tegh Bahadur 6856:www.esplanade.com 6546:chandrakantha.com 5290:by splitting the 5258:(ਤੰਬੂਰਾ/ਤਾਨਪੁਰਾ; 5185:to establish the 5065:in the specified 4829:(song of seasons) 4716: 4715: 4706:Characharee Taal 4678:Mishr Baran Taal 4580:Asht Mangal Taal 4393:Guru Granth Sahib 4378: 4377: 4324:Parbhati Dakhani 3740:Favoured Raag of 3582:Bihagra/Bihaagra 3165:Guru Granth Sahib 3099: 3098: 2957:and 29 mixed (or 2947:Guru Granth Sahib 2680:Gauṛī Pūrbī-Dīpkī 2586: 2585: 2307:Guru Granth Sahib 1653:Chak Ram Das Pura 1513:Guru Granth Sahib 1434:Sikh Reht Maryada 1361:Takht Hazur Sahib 1062: 1061: 1032: 1031: 911: 882: 850: 834: 833: 773:Sikhism and Islam 703:Nirgun and Sargun 581:Guru Granth Sahib 230:Guru Granth Sahib 225:Guru Gobind Singh 220:Guru Tegh Bahadur 91: 90: 71:may also be used. 9786: 9680: 9673: 9666: 9657: 9656: 9161: 9154: 9147: 9138: 9137: 9126: 9125: 9118: 9117: 9054:Punjabi language 9014:Women in Sikhism 8554:Balbhadra Kunwar 8514:Hari Singh Nalwa 8504:Misr Diwan Chand 8494:Diwan Buta Singh 8469: 8468: 8409:Barakzai dynasty 8384:Kingdom of Nepal 8338:Sikh Khalsa Army 8290:Battle of Gujrat 8252:Battle of Aliwal 8224:Battle of Jamrud 8204:Battle of Multan 8199:Battle of Attock 8191:Afghan–Sikh wars 8083:Mughal-Sikh Wars 8079: 8078: 8013: 8006: 7999: 7990: 7989: 7870:Sects of Sikhism 7836:Northern Ireland 7564:Moti Bagh Palace 7539:Bahadurgarh Fort 7237:(Sikh holy book) 7220:Guru Har Krishan 7149: 7142: 7135: 7126: 7125: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7084: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7071: 7057: 7048: 7047: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7016: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7006: 6992: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6982: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6838: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6780: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6756: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6707: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6697: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6672: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6600: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6552: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6528: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6490: 6484: 6481: 6475: 6472: 6466: 6463: 6457: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6441: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6387: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6331:punjabipedia.org 6323: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6313: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6238: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6213: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6180:. Archived from 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6124: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6046: 6040: 6039: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5982: 5973: 5288:Guru Arjan Sahib 5191:Akal Takht Sahib 5156:Phiradī'ā rabāba 5044:Kahn Singh Nabha 4849:(song of praise) 4817:(songs of death) 4664:Mahashanee Taal 4462: 4461: 4342:Bibhas Parbhati 4310:and seriousness 4283:Parbhati Bibhas 4265:Kaliyan Bhopali 4226:and seriousness 3936:Ramkali Dakhani 3915:Ramkali/Raamkali 3875:Gound/Gond/Gaund 3856:Bilaval Dakhani 3835:Bilaval/Bilaaval 3777:Suhee/Soohi/Suhi 3663:Jaitsri/Jaitsari 3622:Vadhans Dakhani 3322:Gauri Guarairee 3148: 3145: 3068: 3049: 3048:(2000), page 149 3044:Pashaura Singh, 3027: 2973:together). Each 2945:holy scripture, 2926:Prabhātī Dakhaṇī 2609: 2578: 2571: 2564: 2417:Gagan mein thaal 2320: 2310: 2309:ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ 2297: 2296: 1606:Rababi tradition 1337:Kahn Singh Nabha 1292:Post-guru period 1083:, of which, the 1037: 1007: 941:Whilst the term 916: 910:romanized: 909: 907: 887: 881:romanized: 880: 878: 855: 849:romanized: 848: 846: 826: 819: 812: 796: 795: 762: 677: 624: 618: 573: 475: 443: 434: 425: 407: 322:Bhagat Trilochan 292:Bhagat Parmanand 245: 215:Guru Har Krishan 173: 132: 109: 108: 86: 83: 77: 62: 56: 52: 46: 42: 36: 24: 23: 16: 9794: 9793: 9789: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9784: 9783: 9764: 9763: 9762: 9757: 9723:Native American 9689: 9687:Religious music 9684: 9654: 9649: 9635:Eka-tantri vina 9618: 9587: 9531: 9395: 9354: 9293:Saraswati veena 9251: 9170: 9165: 9135: 9130: 9108: 9070: 8841: 8801: 8800: 8795: 8759: 8750:Majithia family 8729: 8710:Paolo Avitabile 8673: 8654:Fakir Azizuddin 