History of Sikhism

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if they were seen as “rebels,” The British were wary of giving the Sikhs unmitigated control of their own gurdwaras, and drew from Sikh factions seen as loyal to the British, like the Sikh aristocracy and Sikhs with noted family lineages, who were given patronage and pensions, and Udasis, who had gained control of historical gurdwaras in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, were allowed to retain proprietary control over lands and gurdwara buildings. The colonial administration went to considerable lengths to insert such loyalists into the Golden Temple in order to exert as much control over the Sikh body-politic as possible. One reason for this was the emergence of Sikh revivalist groups, like the Nirankaris, the Namdharis, and the Singh Sabha movement, shortly after annexation; this revivalism was spurred by a growing disaffection within the ranks of ordinary Sikhs about the perceived decline of proper Sikh practices.

1970: 4701: 4212: 4084: 4997: 4361: 4713: 5707: 4373: 4041: 4969: 2104: 4658: 2054: 5041: 2151: 1412:(service) to the Guru and the community. Under the impact of Guru Angad and the teachings of the Gurus, Bhai Amar Das became a devout Sikh. He adopted Guru as his spiritual guide (Guru). Amar Das began to live at Khadur Sahib, where he used to rise early in the morning and bring water from the Beas River for the Guru's bath; he would wash the Guru's clothes and fetch wood from the jungle for 'Guru ka Langar'. He was so dedicated to Sewa and the Guru and had completely extinguished pride and was totally lost in this commitment that he was considered an old man who had no interest in life; he was dubbed Amru, and generally forsaken. 4981: 4670: 2191: 4064: 4953: 3934: 3324:, the birthplace of Guru Nanak Dev. In 1752, Kaura Mall was killed in a battle with Ahmed Shah Abdali and state policy towards the Sikhs quickly changed. Mir Mannu, the Governor, started hunting Sikhs again. He arrested many men and women, put them in prison and tortured them. In November 1753, when he went to kill the Sikhs hiding in the fields, they showered him with a hail of bullets and Mannu fell from the horse and the animal dragged him to death. The Sikhs immediately proceeded to Lahore, attacked the prison, and got all the prisoners released and led them to safety in the forests. 2025: 1117: 2167: 4682: 4333: 4583: 4349: 2221: 4397: 2330: 4623: 4104: 3694: 5197: 4409: 2980: 5053: 4491: 4385: 1790: 4937: 1927: 3137:. The Sikhs quickly overpowered the police defending the station in Lahore and confiscated all of their weapons and released all the prisoners. Nawab Kapur Singh told the sheriff to inform the Governor that, the sheriff of God, the True Emperor, came and did what he was commanded to do. Before the policemen could report the matter to the authorities, or the army could be called in, the Khalsa were already riding their horses back to the forest. Nawab Kapur Singh died in 1753. 2508: 1728:

the contemporary Mughal Empire. Once, Dara Shikoh (the eldest son of emperor Shah Jahan), came to Guru Har Rai asking for help in the war of succession with his brother, the murderous Aurangzeb. The Guru had promised his grandfather to use the Sikh Cavalry only in defense. Nevertheless, he helped him to escape safely from the bloody hands of Aurangzeb's armed forces by having his Sikh warriors hide all the ferry boats at the river crossing used by Dara Shikoh in his escape.

3526: 3781:. Beg asked the Sikhs for help and they both got a chance to weaken their common enemy. Adina Beg won the battle and became the Governor of Punjab. Sikhs rebuilt their fort Ramgarh and repaired the Harmandir Sahib. Beg was well acquainted with the strength of the Sikhs and he feared they would oust him if he allowed them to grow stronger, so he led a strong army to demolish the fort. After fighting valiantly, the Sikhs decided to leave the fort. Adina Beg died in 1758. 1720:

have said, "Ram Rai, you have disobeyed my order and sinned. I will never see you again on account of your infidelity." It was also reported to the Guru that Ram Rai had also worked miracles in the Mughal's court against his father's direct instructions. Sikhs are constrained by their Gurus to not believe in magic and myth or miracles. Just before his death at age 31, Guru Har Rai passed the Gaddi of Nanak on to his younger son, the five-year-old – Guru Har Krishan.

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83.5% of Punjab's waters were and still are going to other states leading to desertification, Sikhs are still a part of the Hindu Marriage Act and Chandigarh is still a union territory. Subsequently, a section of the Sikh leaders started demanding more autonomy for the states, alleging that the central government was discriminating against Punjab. The early stages of the Sikh agitation for equal rights were peaceful, leading one commentator to note:

5831: 758: 14382: 5284: 5654: 2614: 1869: 1053: 3333: 2179: 3401: 2753: 2069:– the Sikh Nation. The first Sikh Holy Scripture was compiled and edited by the Fifth Guru, Guru Arjan in AD 1604, although some of the earlier gurus are also known to have documented their revelations. This is one of the few scriptures in the world that has been compiled by the founders of faith during their own lifetime. The Guru Granth Sahib is particularly unique among sacred texts in that it is written in 6833:

conferences in Lahore to condemn the Muslim League. Master Tara Singh, leader of the Akali Dal, declared that his party would fight Pakistan 'tooth and nail'. Not be outdone, other Sikh political organizations, rival to the Akali Dal, namely the Central Khalsa Young Men Union and the moderate and loyalist Chief Khalsa Dewan, declared in an equally strong language their unequivocal opposition to the Pakistan scheme.

1224: 5322: 2588:, under the command of his deputy, Momin Khan. The murder of Tarra Singh spread across the Sikhs in Punjab and the Sikhs. Finding no Sikhs around, the government falsely announced in each village with the beat of a drum, that all Sikhs had been eliminated but the common people knew the truth that this was not the case. The Sikhs did not face the army directly, because of their small numbers, but adopted 6268: 5849:"Any knowledge of the "Amritdharis" who are dangerous people and pledged to committing murder, arson and acts of terrorism should be immediately brought to the notice of the authorities. These people may appear harmless from outside but they are basically committed to terrorism. In the interest of us all, their identity and whereabouts must always be disclosed.- Indira Gandhi during Operation Woodrose 2527:

going to be fulfilled. Hundreds of Sikhs were brought in from their villages and executed, and thousands who had joined merely for the sake of booty cut off their hair and went back to the Hindu fold again. Besides these there were some Sikhs who had not yet received the baptism of Guru Gobind Singh, nor did they feel encouraged to do so, as the adoption of the outward symbols meant courting death.

4552:'s diary revealed that the "British generals decided to lay down arms: News came from the Governor General that our attack of yesterday had failed, that affairs were disparate, all state papers were to be destroyed, and that if the morning attack failed all would be over, this was kept secret by Mr. Currie and we were considering measures to make an unconditional surrender to save the wounded...". 2427: 95: 5733:'s assumption of emergency powers in 1975 resulted in the weakening of the "legitimate and impartial machinery of government" and her increasing "paranoia" of opposing political groups led her to instigate a "despotic policy of playing castes, religions and political groups against each other for political advantage." As a reaction against these actions came the emergence of the Sikh leader 24: 5917:] sources indicates that discrimination does exist in certain sectors of the public administration; examples include the decline in the number of Sikhs in the police force and the absence of Sikhs in personal bodyguard units since the murder of Indira Gandhi." The reduced intake of the Sikhs in the Indian armed forces also attributes to following certain orders issued in the 1743: 1701: 1534: 3309:

carried out by their swords. Beg attacked the Ram Rauni fort at Amritsar and besieged the Sikhs there. Dewan Kaura Mal advised the Governor to lift the siege and prepare the army to protect the state from the Durrani invader, Ahmed Shah Abdali. Kaura Mal had a part of the revenue of Patti area given to the Sikhs for the improvement and management of Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar.

1655: 1300:) with Guru Nanak. So while on the annual pilgrimage to Jwalamukhi Temple, Bhai Lehna left his journey to visit Kartarpur and see Baba Nanak. His very first meeting with Guru Nanak completely transformed him. He renounced the worship of the Hindu goddess, dedicated himself to the service of Guru Nanak and so became his disciple (his Sikh), and began to live in Kartarpur. 2454:, who was responsible for organising all the Hill Rajas against Guru Gobind Singh and instigating battles with him. After Bhim Chand’s dead the other Hill Rajas accepted their subordinate status and paid revenues to Banda Singh. While Bahadur Shah's 4 sons were killing themselves for the throne of the Mughal Emperor Banda Singh Bahadur recaptured Sadhura and Lohgarh. 1716:

to have saved the Moghul Emperor Jahangir's life during a tiger's attack. Guru Har Rai continued the hunting till the age 31, Guru followed the tradition of his grandfather, but he would allow no animals to be killed on his grand Shikars. The Guru instead captured the animal and added it to his zoo. He made several tours to the Malwa and Doaba regions of Punjab.

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severe consequences would be taken against anyone disobeying these orders. Local people were forcibly employed to search for the Sikhs to be killed by the army. Lakhpat Rai ordered Sikh places of worship to be destroyed and their holy books burnt. Information about including Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and a large body of Sikhs were camping in riverbeds in the

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others to fight only 17,000 Mughals came back alive, his elder sons died on the battlefield with bravery and honour. The younger sons and their grandmother remained trapped in the same week that their brothers died. Wazir Khan said that he would give them riches if they convert and immurement if they do not, they chose death, till now

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conquering and controlling the Khyber Pass, the United States of America wanted to build a statue in his praise. Mothers used to say his name to scare children to sleep in Afghanistan saying 'Sleep fast Nalwa is coming'. They also brought the queen's jewel, the Koh-i-noor diamond from Afghanistan and the gates to the Somnath temple.

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demoralised, the backbone of the enemy's position would be broken". The fighting continued throughout the night earning the nickname "night of terrors". The British position "grew graver as the night wore on", and "suffered terrible casualties with every single member of the Governor General's staff either killed or wounded".

3121:. Kapur Singh planned to break the siege of Amritsar. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was made the commander of the attacking Sikh forces. In 1748, the Sikhs attacked. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, with his commandos behind him, dashed to the army commander and cut him into two with his sword. The commander's nephew was also killed. 3374:(garrison commander) in his place. The army was sent to arrest him and this prompted Adina Beg to request Sikh help. The Sikhs took advantage of the situation and to weaken the government, they fought against the army. One of the commanders was killed by the Sikhs and the other deserted. Later, the Sikhs attacked 5890:

India, the best known being the killing of General Vaidya, who had led the Indian army in the attack on the Golden Temple. The main groups were the Babbar Khalsa, the Bhindranwala Tigers Force of Khalistan, Khalistan Commando Force, the Khalistan Liberation Force and the All India Sikh Students Federation.

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and heroes. Reactions to the Lahore Resolution were uniformly negative and Sikh leaders of all political persuasions made it clear that Pakistan would be 'wholeheartedly resisted'. The Shiromani Akali Dal, the party with a substantial following amongst the rural Sikhs, organized several well-attended

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Many members joined the resistance after being radicalized by the army dragnet of the summer of 1984, designated Operation Woodrose, in which youths aged 15–24 were taken away from their homes in large numbers. Most had lost relatives or friends to army or police. Others had witnessed womenfolk being

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On September 1981, Bhindranwale voluntarily offered his arrest in Amritsar, where he was detained and interrogated for twenty-five days, but was released because of lack of evidence. "For all I know, he is completely innocent and is genuinely and exclusively dedicated to the teachings of the Gurus.”

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to frequent them, and began to simply ignore the needs of the general Sikh community, as they used gurdwara offerings and other donations as their personal revenue, and their positions became increasingly corrupt and hereditary. Some local congregations marshalled popular pressure against them and to

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In this way the Ranjit Singh's army was disbanded and the Punjab demilitarized, and Sikh armies were required to publicly surrender their arms and return to agriculture or other pursuits. Certain groups, however, like those who held revenue-free lands (jagirdars) were allowed to decline, particularly

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on their way to the forests and dry areas of the south and Abdali moved from Lahore very quickly and caught the Sikhs totally unprepared. They had their women, children and old people with them. As many as 30,000 Sikhs are said to have been murdered by the army. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia himself received

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In 1747 Salabat Khan, a newly appointed Mughal commander, placed police around Amritsar and built observation posts to spot and kill Sikhs coming to the Amrit Sarovar for a holy dip. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Nawab Kapoor Singh led the Sikhs to Amritsar, and Salabat Khan was killed by Ahluwalia, and

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Through March–May 1746, a new wave of violence was started against the Sikhs with all of the resources available to the Mughal government, village officials were ordered to co-operate in the expedition. Zakaria Khan issued the order that no one was to give any help or shelter to Sikhs and warned that

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of Harmandir Sahib. Samad Khan was afraid that Sikhs would kill him so he remained far behind the fighting lines. Kapur Singh had a plan to get him. During the battle Kapur Singh ordered his men to retreat drawing the fighting army with them. He then wheeled around and fell upon the rear of the army.

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Zakaria Khan called his advisers to plan another strategy to deal with the Sikhs. It was suggested that the Sikhs should not be allowed to visit the Amrit Sarovar, which was believed to be the fountain of their lives and source of their strength. Strong contingents were posted around the city and all

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Emperor, issued all Sikhs to be converted to Islam or die, an attempt to destroy the power of the Sikhs and to exterminate the community as a whole. A reward was offered for the head of every Sikh. For a time it appeared as if the boast of Farrukh Siyar to wipe out the name of Sikhs from the land was

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state tyranny and gave the common people of Punjab courage, equality, and rights. On his way to Punjab, Banda Singh punished robbers and other criminal elements making him popular with the people. Banda Singh inspired the minds of the non-Muslim people, who came to look upon the Sikhs as defenders of

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is the youngest Martyr in the history of the World. Guru Gobind Singh Ji sent his letter of victory to Aurangzeb and they signed a treaty. Later when Aurangzeb Died and the Guru was in Rajputana there was a war of succession between Muhammad Azam Shah and Bahadur Shah I and Guru Gobind Singh Ji sided

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Detail of a mural from Gurdwara Baba Atal Rai depicting Guru Tegh Bahadar and a young Guru Gobind Singh (then known as Gobind Das or Gobind Rai) receiving a delegation of Kashmiri Pandits (alt. spelt as 'Pundits') whom petition their help against religious persecution of Kashmiri Hindus by the Mughal

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When Har Krishan stayed in Delhi there was a smallpox epidemic and many people were dying. According to Sikh history at Har Krishan's blessing, the lake at Bangla Sahib provided cure for thousands. Gurdwara Bangla Sahib was constructed in the Guru's memory. This is where he stayed during his visit to

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Guru Angad travelled widely and visited all important religious places and centres established by Guru Nanak for the preaching of Sikhism. He also established hundreds of new Centres of Sikhism (Sikh religious Institutions) and thus strengthened the base of Sikhism. The period of his Guruship was the

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Bhindranwale and his followers were armed with traditional swords, shields and muskets. Few also had Dragunov Rifles, Kashganovs, Ak-74s and Ak-47s. These were licensed and supplied by the Indian Government. It was the peak of the Cold War and India was leaning towards Russia and Pakistan had allied

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through magazines and media." The movement sought to reform Sikhism and bring back into the Sikh fold the apostates who had converted to other religions; as well as to interest the influential British officials in furthering the Sikh community. At the time of its founding, the Singh Sabha policy was

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The British made Punjab flourish in education and almost everyone was literate. After the State of Bombay and Madras Punjab was the third most literate state and many Books and compositions were written. The Guru Granth Sahib and Dasam Granth were both translated by a British Sikh convert Max Arthur

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in 1845 marked many turning points, the British encountered the Punjabi Army, opening with a gun-duel in which the Sikhs "had the better of the British artillery". But as the British made advancements, Europeans in the British army were especially targeted, as the Sikhs believed if the army "became

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intensified his violence and oppression against the Sikhs. There were only 900 Sikhs when he surrounded the Ramgarh fort again. The Sikhs fought their way out bravely through thousands of army soldiers. The army demolished the fort. The hunt for and torture of the Sikhs continued until Mannu died in

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came again in October 1759 to loot Delhi. The Sikhs gave him a good fight and killed more than 2,000 of his soldiers. Instead of getting involved with the Sikhs, he made a rapid advance to Delhi. The Khalsa decided to collect revenues from Lahore to prove to the people that the Sikhs were the rulers

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The Mughal rulers and the commanders alongside the Delhi government lost all hope of defeating the Sikhs through repression and decided to develop another strategy, Zakaria Khan, the Governor of Lahore, went to Delhi where it was decided to befriend the Sikhs and rule in cooperation with them and in

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of the Harminder Sahib and a leader of the Sikhs and the Bandia Khalsa and Tat Khalsa joined by Bhai Mani Singh into the Tat Khalsa and after the event from that day the Bandeis assumed a quieter role and practically disappeared from the pages of history. A police post was established at Amritsar to

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His son, Ram Rai, seeking to assuage concerns of Aurangzeb over one line in Guru Nanak's verse (Mitti Mussalmaan ki paerrai pai kumihaar) suggested that the word Mussalman was a mistake on the copyist's part, therefore distorting Bani. The Guru refused to meet with him again. The Guru is believed to

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As a very young child, he got disturbed by the suffering of a flower damaged by his robe in passing. Though such feelings are common with children, Guru Har Rai would throughout his life be noted for his compassion for life and living things. His grandfather, who was famed as an avid hunter, is said

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He who calls himself a Sikh of the True Guru, He must get up in the morning and say his prayers. He must rise in the early hours and bathe in the holy tank. He must meditate on God as advised by the Guru. And rid him of the afflictions of sins and evil. As the day dawns, he should recite scriptures,

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When Guru Nanak died on 22 September 1539, Guru Angad left Kartarpur for the village of Khadur Sahib (near Goindwal Sahib). He carried forward the principles of Guru Nanak both in letter and spirit. Yogis and Saints of different sects visited him and held detailed discussions about Sikhism with him.