8564:Mehta Basti Ram 8484:Diwan Dina Nath 8460: 8424: 8404:Namgyal dynasty 8352: 8331:Military forces 8322: 8294: 8285:Siege of Multan 8261: 8242:Battle of Mudki 8228: 8185: 8074: 8068: 8044:Nau Nihal Singh 8022: 8017: 7977: 7862:and communities 7861: 7854: 7598: 7584:Ramgarhia Bunga 7495:Harmandir Sahib 7476: 7408: 7290: 7286:Diet in Sikhism 7240: 7171: 7158: 7153: 7111: 7106: 7105: 7096: 7094: 7086: 7085: 7078: 7069: 7067: 7059: 7058: 7051: 7042: 7041: 7037: 7028: 7026: 7018: 7017: 7013: 7004: 7002: 6994: 6993: 6989: 6980: 6978: 6970: 6969: 6965: 6956: 6954: 6950: 6949: 6945: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6918: 6917: 6913: 6906:Learn Religions 6900: 6899: 6895: 6882: 6881: 6877: 6868: 6867: 6863: 6850: 6849: 6845: 6836: 6834: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6812: 6810: 6802: 6801: 6797: 6788: 6786: 6782: 6781: 6777: 6768: 6766: 6758: 6757: 6753: 6744: 6742: 6734: 6733: 6729: 6720: 6718: 6708: 6704: 6695: 6693: 6683: 6679: 6670: 6668: 6660: 6659: 6655: 6646: 6644: 6636: 6635: 6631: 6622: 6620: 6612: 6611: 6607: 6598: 6596: 6588: 6587: 6583: 6574: 6572: 6564: 6563: 6559: 6550: 6548: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6526: 6524: 6516: 6515: 6511: 6502: 6500: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6482: 6478: 6473: 6469: 6464: 6460: 6455: 6451: 6435: 6434: 6427: 6425: 6418: 6414: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6394: 6385: 6383: 6373: 6369: 6360: 6358: 6350: 6349: 6345: 6336: 6334: 6325: 6324: 6320: 6311: 6309: 6307:www.gurbani.org 6299: 6295: 6286: 6284: 6282:www.gurbani.org 6274: 6270: 6261: 6259: 6257:Learn Religions 6249: 6245: 6236: 6234: 6232:Learn Religions 6224: 6220: 6211: 6209: 6201: 6200: 6196: 6187: 6185: 6176: 6175: 6171: 6162: 6160: 6151: 6150: 6146: 6137: 6135: 6125: 6084: 6075: 6073: 6068: 6067: 6063: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6008:Sikh Formations 6000: 5996: 5980: 5974: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5393: 5366: 5354: 5330: 5269: 5260:Tabūrā/Tānapurā 5154:: ਫਿਰੰਦੀਆ ਰਬਾਬ 5121:Firandia-style 5106: 5099: 5002: 4996: 4932: 4891: 4879: 4811:(wedding songs) 4765:(metered verse) 4740: 4727: 4721: 4422: 4416: 4368:Viraag or loss 4073:Beautification 3588:Beautification 3398:Gauri Bairagan 3088: 3077: 3074: 3059:Goindwal Pothis 3050: 3043: 3028: 3026:(2001), page 94 3021: 2930:Bibhās Prabhātī 2922:Prabhātī Bibhās 2918:Prabhātī Bibhās 2832:Rāmkalī Dakhaṇī 2808:Bilāval Dakhaṇī 2745:Vaḍhans Dakhaṇī 2715:(ghar 16), and 2713:Āsāvarī Sudhang 2603: 2582: 2550:Sikh scriptures 2542: 2484: 2426:Various aspects 2421: 2363: 2308: 2306: 2295: 2285: 2279: 2274: 2265: 2257:folk-instrument 2152: 1938:celebatory days 1918: 1910: 1850: 1844: 1842:Dhadi tradition 1746: 1740: 1614: 1608: 1603: 1583: 1547: 1515: 1473: 1463:with different 1422: 1294: 1254:performance of 1244:performance of 1204:Harmandir Sahib 1051: 1044: 1021: 1014: 967: 962: 939: 914:Śabada kīratana 885:Guramati sagīta 853:Gurabāṇī sagīta 830: 790: 783: 782: 763: 760: 753: 752: 678: 673: 666: 665: 636:Harmandir Sahib 626: 622: 616: 608: 607: 575: 571: 563: 562: 477: 473: 465: 464: 409: 405: 397: 396: 267:Bhagat Ramanand 247: 243: 235: 234: 175: 171: 87: 81: 78: 72: 60: 54: 50: 48:transliteration 44: 40: 34: 25: 21: 12: 11: 5: 9792: 9782: 9781: 9779:Sikh practices 9776: 9759: 9758: 9756: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9694: 9691: 9690: 9683: 9682: 9675: 9668: 9660: 9651: 9650: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9626: 9624: 9620: 9619: 9617: 9616: 9611: 9609:Music of India 9606: 9601: 9595: 9593: 9589: 9588: 9586: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9539: 9537: 9533: 9532: 9530: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9403: 9401: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9362: 9360: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9352: 9347: 9345:Vichitra veena 9342: 9337: 9336: 9335: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9259: 9257: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9178: 9176: 9172: 9171: 9164: 9163: 9156: 9149: 9141: 9132: 9131: 9113: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9080: 9078: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9068: 9063: 9062: 9061: 9051: 9046: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 9000: 8999: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8933: 8932: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8851: 8849: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8839: 8834: 8833: 8832: 8822: 8817: 8811: 8809: 8803: 