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The Governor of Lahore ordered an attack on Ram Rauni to kill the Sikhs staying in that fort. Adina Beg was required to send his army as well and Jassa Singh, being the commander of the Jalandhar forces, had to join the army to kill the Sikhs in the fort. After about four months of siege, Sikhs ran

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Ahmed Shah Abdali returned from Delhi in March 1761 with much gold and more than 2,000 girls as prisoners who were to be sold to the Afghans in Kabul. When Abdali was crossing the river Beas, the Sikhs swiftly fell upon them. They freed the women prisoners and escorted them back to their homes. The

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This was the period when the Sikhs were sawed into pieces, burnt alive, their heads crushed with hammers and young children were pierced with spears before their mother’s eyes. To keep their morale high, the Sikhs developed their own high-sounding terminologies and slogans: For example. Tree leaves

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sent roaming squads to hunt and kill the Sikhs. Orders were issued to all administrators down to the village level officials to seek Sikhs, murder them, get them arrested, or report their whereabouts to the governments. One year's wages were offered to anyone who would murder a Sikh and deliver his

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Under the leadership of Nawab Kapoor Singh and Jathedar Darbara Singh, in attempt to weaken their enemy looted many of the Mughals caravans and supplies and for some years no money from revenue could reach the government treasury. When the forces of government tried to punish the outlaws, they were

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He sacrificed himself to protect Hindus. Aurungzeb was forcibly converting Hindus to Muslims. Hindus from Kashmir came to Guru Teg Bahadur for protection and requested for assistance. Guru asked them to tell Aurungzeb that if he will be able to convert Guru Teg Bahadur to Islam then they all become

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Although Guru Har Rai was a man of peace, he never disbanded the armed Sikh Warriors (Saint Soldiers), who earlier were maintained by his grandfather, Guru Hargobind. He always boosted the military spirit of the Sikhs, but he never himself indulged in any direct political and armed controversy with

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A hymn by Guru Ram Das from Ang 305 of the Guru Granth Sahib: "One who calls himself a Sikh of the True Guru shall get up early morning and meditate on the Lord's Name. Make effort regularly to cleanse, bathe and dip in the ambrosial pool. Upon Guru's instructions, chant Har, Har singing which, all

1307:) to Guru Nanak and his holy mission was so great that he was instated as the Second Nanak on 7 September 1539 by Guru Nanak. Earlier Guru Nanak tested him in various ways and found an embodiment of obedience and service in him. He spent six or seven years in the service of Guru Nanak at Kartarpur. 6827:

No sooner was it made public than the Sikhs launched a virulent campaign against the Lahore Resolution. Pakistan was portrayed as a possible return to an unhappy past when Sikhs were persecuted and Muslims the persecutor. Public speeches by various Sikh political leaders on the subject of Pakistan

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Gurdwara Sahib on West 2nd Avenue. He murdered Bhai Bhag Singh, President of the Society and Battan Singh and Bela Singh was charged with murder, but Hopkinson decided to appear as a witness in his case and made up much of his testimony at his trail and subsequently Bela Singh was acquitted. On 21

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Sikh institutions deteriorated further under the administration of the mahants, supported by the colonial government, who in addition to being considered as ignoring the needs of the Sikh community of the time, allowed the gurdwaras to turn into spaces for societal undesirables like petty thieves,

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recorded: "Truly the night was one of gloom and forbidding and perhaps never in the annals of warfare has a British Army on such a large scale been nearer to a defeat which would have involved annihilation". The Punjabi ended up recovering their camp, and the British were exhausted. Lord Hardinge

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again by filling it up with gunpowder hoping to eliminate the source of "life" of the Sikhs. While Abdali was demolishing the Harminder Sahib a he was hit on the nose with a brick; later in 1772 Abdali died of cancer from the 'gangrenous ulcer' that consumed his nose. Within a few months the Sikhs

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In 1748 Jassa Singh Ahluwalia became the supreme commander of all the Misls. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was honored with the title of Sultanul Kaum (King of the Nation). Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was the head of the Ahluwalia Misl and then after Nawab Kapoor Singh become the leader of all the Misls jointly

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when Ahluwalia was young. Mata Sundri was impressed by his melodious singing of hymns and kept the Ahluwalia near her. Later Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was adopted by Nawab Kapoor Singh, then the leader of the Sikh nation. Ahluwalia followed all Sikh qualities required for a leader Ahluwalia would sing

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and pressured to give up their faith and become Muslims. On their firm refusal all of them were ordered to be executed. Every day, 100 Sikhs were brought out of the fort and murdered in public daily, which went on approximately seven days.After 3 months of confinement On 9 June 1716, Banda Singh’s

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Soon large numbers of Sikhs started flocking to Goindwal to see the new Guru. Here, Guru Amar Das propagated the Sikh faith in a vigorous, systematic, and planned manner. He divided the Sikh Sangat area into 22 preaching centres or Manjis, each under the charge of a devout Sikh. He himself visited

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and instead said that he would wear the true name of God in his heart as protection, as the thread which could be broken, be soiled, burnt or lost could not offer any security at all. From early childhood, Bibi Nanki saw in her brother the Light of God but she did not reveal this secret to anyone.

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newspaper group. The Indian secret operation called Black Cats was made by Indira Gandhi to disguise the Punjab Police as terrorists and kill Hindus in the countryside. Bhindranwale condemned these but it was not outlined on any newspapers as they were government controlled. He also made a speech

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chief to cooperate with him in the civil administration, and he wanted a meeting to discuss the matter. This was seen as a trick to disarm the Sikhs and keep them under government control. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia replied that their meeting place would be the battleground and the discussion would be

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area and also the brother of Lakhpat Rai, faced the Sikhs in a battle one of the Sikhs held the tail of his elephant and got on his back from behind and with a quick move, he chopped off his head. Seeing their master killed, the troops fled. Lakhpat Rai, after this incident, committed himself to

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The Khalsa reorganised themselves into two divisions, the younger generation would be part of the Taruna Dal, which provided the main fighting force, while the Sikhs above the age of forty years would be a part of the Budha Dal, which provided the responsibility of the management of Gurdwaras and

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called Lal Chand in Panjokhara town. The Pundit asked him to recite Salokas from the Geeta since his name was similar to that of Lord Krishna. Guru Ji invited a mute person called Chhajju Mehra and placed his stick on his head. He immediately started interpreting salokas from the Geeta. Everybody

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Guru Har Rai (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਹਰਿ ਰਾਇ) (26 February 1630 – 6 October 1661) was the seventh of the ten Gurus of Sikhism, becoming Guru on 8 March 1644, following in the footsteps of his grandfather, Guru Har Gobind, who was the sixth guru. Before Guru Har Rai died, he nominated Guru Har Krishan, his

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However, as a result of Amar Das' commitment to Sikh principles, dedicated service, and devotion to the Sikh cause, Guru Angad Sahib appointed Bhai Amar Das as the third Nanak in March 1552 at the age of 73. He established his headquarters in the newly built town of Goindwal, which Guru Angad had

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It is recorded that before becoming a Sikh, Bhai Amar Das, as he was known at the time, was a very religious Vaishanavite Hindu who spent most of his life performing all of the ritual pilgrimages and fasts of a devout Hindu. One day, Bhai Amar Das heard some hymns of Guru Nanak being sung by Bibi

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Script, modifying the old Punjabi script's characters. Soon, this script became very popular and started to be used by the people in general. He took great interest in the education of children by opening many schools for their instruction and thus increased the number of literate people. For the

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trifurcated the Punjab state. Afterwards the government assured the Sikhs that only excess water would go to other states, after 5 years Chandigarh would be the capital and Sikhism would be considered a separate religion as it had been for the past centuries. Those promises were not fulfilled as

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came to Banda Singh complaining of the iniquities practices by their landlords. Banda Singh ordered Baj Singh to open fire on them. The people were astonished at the strange reply to their representation, and asked him what he meant. He told them that they deserved no better treatment when being

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who was responsible for the death of the two youngest sons of Guru Gobind Singh at Sirhind. Becoming the ruler of Sirhind Banda Singh gave order to give ownership of the land to the farmers and let them live in dignity and self-respect. Petty officials were also satisfied with the change. Dindar

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forcing them to convert to Islam. Guru Teg Bahadur told them that martyrdom of a great man was needed. His son, Guru Gobind Singh said "Who could be greater than you", to his father. Guru Teg Bahadur told pundits to tell Aurangzeb's men that if Guru Teg Bahadur will become Muslim, they all will.

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Guru Ram Das (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਰਾਮ ਦਾਸ) (Born in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan on 24 September 1534 – 1 September 1581, Amritsar, Punjab, India) was the fourth of the Ten Gurus of Sikhism, and he became Guru on 30 August 1574, following in the footsteps of Guru Amar Das. He was born in Lahore to a Sodhi

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In the wake of the Indian government's repression of Sikhs, some Sikhs formed guerrilla bands to take on the marauding police. At the height of the Sikh resistance movement, hundreds of men fought the so-called security forces in Punjab. Some also engaged in targeted assassinations elsewhere in

2950:. Kapur Singh sent messages to the Tauna Dal asking them to help them in the fight. After a day of fighting Kapur Singh from the trenches dug by the Khalsa surprisingly attacked the commanding posts killing three generals alongside many Mughal officers. The Mughal army thus retreated to Lahore. 2044:

and he got separated with his two sons aged 5 and 9 due to the cold Sirsa River. He entrusted his Brahmin cook, Gangu Brahmin, to take care of them but he sold them to Wazir Khan. In the meantime Aurangzeb dispatched 50,000-75,000 troops to attack the Guruji. after he sent his elder sons and 42

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Guru Amar Das constructed "Baoli" at Goindwal Sahib having eighty-four steps and made it a Sikh pilgrimage centre for the first time in the history of Sikhism. He reproduced more copies of the hymns of Guru Nanak and Guru Angad. He also composed 869 (according to some chronicles these were 709)

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on freedom of religion or belief, Abdelfattah Amor (Tunisia, 1993–2004), visited India in order to compose a report on religious discrimination. In 1997, Amor concluded, "it appears that the situation of the Sikhs in the religious field is satisfactory, but that difficulties are arising in the

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were not willing to help Ranjit Singh to fight the invader, so the Afghans took over Lahore and looted it. Ranjit Singh occupied Lahore in 1799 but still the Ramgarhias and Bhangis did not accept him as the leader of all the Sikhs. They got the support of their friends and marched to Lahore to

2675:

held a meeting to make plans to respond to the state repression against the people of the region and they decided to take possession of government money and weapons in order to weaken the administration, and to equip themselves to face the everyday attacks. Kapur Singh was assigned to plan and

1949:

Gobind Rai, as he was called then, was beloved of many people in Patna including a large number of Muslims. The child had a charming personality which attracted everyone he met, even for a short while. When he was six years old he had learnt Hindi, Marathi and Gurumukhi. He was a very bold and

1723:

Guru Har Rai was the son of Baba Gurdita and Mata Nihal Kaur (also known as Mata Ananti Ji). Baba Gurdita was the son of the sixth Guru, Guru Hargobind. Guru Har Rai married Mata Kishan Kaur (sometimes also referred to as Sulakhni), daughter of Sri Daya Ram of Anoopshahr (Bulandshahr) in Uttar

4486:

Later the Sikhs under Hari Singh Nalwa Campaigned against the Afghans in the third phase of the Afghan Sikh wars and they took the Winter capital of the Afghans, Peshawar. Hari Singh Nalwa is considered one of the best commanders in history and is compared to Napoleon and Genghis Khan and for

4450:

was attacked numerous times. Yet the time is remembered by Sikh historians as the "Heroic Century". This is mainly to describe the rise of Sikhs to political power against large odds. The circumstances were hostile religious environment against Sikhs, a tiny Sikh population compared to other

2489:

was captured from the Gurdas Nangal fort and put in an iron cage and the remaining Sikhs were captured, chained. The Sikhs were brought to Delhi in a procession with the 780 Sikh prisoners, 2,000 Sikh heads hung on spears, and 700 cartloads of heads of slaughtered Sikhs used to terrorise the

1665:

Guru Hargobind became the sixth guru of the Sikhs. He carried two swords — one for Spiritual reasons and one for temporal (worldly) reasons. From this point onward, the Sikhs became a military force and always had a trained fighting force to defend their independence, establishing the

2417:

Banda Singh was in Uttar Pradesh when the Moghal army under the orders of Munim Khan marched to Sirhind and before the return of Banda Singh, they had already taken Sirhind and the areas around it. The Sikhs therefore moved to Lohgarh for their final battle. The Sikhs defeated the army but

3537:

came again he sent messages to the Sikhs for their cooperation. He offered them the governorship of Punjab but was rejected. The Sikhs using repeated guerrilla attacks took away his caravan of 1,000 camels loaded with fruits from Kabul. The Sikhs were again in control of the areas between

2806:

The Taruna Dal quickly increased to more than 12,000 recruits and it soon became difficult to manage the house and feeding of such a large number of people at one place. It was then decided to have five divisions of the Dal, each to draw rations from the central stocks and cook its own

2122: 3676:

accepted it. After the battle Zakaria Khan gave five villages to the Sikhs in reward for the bravery of Giani Bhagwan Singh, father of Ramgarhia, who died in the battle. Village Vallah was awarded to Ramgarhia, where Ramgarhia gained the administrative experience required to become a

3250:

tract). Zakaria Khan managed to have 3,000 Sikhs of these Sikhs captured and later got them beheaded in batches at Nakhas (site of the horse market outside the Delhi gate). Sikhs raised a memorial shrine known as the Shahidganj (the treasure house of martyrs) at that place latter.

1464:

came to see the Guru and he had to eat the coarse rice in the Langar before he could have an audience with the Guru. The emperor was so impressed with this system that he expressed his desire to grant some royal property for 'Guru ka Langar', but the Guru declined it with respect.

3077:. The commander there was told that Abdus Samad Khan was holding the Sikhs under siege and wanted him with all his force to go and arrest them. The few guards left behind were then overpowered by the Sikhs, and all the arms and ammunition were looted and brought to the Sikh camp. 1753:

Guru Har Krishan born in Kirat Pur, Ropar (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਹਰਿ ਕ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਨ) (7 July 1656 – 30 March 1664) was the eighth of the Ten Gurus of Sikhism, becoming the Guru on 7 October 1661, following in the footsteps of his father, Guru Har Rai. Before Har Krishan died of complications of

1468:

He introduced new birth, marriage, and death ceremonies. Thus he raised the status of women and protected the rights of female infants who were killed without question as they were deemed to have no status. These teachings were met with stiff resistance from the Orthodox Hindus.

1208:

free blessed food was available. The food would be partaken of by Hindus, rich, poor, both high and so-called low castes. Guru Nanak worked in the fields and earned his livelihood. After appointing Bhai Lehna as the new Sikh Guru, on 22 September 1539, aged 70, Guru Nanak died.

1545:

family of the Khatri clan. His father was Hari Das and his mother Anup Devi, and his name was Jetha, meaning 'first born'. His wife was Bibi Bhani, the younger daughter of Guru Amar Das, the third guru of the Sikhs. They had three sons: Prithi Chand, Mahan dev, and Arjan Dev.

5136:

had lost its prestige, and mainstream Sikhs were rapidly converting to other religions. The movement's aims were to "propagate the true Sikh religion and restore Sikhism to its pristine glory; to write and distribute historical and religious books of Sikhs; and to propagate

4204:, and Punjabi Muslims. This period saw the army grow and split into semi-independent misls, each controlling different regions. Between 1762 and 1799, Sikh rulers began consolidating power within their misls. The formal establishment of the Sikh Empire occurred in 1801 with 2707:. Some additional war supplies were being taken from Afghanistan to Delhi and Kapur Singh organised an attack to capture them. In another attack, the Khalsa recovered gold and silver which was intended to be carried from Peshawar to Delhi by Jaffar Khan, a royal official. 1548:

As a Guru one of his main contributions to Sikhism was organising the structure of Sikh society. Additionally, he was the author of Laava, the hymns of the Marriage Rites, the designer of the Harmandir Sahib, and the planner and creator of the township of Ramdaspur (later

1775:

Delhi. Gurdwara Bala Sahib was built in south Delhi besides the bank of the river Yamuna, where Har Krishan was cremated at the age of about 7 years and 8 months. Guru Har Krishan was the youngest Guru at only 7 years of age. He did not make any contributions to Gurbani.

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with The United States of America. This is why Bhindranwale was carrying Russian made guns. The Indian Government started alleging that Bhindranwale was killing Hindus and allied with Pakistan to create Khalistan. The first time that the phrase Khalistan came was in the

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movement sought converts to their faith. The British colonial government, after annexing the Sikh empire in mid-19th-century, continue to patronize and gift land grants to these mahants, thereby increasing their strength and helped sustain the idolatry in Sikh shrines.

1942:) and did his basic schooling there. Along with the religious scriptures, he also studied the Bihari language at Patna. His Uncle, Bhai Kripal, trained him in archery and swordsmanship and soon he became a great marksman. When Guru Tegh Bahadur returned from Dhaka (now 3733:

short of food and supplies in the fort. He contacted the Sikhs inside the fort and joined them. Jassa Singh used the offices of Divan Kaura Mal and had the siege lifted. The fort was strengthened and named Ramgarh; Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, having been designated the

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sat with the ordinary and poor people of Punjab to have Langar. Guru Amar Das also trained 140 apostles, of which 52 were women, to manage the rapid expansion of the religion. Before he died in 1574 aged 95, he appointed his son-in-law Jetha as the fourth Sikh Guru.

5807:. Indian security forces suppressed the insurgency in the early 1990s by doing genocide upon the innocent Sikhs; over 2,500,000 Sikhs died, according to Jaswant Sikh Khalra, who was also killed by the police in a fake encounter for being against the Government. 5877:, that "Sikhs are Hindus" angered Sikh sensibilities. Many Sikhs still are campaigning for justice for victims; only one person has gone to jail in the 1984 anti-Sikh riots, of the violence and the political and economic needs of the Punjab espoused in the 1946:‘s Capital) to Patna he saw his five years old child for the first time, and kissed and embraced his divine boy. The Guru blossomed under the spiritual guidance of his father, but it was short-lived since Guru Tegh bahadur had to leave Patna for Anandpur. 5790:

had around 3000 casualties with 700 injuries, and 200–250 Sikh militants were killed. The handling of the operation, damage to the holy shrine and loss of life on both sides, led to widespread criticism of the Indian Government. The Indian Prime Minister

5617:

in Amritsar, approved by the Akali-led Punjab government, sparked violent clashes with orthodox Sikhs. The Sant Nirankaris, viewed as heretical by orthodox Sikhs for revering their leaders as gurus and altering Sikh scriptures, held a procession, leading

1246:, on 31 March 1504. He was the son of a small trader named Pheru. His mother's name was Mata Ramo (also known as Mata Sabhirai, Mansa Devi, Daya Kaur). Baba Narayan Das Trehan was his grandfather, whose ancestral house was at Matte-di-Sarai near Muktsar. 5357:

of Khalsa Diwan Society shot William Hopkinson in the Assize court corridor with two revolvers because he believed him to be unscrupulous and corrupt, using informers to spy on Indian immigrants. Canadian policeman William Hopkinson shot and killed by

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Samad Khan and his guards were lying dead on the field within hours. The Punjab governor also took extra precautions for safety against the Sikhs. He started to live in the fort. He would not even dare to visit the mosque outside the fort for prayers.

1969: 2418:

reinforcements were called and they laid siege on the fort with 60,000 troops. Gulab Singh dressed himself in the garments of Banda Singh and seated himself in his place. Banda Singh left the fort at night and went to a secret place in the hills and

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forests. The failure of the army to kill or catch Banda Singh shocked Emperor, Bahadur Shah and On 10 December 1710 he ordered that wherever a Sikh was found, he should be murdered. The Emperor became mentally disturbed and died on 18 February 1712.

2413:

force was organised to defeat and kill Banda Singh. All the generals were directed to join the Emperor’s army. To ensure that there were no Sikh agents in the army camps, an order was issued on 29 August 1710 to all Hindus to shave off their beards.

1574: 3716:

region, to begin killing the Sikhs. Adina Beg was a very smart politician and wanted the Sikhs to remain involved helping them. In order to develop good relations with the Sikhs, he sent secret messages to them who were living in different places.

5753:"...over 100,000 volunteers have been arrested. This high number of arrests is undoubtedly, a national record and so has been the peaceful nature in which the Satyagrahas of this magnitude have been handled by the Sikhs, with extreme tolerance." 4578:

were secretly allied to the British. They supplied important war plans of the Army, and provided the British with updated vital intelligence on the Army dealings, which ended up changing the scope of the war and benefiting the British positions.

3280:

Nawab Kapoor Singh Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was made the supreme leader. They also decided to declare that the Punjab belonged to them and they would be the sovereign rulers of their state. The Sikhs also built their first fort, called Ram Rauni, at

971:

with Christians, Muslims and Hindus in positions of power. The establishment of the Sikh Empire in 1799 is commonly considered the zenith of Sikhism in the political sphere, during its existence (from 1799 to 1849) the Sikh Empire came to include

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drunks, pimps, and peddlers of unsavory and licentious music and literature, with which they themselves took part in such activities. In addition, they also allowed non-Sikh, Brahmanical practices to take root in the gurdwaras, including

2012:

and common Hindus made an alliance to fight him. He and the kingdom of Una allied and won the Battle of Bhangani. The even more Himachali states allied and still lost. This showed the Guruji's influence and military strength in the area.

2477:, Punjab, when the army under the rule of Samad Khan, the Mogual king of Delhi laid siege to the Sikh forces. The Sikhs fought and defended the small fort for eight months. On 7 December 1715 Banda Singh starving soldiers were captured. 3839:

Later, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, one day while hunting, happened to enter Ramgarhia territory where Jassa Singh Ramgarhia's brother arrested him. Ramgarhia apologised for the misbehaviour of his brother, and returned Ahluwalia with gifts.

2380:

of their own land. It seems that all classes of government officers were addicted to extortion and corruption and the whole system of regulatory and order was subverted. Local tradition recalls that the people from the neighborhood of

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and ultimately led to Gandhi's assassination by her Sikh bodyguards. Many sources state that as much as 5 hundred thousand innocent Sikhs died by Indian police and rioters after June 1984 and Sikh population started decreasing after

1797:

Guru Tegh Bahadur was the ninth of the Sikh Gurus. The eight Sikh Guru, Guru Har Krishan, nominated him, his grand-uncle as the next Guru before he died. Guru Tegh Bahadur was actually the son of the sixth Sikh Guru, Guru Hargobind.

866:, the Pañj Piārē, then baptised him into the Khalsa fold. This gives the order of Khalsa a history of around 500 years. Historical theory and analysis suggests that Sikhism came into existence during the early Medieval period of the 3628:

Ahluwalia died in 1783 and was cremated near Amritsar. There is a city block, Katra Ahluwalia, in Amritsar named after him. This block was assigned to his Misl in honor of his having stayed there and protected the city of Amritsar.

1991:

After Guru Tegh Bahadur ji's martyrdom Guru Gobind Singh Ji created many poems compositions and letters, including Zafarnama, Ugardandis, Lakhi Jungle Khalsa, Hikayatan, Akal Ustat, Jaap Sahib etc., these were incorporated into the

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served as his capital from 1799. In 1802 he shifted his capital to Lahore and Amritsar. Ranjit Singh rose to power in a very short period, from a leader of a single Sikh misl to finally becoming the Maharaja (Emperor) of Punjab.

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were checked. The Sikhs, however, risking their lives, continued to pay their respects to the holy place and take a dip in the Sarovar (sacred pool) in the dark of the night. When Kapur Singh went to Amritsar he had a fight with

2345:. The coin described Lohgarh: "Struck in the City of Peace, illustrating the beauty of civic life, and the ornament of the blessed throne." He briefly established a state in Punjab for half a year. Banda Singh sent Sikhs to the 1685:

and the other shorter flag is towards Akal Takht. The first represents the reins of the spiritual authority while the later represents temporal power stating temporal power should be under the reins of the spiritual authority.

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feet. Thus Kapur Singh became Nawab Kapur Singh. Kapur Singh guided the Sikhs in strengthening themselves and preaching Gurmat to the people. He knew that peace would be short-lived. He encouraged people to freely visit their

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But after the partition of India he did not give Sikhs even a state to themselves and this led to further grievances. Many Hindus refused to keep Punjabi as their language and only Sikhs viewed their language as Punjabi.

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treasure; the Khalsa looted the money and took over the arms and horses of the guards. They then took over one lakh rupees from the Kasoor estate treasury going from Kasur to Lahore. Next they captured a caravan from

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through a famous Lahore Sikh, Subeg Singh. The Khalsa did not wanted to rule freely and not to be under the rule of a subordinate position. However this offer was eventually accepted and this title was bestowed on

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with the help of revolting oppressed Hindu and common folk, killing about 10,000 Muslims. Samana which was famous for minting coins, with this treasury the Sikhs became financially stable. The Sikhs soon took over

1510:

Guru Amar Das did not consider any of his sons fit for Guruship and chose instead his son-in-law (Guru) Ram Das to succeed him. Guru Amar Das Sahib at the age of 95 died on 1 September 1574 at Goindwal in District

1185:. It was said that he was gone for three days. When he reappeared, it is said he was "filled with the spirit of God". His first words after his re-emergence were: "There is no Hindu, there is no Muslim". With this 1448:

and repeat God's name in every activity. He to whom the Guru takes kindly is shown the path. Nanak! I seek the dust of the feet of the Guru's Sikh who himself remembers God and makes others remember Him. (Gauri)

3556:, ordered his commander Zabita Khan to fight the Sikhs. Zabita made a truce with them instead and then was dismissed from Alam’s service. Zabita Khan then became a Sikh and was given a new name, Dharam Singh. 2050:

with Bahadur Shah I who was secular in his views. On his way to Aurangabad he was stabbed three times in his lungs and killed the assassin. He survived for three more weeks and but later died from his wounds.

3617:. With the resources available to him, he repaired all the buildings, improved the management of the Gurdwaras, and provided better civic facilities to the residents of Amritsar. He wanted every Sikh to take 4712: 4083: 3006:. Nader Shah killed more than 100,000 people in Delhi and carried off all of the gold and valuables. He added to his caravan hundreds of elephants and horses, along with thousands of young women and Indian 3655:

during the lifetime of Guru Gobind Singh, and joined him in many battles; he joined the forces of Banda Singh Bahadur. Ramgarhia was the oldest of five brothers. When Ramgarhia was young he had memorised

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In 1747, Shah Nawaz took over as Governor of Lahore. To please the Sikhs, Lakhpat Rai was put in prison by the new Governor. Lakhpat Rai received severe punishment and was eventually killed by the Sikhs.

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alone there were 18 formal schools for girls besides specialist schools for technical training, languages, mathematics and logic, let alone specialised schools for the three major religions, they being

3915:, became enemies. This resulted in a war which changed the course of Sikh history. Maha Singh requested Ramgarhia to help him. In the battle, Jai Singh lost his son, Gurbaksh Singh, while fighting with 4638: 1802:

Muslim. He was asked by Aurungzeb, the Mughal emperor, under coercion by conservative Naqshbandi clerics, to convert to Islam or to sacrifice himself. The exact place where he died is in front of the

4700: 3761:. The Sikhs took upon themselves the task of protecting the people in the villages from the invaders. The money they obtained from the people was called Rakhi (protection charges). The new Governor, 3014:

learned of this, he decided to warn Nader Shah that if not the local rulers, then the Sikhs would protect the innocent women of Muslims and Hindus from being sold as slaves. While crossing The river

2772:

Gurmat preaching. The Budha Dal would be responsible to keep track of the movements of government forces, plan their defense strategies, and they provide a reserve fighting force for the Taruna Dal.

2470:

region. Banda Singh came out and captured Kalanaur and Batala which rebuked Farrukh Siyar to issue Mughal and Hindu officials and chiefs to proceed with their troops to Lahore to reinforce his army.

3563:

They do not kill a woman, a child, or a coward running away from the fight. They do not rob any person nor do they take away the ornaments of a woman, be she a queen or a slave girl. They commit no

5911:

political (foreign interference, terrorism, etc.), economic (in particular with regard to sharing of water supplies) and even occupational fields. Information received from nongovernment [

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of British India, died defending an army post from 10,000 Afghan and Orakzai tribesmen in 1897. In the end of Partition Sikhs were 20 percent of the British army despite they 1 percent population.

6849: 1238:, his disciple, as a successor to the Guruship rather than one of his sons. Bhai Lehna was named Guru Angad and became the successor of Guru Nanak. Bhai Lehna was born in the village of Harike in 2462:

of Jammu. In 1713 the Sikhs left Lohgarh and Sadhura and went to the remote hills of Jammu and where they built Dera Baba Banda Singh. During this time Sikhs were being hunted down especially by

4968: 2637:(ownership of an estate) and a valuable royal robe, the Khalsa accepted it all in the name of Kapur Singh. Henceforth, he became known as Nawab Kapur Singh. In 1748 he would organise the early 3412:

of the state. The Governor of Lahore closed the gates of the city and did not come out to fight against them. The Sikhs laid siege to the city. After a week, the Governor agreed to pay 30,000

2568:

Abdus Samad Khan, was transferred to Multan in 1726, and his more energetic Son, Zakaria Khan, also known as Khan Bahadur, was appointed to take his place as the governor of Lahore. In 1726,

12067: 1640:

because he gave Jehangir's son langer and made him hear Kirtan, his son, Khusrau, was revolting against Jehangir. Guru Arjan Dev Ji refused to convert to Islam when he was given the choice.

11963: 2716:

1733 the Delhi rulers withdrew all orders against the Khalsa. The Sikhs were now permitted to own land and to move freely without any state violence against them. To co-operate with the

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head to the police station. Rewards were also promised to those who helped arrest Sikhs. Persons providing food or shelter to Sikhs or helping them in any way were severely punished.

2629:. He was a volunteer at Darbar Sahib Amritsar. His was cleaning shoes of Sangat that come to pay their respect to Darbar Sahib, work in the kitchen to feed the Sangat. He was given a 4103: 1762:

Sri Guru Harkrishan Ji was the epitome of sensibility, generosity, and courage. There is a famous incident from an early age. Once on the way to Delhi from Punjab he met an arrogant

5552:"The brave Sikhs of Panjab are entitled to special consideration. I see nothing wrong in an area and a set up in the North wherein the Sikhs can also experience the glow of freedom. 2855:

and told him that Ahluwalia was like a son to her and that the Nawab should raise him like an ideal Sikh. Ahluwalia under the guidance of Kapur Singh, was given a good education in

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in January 1520 and had two sons, (Dasu and Datu), and two daughters (Amro and Anokhi). The whole Pheru family had to leave their ancestral village because of the ransacking by the

11546: 2103: 3891:, the Mughal emperor, extended the Sikhs a warm welcome. Ramgarhia left Delhi after receiving gifts from him. Because of the differences arising out of the issue of dividing the 6796:

A lot of Hindu and Muslim peasants converted to Sikhism from conviction, fear, economic motives, or a combination of the three (Khushwant Singh 1999: 106; Ganda Singh 1935: 73).

4360: 2150: 1472:

Guru Amar Das not only preached the equality of people irrespective of their caste but also fostered the idea of women's equality. He preached strongly against the practice of

12313: 6124: 6871: 6433: 2534:, Punjab and other Mughal officers began to pursue Sikhs less and thus the Sikhs came back to the villages and started going to the Gurdwaras again, which were managed by 6741: 5758:

In December 1983, a senior officer in Chandigarh confessed: “It’s really shocking that we have so little against him while we keep blaming him for all sorts of things.”

4996: 6152: 4498:

The Maharaja Employed many Prussian, French and Italian generals to train Sikhs in a more modern manner. He divided the army into three, the mordern, elite soldiers the

11569: 3351:, Jahan Khan attacked Amritsar with a huge army and the Sikhs because of their small numbers decided to withdraw to the forests. Their fort, Ram Rauni, was demolished, 1339:

most crucial one. The Sikh community had moved from having a founder to a succession of Gurus and the infrastructure of Sikh society was strengthened and crystallised.

4771:. Sikhs were increasingly incorporated into the Indian army because they were not only seen as 'loyal', but because the colonial government believed that they were a ' 3431:. Sikhs, as rulers of the city, received full cooperation from the people. After becoming the Governor of Lahore, Punjab Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was given the title of 6157: 6053: 4000:

challenge Ranjit Singh. When the Bhangi leader died Jassa Singh Ramgarhia returned to his territory. Ramgarhia was eighty years old when he died in 1803. His son,

5376:, Rajguru, and Sukhdev are convicted of murder of police inspector J.P. Saunders and executed; Bhagat Singh is popularly known as Shaheedey Azam (supreme martyr) 4930:, yet the Sikhs only made up less than 2% of the total population in India. Sikhs were known as 'Black Lions' by the German and Chinese forces for their ferocity 2369:, the Sikhs started fighting for the rights of the people. They used their newly established power to remove corrupt officials and replace them with honest ones. 13581: 12352: 2946:, while having sufficient amount of Sikhs with him to keep the army engaged. When Jassa Singh was reached a considerable distance the Khalsa safely retreated to 862:

in the end of seventeenth century. He baptised five Sikh people from different parts of India, with different social backgrounds, to form the Khalsa. Those five

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in which he "felt like a refugee in my country. In fact, I felt like a Jew in Nazi Germany."In 2002 the claims of the popular right-wing Hindu organisation the

1162:

Even as a boy, his desire to explore the mysteries of life eventually led him to leave home. Nanak married Sulakhni, daughter of Moolchand Chona, a trader from

5626:, resulting in multiple deaths, including Fauja Singh's. The violence and subsequent cremation of the slain Sikhs brought Bhindranwale to national prominence. 1319:

youth, he started the tradition of Mall Akhara, where physical, as well as spiritual exercises, were held. He collected the facts about Guru Nanak's life from

5767:

that he did not hate Hindus and he had donated 5 lakhs to restore ald Hindu and Sikh architecture and Mandirs. He even adopted a Hindu women as his daughter.

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In 1581, Guru Arjan — the youngest son of the fourth guru — became the Fifth Guru of the Sikhs. In addition to being responsible for building the

14506: 4332: 3887:. The Sikhs disciplined and brought to justice all the Hindu Nawabs who were harassing their Muslim population. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia entered Delhi in 1783. 1503:. Jetha had come to visit the Guru with a party of pilgrims from Lahore and had become so enchanted by the Guru's teachings that he had decided to settle in 1456:' and made it compulsory for the visitor to the Guru to eat first, saying that 'Pehle Pangat Phir Sangat' (first visit the Langar then go to the Guru). Once 1154:

From an early age, Guru Nanak seemed to have acquired a questioning and enquiring mind and refused as a child to wear the ritualistic sacred thread called a

11819: 5425:

Out of 2646 Indians deported for life to the Andaman Islands (where the colonial government exiled political and hardened criminals) 2147 (80%) were Sikhs.

4211: 3069:

to subdue the Sikhs. Kapur Singh learned of this scheme and planned his own strategy accordingly. As soon as the army was sent out to hunt for the Sikhs, a

1368:

became an important centre for Sikhism during the Guruship of Guru Amar Das. He continued to preach the principle of equality for women, the prohibition of

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and then British colonial rule from 1858 Sikhs were feared and respected for their martial ability. After they played a key role in the suppression of the

2539: 6845: 4507: 3651:. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia was the son of Giani Bhagwan Singh and was born in 1723. They lived in the village of Ichogil, near Lahore. His grandfather took 3643:

Jassa Singh Ramgarhia played an active role in Jassa Singh Alhuwalia’s army. He founded the Ramgarhia Misl and played a major role in the battles of the

4372: 3546:. After Abdali’s departure to Kabul, Sikhs crossed the Sutlej and brought Sirhind and other areas right up to Delhi, entire Punjab under their control. 3316:

to quell a rebellion there. He asked the Sikhs for help and they agreed to join him. After the victory at Multan, Kaura came to pay his respects to the

996:, the Commander-in-chief of the Sikh army along the northwest Frontier from 1825 to 1837, took the boundary of the Sikh Empire to the very mouth of the 6018: 4208:

coronation, unifying the misls under one political entity. The misldars, affiliated with the army, were nobility with prestigious histories in Punjab.

3681:(leader) of the Sikhs. During this period of peace with the government, the Sikhs built their fort, Ram Rauni, in Amritsar. Zakaria died in 1745 and 2599:

unable to contact them, as the Sikhs did not live in houses or forts, but ran away to their rendezvous in forests or other places difficult to access.

1393:. Bibi Amro was married to Bhai Amar Das' brother, Bhai Manak Chand's son who was called Bhai Jasso. Bhai Amar Das was so impressed and moved by these 2967:, would not dare to come to Amritsar and face him. In the ensuing fight Abdul Rehman was killed. When his son tried to save him, he too died. In 1738 6376: 4606:

that were granted a statehood, and eventually a lieutenant governorship stationed in Lahore as a direct representative of the Royal Crown in London.

1758:, he nominated his granduncle, Guru Teg Bahadur, as the next Guru of the Sikhs. The following is a summary of the main highlights of his short life: 885:

and the socio-political situation in the north-west of the Indian subcontinent during the 17th century. From the rule of India by the Mughal Emperor

11118: 4980: 4743:(beginners book), which was compulsory for females and thus, almost every Punjabi woman was literate in the sense that she could read and write the 3605:, fearing the Sikhs, did not follow his normal route through Punjab while he returned to Kabul. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia did not add more areas to his 1476:(a Hindu wife burning on her husband's funeral pyre). Guru Amar Das also disapproved of a young widow remaining unmarried for the rest of her life. 3972:, though very young, was a great statesperson. Sada Kaur saw the end of the Khalsa power through such mutual battles but she was able to convince 5040: 4315:

were taught to the highest standard. In Lahore, Schools opened from 7am and closed at midday. In no case was a class allowed to exceed 50 pupils.

4063: 2859:

and thorough training in managing the Sikh affairs. Later Jassa Singh Ahluwalia would become an important role in leading the Sikhs to self-rule.