8802: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8767: 8765: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8741: 8739: 8735: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8727: 8725:Henry Lawrence 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8681: 8679: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8671: 8669:Sohan Lal Suri 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8475: 8473: 8466: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8432: 8430: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8422: 8420:Maqpon Dynasty 8417: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8369:Durrani Empire 8366: 8360: 8358: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8334: 8332: 8328: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8304:Nepal–Sikh War 8302: 8300: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8271: 8269: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8238: 8236: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8195: 8193: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8087: 8085: 8076: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8030: 8028: 8024: 8023: 8016: 8015: 8008: 8001: 7993: 7987: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7973: 7963: 7958: 7957: 7956: 7951: 7949:Damdami Taksal 7941: 7936: 7935: 7934: 7924: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7866: 7864: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7816:United Kingdom 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7707: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7650: 7649: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7608: 7606: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7486: 7484: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7474: 7469: 7467:Sukhmani Sahib 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7432:Sarbloh Granth 7429: 7424: 7418: 7416: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7309:Sikh practices 7306: 7300: 7298: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7250: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7210:Guru Hargobind 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7181: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7152: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7117: 7110: 7109:External links 7107: 7104: 7103: 7076: 7049: 7035: 7011: 6987: 6963: 6943: 6929: 6911: 6893: 6875: 6861: 6843: 6819: 6795: 6775: 6751: 6727: 6702: 6677: 6653: 6629: 6605: 6581: 6557: 6533: 6509: 6485: 6476: 6467: 6458: 6449: 6412: 6392: 6367: 6343: 6318: 6293: 6268: 6243: 6218: 6194: 6169: 6144: 6082: 6061: 6041: 6014:(3): 383–397. 5994: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5377: 5365: 5362: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5305: 5295: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5236: 5226: 5212: 5198: 5183:Guru Hargobind 5172: 5170:Guru Arjan Dev 5159: 5138:and played by 5105: 5102: 5098: 5095: 5079:British Empire 4995: 4992: 4931: 4928: 4890: 4887: 4878: 4875: 4851: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4758: 4750: 4739: 4736: 4723:Main article: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4650:Muchkund Taal 4648: 4644: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4418:Main article: 4415: 4412: 4376: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4221: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4153:Basant Hindol 4151: 4147: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3896:Bilaval Gound 3894: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3850: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3752: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3738: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3712: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3380:Gauri Chaitee 3378: 3374: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3362:Gauri Dakhani 3360: 3356: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3262:Gauri Poorabi 3260: 3256: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3222:Gauri Deepaki 3220: 3216: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3186:Making effort 3184: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3078: 3041: 3032:Pashaura Singh 3019: 2939: 2938: 2932: 2915: 2912:Kaliān Bhopālī 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2825: 2815: 2812:Bilāval Mangal 2801: 2788: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2702: 2676:Gauṛī Bairāgaṇ 2657: 2651: 2602:(Punjabi: ਰਾਗ 2584: 2583: 2581: 2580: 2573: 2566: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2553: 