3481:

rejected his offers and told him that Sikhs own Punjab and they do not recognise his authority at all. Abdali went to Amritsar and destroyed the

5504:

in India, as the Punjabi Sikhs agitated for the creation of a Punjabi Sikh majority state, an undertaking which was promised to the Sikh leader

5409:', Bhagat Puran Singh was spreading awareness about environmental pollution, and increasing soil erosion long before such ideas became popular. 3872:. Maharaja Amar Singh welcomed Ramgarhia and who then occupied the areas of Hansi and Hissar which eventually Ramgarhia handed over to his son, 14424: 2190: 5405:

in 1947 with only a few patients, the neglected and rejected of the streets of Amritsar. An early advocate of what we today refer to as the '

4952: 4657: 3218:

In 1746 about seven thousand Sikhs were killed and three thousand to fifteen thousand Sikhs were taken prisoners during by the order of the

5344:

ship to the port of Vancouver with 346 Sikhs on board; forced to leave port on 23 July. Bela Singh Jain an informer and agent of Inspector

3704:(Mu'in ul-Mulk), the Governor of Lahore, was worried about the increasing power of the Sikhs so he broke the peace. Mir Mannu also ordered 2000:

respectively. He stayed at Anandpur Sahib for most of his life and the Hindu Hill Chieftains were jealous of his riches so the Kingdoms of

1496: 12139: 5729:

heard that in 1982 the government had created a model of the Darbar Sahib in Dehra Dun and were planning an attack. Historians argue that

12274: 6459: 5416:. They made sacrifices wholly out of proportion to their demographic strength (the Sikhs make up less than 2% of the Indian population). 4681: 3836:, and Jassa Singh Ahluwalia on one side and Bhangis, Ramgarhias and their associates on the other side. The Bhangi side lost the battle. 1408:

In 1535, upon meeting Guru Angad, Amar Das was so touched by the Guru's message that he became a devout Sikh. Soon he became involved in

1181:

as the manager of the government granary. One morning, when he was twenty-eight, Guru Nanak went as usual down to the river to bathe and

11538: 11094: 4527:'s death in 1839, the empire was severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement. This opportunity was used by the 14449: 12167: 3129:

The Sikhs built their first fort Ram Rauni at Amritsar in 1748. In December 1748, Governor Mir Mannu had to take his forces outside of

3114:, gave him a royal welcome. Kapur Singh subdued all local administrators around Delhi who were not behaving well towards their people. 2166: 3860:

was taken over and he was followed from village to village, and finally forced to vacate all his territory. He had to cross the river

3769:, despised the Sikhs. In 1757, he again forced the Sikhs to vacate the fort and move to their hiding places. The fort was demolished, 13585: 4396: 3151:

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was born in 1718. His father, Badar Singh, died when Ahluwalia was only four years old. His mother took him to

2294: 788: 12297: 11991:

The politics of homeland : a study of the ethnic linkages and political mobilisation amongst Sikhs in Britain and North America

6483:

Pashaura Singh (2005), Understanding the Martyrdom of Dhan Dhan Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji, Journal of Punjab Studies, 12(1), pages 29-62

3018:, the Sikhs attacked the rear end of the caravan, freed many of the women, freed the artisans, and recovered part of the treasure. 14856: 10991: 4915:

In two world wars 83,005 Sikh soldiers were killed and 109,045 were wounded. Sikh soldiers died or were wounded for the freedom of

2302: 1507:. Here he earned a livelihood selling boiled chickpeas and would regularly attend the services of Guru Amar Das in his spare time. 5310:

to overthrow British colonial authority in India by means of an armed revolution. The Ghadar party is closely associated with the

3721:

responded and agreed to cooperate with the Faujdar and was made a Commander. This position helped him develop good relations with

12092: 5081: 5073: 4669: 2065:(the Sikh Holy Scripture), would be the ultimate spiritual authority for the Sikhs and temporal authority would be vested in the 11061: 6429: 5204:

The annexation of the Punjab to the East India Company in the mid-19th century saw severe deterioration of Gurdwara management.

12969: 11999: 3559:

Qadi Nur Mohammed, who came to Punjab with Ahmad Shah Abdali and was present during many Sikh battles writes about the Sikhs:

3200:, the capital of Punjab, for the first time. They were the masters of Lahore for a few months and minted their own Nanakshahi 2458:, the next Moghal Emperor, appointed Abdus Samad Khan as the governor of Lahore and Zakaria Khan, Abdus Samad Khan's son, the 1978:

In 1675 Pundits from Kashmir in India came to Anandpur Sahib pleading to Guru Teg Bahadur (father of Guru Gobind Singh) about

1849:

just before the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur. Bhai Mati Das was executed by being bound between two pillars and cut in two.

13276: 12268: 12232: 11911: 11767:

Dutt, Amitava; Devgun, Surinder (23 September 1977). "Diffusion of Sikhism and recent migration patterns of Sikhs in India".

11028: 6820: 6689: 6654: 6627: 6597: 6572: 6352: 8071: 5173: 3462:

about two dozen wounds. Fifty chariots were necessary to transport the heads of the victims to Lahore. The Sikhs call this

3320:, and offered 11,000 rupees and built Gurdwara Bal-Leela; He also spent 3,000,000 rupees to build a Sarover (holy water) at 2550:. The Khalsa had been split into two major factions Bandia Khalsa and Tat Khalsa and tensions were spewing between the two. 13990: 11811: 5473: 5451: 3928: 1016: 5894:

picked up by the police for torture and abuse. Many had been personally tortured before taking up arms against the state.

5566:

Sikhs composed 18 percent of the Indian army and are the most decorated regiment in India. Sikhs composed majority of the

4057:. Maharaja Ranjit Singh rebuilt Harmandir Sahib in marble and copper in 1809, overlaid the sanctum with gold foil in 1830. 14800: 13113: 13076: 5671: 3753:

without any effective Governor. It was again an opportune period for the Sikhs to organise themselves and gain strength.

3090:

Abdus Samad Khan sent many roaming squads to search for and kill Sikhs. He was responsible for the torture and murder of

1886: 1070: 14476: 14825: 14687: 14417: 12534: 12382: 11055: 12336: 12059: 5052: 12412: 12346: 12307: 12039: 11751: 11709: 11684: 11659: 11628: 11603: 11522: 11497: 11472: 11423: 11383: 11358: 11333: 11301: 11227: 11177: 11149: 10950: 10925: 10842: 10817: 10743: 10693: 10667: 10599: 10574: 10521: 10443: 10388: 10357: 10332: 10307: 10267: 10209: 10184: 10156: 10116: 10091: 9997: 9942: 9917: 9867: 9827: 9802: 9707: 9682: 9601: 9573: 9533: 9465: 9405: 9296: 9216: 9191: 9166: 9074: 9046: 9006: 8905: 8865: 8754: 8729: 8704: 8596: 8541: 8516: 8488: 8435: 8410: 8355: 8330: 8305: 8265: 8234: 8192: 8127: 8102: 8065: 8035: 8010: 7985: 7960: 7905: 7877: 7852: 7813: 7748: 7708: 7683: 7658: 7627: 7602: 7577: 7552: 7527: 7474: 7389: 7364: 7339: 7314: 7264: 7239: 7199: 7126: 7099: 7074: 7049: 7024: 6972: 6947: 6916: 6789: 6764: 6719: 6547: 6413: 5903: 5693: 5583: 5548:

After the Partition of India Sikhs had been disrespected in many ways. Jawaharlal Nehru and Gandhi had stated that -

3477:, fearing Sikh retaliation, sent messages that he was willing to assign some areas to the Sikhs to be ruled by them. 2257:

called to the people of Punjab to take arms under the leadership of Banda Singh overthrow and destroy the oppressive

1908: 1092: 936:), who were also tortured and killed by Mughal rulers for refusing their orders, and for opposing the persecution of 3879:

Maharaja Amar Singh and Ramgarhia took control of the villages on the west and north of Delhi, now forming parts of

14795: 14190: 6237: 6003: 5993: 4622: 4555:

However, a series of events of the Sikhs being betrayed by some prominent leaders in the army led to its downfall.

4432: 4348: 3980:(later the Maharaja of the Punjab), who was then just a boy. The balance of power shifted in favour of this united 3812:, a town founded by the sixth Guru. The large size of Ramgarhia's territory aroused the jealousy of the other Sikh 1957:, who, too, often came here to sit in the Queen's lap giving her immense delight and spiritual solace. She fed the 5077: 3393:

The Sikhs started bringing more areas under their control and realising revenue from them. In 1758, joined by the

3355:

was also demolished, and the army desecrated the Sarovar (Holy water) by filling it with debris and dead animals.

13550: 13231: 12770: 5988: 5983: 5814: 5734: 5622:

to oppose the event. A confrontation ensued between Sant Nirankaris and a group of Sikhs led by Bhindranwale and

4959: 4122: 9422: 8631: 5229:

relinquish control, but the large revenue derived from gurdwara estates empowered them to resist such pressure.

4242:

The Sikh rulers were very tolerant of other religions; and arts, painting and writings flourished in Punjab. In

1806:

in Delhi (Lal Qila) and the gurdwara is called Sisganj. This marked a turning point for Sikhism. His successor,

1292:

from Bhai Jodha (a Sikh of Guru Nanak Sahib) who was in Khadur Sahib. He was thrilled and decided to proceed to

14289: 14284: 11202: 10975: 10870: 10792: 10718: 10624: 10549: 10493: 10468: 10027: 9892: 9777: 9505: 9380: 9271: 8981: 8840: 8782: 8679: 8571: 8460: 8167: 7773: 7502: 7429: 7289: 7174: 5792: 5675: 5349: 4288: 4146: 3976:

to adopt the path of friendship. For this she offered the hand of her daughter, then only a child, to his son,

1890: 1074: 9330:. The University of California: Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. 1977. p. 85. 2446:

to the Sikhs telling them to get themselves reorganised and join him at once. In 1711 the Sikhs gathered near

1000:. The Sikh Empire's secular administration integrated innovative military, economic and governmental reforms. 14715: 14705: 14410: 13799: 13081: 5604: 3057:, cut off his head, and took it with them. It was a lesson for the ruler that no tyrant would go unpunished. 3053:, went to Amritsar disguised as revenue collectors. They tied their horses outside, walked straight into the 781: 9345:. The University of Michigan: Department of Guru Nanak Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University Press. p. 43. 6993: 5419:(Figures below provided by Maulana Abul Azad, President of the Congress Party at the time of Independence.) 5145:

to avoid criticism of other religions and political matters unlike Hindu, Christian and Muslim protelisers.

2907:

The army pursued the Sikhs hiding near the hills and forced them to cross the rivers and seek safety in the

1019:, viewing the possibility of the creation of Pakistan as inviting persecution. The months leading up to the 14160: 13108: 12959: 12912: 6368: 5513: 5413: 5292: 5278: 3957:) in Red Fort and Ahluwalia became king but they gave it back to the Mughals after signing peace treaties. 3264:

his nephew was killed by the arrow of Kapur Singh. The Sikhs restored Harmandir Sahib and celebrated their

1443:

to spread the gospel of Sikhism. Before leaving, Guru Amar Das prescribed the following routine for Sikhs:

5706: 3609:. Instead, whenever any wealth or villages came into the hands of the Sikhs he distributed them among the 2261:

rulers, oppressed Muslims and oppressed Hindus also joined him in the popular revolt against the tyrants.

1223: 916:, were tortured and executed, and close kin of several gurus (such as the seven and nine-year old sons of 14851: 14524: 13970: 13101: 11110: 6100: 5874: 5472:

and the movement to create Pakistan, viewing it as inviting possible persecution; the Sikhs largely thus

5395:

when 15,000 to 20,000 people including women, children were shot at after a peaceful protest in Amritsar

5265:

when 4000 peaceful protesters including women, children and the elderly were shot at under the orders of

2337:

Banda Singh developed the village of Mukhlisgarh, and made it his capital He then renamed the city it to

667: 4936: 4384: 3668:

In 1733, Zakaria Khan, the Governor of Punjab, needed help to protect himself from the Iranian invader,

1027:

between Sikhs and Muslims, which saw the effective religious migration of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus from

13764: 13431: 13011: 11840:

Telford, Hamish (November 1992). "The Political Economy of Punjab: Creating Space for Sikh Militancy".

6058: 5907: 5783: 5726: 5619: 5492:

between Sikh and Muslims, which saw the effective religious migration of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus from

5392: 4926:, Sikh military personnel numbered around 35,000 men of the 161,000 troops, which is around 22% of the 4408: 3832:

sardars also developed differences with Jai Singh Kanhaiya. A big battle was fought between Jai Singh,

2005: 6344:

Religion and the Specter of the West: Sikhism, India, Postcoloniality, and the Politics of Translation

5740:

Sikhs did not get an autonomous region or even a state so following India's independence in 1947, the

4718:

Bejewelled Sikh women in a bullock carriage, temple in the background, family on foot in front, c.1874

3567:, rather they respect the women of even their enemies. They always shun thieves and adulterers and in 2879:

should be taken over by the Sikhs. This decision was taken against heavy odds but was endorsed by the

2326:

and became Dinder Singh and the newspaper writer of Sirhind, Mir Nasir-ud-din, became Mir Nasir Singh

2178: 1770:

around was dumbstruck. Lal Chand's arrogance too was shattered and he asked for Guru Ji's forgiveness.

14770: 14695: 14056: 14036: 13985: 13844: 13669: 13577: 13484: 13381: 13376: 13269: 7042:

Celestiyal Song/Gobind Geet: The Dramatic DialogueyBetween Guru Gobind Singh and Banda Singh Bahadyur

6187: 6162: 6105: 6087: 5978: 5940: 5737:

who vocalised Sikh sentiment for justice. This accelerated Punjab into a state of peaceful protests.

5248: 2819:

they were Ramsar, Bibeksar, Lachmansar, Kaulsar and Santokhsar. The divisions later became known as

896:), Sikhism came into conflict with Mughal laws, because they were affecting political successions of 369: 11948: 904:. Mughal rulers killed many prominent Sikhs for refusing to obey their orders, and for opposing the 14760: 14700: 14165: 14041: 14020: 13371: 12795: 12624: 6828:

invariably raised images of atrocities committed by Muslims on Sikhs and of the martyrdom of their

6134: 6129: 6095: 5970: 5188:

ceremonies. Muslim proselytizers formed the Anjuman-i-Islamia midst the Sikhs in Lahore, while the

4768: 4629: 4197: 3933: 3622: 3511: 3305: 3165: 2747: 2642: 2053: 774: 677: 610: 13965: 9112: 5803:

saw several secessionist militant groups becoming active in Punjab, supported by a section of the

5795:

by her two Sikh bodyguards in retaliation. Following her death 17,000 of Sikhs were killed in the

4594:

The Punjab Empire was finally dissolved after a series of wars with the British at the end of the

14542: 14481: 14354: 14331: 13929: 13441: 13416: 13051: 12854: 12679: 12654: 12561: 12539: 6067: 6028: 5664: 4225: 4162: 2229: 1879: 1724:

Pradesh on Har Sudi 3, Samvat 1697. Guru Har Rai had two sons: Baba Ram Rai and Sri Har Krishan.

1063: 615: 535: 486: 451: 437: 54: 46: 13950: 11875: 10917: 10911: 4438:

There was strong collaboration in defense against foreign incursions such as those initiated by

3359:

made history when he cut through 20,000 Durrani soldiers and reached Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar.

2942:

the government of Lahore sent troops to attack the Sikhs. Kapur Singh entrusted the treasury to

2934:

were killed. The Khalsa took over the city, the took over the treasury and they established the

1147:

of land revenue in the government. Nanak's mother was Mata Tripta, and he had one older sister,

14755: 14738: 14643: 14631: 14623: 14459: 14185: 13884: 13869: 13859: 13839: 13834: 13639: 13545: 13446: 13421: 13066: 13056: 13016: 12882: 11651: 11645: 11447:. A look at the actual history of one of the most shocking events of the independence struggle. 6227: 6147: 6077: 6038: 5960: 5610: 5269:. The site of the massacre was later established as 'memorial of national importance' in 1951. 4603: 1742: 1193:

work. He made four distinct major journeys, in the four different directions, which are called

702: 34: 12258: 12204: 12133: 12031: 12025: 10995: 6846:"Did Sikh squads participate in an organised attempt to cleanse East Punjab during Partition?" 6455: 5434:

In the Indian Liberation Army, out of the 20,000 ranks and officers, 12,000 (60%) were Sikhs.

4974:

Sikh soldier with a captured swastika after the surrender of German forces in Italy, May 1945.

2386:

thousands in number they still allowed themselves to be cowed down by a handful of Zamindars.

14790: 14369: 14309: 14222: 13955: 13824: 13794: 13573: 13532: 12897: 12844: 12765: 12405: 12060:"Assassination in India: Sikhs at the center of the drama; Sikh separation dates back to '47" 11995: 10380: 10374: 6644: 6306: 6286: 6119: 5918: 5542: 5366: 5311: 5169: 5157: 4729: 4595: 4468: 3950: 3942: 3789: 3754: 3718: 3638: 3478: 3146: 2943: 2926:

and Kapur Singh helped him increase the boundaries of his state. In 1736 the Khalsa attacked

2884: 2852: 2046: 2024: 1606: 1116: 825: 625: 620: 12790: 12780: 12161: 11088: 8257: 8251: 7466: 7460: 3856:

changed sides and joined Jai Singh Kanhaiya to defeat Jassa Singh Ramgarhia. His capital at

1654: 920:), were brutally killed, along with numerous other main revered figures of Sikhism (such as 14677: 14669: 14534: 14496: 14444: 14299: 14257: 14242: 14180: 14150: 13960: 13854: 13659: 13512: 13499: 13456: 13262: 13219: 13197: 13046: 12976: 12887: 12814: 12544: 12088: 7650: 6311: 6207: 6072: 5834: 5796: 5643: 5314:, a 1921 splinter group of "militant" Sikhs who broke away from the mainstream non-violent 5303: 4927: 4587: 4536: 4532: 4001: 3873: 2572:, a renowned Sikh leader, and his 26 men was killed after Governor Zakaria Khan, sent 2200 2318: 2033: 944:. Subsequently, Sikhism militarised itself to oppose Mughal hegemony. The emergence of the 905: 732: 707: 697: 672: 580: 12785: 5431:

At Jallianwala Bagh out of the 1302 men, women and children killed, 799 (61%) were Sikhs.

2028:

Painting of the court of Guru Gobind Singh. Illustration from a manuscript of Krishnavatar

8: 14810: 14648: 14575: 14570: 14468: 14433: 14359: 14294: 14252: 14212: 14207: 14170: 13849: 13784: 13774: 13091: 13071: 13031: 13001: 12430: 6757:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers (French Sources of Indian History Sources)

6248: 6142: 5935: 5822: 5771: 5718: 5639: 5571: 5461: 5213: 5069: 5027: 5003: 4987: 4779: 4549: 4145:

The Sikh Empire (from 1801 to 1849) was formed on the foundations of the Punjabi Army by

3865: 3370:

did not pay revenues to the government so the Governor dismissed him and appointed a new

3276:

In 1748 all the Misls joined themselves under one command and on the advice of the aging

3050: 3003: 2919: 2823:

and their number increased to eleven. Each took over and ruled a different region of the

2660: 2569: 2486: 2451: 2435: 2265: 2225: 2215: 2078: 1293: 1201: 1008: 968: 964: 859: 813: 742: 692: 682: 124: 42: 9106: 3502:

Durrani Governor of Sirhind, and the regions around Sirhind were divided among the Sikh

2361:, and other areas nearby bringing relief to the repressed population. In the regions of 1177:

His brother-in-law, Jai Ram, the husband of his sister Nanki, obtained a job for him in

14805: 14608: 14580: 14385: 14364: 14195: 13924: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13789: 13664: 13644: 13569: 13540: 13479: 13411: 13356: 13086: 12944: 12934: 12924: 12902: 12892: 12869: 12834: 12737: 12529: 12524: 11936: 11917: 11857: 11792: 8209: 6232: 6212: 6082: 6063: 6033: 5950: 5878: 5635: 5531: 5524: 5485: 5457: 5398: 5388: 5299: 5149: 4764: 4528: 4443: 3988: 3801: 3762: 3726: 3713: 3499: 3301: 3243: 3213: 2883:

and all the Sikhs assured him of their full cooperation in his endeavor for self-rule.

2467: 2362: 1020: 1004: 446: 413: 114: 50: 12107: 11416:

Autonomy, Sovereignty, and Self-Determination: The Accommodation of Conflicting Rights

3518:

were killed. The Sikhs started striking Govind Shahi coins and in 1765 they took over

2797:. Anyone going anywhere would get permission from him and report to him on his return. 14733: 14728: 14595: 14547: 14247: 14080: 14046: 13889: 13874: 13754: 13522: 13474: 13426: 13396: 13391: 13061: 13041: 13036: 13026: 12949: 12939: 12907: 12859: 12775: 12747: 12717: 12687: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12378: 12342: 12303: 12264: 12228: 12035: 11907: 11796: 11784: 11747: 11705: 11680: 11655: 11624: 11599: 11518: 11493: 11468: 11419: 11379: 11354: 11329: 11297: 11223: 11198: 11173: 11145: 11051: 11045: 11024: 10971: 10946: 10921: 10866: 10838: 10813: 10788: 10739: 10714: 10689: 10663: 10620: 10595: 10570: 10545: 10517: 10489: 10464: 10439: 10384: 10353: 10328: 10303: 10263: 10205: 10180: 10152: 10112: 10087: 10023: 9993: 9938: 9913: 9888: 9863: 9823: 9798: 9773: 9703: 9678: 9597: 9569: 9529: 9501: 9461: 9401: 9376: 9292: 9267: 9212: 9187: 9162: 9070: 9042: 9002: 8977: 8901: 8861: 8836: 8778: 8750: 8725: 8700: 8675: 8592: 8567: 8537: 8512: 8484: 8456: 8431: 8406: 8351: 8326: 8301: 8261: 8230: 8188: 8163: 8123: 8098: 8061: 8031: 8006: 7981: 7956: 7901: 7873: 7848: 7809: 7769: 7744: 7704: 7679: 7654: 7623: 7598: 7573: 7548: 7523: 7498: 7470: 7425: 7385: 7360: 7335: 7310: 7285: 7260: 7235: 7195: 7170: 7132: 7122: 7095: 7070: 7045: 7020: 6968: 6943: 6912: 6816: 6785: 6760: 6715: 6685: 6650: 6623: 6593: 6568: 6543: 6409: 6348: 6316: 6222: 6182: 6043: 6013: 6008: 5930: 5800: 5505: 5493: 5469: 5465: 5337: 4451:

religious and political powers, which were much larger in the region than the Sikhs.

4268: 4260: 4217: 3965: 3908: 3766: 3673: 3602: 3534: 3515: 3474: 3454: 3408: 3348: 3265: 3156: 3134: 3074: 3011: 2931: 2872: 2848: 2840: 2726: 2608: 2592: 2565:

keep a check on the Sikhs. Mani Singh was killed by cutting each of his body joint .

2366: 2237: 2157: 2086: 2062: 1958: 1954: 1858: 1807: 1789: 1784: 1594: 1489: 1328: 1028: 1012: 917: 913: 882: 843: 737: 545: 194: 189: 184: 11876:"Punjabi University, Patiala | Higher Education Institute | NAAC "A" Grade | Punjab" 5422:

Out of 2125 Indians killed during the independence movement, 1550 (73%) were Sikhs.

4419:

The Sikh Fauj-i-Ain (regular army) consisted of roughly 71,000 men and consisted of

2720:, and win the goodwill of the people, the government sent an offer of an estate and 1560:

Guru Ram Das nominated Guru Arjan, his youngest son, as the next Guru of the Sikhs.

14636: 14562: 14486: 14393: 14319: 14279: 14112: 14051: 13819: 13779: 13769: 13759: 13674: 13649: 13603: 13555: 13517: 13489: 13469: 13464: 13406: 13401: 13366: 13361: 13348: 13135: 13096: 13006: 12996: 12991: 12954: 12919: 12829: 12804: 12594: 12485: 12398: 11849: 11776: 10238: 6505: 6253: 6243: 6217: 6192: 6177: 6172: 6110: 6023: 5965: 5955: 5945: 5579: 5437:

Out of 121 persons executed during the independence movement, 73 (60%) were Sikhs.

5406: 5254: 5217: 5141: 5121: 4737: 4544: 4464: 4324: 4264: 3904: 3857: 3809: 3648: 3463: 3444: 3169: 3111: 3042: 2999: 2947: 2912: 2808: 2787: 2626: 2507: 2329: 2220: 2094: 2074: 2017: 2009: 1746: 1737: 1586: 1499:

to marry, he selected a pious and diligent young follower of his called Jetha from

1409: 1373: 1304: 1278: 1205: 993: 945: 870:

and also after repeated invasions by Muslim rulers upon the Hindu community during

712: 639: 481: 286: 256: 179: 78: 7644: 6405: 6399: 4582: 3693: 3045:, a desert region, for safety, were outraged to hear of this desecration. In 1740 2253:

their faith and country. Banda Singh possessed no army but Guru Gobind Singh in a

14765: 14723: 14613: 14323: 14262: 14015: 13975: 13919: 13829: 13749: 13507: 13436: 13386: 13309: 13021: 12986: 12981: 12929: 12849: 12551: 12519: 12511: 12222: 12021: 11989: 11726: 11291: 11018: 10886: 10759: 10655: 10058: 9618: 9127: 8937: 8055: 6904: 6342: 6321: 6202: 6167: 6048: 5998: 5866: 5862: 5818: 5775: 5714: 5614: 5587: 5345: 4687: 4046: 3953:

defeated the Mughals on 11 March 1783, captured Delhi and hoisted the Sikh flag (

3805: 3770: 3507: 3482: 3356: 3352: 3317: 3091: 3054: 3034: 2968: 2955: 2897: 2760: 2557: 2547: 2419: 2282: 1682: 1658: 1649: 1473: 1457: 1369: 1178: 867: 762: 600: 231: 3192:

called Dal Khalsa. He played a major role In leading the Khalsa to self-rule in

14514: 14491: 14269: 14072: 13934: 13685: 13634: 13214: 13175: 13145: 12732: 12697: 12574: 12475: 11293:

Between Colonialism and Diaspora: Sikh Cultural Formations in an Imperial World

10810:

When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799

10260:

When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799

9990:

When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799

9725:

The Ideal Man: The Concept of Guru Gobind Singh, the Tenth Prophet of the Sikhs

7831:

The Ideal Man: The Concept of Guru Gobind Singh, the Tenth Prophet of the Sikhs

7726:

History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh confederacies, 1708–1769 (3rd rev. ed.)

6296: 6291: 6273: 5517: 5497: 5315: 4916: 4648: 4599: 4435:

and soldiers from many countries including Russia, Italy, France, and America.

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brought a big, well equipped army to finish the Sikhs forever. Sikhs were near

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courageous boy, and had all the qualities of a great man and a natural leader.

1453: 1032: 989: 559: 251: 246: 221: 169: 109: 7676:

Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material, Volume 2

6509: 5861:. This resulted in an explosion of violence against the Sikh community in the 3172:(selfless service). He became very popular with the Sikhs. He used to tie his 14845: 14552: 14519: 14202: 13980: 13711: 13629: 13204: 12877: 12824: 12760: 12619: 12609: 12460: 11788: 11083: 6281: 6197: 6114: 5854: 5810: 5804: 5763: 5730: 5567: 5489: 5341: 5266: 5196: 5165: 5080:

is passed, which transfers control of the Punjab's historic gurdwaras to the

5023: 5019: 4783: 4775:' whose religious traditions and popular customs made them skilled fighters. 4548:

sent his son to Mudki with a sword from his Napoleonic campaigns. A note in

4490: 4229: 4193: 4166: 3984:. This made Ranjit Singh the leader of the most powerful union of the Misls. 3884: 3825: 3750: 3618: 3321: 3219: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3026: 2984: 2923: 2876: 2828: 2824: 2672: 2523: 2519: 2455: 2346: 2323: 2258: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2141: 1838: 1818: 1814: 1377: 1357: 1348: 1262: 1243: 1136: 1036: 1024: 985: 929: 925: 921: 855: 809: 522: 512: 331: 316: 291: 266: 154: 94: 12614: 7136: 5072:

is established to free gurdwaras from corrupt masands (treasurers), and the

5030:

initiated the legion's formation as a military force fighting alongside the

3672:. He offered the Sikhs an estate and a royal robe. The Sikhs in the name of 3226:(Revenue Minister) of Zakaria Khan, sent military squads to kill the Sikhs. 3196:. In 1761 The Dal Khalsa under the leadership of Ahluwalia, would take over 1405:. It is recorded that this event took place when Amar Das was 61 years old. 466: 14748: 14125: 14085: 13914: 13721: 13654: 13329: 13304: 13299: 13192: 12964: 12819: 12692: 12659: 12480: 12465: 12209: 11921: 11901: 11679:. Denmark: Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre. p. 674. 11170:

History of Indigenous Education in the Panjab: Since Annexation and in 1882

10594:. Denmark: Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre. p. 447. 9702:. Denmark: Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre. p. 446. 9316:. The University of Virginia: New Academic Publishing Company. p. 363. 7409:. Pennsylvania State University: Deep & Deep Publications. p. 128. 5786:

who were with many other pilgrims in Gurdwaras. During this operation, the

5741: 5575: 5373: 5325: 5307: 5288: 5177: 5161: 5113: 4943: 4772: 4524: 4339: 4272: 4205: 4070: 4018: 3977: 3954: 3946: 3912: 3888: 3833: 3644: 3572: 3549: 3152: 2844: 2717: 2656: 2648:

Nawab Kapur Singh’s father was Chaudhri Daleep Singh as a boy he memorised

2554: 2129: 2066: 2037: 1993: 1939: 1926: 1704: 1695: 1674: 1618: 1537: 1528: 1516: 1402: 1270: 953: 552: 424: 419: 403: 311: 226: 174: 159: 11647:

Painting the Maple: Essays on Race, Gender, and the Construction of Canada

11142:

Ruling Through Education: The Politics of Schooling in the Colonial Punjab

10674:

Also, as according to the Purātan Janamsākhī (the birth stories of Nanak).

10047:. The University of Michigan: Department of Languages, Punjab. p. 27. 8802:. he University of Virginia: New Academic Publishing Company. p. 358. 8298:

Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy

6923:

Also, as according to the Purātan Janamsākhī (the birth stories of Nanak).

5328:

flag, was an Indian revolutionary organisation primarily founded by Sikh

4794:

In the late 1800s and early 1900s Punjabi and Sikhs began to immigrate to

4112:(Nihangs from Hazur Sahib), 1844. Shows turban-wearing Sikh soldiers with 4004:, developed good relations with Ranjit Singh and they never fought again. 3525: 3449:

In the winter of 1762, after losing his loot from Delhi to the Sikhs, The

1420:

and sent Sikh missionaries to different parts of India to spread Sikhism.

404: 395: 386: 14010: 13864: 13814: 13744: 13716: 13706: 13701: 13608: 13285: 13248: 13226: 13155: 12712: 12644: 12639: 12604: 10060:

The Sikh Courier International, Volume 25, Issue 60 - Volume 27, Issue 64

7116: 5787: 5623: 5380: 5225: 5200:

The First Lahore Singh Sabha Gurudwara, the birthplace of Guru Ram Das Ji

5153: 5129: 5105: 5031: 4923: 4795: 4559: 4499: 4480: 4276: 4150: 4094: 4074: 4013: 3996: 3853: 3829: 3046: 2689: 2622: 2496: 2410: 2390: 2342: 2001: 1830: 1590: 1481: 1424: 1132: 997: 949: 933: 875: 871: 517: 476: 394: 356: 346: 326: 321: 306: 301: 271: 261: 236: 11098:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 892. 5500:. The 1960s saw growing animosity and rioting between Punjabi Sikhs and 2473:

In March 1715, Banda Singh Bahadur was in the village of Gurdas Nangal,

2097:. Sikhs consider the Guru Granth Sahib the last, perpetual living guru. 2040:

and together they still lost and one day Guruji started retreating from

14830: 14820: 14743: 14402: 14349: 14341: 14274: 14175: 14155: 14135: 14095: 13879: 13613: 13319: 13314: 13170: 12839: 12809: 12722: 12707: 12629: 12599: 12579: 12470: 12455: 12450: 12442: 11861: 11780: 11016: 8211:

Life of Banda Singh Bahadur: Based on Contemporary and Original Records

7833:. The University of Virginia: Khalsa College London Press. p. 177. 6525:

V. D. Mahajan (1970). Muslim Rule In India. S. Chand, New Delhi, p.223.

6301: 5865:

which resulted in the massacre of thousands of Sikhs throughout India;

5710: 5678: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5402: 5359: 5181: 5117: 5109: 4503: 4439: 4308: 4221: 4170: 4128: 4090: 4030: 3973: 3896: 3797: 3793: 3669: 3584: 3568: 3543: 3383: 3161: 3117:

Zakaria Khan died in 1745. His successor tightened the security around

2992: 2730: 2638: 2358: 2350: 2306: 2290: 1893: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1678: 1625: 1578: 1569: 1485: 1398: 1386: 1289: 1274: 1258: 1227: 1218: 1197:, spanning many thousands of kilometres, preaching the message of God. 1190: 1171: 1148: 1144: 1128: 1120: 1111: 1077: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 909: 863: 847: 801: 687: 662: 605: 586: 566: 507: 385: 351: 341: 336: 296: 164: 149: 144: 135: 12375:

History of the Sikhs: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire, 1764–1803,

5830: 5184:

reform movements of Hinduism began active pursuit of Sikhs into their

2900:

was a ‘rose’; a blind man was a ‘brave man’, getting on the back of a

1953:

A Raja's childless Queen had developed special fondness for the young

1934:

Guru Gobind Singh was the tenth guru of Sikhs. He was born in 1666 at

1297: 14603: 14217: 13809: 13804: 13324: 13165: 12634: 11242:

Ranjit Singh: administration and British policy, (Prakash, pp. 31–33)

10243: 10226: 6782:

Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy

5858: 5779: 5745: 5401:

dedicated his life to the 'selfless service of humanity'. He founded

5384: 5369:(literally, lion) revolutionary Akalis, are put to death by hanging. 5189: 5125: 4782:

where twenty-one Sikhs of the 4th Battalion (then 36th Sikhs) of the

4733: 4575: 4571: 4428: 4189: 3992: 3969: 3916: 3778: 3745: 3705: 3701: 3682: 3553: 3390:. Instead of roaming in the forests now they were ruling the cities. 3375: 3367: 3293: 3107: 2704: 2474: 2443: 2406: 2354: 2254: 1979: 1846: 1842: 1667: 1629: 1390: 1320: 1239: 1167: 379: 11853: 10084:

The Sikh Psyche: A Study of the Fictional Writings of Bhai Vir Singh

7448:. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. 1991. p. 98. 5653: 5283: 4188:

The Sikh Empire's foundations can be traced back to 1707, following

2613: 2499:, his limbs were severed, his skin removed, and then he was killed. 1868: 1052: 14815: 14314: 14145: 14140: 14130: 14102: 13180: 13150: 12755: 11252: 11250: 11248: 11087: 5496:

which mirrored a similar religious migration of Punjabi Muslims in

5329: 5262: 5258: 5138: 4799: 4748: 4691: 4556: 4472: 4447: 4420: 4312: 4300: 4296: 4248: 4182: 4165:

in the east. The main geographical footprint of the empire was the

4022: 3900: 3758: 3734: 3725:

Kaura Mal at Lahore and assign important posts to the Sikhs in the

3678: 3614: 3610: 3594: 3564: 3458: 3332: 3282: 3277: 3247: 3234: 3118: 3030: 3007: 2939: 2935: 2916: 2893: 2816: 2794: 2735: 2581: 2577: 2561: 2543: 2491: 2373: 2286: 2082: 2070: 1803: 1755: 1550: 1515:, after giving the responsibility of Guruship to the Fourth Nanak, 1512: 1504: 1432: 1365: 1364:

Guru Amar Das became the third Sikh guru in 1552 at the age of 73.

1353: 1315: 1282: 1182: 981: 886: 757: 657: 647: 595: 281: 12584: 11280:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the last to lay arms, (Duggal, pp. 136–138)

11256:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the last to lay arms, (Duggal, pp. 136–137)

11220:

Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-2: 1803–1920)

9159:

Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume 1: 1707–1803)

5770:

In June 1984, the Indian Government ordered a military operation,

4849:

Europe, America, Japan, Burma, North Africa and the Mediterranean

874:, which lasted between (1526–1857 AD) especially in the region of 456: 12702: 12664: 12421: 6989: 6872:"Census 2011: %age of Sikhs drops in Punjab; migration to blame?" 5842: 5535: 5512:

in return for Sikh political support during the negotiations for

5354: 5221: 4706:

A Sikh Nihang and Nihang Singhani both traditional Sikh warriors.