2552: 2544: 2543: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2354:Sukhmani Sahib 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2313: 2312: 2302: 2301: 2281:Main article: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2151: 2148: 2070:Damdami Taksal 2061: 2060: 2054: 1917: 1914: 1909: 1906: 1846:Main article: 1843: 1840: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1744:Ragi (Sikhism) 1742:Main article: 1739: 1736: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1669: 1657: 1645: 1610:Main article: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1582: 1579: 1546: 1541: 1514: 1511: 1472: 1469: 1438:Gurmat Sangeet 1421: 1418: 1293: 1290: 1271:Guru Hargobind 1259: 1258: 1248: 1238: 1228: 1218: 1210:early morning 1060: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1045: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1015: 966: 963: 961: 958: 943:Gurmat Sangeet 938: 935: 869:Gurmat Sangeet 832: 831: 829: 828: 821: 814: 806: 803: 802: 801: 800: 785: 784: 781: 780: 775: 770: 764: 759: 758: 755: 754: 751: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 679: 675:General topics 672: 671: 668: 667: 664: 663: 658: 653: 648: 646:Keshgarh Sahib 643: 638: 633: 627: 614: 613: 610: 609: 606: 605: 598: 595:Sarbloh Granth 591: 584: 576: 569: 568: 565: 564: 561: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 478: 471: 470: 467: 466: 463: 462: 457: 452: 445: 436: 427: 418: 410: 403: 402: 399: 398: 395: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 287:Bhagat Bhikhan 284: 282:Bhagat Sadhana 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 257:Bhagat Ravidas 254: 248: 241: 240: 237: 236: 233: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 205:Guru Hargobind 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 176: 169: 168: 165: 164: 163: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 134: 133: 125: 124: 118: 117: 89: 88: 67:. Knowledge's 28: 26: 19: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9791: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9771: 9769: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9695: 9692: 9688: 9681: 9676: 9674: 9669: 9667: 9662: 9661: 9658: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9625: 9621: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9590: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9540: 9538: 9534: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9398: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9357: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9254: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9175:Wind (Sushir) 9173: 9169: 9162: 9157: 9155: 9150: 9148: 9143: 9142: 9139: 9129: 9121: 9111: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9094:Kesgarh Sahib 9092: 9090: 9089:Damdama Sahib 9087: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9073: 9067: 9064: 9059: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8937:Sikh Regiment 8935: 8931: 8928: 8927: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8844: 8838: 8835: 8831: 8828: 8827: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8804: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8762: 8756: 8755:Tiwana family 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8736: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8715:Josiah Harlan 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8676: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8559:Jawahar Singh 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8534:Zorawar Singh 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8470: 8467: 8463: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8446:Harkishangarh 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8427: 8421: 8418: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8364:Mughal Empire 8362: 8361: 8359: 8355: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8308:Sino-Sikh war 8305: 8301: 8297: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8268: 8264: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8231: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8188: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8176:Gurdas Nangal 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8151:Chappar Chiri 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8077: 8071: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8014: 8009: 8007: 8002: 8000: 7995: 7994: 7991: 7986: 7984: 7980: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7939:Agrahari Sikh 