4483:. And Jawahar Singh and Zorawar Singh extended it to West Tibet. 4424: 4256: 4201: 4200:, the Sikh army, fought against Mughal remnants, Rajput leaders, 4178: 4154: 4113: 3880: 3869: 3709: 3487: 3450: 3400: 3371: 3341: 3297: 3103: 3095: 3065:

Abdus Samad Khan, a senior Mughal royal commander, was sent from

2927: 2901: 2856: 2834: 2764: 2752: 2655:

and was taught the arts of war. Kapur Singh was attracted to the

2649: 2459: 2382: 2338: 2314: 2273: 2269: 2240:. He was successful in setting up a Sikh Empire that spread from 2137: 1763: 1602: 1435:

and the Hindu scriptures. Following the tradition of sending out

1186: 973: 897: 829: 817: 805: 471: 86: 11245: 8900:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 119. 8724:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 117. 8483:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 116. 8430:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 115. 8405:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 113. 8325:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 106. 8285:. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 59. 7940:. The University of Michigan: New Academic Pub. Co. p. 279. 6940:

Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures

6937: 5291:

is considered among the most influential revolutionaries of the

4882:

California, Scotland, West Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and East Africa

3777:

Sarovar was filled with debris. The Governor decided to replace

3420:

Sikhs seized Lahore in September 1761, after Abdali returned to

3222:

when Zakaria Khan, The Governor of Lahore, and Lakhpat Rai, the

816:

in the 15th century and opposed many traditional practices like

14304: 14237: 14232: 13679: 13160: 13140: 12727: 12669: 12649: 12589: 12569: 7955:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 94. 7938:

History of Sikh nation: foundation, assassination, resurrection

7872:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 93. 7808:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 91. 7728:. the University of Virginia: Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 19. 7572:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 85. 7334:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 79. 7234:. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 86. 5870: 5501: 5133: 5101: 4563: 4476: 4460: 4366:

Sikh soldiers receiving their pay at the Darbar of Ranjit Singh

4292: 4284: 4280: 4243: 4132: 3861: 3849: 3774: 3688: 3657: 3652: 3539: 3519: 3506:

and money recovered from the treasury were used to rebuild the

3432: 3379: 3313: 3197: 3193: 3173: 3130: 3038: 3015: 2880: 2699:(Superior Central Asian) horses from Murtaza Khan was going to 2684: 2680: 2679:

Information was obtained that money was being transported from

2652: 2585: 2531: 2511: 2463: 2398: 2298: 2090: 2061:

Shortly before passing away Guru Gobind Singh ordered that the

2016: 1961:

and his playmates, at his demand, with boiled and salted gram.

1822: 1766: 1700: 1614: 1598: 1533: 1500: 1436: 1394: 1323:

and wrote the first biography of Guru Nanak. He also wrote 63

1249:

Under the influence of his mother, Bhai Lehna began to worship

1194: 1163: 1140: 977: 941: 851: 652: 501: 496: 491: 461: 276: 241: 207: 13254: 10421:

Muslim society in northern India during the eighteenth century

10149:

Sharing the Sacred: Practicing Pluralism in Muslim North India

7121:. Vol. 2. Patiala: Punjabi University. pp. 113–114. 5321: 5132:

had been dissolved and annexed by the East India Company, the

4053:) is culturally the most significant place of worship for the 3514:

was built in Sirhind, at the location the two younger sons of

3124: 2775:

The following measures were established by Nawab Kapur Singh:

2057:

Takht Sri Hazur Sahib, Nanded where Guru Gobund Singh ji died.

1597:. He compiled and composed the most hymns. He even added many 1127:

Guru Nanak (1469–1539), founder of Sikhism, was born to

1039:, where they formed about 60 percent of the state population. 14227: 14090: 13209: 13185: 11964:"'Bhindranwale's rise from a small-time priest was meteoric'" 11020:

Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places

8122:. The University of Michigan: Enkay Publishers. p. 208. 5838: 5509: 5428:

Out of 127 Indians sent to the gallows, 92 (80%) were Sikhs.

4645: 4567: 4304: 4252: 4174: 4158: 4054: 3722: 3421: 3413: 3387: 3230: 3223: 3201: 3102:

On the request of the Budha Dal members, Kapur Singh visited

3070: 3066: 2964: 2908: 2868: 2780: 2721: 2700: 2692:

region which resulted in capturing numerous arms and horses.

2666: 2634: 2630: 2573: 2535: 2426: 2394: 2310: 1974:

Empire. This fresco no longer exists and has since been lost.

1935: 1610: 1461: 1428: 1324: 1266: 1254: 1250: 1235: 1155: 937: 901: 881:

The history of the Sikh faith is closely associated with the

833: 821: 216: 104: 11903:

Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants

7741:

The Great Gurus of the Sikhs: Banda Bahadur, Asht Ratnas etc

7307:

The Great Gurus of the Sikhs: Banda Bahadur, Asht Ratnas etc

7094:. Vol. 2. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 839. 5554:(Jawaharlal Nehru, Congress meeting: Calcutta - July, 1944) 13125: 12166:, Commission on Human Rights, 53rd Session, pp. 1–22, 12093:"The Co-existence of Violence and Non-Violence in Hinduism" 11702:

Martyr as Bridegroom: A Folk Representation of Bhagat Singh

9962:. The University of Michigan: Arsee Publishers. p. 88. 8925:. The University of California: Hemkunt Press. p. 144. 8619:. the University of Michigan: Arsee Publishers. p. 48. 8147:. The University of Michigan: Orient Longmans. p. 245. 7925:. the University of Michigan: Orient Longmans. p. 243. 7793:. The University of Michigan: Arsee Publishers. p. 27. 6430:"Was Sikhism created to protect Hindus from Muslim rulers?" 5097: 3981: 3813: 3606: 3590: 3503: 2960: 2867:

In 1735, the rulers of Lahore attacked and repossessed the

2820: 1986: 1930:

Takht Sri Patna Sahib, where Guru Gobind Singh Ji was born.

1826: 1440: 837: 12390: 10970:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 42. 10865:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 41. 10787:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 40. 10736:

Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707 - 1813

10713:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 38. 10619:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 37. 10544:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 36. 10488:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 35. 10463:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 34. 10022:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 33. 9910:

Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707 - 1813

9887:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 29. 9772:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 27. 9675:

Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707 - 1813

9500:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 25. 9375:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 24. 9266:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 21. 8976:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 19. 8835:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 18. 8777:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 17. 8674:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 16. 8566:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 14. 8455:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 15. 8162:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 12. 7768:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 10. 7169:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 13. 7069:(Second ed.). Walsall: Akaal Publishers. p. 15. 6562: 4827:

Singapore, Malaysia, China, Hong Kong, Canada and America

4291:

that had not a school attached to it. All the sciences in

4237: 3848:

Due to mutual jealousies, fights continued among the Sikh

3757:

rebuilt the fort and took possession of some areas around

3207: 2871:(estate) given to the Sikhs only two years before however 2633:

in 1733 when the Governor of Punjab offered the Sikhs the

1593:

and his personal addition of some 2,000 plus hymns in the

13236: 12299:

A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes, Volume 14

11351:

Sanity and Solitude: Cogent Ramblings of a Lone Aesthetic

11326:

Valour and Sacrifice: Famous Regiments of the Indian Army

9519: 9517: 9128:"Kemhunt to Sachkhand - pages from 'Kalgidhar Chamatkar'" 7497:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 9. 7424:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 8. 7284:. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 7. 6567:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 236–238. 5913: 5164:

missionaries increased proselytising activities central

3073:

of commandos disguised as messengers of Khan went to the

2401:, the capital of Punjab, and this worried Mughal Emperor 1439:

across the country, Guru Amar Das deputed Bhai Gurdas to

10287:. University of Michigan: Sundeep Prakashan. p. 69. 6938:

Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2005).

5629: 4614: 4494:

The flag of the elite soldiers of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

3438: 1257:

worshippers to Jwalamukhi Temple every year. He married

12260:

Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707–1813

11490:

Miracles of Ardaas: Incredible Adventures and Survivals

10891:. Controller of Print. and Stationery. 1980. p. 38 10835:

Historical Development of Sikhism: Religion to Politics

10764:. Controller of Print. and Stationery. 1980. p. 37 9755:

The Sikh struggle: origin, evolution, and present phase

7678:. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 627. 6735: 6733: 6731: 6675: 6673: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6496:

McLeod, Hew (1987). "Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab".

5857:

advocating the creation of a Sikh autonomous homeland,

3991:, came in 1788 the Sikhs, however, were still divided. 3792:

occupied the area to the north of Amritsar between the

2963:

Abdul Rehman. He had declared that Sikhs the so-called

1031:

and organized ethnic cleansing of Punjabi Muslims from

11376:

Civil Rights in Wartime: The Post-9/11 Sikh Experience

10408:. The University of Michigan: Dhanpat Rai. p. 46. 10327:. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 15. 9551:

The Panjab chiefs, historical and biographical notices

9514: 9460:. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 19. 8388:

Sikh Polity in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

8300:. the University of Michigan: Singh Bros. p. 80. 7219:. The University of Michigan: Dhanpat Rai. p. 31. 6533: 6531: 6521: 6519: 6491: 6489: 6479: 6477: 5087: 4860:

England, Cochin, Tamil Nadu and the Bombay Presidency

3204:

coin in the name of 'Guru Nanak – Guru Gobind Singh'.

2892:

boiled for food were called ‘green dish’; the parched

2811:. These five divisions were stationed around the five 1288:

One day, Bhai Lehna heard the recitation of a hymn of

10300:

Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan, 1839-42

9659:. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 62. 9485:. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 32. 9236:. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 60. 9186:. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 4. 8390:. Oriental Publishers & Distributors. p. 58. 5884: 5440: 4802:, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. 3740: 3613:

of all the Misls. Ahluwalia passed his last years in

3469: 3378:

and thus became the rulers of all the tracts between

3327: 2621:

Nawab Kapur Singh was born in 1697 in a village near

2372:

Banda Singh is known to have abolished or halted the

11017:

Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (2012).

9619:"Tozuk-e-Jehangiri misquoted in Dr Hari Ram Gupta's 6728: 6670: 6606: 6556: 6263: 5232: 4609: 2538:

when the Sikhs were in hiding. The Sikhs celebrated

2530:

After a few years Adbus Samad Khan, the Governor of

2393:

east of Lahore obstructed the communication between

2236:

Banda Singh Bahadur was chosen to lead the Sikhs by

1035:. Currently, most Sikhs live in the Indian state of 9587: 9585: 7847:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 2010. p. 2.134. 6806: 6804: 6528: 6516: 6486: 6474: 3080: 2763:alongside playing portable instruments such as the 2710: 1495:When the time came for the Guru's younger daughter 1269:. After this, the family settled at the village of 11570:"Memorialising, and Remembering, Jallianwala Bagh" 11453:. Vol. 14 :: No. 22 :: 1 – 14 Nov. 1997. 10507: 10505: 9668: 9666: 9423:"The Lion Hearted Jassa Singh Ahluwalia of Punjab" 9060: 9058: 8632:"The Lion Hearted Jassa Singh Ahluwalia of Punjab" 8502: 8500: 7192:History Of Sikh Gurus Retold 1606–1708 C.e. Vol# 2 7114: 6911:. India: Oxford University Press. pp. 12–13. 5924: 5348:, pulled out two guns and started shooting at the 5237: 3960: 3552:, the Mughal Emperor of Delhi was staying away in 3288: 3180:fashion as he grew up in Delhi. Ahluwalia learned 2938:at the historical places and withdrew. While near 2376:system in time he was active and gave the farmers 2276:. In 1709 Banda Singh captured the Mughal city of 1159:She is known as the first disciple of Guru Nanak. 1042: 11418:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 157. 10856: 10854: 10535: 10533: 10406:Rise of the Sikh Power and Maharaja Ranjeet Singh 10170: 10168: 10013: 10011: 10009: 9650: 9648: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8826: 8824: 8474: 8472: 7217:Rise of the Sikh Power and Maharaja Ranjeet Singh 5063: 4402:Akali warriors moving towards the capital, Lahore 3164:in the morning and it was appreciated by all the 2801: 2204: 1331:. He popularized and expanded the institution of 14843: 12193:. New Delhi, India: Uncommon Books. p. 382. 11906:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 78. 11163: 11161: 9582: 9125: 8768: 8766: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8610: 8608: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8214:. Sikh History Research Department. p. 229. 7194:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 1012. 6801: 6759:. USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 23–29. 5717:(Golden Temple), was repaired by the Sikhs after 5593: 4758: 3808:hill areas to his estate. He had his capital in 3647:. He suffered about two dozen wounds during the 3106:. The sons of Sardar Ala Singh, the founder and 1200:Guru Nanak spent the final years of his life in 10502: 9663: 9108:An accompaniment to Mitchell's map of the world 9055: 8999:Evolution of Faith and Religion: An Exploration 8817:. New Academic Publishing Company. p. 107. 8497: 7488: 7486: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6899: 6897: 5128:). The movement was founded in an era when the 4021:was crowned on 12 April 1801 (to coincide with 3632: 3085: 10851: 10662:. India: Oxford University Press. p. 60. 10530: 10165: 10006: 9645: 8960: 8935: 8821: 8469: 4723: 3271: 3060: 2835:Preparing Jassa Singh Ahluwalia for leadership 2783:should be deposited in the Common Khalsa Fund. 2322:Khan, an official of the nearby village, took 2128:An inscription naming the five members of the 1314:Guru Angad introduced a new alphabet known as 1265:and Afghan military who had come with Emperor 1253:(a Hindu goddess). He used to lead a group of 14418: 13270: 12406: 12263:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 303. 12220: 12179:Commission on Human Rights resolution 1996/23 11515:Parkash Singh Badal: Chief Minister of Punjab 11437: 11435: 11158: 10992:""Ranjit Singh, Maharaja", Sikh Cyber Museum" 10738:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 257. 10648: 10438:. New Delhi: Sanbun Publishers. p. 207. 10227:"Droits, santé et participation démocratique" 9912:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 256. 9677:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 675. 8763: 8658: 8605: 8550: 8049: 8047: 8030:. New Delhi: Popular Prakashan. p. 157. 7891: 7889: 7547:. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 158. 6375:. BBC Religion & Ethics. 29 August 2003. 5516:. Sikhs obtained the Sikh majority state of 5306:, alongside many other Punjabi's founded the 5046:Sikh Soldiers during the battle of Gallipoli. 4506:and the irregular Gharcharas and Nihangs the 4007: 3427:The Khalsa minted their coins in the name of 2073:script but contains many languages including 1712:youngest son, as the next Guru of the Sikhs. 782: 53:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 11760: 11144:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 22. 11111:"Destruction of schools as Leitner saw them" 10683: 9817: 9523: 9291:. New Delhi: Sanbun Publishers. p. 58. 9206: 9138:(1–6, 613–618). Translated by Bimal Kaur: 40 9036: 8744: 7980:. New Delhi: Sanbun Publishers. p. 82. 7522:. New Delhi: Sanbun Publishers. p. 81. 7483: 7044:. Hyimalayan Iystitute Press. pp. 7–8. 7008: 6926: 6894: 6810: 6682:Select documents on Partition of Punjab-1947 5242: 4789: 3828:and Jassa Singh Ramgarhia developed and the 3689:Jassa Singh honored as Jassa Singh Ramgarhia 3362: 2793:Every Sikh should respect the orders of his 2341:(fortress of steel) where he issued his own 2333:Fateh Burj, dedicated to Banda Singh Bahadur 2317:in 1710 and killed the Governor of Sirhind, 1143:. His father, Mehta Kalu, was a Patwari, an 11643: 11043: 10514:Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms 9727:. Khalsa College London Press. p. 181. 9111:. Harvard University: R.L. Barnes. p. 8145:A Comprehensive History of India: 1712–1772 8095:Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms 8005:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 200. 7923:A Comprehensive History of India: 1712–1772 7703:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 595. 7154:. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 94. 7092:History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E 6956: 5561: 4378:Akali Phula Singh and Maharaja Ranjit Singh 4259:. There were craft schools specialising in 3125:The Khalsa strengthen military developments 2502: 2172:Guru Gobind Singh ji on march to Aurangabad 14450:List of religions and spiritual traditions 14425: 14411: 13277: 13263: 12413: 12399: 11766: 11561: 11432: 11289: 10943:International Bibliography of Sikh Studies 10913:Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture 9616: 8229:. Institute of Sikh Studies. p. 415. 8044: 7886: 7743:. Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd. p. 17. 7309:. Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd. p. 38. 6498:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 6341:Mandair, Arvind-Pal S. (22 October 2009). 5590:and got many titles and gallantry awards. 5412:The Sikhs played a pioneering role in the 4910: 3819: 3737:of the fort, became popular as Ramgarhia. 3021: 2974: 2843:was given an additional responsibility by 2827:. Collectively they called themselves the 2738:and meet their relatives in the villages. 2667:Extensive looting of the Mughal government 1557:misdeeds, sins, and pains shall go away." 1488:(fifth Guru) made all the Shabads part of 1281:Sahib, a small town about 25 km from 789: 775: 13586:List of battles involving the Sikh Empire 12241: 10564: 10297: 10242: 10199: 9360:. Canada Centre Publications. p. 24. 8815:Panjab Under the Later Mughals, 1707–1759 7033: 6981: 6967:. Himalayan Institute Press. p. 15. 6811:Kudaisya, Gyanesh; Yong, Tan Tai (2004). 6773: 6636: 6592:. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 653–691. 5744:movement led by the Sikh political party 5694:Learn how and when to remove this message 5174:controversially converted to Christianity 4502:, the regular army including cavalry the 4454: 3895:revenues, longtime friends and neighbors 2156:The creation of the Khalsa; initiated by 1909:Learn how and when to remove this message 1397:that he immediately decided to go to see 1093:Learn how and when to remove this message 14432: 12377:second ed., Munshiram Manoharlal (2000) 12295: 11378:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 112. 11139: 11082: 10994:. Sikhcybermuseum.org.uk. Archived from 10837:. Commonwealth Publishers. p. 105. 10433: 10262:. Oxford University Press. p. 112. 9977:. Peoples Publishing House. p. 186. 9792: 9395: 9314:Advanced History of the Punjab, Volume 1 9286: 9104: 8996: 8800:Advanced History of the Punjab, Volume 1 8694: 8345: 8182: 8057:Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty 8000: 7975: 7545:Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty 7517: 7407:Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty 7152:Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty 6813:The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia 6456:"The Sikh Gurus and the Bhakti Movement" 5829: 5705: 5320: 5282: 5195: 4581: 4489: 4338:Ghorchara (Horse-mounted) Bodyguards of 4210: 3932: 3784: 3692: 3583: 3524: 3399: 3331: 3140: 2978: 2779:All money obtained from anywhere by any 2751: 2729:after it was sanctified by the touch of 2612: 2506: 2425: 2405:He gave up his plan to subdue rebels in 2328: 2219: 2052: 2023: 1987:Stay at Paotana Sahib and Anandpur Sahib 1968: 1925: 1788: 1741: 1699: 1653: 1573: 1532: 1352: 1222: 1115: 12250: 12214: 12053: 12051: 12027:Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi 11899: 11839: 11724: 11674: 11403:. National Institute of Panjab Studies. 11348: 11259: 11217: 11192: 11167: 11102: 11076: 10940: 10812:. Oxford University Press. p. 85. 10589: 10151:. Oxford University Press. p. 69. 10146: 9992:. Oxford University Press. p. 91. 9857: 9847:. Oxford University Press. p. 134. 9697: 9548: 9420: 9311: 9156: 8898:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 8797: 8722:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 8629: 8481:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 8428:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 8403:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 8323:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 8227:Sri Gur Panth Prakash: Episodes 1 to 81 8028:Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5 8025: 7953:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 7870:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 7806:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 7570:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 7332:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 7232:A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 7014: 6942:. United Kingdom: Routledge. xiii–xiv. 6340: 5598: 5479: 5474:strongly opposed the partition of India 5272: 5082:Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee 5074:Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee 4238:Punjab flourishes in education and arts 3922: 3208:Chhota Ghalughara (The Lesser Massacre) 3002:invaded and looted the treasury of the 2409:and marched towards Punjab. The entire 1833:, and Bhai Sati Das were executed at a 1452:Guru Ji strengthened the tradition of ' 1017:strongly opposed the partition of India 14844: 12296:Alikuzai, Hamid Wahed (October 2013). 12170:from the original on 27 September 2011 12014: 11741: 11512: 11413: 11323: 11296:. Duke University Press. p. 229. 11265: 11108: 11047:Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign 10888:Punjab District Gazetteers: Supplement 10807: 10761:Punjab District Gazetteers: Supplement 10639: 10567:A History of Modern India: 1480 - 1950 10511: 10403: 10379:. Cambridge University Press. p. 10372: 10257: 10224: 10202:A History of Modern India: 1480 - 1950 10131: 10081: 9987: 9932: 9795:A History of Modern India: 1480 - 1950 9722: 9591: 9563: 9328:The Panjab Past and Present, Volume 11 9089: 9064: 8855: 8812: 8586: 8531: 8506: 8370: 8295: 8256:. Cambridge University Press. p. 8249: 8142: 8092: 7920: 7828: 7738: 7698: 7673: 7642: 7592: 7465:. Cambridge University Press. p. 7458: 7304: 7214: 7189: 7089: 7019:. United States: Xlibris. p. 16. 6962: 6754: 6748: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6679: 6643:Singh, Prof. Kartar (1 January 2003). 6587: 6537: 6495: 5869:described the actions as being a Sikh 5541: 5220:discrimination, and allowing non-Sikh 3493: 3258: 2389:The rule of the Sikhs over the entire 2209: 1921: 1845:, under the express orders of Emperor 14811:History of theology (Greco-Abrahamic) 14406: 13258: 12394: 12256: 12188: 12087: 12020: 11987: 11961: 11809: 11618: 11593: 11567: 11487: 11462: 11398: 11373: 11197:. V&A Publications. p. 144. 10965: 10909: 10860: 10832: 10782: 10733: 10708: 10654: 10642:Struggle of the Sikhs for sovereignty 10614: 10539: 10483: 10458: 10352:. New Age International. p. 10. 10322: 10282: 10174: 10106: 10042: 10017: 9972: 9957: 9907: 9882: 9842: 9767: 9752: 9737: 9672: 9654: 9495: 9480: 9455: 9370: 9261: 9246: 9231: 9181: 9092:Struggle of the Sikhs for sovereignty 9021: 8971: 8920: 8895: 8880: 8830: 8772: 8719: 8669: 8614: 8561: 8478: 8450: 8425: 8400: 8385: 8320: 8280: 8224: 8207: 8157: 8117: 8053: 7950: 7895: 7867: 7803: 7788: 7763: 7723: 7617: 7567: 7542: 7492: 7419: 7404: 7379: 7329: 7279: 7254: 7229: 7164: 7149: 7064: 6990:"The Sikhism Homepage: Guru Amar Das" 6903: 6852:from the original on 30 December 2022 6779: 6709: 6642: 6617: 6563:Pashaura Singh; Louis Fenech (2014). 6462:from the original on 30 December 2022 6436:from the original on 30 December 2022 6397: 6369:"BBC History of Sikhism – The Khalsa" 5630:Operation Blue Star and Sikh Genocide 5445: 5058:Sikhs in France fighting the Germans. 4919:and the world and during shell fire. 4893:United Kingdom, Scandinavia and Oman 4778:The Sikhs again were honoured in the 4736:(taxman), had an ample supply of the 4615:Punjab under the British Raj in India 4025:). Sahib Singh Bedi, a descendant of 3663: 3439:Wadda Ghalughara (The Great Massacre) 1335:that had been started by Guru Nanak. 1327:(stanzas), which are included in the 12159: 12131: 12057: 12048: 11699: 11549:from the original on 15 January 2016 10660:The Illustrated History of the Sikhs 10516:. Abhinav Publications. p. 46. 10418: 10086:. Eastern Book Linkers. p. 64. 9757:. Chanakya Publications. p. 75. 9355: 9340: 9251:. Asia Publishing House. p. 56. 9026:. Manohar Publications. p. 127. 8938:"Sikhs in the 18th Century: 1748–68" 8097:. Abhinav Publications. p. 41. 7935: 7354: 7259:. Infobase Publishing. p. 109. 7039: 6987: 6909:The Illustrated History of the Sikhs 5676:adding citations to reliable sources 5647: 5452:Opposition to the partition of India 3941:After continuous raids, Sikhs under 3579: 3033:. While smoking and drinking in the 2786:The Khalsa should have their common 2602: 2272:from there he took over Sonipat and 1891:adding citations to reliable sources 1862: 1852: 1778: 1075:adding citations to reliable sources 1046: 17: 14801:Evolutionary psychology of religion 11962:Mitra, Chandan (23 December 2011). 11810:Lukas, J. Anthony (20 March 1966), 11467:. Publications Bureau. p. 28. 10347: 9343:The Golden Temple: Past and Present 7384:. Punjabi University. p. 273. 6698: 6565:The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies 5488:in 1947, saw heavy conflict in the 5088:Singh Sabha Movement (1880-1919 CE) 4813:Community, Religious Order or Sect 4755:Metcalfe later Max Singh Macaulfe. 4216:Maharaja Ranjit Singh listening to 2862: 2116:, Punjab, the birthplace of Khalsa. 1810:further militarised his followers. 1731: 1023:in 1947, saw heavy conflict in the 13: 12355:from the original on 22 March 2023 12316:from the original on 22 March 2023 12277:from the original on 22 March 2023 12142:from the original on 5 August 2019 12070:from the original on 11 March 2020 11623:. Allied Publishers. p. 229. 11598:. Punjabi University. p. 53. 11328:. Allied Publishers. p. 185. 10916:. Vikas Publishing House. p. 9437:from the original on 22 March 2023 9400:. Sanbun Publishers. p. 209. 9161:. India: Lotus Press. p. 10. 8699:. Sanbun Publishers. p. 221. 8646:from the original on 22 March 2023 8074:from the original on 22 March 2023 7622:. Punjabi University. p. 27. 7359:. National Book Shop. p. 37. 7108: 6882:from the original on 27 April 2021 6755:Lafont, Jean-Marie (16 May 2002). 5885:Sikh Equality Movement (1984-1996) 5456:Sikh organizations, including the 5441:Indian Independence (1947–1978 CE) 4518: 3843: 3741:Fighting the tyrannical Government 3470:Harmandir Sahib desecrated in 1762 3328:Harmandir Sahib demolished in 1757 3041:girls. The Sikhs who had moved to 3029:, the Mughal official, had seized 2663:, of the village of Van, in 1726. 1793:Guru Tegh Bahadur, Pahari painting 1003:Sikh organizations, including the 900:while cherishing Sufi saints from 14: 14868: 12334: 12002:from the original on 17 June 2019 11900:Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley (1996). 11822:from the original on 1 March 2019 11812:"Hindu vs. Sikh: Why the Killing" 11596:The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: A-D 11568:Hazra, Indrajit (13 April 2019). 11492:. Indus Publishing. p. 173. 11465:The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: S-Z 11109:Sheikh, Majid (31 October 2010). 11064:from the original on 17 June 2008 10177:Universality of the Sikh Religion 9845:A History of the Sikhs: 1469–1839 9553:. Oxford University. p. 172. 8885:. New York: S. Singh. p. 99. 8375:. Sanbun Publishers. p. 142. 8350:. Sanbun Publishers. p. 58. 8253:The Sikhs of the Punjab (Revised) 8187:. Sanbun Publishers. p. 89. 7620:The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: A-D 7382:The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: A-D 6379:from the original on 14 July 2019 5584:Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts 5362:who is later sentenced to death. 5233:Later Colonial Era (1919–1947 CE) 4990:Sikhs at Le Sart, France, c. 1915 4610:Early Colonial Era (1849–1919 CE) 4299:schools and colleges, as well as 4196:. As the Mughal power waned, the 2490:population. They were put in the 2184:One of the two Sikh Nishan Sahibs 1643: 1563: 1423:Guru Amar Das was impressed with 1139:, now called Nankana Sahib, near 952:under the reign of the Maharajah 14796:Evolutionary origin of religions 14389: 14388: 14380: 14191:Sikhs in the British Indian Army 12367: 12328: 12289: 12227:. Greenwood Press. p. 948. 12224:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges 12197: 12182: 12153: 12125: 12081: 11981: 11955: 11893: 11868: 11833: 11803: 11735: 11718: 11693: 11668: 11637: 11612: 11587: 11531: 11506: 11481: 11456: 11407: 11392: 11367: 11342: 11317: 11283: 11274: 11236: 11211: 11186: 11133: 11121:from the original on 25 May 2013 11037: 11010: 10984: 10959: 10934: 10903: 10879: 10826: 10801: 10776: 10752: 10727: 10702: 10677: 10633: 10608: 10583: 10558: 10477: 10452: 10427: 10412: 10397: 10366: 10341: 10316: 10291: 10276: 10251: 10218: 10193: 10140: 10134:History of the Pathans, Volume 1 10125: 10100: 10075: 10051: 10036: 9981: 9966: 9951: 9926: 9901: 9876: 9862:. Sahitya Akademi. p. 153. 9851: 9836: 9811: 9786: 9761: 9746: 9731: 9716: 9691: 9610: 9557: 9542: 9489: 9474: 9449: 9414: 9389: 9364: 9349: 9334: 9320: 9305: 9280: 9255: 9240: 9225: 9200: 9175: 9150: 9119: 9098: 9083: 9030: 9015: 8990: 8929: 8914: 8889: 8874: 8849: 8806: 8791: 8511:. Scarecrow Press. p. 107. 8143:Sastri, Kallidaikurichi (1978). 8060:. Deep & Deep Publications. 7921:Sastri, Kallidaikurichi (1978). 7701:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges 6739: 6266: 6004:Second Battle of Chamkaur (1704) 5994:Second Battle of Anandpur (1704) 5652: 5104:in the 1870s in reaction to the 5051: 5039: 5011: 4995: 4979: 4967: 4951: 4935: 4711: 4699: 4680: 4668: 4663:Sikh Gurudwara in China, Beijing 4656: 4637: 4621: 4570:, and top Generals of the army. 4513: 4475:and extended the Sikh Raj up to 4407: 4395: 4383: 4371: 4359: 4347: 4331: 4121: 4102: 4082: 4062: 4039: 3081:Age of Revolution (1748–1799 CE) 2930:, where the two younger sons of 2911:tract. When Kapur Singh reached 2711:Government sides with the Khalsa 2189: 2177: 2165: 2149: 2121: 2102: 1867: 1342: 1051: 1043:Early Modern (1469 CE –1708 CE) 756: 93: 37:to read and navigate comfortably 22: 14857:History of religion by religion 14381: 13284: 13232:Contemporary Sant Mat movements 11044:K.S. Duggal (1 February 2009). 9742:. Arsee Publishers. p. 68. 8738: 8713: 8688: 8623: 8580: 8525: 8444: 8419: 8394: 8379: 8364: 8339: 8314: 8289: 8274: 8243: 8218: 8201: 8176: 8151: 8136: 8111: 8086: 8019: 7994: 7969: 7944: 7929: 7914: 7861: 7837: 7822: 7797: 7782: 7757: 7732: 7717: 7692: 7667: 7636: 7611: 7586: 7561: 7536: 7511: 7452: 7438: 7413: 7398: 7373: 7348: 7323: 7298: 7273: 7248: 7223: 7208: 7183: 7158: 7143: 7083: 7058: 6996:from the original on 4 May 2006 6965:Philosophy and Faith of Sikhism 6864: 6838: 6581: 5989:First Battle of Anandpur (1704) 5984:First Battle of Chamkaur (1702) 5925:List of battles fought by Sikhs 5815:Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale 5735:Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale 5663:needs additional citations for 5353:October 1914, Bhai Mewa Singh, 5238:Sikh Struggles in British India 4838:Kenya, Uganda, Assam and Burma 4675:Samadhi of Maharaja Sher Singh. 4340:Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab 3961:The creation of the United Misl 3685:became the Governor of Lahore. 