7937: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7928: 7925: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7872: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7860:Groups, sects 7857: 7849: 7848:U.S. Military 7846: 7845: 7844: 7843:United States 7841: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7601: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7559:Khanda museum 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7531: 7530:North America 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7411: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7359:Three Pillars 7357: 7355: 7354:Antam Sanskar 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7344:Amrit Sanchar 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7293: 7287: 7284: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7269:The 52 Hukams 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7243: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7195:Guru Amar Das 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7161: 7157: 7150: 7145: 7143: 7138: 7136: 7131: 7130: 7127: 7121: 7120:raag-melodies 7118: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7093: 7089: 7083: 7081: 7066: 7062: 7056: 7054: 7045: 7039: 7025: 7021: 7015: 7001: 6997: 6991: 6977: 6973: 6967: 6953: 6947: 6939: 6933: 6925: 6921: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6897: 6889: 6885: 6879: 6871: 6865: 6857: 6853: 6847: 6833: 6829: 6823: 6809: 6805: 6799: 6785: 6779: 6765: 6761: 6755: 6741: 6737: 6731: 6717: 6713: 6706: 6692: 6688: 6681: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6643: 6639: 6633: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6523: 6519: 6513: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6480: 6471: 6462: 6453: 6445: 6439: 6423: 6416: 6402: 6396: 6382: 6378: 6371: 6357: 6353: 6347: 6332: 6328: 6322: 6308: 6304: 6297: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6258: 6254: 6247: 6233: 6229: 6222: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6184:on 2021-01-07 6183: 6179: 6173: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6134: 6130: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6071: 6065: 6054: 6053: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5979: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5407: 5398: 5385: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5361: 5359: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5322: 5318: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5189:tradition at 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5134:): Gifted by 5133: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5101: 5094: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4927: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4886: 4884: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4738:Musical forms 4735: 4733: 4726: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4594:Mohinee Taal 4593: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4482:Daadraa Taal 4481: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4216:Kanra/Kaanrha 4214: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049:Maru Dakhani 4048: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714:Sadness (the 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488:Gauri Sorath 3487: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3094: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3047: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3025: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2885:Basant Hindol 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2668:Gauṛī Dakhaṇī 2665: 2664:Gauṛī Guārerī 2661: 2660:Gauṛī Guārerī 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2556: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2397:Dakhni Oankar 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2377:Salok Mardana 2375: 2374: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2284: 2269: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2249:Istrī satsang 2245: 2243: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218:Randhir Singh 2215: 2214: 2204: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2170: 2165: 2156: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2127: 2123:), marriage ( 2122: 2121: 2120:antam sanskar 2116: 2115: 2110: 2109: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2077: 2071: 2067: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2031:gurmat sangīt 2028: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1994:varieties of 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1949: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1922: 1913: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1863: 1854: 1849: 1848:Dhadi (music) 1839: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1618: 1613: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1531:(chorus) and 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1510: 1508: 1507:Bhai Nand Lal 1504: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1479: 1468: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1426: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1373: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1298: 1289: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1237: 1236:Charan Kanwal 1233: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1166: 1162: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1139:Guru Amar Das 1136: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1094: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1068: 1057: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1027: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1002: 1000: 996: 995: 990: 989: 984: 980: 971: 957: 955: 950: 949: 944: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 915: 903: 899: 898:Shabad Kirtan 895: 891: 886: 874: 870: 866: 862: 859: 854: 845:ਗੁਰਬਾਣੀ ਸੰਗੀਤ 842: 838: 827: 822: 820: 815: 813: 808: 807: 805: 804: 799: 794: 789: 788: 787: 786: 779: 776: 774: 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Dhanna 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 277:Bhagat Namdev 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 249: 246: 239: 238: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 190:Guru Amar Das 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 177: 174: 167: 166: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 137: 136: 135: 131: 127: 126: 123: 120: 119: 115: 111: 110: 104: 100: 99:Golden Temple 95: 85: 75: 70: 66: 59: 49: 39: 32: 27: 18: 17: 9742: 9640:Kinnari vina 9630:Ālāpiṇī vīṇā 9407:Anandalahari 9273:Gottuvadhyam 9066:Sacred trees 8869: 8847:Other topics 8820:Hola Mohalla 8649:Ilahi Bakhsh 8509:Diwan Mulraj 8499:Pratap Singh 8456:Zorawar Fort 8111:2nd Anandpur 8106:1st Anandpur 8064:Duleep Singh 8039:Kharak Singh 8034:Ranjit Singh 7927:Mazhabi Sikh 7786:South Africa 7554:Kesgarh Qila 7500:Janam Asthan 7482:Architecture 7427:Dasam Granth 7394:Charhdi Kala 7274:Prohibitions 7215:Guru Har Rai 7200:Guru Ram Das 7095:. 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rabab 5144:Guru Nanak 5083:tanti sāja 5042:(1930) by 5039:Mahan Kosh 4998:See also: 4940:bhaktī ras 4837:(couplets) 4510:Teen Taal 4139:Happiness 4031:Maru Kafi 3997:Happiness 3994:ਮਾਲੀ ਗਉੜਾ 3960:Happiness 3957:ਨਟ ਨਾਰਾਇਨ 3842:Happiness 3565:ਦੇਵਗੰਧਾਰੀ 3285:ਸਿਰੀ/ਸ੍ਰੀ 2961:; ਮਿਸ਼ਰਤ) 2935:Jaijāvantī 2844:Mālī Gauṛā 2838:Naṭ Nārāin 2795:Sūhī Lalit 2711:(ghar 8), 2696:Gauṛī Mālā 2688:Gauṛī Mājh 2392:Sidh Gosti 2359:Asa di Var 2339:Mul Mantar 2287:See also: 2263:Recordings 2231:Naam Japna 2117:), death ( 2114:naam karan 2100:Raiṇ sabāī 2088:Āsā kī Vār 1980:Dilli Vale 1934:rāgī jathā 1760:kīrtankārs 1708:Kapurthala 1478:Adi Granth 1326:musicians. 1267:Akal Takht 1250:nighttime 1216:Asa ki Var 1196:Adi Granth 1174:Guru Arjan 1130:Āsā kī Vār 1125:Guru Angad 979:Guru Nanak 906:ਸ਼ਬਦ ਕੀਰਤਨ 888:; meaning 856:; meaning 837:Sikh music 713:Literature 698:Panj Pyare 641:Akal Takht 602:Five Banis 543:Naam Karan 502:Amrit Velā 423:Kirat Karō 406:Philosophy 387:Satta Doom 377:Bhatt Salh 372:Bhatt Nalh 332:Bhatt Balh 200:Guru Arjan 185:Guru Angad 180:Guru Nanak 172:Sikh gurus 9703:Christian 9487:Mridangam 9187:Harmonium 9034:Criticism 8952:Ramananda 8807:Festivals 8544:Lal Singh 8539:Tej Singh 8416:of Poonch 8166:Jalalabad 8075:conflicts 8059:Jind Kaur 7900:Nirankari 7781:Singapore 7711:Indonesia 7647:Vancouver 7622:Australia 7414:Scripture 7369:Naam Japo 7296:Practices 6924:SIKH SAAJ 6828:"Saranda" 6740:SIKH SAAJ 6736:"Saranda" 6618:SIKH SAAJ 6428:31 August 6133:Scroll.in 6036:219697855 6028:1744-8727 5302:Pakhāvaja 5239:Surmandal 5177:(ਸਾਰੰਗੀ; 5087:harmonium 4962:(divine) 4954:(nectar) 4692:Kul Taal 4434:Sikh Guru 4365:ਜੈਜਾਵੰਤੀ 3922:Calmness 3506:Asa Kafi 3135:is not a 2985:Asaa raag 2980:Asaa raag 2858:Māru Kāfī 2799:Sūhi Kāfī 2719:(ghar 17) 2612:Shahmukhi 2108:sanskaras 2092:amritvela 2039:style of 1930:gurdwaras 1581:Hymn body 1537:rāg-dhyān 1341:Vir Singh 1312:survival. 1075:Kartarpur 733:Criticism 572:Scripture 474:Practices 415:Naam Japo 9728:Neopagan 9698:Buddhist 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