3435:-ul-Kaum (King of the Nation). 3289:Khalsa side with the Government 2839:Being the leader of the Khalsa 2289:). The Sikhs then captured the 1878:needs additional citations for 1817:along with his younger brother 1689: 1522: 1062:needs additional citations for 992:peasants converted to Sikhism. 958: 891: 14285:Sikhism and sexual orientation 12058:Pace, Eric (1 November 1984), 11644:Strong-Boag, Veronica (1999). 11517:. APH Publishing. p. 62. 10688:. Hemkunt Press. p. 146. 10204:. Anthem Press. p. 1999. 9596:. Hemkunt Press. p. 111. 9528:. Hemkunt Press. p. 111. 9211:. Hemkunt Press. p. 137. 6684:. National Book. p. 234. 6448: 6422: 6391: 6361: 6334: 5793:Indira Gandhi was assassinated 5064:Early modern Sikh developments 5006:Sikhs at Le Sart, France 1915. 4602:, and the British province of 4318: 3168:and Ahluwalia kept busy doing 2875:in reaction decided the whole 2802:5 Sikh Misls of the Dal Khalsa 2695:The Khalsa seized a number of 2264:Banda Singh Bahadur camped in 2205:Late Modern Age (1708–1748 CE) 2136:, the birthplace of Khalsa on 1677:at Akal Bunga in front of the 908:. Of the ten Sikh gurus, two, 1: 12030:. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 11988:Tatla, Darshan Singh (1993). 11270:. Cambridge University Press. 11195:The Arts of the Sikh Kingdoms 11023:. Routledge. pp. 28–29. 10644:. Gur Das Kapur. p. 316. 10569:. Anthem Press. p. 198. 10302:. Random House Digital, Inc. 10179:. Jaspal Mayell. p. 58. 10136:. Haroon Rashid. p. 166. 10111:. Random House Digital, Inc. 9937:. Hemkunt Press. p. 36. 9822:. Hemkunt Press. p. 10. 9797:. Anthem Press. p. 199. 9568:. Hemkunt Press. p. 39. 9069:. Hemkunt Press. p. 31. 9041:. Hemkunt Press. p. 15. 8860:. Hemkunt Press. p. 30. 8749:. Hemkunt Press. p. 39. 8591:. Hemkunt Press. p. 27. 8536:. Hemkunt Press. p. 35. 7900:. Random House Digital, Inc. 7845:General Knowledge Digest 2010 7597:. Hemkunt Press. p. 14. 7090:Gandhi, Surjit Singh (2007). 6963:Duggal, Kartar Singh (1988). 6649:. Hemkunt Press. p. 90. 6347:. Columbia University Press. 6327: 5594:Present day (1978–present CE) 5484:The months leading up to the 5399:Bhagat Puran Singh Pingalwara 5078:The Punjab Sikh Gurdwaras Act 4759:Sikhs in the British military 4431:units. Ranjit Singh employed 4192:death and the decline of the 2741: 1964: 1632:of the Sikhs. He is known as 1212: 1105: 840:, and gender discrimination. 12132:Pike, John (27 April 2005), 11704:. Anthem Press. p. 72. 11675:Dilagir, Harajindar (1997). 11353:. AuthorHouse. p. 196. 11222:. Lotus Press. p. 117. 10590:Dilagir, Harajindar (1997). 9975:The Revolution of Guru Nanak 9698:Dilagir, Harajindar (1997). 9483:Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia 9094:. Gur Das Kapur. p. 74. 9001:. AuthorHouse. p. 238. 7649:. Sarup & Sons. p. 7118:The encyclopaedia of Sikhism 6988:Brar, Sandeep Singh (1998). 6714:. Lotus Press. p. 158. 6622:. Lotus Press. p. 124. 6590:History of Sikh gurus retold 6139:Rescue of Hindu Girls (1769) 5897: 5414:Indian independence movement 5293:Indian independence movement 5279:Indian independence movement 4871:America, Canada and England 4562:and Dhian Singh, were Hindu 4140: 4029:, conducted the coronation. 3968:’s widowed daughter-in-law, 3712:(garrison commander) of the 3633:Sardar Jassa Singh Ramgarhia 3529:Gurudwara Dera Sahib, Lahore 3498:In 1764 the Sikhs shot dead 3086:Mughals increase persecution 2480: 858:of the northern part of the 812:of the northern part of the 7: 12420: 11728:New Delhi, Volume 2, Part 2 10686:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism 10298:Dalrymple, William (2013). 9820:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism 9594:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism 9526:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism 9209:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism 9105:Mitchell, Augustus (1840). 9039:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism 8747:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism 7115:Harbans Singh (1992–1998). 6259: 6125:Skirmish of Amritsar (1762) 6101:Battle of Gujranwala (1761) 5975:Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702) 5172:, the last Sikh ruler, was 5076:(SPGC) is founded. In 1925 4724:Impact on Punjabi education 4149:. The Empire extended from 3272:Reorganisation of the Misls 3061:Sikhs loot Abdus Samad Khan 3037:, he watched the dances of 2896:were called ‘almonds’; the 2851:sent Kapur Singh the young 2645:(Budda Dal and Tarna Dal). 2199:where the Khalsa was formed 2020:and Death of the Sahibzadas 1480:verses (stanzas) including 726:Sikhism and other religions 405: 396: 387: 45:content into sub-articles, 10: 14873: 13645:British East India Company 12160:Amor, Abdelfattah (1997), 11445:Jallianwala Bagh revisited 11168:Leitner, Gottlieb (2002). 10565:Markovitz, Claude (2002). 10200:Markovitz, Claude (2002). 10082:Sobati, Haracaran (1990). 9858:Tasneem, Niranjan (2006). 8813:Nijjar, Bakhshish (1972). 8001:Pletcher, Kenneth (2010). 6815:. Routledge. p. 100. 6710:Singh, Prithi Pal (2006). 6059:Battle of Jalalabad (1710) 5908:Commission on Human Rights 5817:led to desecration of the 5784:Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale 5727:Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale 5633: 5602: 5449: 5393:Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre 5391:to avenge justice for the 5383:, an Indian revolutionary 5276: 5246: 5112:, Hindu reform movements ( 4879:Various Castes and Tribes 4769:Indian Rebellion of 1857-8 4651:in Amritsar British India. 4354:Sikh Khalsa Akali Nihangs. 4322: 4303:literature, Oriental law, 4011: 4008:Sikh Empire (1799–1849 CE) 3926: 3800:rivers. He also added the 3636: 3442: 3211: 3144: 2904:was ‘riding an elephant’. 2745: 2606: 2514:Singh and Nihang Singhani. 2442:Banda Singh Bahadur wrote 2293:areas of Punjab including 2213: 1856: 1782: 1735: 1693: 1681:. One flag is towards the 1647: 1628:for the first time as the 1567: 1526: 1346: 1303:His devotion and service ( 1234:In 1538, Guru Nanak chose 1216: 1109: 14783: 14714: 14686: 14668: 14661: 14622: 14594: 14561: 14533: 14505: 14467: 14458: 14440: 14378: 14340: 14111: 14071: 14057:Treaty of Amritsar (1846) 14037:Treaty of Amritsar (1809) 14029: 14003: 13986:Johann Martin Honigberger 13943: 13845:Chattar Singh Attariwalla 13737: 13730: 13694: 13622: 13596: 13564: 13531: 13498: 13455: 13347: 13338: 13292: 13247: 13124: 12868: 12746: 12678: 12560: 12510: 12441: 12428: 12135:Military: Sikhs in Punjab 11746:. Heinemann. p. 43. 11290:Ballantyne, Tony (2006). 10945:. Springer. p. 218. 10941:Chilana, Rajwant (2005). 9843:Singh, Khushwant (1963). 9793:Markovit, Claude (2002). 9249:The Heritage of the Sikhs 9126:Bhai Vir Singhji (2005). 7065:Singh, Harjinder (2011). 7015:Mahmood, Cynthia (2002). 6712:The history of Sikh Gurus 6680:Siṅgha, Kirapāla (2006). 6620:The history of Sikh gurus 6510:10.1080/00856408708723379 6188:Battle of Peshawar (1834) 6163:Battle of Amritsar (1798) 6153:Battle of Amritsar (1797) 6106:Sikh Occupation of Lahore 6088:Battle of Amritsar (1757) 5979:Second Battle of Anandpur 5941:Battle of Amritsar (1634) 5813:'s 1984 action to remove 5782:of innocent Sikhs led by 5776:Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar 5605:1978 Sikh–Nirankari clash 5249:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 5243:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 5026:in France in March 1944. 4790:Settlement outside Punjab 3987:When the Afghan invader, 3749:1753. Mannu's death left 3363:The Khalsa gain territory 1673:Guru Hargobind fixed two 1624:In 1604 he installed the 1166:, and they had two sons, 14047:Treaty of Chushul (1842) 14042:Tripartite Treaty (1838) 11742:Brewer, Michael (2005). 11725:Patrika, Ananda (1979). 11621:Partners of British Rule 11619:Pannu, Mohinder (2006). 11399:Singh, Mohinder (2007). 11374:Sidhu, Dawinder (2009). 10966:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 10861:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 10808:Dhavan, Purnima (2011). 10783:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 10709:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 10615:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 10540:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 10484:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 10459:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 10434:Jawandha, Nahar (2010). 10285:The Heritage of Amritsar 10283:Johar, Surinder (1978). 10258:Dhavan, Purnima (2011). 10018:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 9988:Dhavan, Purnima (2011). 9958:Johar, Surinder (2002). 9883:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 9768:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 9738:Johar, Surinder (2002). 9723:Kapoor, Sukhbir (1988). 9655:Kohli, Surinder (1993). 9496:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 9421:Dhamija, Sumant (2004). 9396:Jawandha, Nahar (2010). 9371:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 9356:Gill, Tarlochan (1996). 9287:Jawandha, Nahar (2010). 9262:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 9232:Kohli, Surinder (1993). 9024:The Heritage of the Sikh 8972:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 8831:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 8773:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 8695:Jawandha, Nahar (2010). 8670:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 8630:Dhamija, Sumant (2004). 8615:Johar, Surinder (2002). 8562:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 8451:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 8346:Jawandha, Nahar (2010). 8281:Kohli, Surinder (1993). 8183:Jawandha, Nahar (2010). 8158:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 8118:Johar, Surinder (1987). 7976:Jawandha, Nahar (2010). 7829:Kapoor, Sukhbir (1988). 7789:Johar, Surinder (2002). 7764:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 7518:Jawandha, Nahar (2010). 7493:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 7420:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 7280:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 7165:Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). 6646:Life Story Of Guru Nanak 6538:Irvine, William (2012). 6135:Battle of Sirhind (1764) 6130:Battle of Sialkot (1763) 6096:Battle of Sialkot (1761) 5971:First Battle of Anandpur 5562:Sikhs in The Indian Army 5253:In 1919 the massacre of 4958:Indian Sikh soldiers in 4630:Khalsa College, Amritsar 3512:Gurdwara Fatehgarh Sahib 3304:, sent a message to the 3300:(garrison commander) of 2748:Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire) 2676:execute these projects. 2503:Sikhs retreat to jungles 1837:(police-station) in the 1829:history. Bhai Mati Das, 1427:' thorough knowledge of 14052:Treaty of Lahore (1846) 13930:Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana 12855:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh 12163:UNHR Documents on India 11880:punjabiuniversity.ac.in 11677:The Sikh Reference Book 11594:Singh, Harbans (1995). 11543:thesikhencyclopedia.com 11463:Singh, Harbans (1998). 11324:Sharma, Gautam (1990). 11268:The Sikhs of the Punjab 11218:Chhabra, G. S. (2005). 11193:Stronge, Susan (1999). 11095:Encyclopædia Britannica 10734:Mehta, Jaswant (2005). 10640:Surjit, Gandhi (1980). 10592:The Sikh Reference Book 10512:Duggal, Kartar (2001). 10419:Umar, Muhammad (1998). 10376:The Sikhs of the Punjab 10373:Grewal, Jaspal (1998). 10132:Rashid, Haroon (2002). 10107:Singh, Patwant (2007). 10043:A. H., Bingley (1970). 9960:The Sikh Sword to Power 9908:Mehta, Jaswant (2005). 9740:The Sikh Sword to Power 9700:The Sikh Reference Book 9673:Mehta, Jaswant (2005). 9549:Griffin, Lepel (1865). 9341:Kaur, Madanjit (1983). 9312:Chhabra, G. S. (1968). 9247:Singh, Harbans (1964). 9157:Chhabra, G. S. (2005). 9090:Surjit, Gandhi (1980). 9022:Singh, Harbans (1983). 8997:Randhawa, Ajit (2009). 8936:Sumant Dhamija (2005). 8921:Sethi, Amarjit (1972). 8798:Chhabra, G. S. (1968). 8617:The Sikh Sword to Power 8371:Dhanoa, Surain (2005). 8296:Gandhi, Surjit (1999). 8250:Grewal, Jaspal (1998). 8225:Singh, Kulwant (2006). 8093:Duggal, Kartar (2001). 8054:Sagoo, Harbans (2001). 7896:Singh, Patwant (2007). 7791:The Sikh Sword to Power 7618:Singh, Harbans (1995). 7543:Sagoo, Harbans (2001). 7462:The Sikhs of the Punjab 7405:Sagoo, Harbans (2001). 7380:Singh, Harbans (1995). 7190:Gandhi, Surjit (2007). 7150:Sagoo, Harbans (2001). 6588:Gandhi, Surjit (2007). 6398:Singh, Patwant (2000). 6158:Battle of Gujrat (1797) 6092:Battle of Lahore (1759) 6068:Battle of Gurdas Nangal 6054:Battle of Kapuri (1709) 6029:Battle of Chappar Chiri 5287:Born in a Sikh family, 5261:during the festival of 5100:movement that began in 4911:Sikhs in the World Wars 4226:Golden Temple, Amritsar 4220:being recited near the 4206:Maharaja Ranjit Singh's 4173:of the Sikh Empire was 4093:and his council in the 3820:Conflicts between Misls 3490:and moved to Amritsar. 3336:Baba Deep Singh Shaheed 3312:Kaura Mal had to go to 3133:to stop the advance of 3022:Sikhs kill Massa Rangar 2975:Sikhs attack Nader Shah 2659:after the execution of 2595:(hit and run) tactics. 2553:Under the authority of 2438:in 1716 by the Mughals. 1589:, he prepared the Sikh 1189:principle he began his 963:) was characterised by 209:Selected revered saints 13885:Ajit Singh Sandhawalia 13870:Mangal Singh Ramgarhia 13860:Ranjodh Singh Majithia 13840:Sher Singh Attariwalla 13835:Sham Singh Attariwalla 13731:Officials and warriors 13640:Emirate of Afghanistan 13546:Battle of Chillianwala 12771:Darbar Sahib Kartarpur 12520:Beliefs and principles 12221:Jacques, Tony (2007). 12189:Singh, Sangat (2001). 12106:: 2003. Archived from 11414:Hannum, Hurst (2011). 11266:Grewal, J. S. (1998). 11140:Allender, Tim (2006). 11050:. Exoticindiaart.com. 10404:Seetal, Sohan (1971). 10175:Mayel, Jaspal (2006). 10147:Bigelow, Anna (2010). 9592:Singha, H. S. (2000). 8881:Singh, Sangat (1995). 8507:McLeod, W. H. (2009). 8386:Singh, Bhagat (1978). 8026:Hoiberg, Dale (2000). 7739:Ralhan, O. P. (1997). 7646:Early Aryans to Swaraj 7643:Bakshi, S. R. (2005). 7459:Grewal, J. S. (1998). 7305:Ralhan, O. P. (1997). 7215:Seetal, Sohan (1971). 6780:Singh, Pritam (2008). 6618:Singh, Prithi (2006). 6228:Battle of Chillianwala 6148:Battle of Delhi (1783) 6078:Battle of Sarai Nurdin 6039:Battle of Rahon (1710) 5961:Battle of Guler (1696) 5851: 5846: 5755: 5722: 5333: 5296: 5201: 4598:in 1849 into separate 4591: 4495: 4455:Conquests and Generals 4234: 3938: 3698: 3660:hymns and took Amrit. 3599: 3577: 3530: 3466:(The Great Massacre). 3405: 3337: 3238:destroying the Sikhs. 3188:from expert teachers. 2988: 2815:(sacred pools) around 2768: 2618: 2515: 2439: 2334: 2233: 2160:, the tenth Sikh Guru. 2058: 2029: 1975: 1931: 1794: 1772: 1750: 1708: 1662: 1601:, Bhagats, Bhatts and 1582: 1541: 1450: 1385:Amro, the daughter of 1361: 1231: 1124: 703:Jathedar of Akal Takht 14791:Evolution of morality 14223:Fariduddin Ganjshakar 13966:François Henri Mouton 13956:Jean-Baptiste Ventura 13795:Khushal Singh Jamadar 13582:Panchayati Revolution 13578:Hill States–Sikh Wars 13533:Second Anglo-Sikh War 12845:Qila Mubarak, Patiala 12341:. Sanbun Publishers. 12335:Sethi, Jasbir Singh. 12257:Mehta, J. L. (2005). 12100:The Ecumenical Review 12089:Rambachan, Anantanand 11996:University of Warwick 11650:. UBC Press. p. 11488:Kohli, M. S. (2003). 11349:Spencer, Bob (2012). 10910:Dogra, R. C. (1995). 10833:Singh, R. N. (2003). 10684:H. S. Singha (2000). 10225:Nevile, Pran (2004). 9973:Singh, Diwan (1993). 9933:Singha, H.S. (2005). 9818:H. S. Singha (2000). 9564:Singha, H.S. (2005). 9524:H. S. Singha (2000). 9481:Singh, Ganda (1990). 9427:Indian Defence Review 9207:H. S. Singha (2000). 9065:Singha, H.S. (2005). 9037:H. S. Singha (2000). 8856:Singha, H.S. (2005). 8745:H. S. Singha (2000). 8636:Indian Defence Review 8587:Singha, H.S. (2005). 8532:Singha, H.S. (2005). 8509:The A to Z of Sikhism 8208:Singh, Ganda (1935). 7936:Gill, Pritam (1978). 7699:Jaques, Tony (2007). 7674:Sharma, S.R. (1999). 7593:Singha, H.S. (2005). 7040:Rama, Swuami (1986). 6742:"Life of Banda Singh" 6307:Sikh period in Lahore 6287:List of Sikh Martyred 6120:Battle of Harnaulgarh 5833: 5828: 5751: 5709: 5582:. They fought in all 5450:Further information: 5324: 5312:Babbar Akali Movement 5286: 5199: 5170:Maharajah Dalip Singh 5158:Second Anglo-Sikh War 5018:Sikh soldiers of the 4898:Traditional Warriors 4816:Places of settlement 4728:Every village in the 4694:renovated in Amritsar 4596:Second Anglo-Sikh War 4585: 4525:Maharaja Ranjit Singh 4493: 4469:Jean-Baptiste Ventura 4390:Akalis at a holy Tank 4214: 4147:Maharaja Ranjit Singh 3951:Jassa Singh Ramgarhia 3943:Jassa Singh Ahluwalia 3936: 3790:Jassa Singh Ramgarhia 3785:Ramgarhia Misl Estate 3755:Jassa Singh Ramgarhia 3719:Jassa Singh Ramgarhia 3697:Jassa Singh Ramgharia 3696: 3639:Jassa Singh Ramgarhia 3587: 3561: 3528: 3479:Jassa Singh Ahluwalia 3403: 3335: 3147:Jassa Singh Ahluwalia 3141:Jassa Singh Ahluwalia 2982: 2944:Jassa Singh Ahluwalia 2885:Zakariya Khan Bahadur 2853:Jassa Singh Ahluwalia 2755: 2616: 2510: 2429: 2332: 2313:. The Sikhs captured 2223: 2056: 2047:Sahibzada Fateh Singh 2027: 1972: 1929: 1792: 1760: 1745: 1703: 1657: 1577: 1536: 1445: 1356: 1296:to have an audience ( 1226: 1119: 14445:Timeline of religion 14434:History of religions 14004:Influential families 13961:Claude Auguste Court 13951:Jean-François Allard 13865:Surat Singh Majithia 13855:Lehna Singh Majithia 13660:Hill States Alliance 13513:Battle of Ferozeshah 13500:First Anglo-Sikh War 13220:Akhand Kirtani Jatha 13198:Piara Singh Bhaniara 13077:United Arab Emirates 12815:Hazuri Bagh Baradari 12545:Cannabis and Sikhism 12191:The Sikhs in History 11700:Gaur, I. D. (2008). 11545:. 19 December 2000. 11513:Bakshi, Ram (1998). 11089:"Ranjit Singh" 10350:History Modern India 10323:Singh, Parm (1999). 9935:Sikh Studies, Book 7 9657:The Sikh and Sikhism 9621:History of the Sikhs 9566:Sikh Studies, Book 6 9456:Singh, Parm (1999). 9358:History of the Sikhs 9234:The Sikh and Sikhism 9182:Singh, Parm (1999). 9067:Sikh Studies, Book 6 8896:Singh, Teja (1999). 8883:The Sikhs in History 8858:Sikh Studies, Book 6 8720:Singh, Teja (1999). 8589:Sikh Studies, Book 6 8534:Sikh Studies, Book 7 8479:Singh, Teja (1999). 8426:Singh, Teja (1999). 8401:Singh, Teja (1999). 8321:Singh, Teja (1999). 8283:The Sikh and Sikhism 8003:The History of India 7951:Singh, Teja (1999). 7868:Singh, Teja (1999). 7804:Singh, Teja (1999). 7724:Gupta, Hari (1978). 7595:Sikh Studies, Book 6 7568:Singh, Teja (1999). 7355:Dātā, Piārā (2006). 7330:Singh, Teja (1999). 7255:Kalsi, Sewa (2009). 7230:Singh, Teja (1999). 6432:. 13 February 2020. 6312:Sikh art and culture 6208:Battle of Ferozeshah 6073:Battle of Wan (1726) 5835:1984 anti-Sikh riots 5797:1984 anti-Sikh riots 5672:improve this article 5644:1984 anti-Sikh riots 5609:On 13 April 1978, a 5599:Sikh-Nirankari Clash 5520:on 1 November 1966. 5480:Post Partition Years 5350:Khalsa Diwan Society 5304:Kartar Singh Sarabha 5273:Sikh revolutionaries 5094:Singh Sabha Movement 4928:British Armed Forces 4904:Hyderabad and Egypt 4588:First Anglo-Sikh War 4545:Sir James Hope Grant 4537:Battle of Ferozeshah 4533:First Anglo-Sikh War 4002:Jodh Singh Ramgarhia 3937:Sikh Misl Cavalryman 3923:Sikhs captured Delhi 3874:Jodh Singh Ramgarhia 2987:statue of Nader Shah 2434:of the execution of 2349:and Sikhs took over 1887:improve this article 1634:Shaheedan-De-Sartaaj 1484:, and then later on 1372:and the practice of 1135:, in the village of 1071:improve this article 948:under the misls and 906:persecution of Sikhs 838:economic materialism 733:Sikhism and Hinduism 14649:Kardecist spiritism 14295:Idolatry in Sikhism 14213:Nanakshahi calendar 14208:Sikh Light Infantry 13850:Amar Singh Majithia 13785:Mahan Singh Mirpuri 13576:, Katoch–Sikh War, 12113:on 26 February 2008 11443:The Queen's Visit. 10968:The Khalsa Generals 10863:The Khalsa Generals 10785:The Khalsa Generals 10711:The Khalsa Generals 10617:The Khalsa Generals 10542:The Khalsa Generals 10486:The Khalsa Generals 10461:The Khalsa Generals 10436:Glimpses of Sikhism 10348:Sen, S. N. (2006). 10020:The Khalsa Generals 9885:The Khalsa Generals 9770:The Khalsa Generals 9753:Kumar, Ram (1991). 9617:Ajit Singh (2003). 9498:The Khalsa Generals 9398:Glimpses of Sikhism 9373:The Khalsa Generals 9289:Glimpses of Sikhism 9264:The Khalsa Generals 8974:The Khalsa Generals 8948:(7–12, 619–624): 52 8833:The Khalsa Generals 8775:The Khalsa Generals 8697:Glimpses of Sikhism 8672:The Khalsa Generals 8564:The Khalsa Generals 8453:The Khalsa Generals 8348:Glimpses of Sikhism 8185:Glimpses of Sikhism 8160:The Khalsa Generals 7978:Glimpses of Sikhism 7766:The Khalsa Generals 7520:Glimpses of Sikhism 7495:The Khalsa Generals 7422:The Khalsa Generals 7357:Banda Singh Bahadur 7282:The Khalsa Generals 7167:The Khalsa Generals 6458:. 5 November 2018. 6249:Battle of Saragarhi 6143:Sikh raids on Delhi 5936:Battle of Kartarpur 5823:Operation Blue Star 5772:Operation Blue Star 5719:Operation Blue Star 5640:Operation Blue Star 5572:Sikh Light Infantry 5543:Punjabi Suba Morcha 5514:Indian Independence 5462:Shiromani Akali Dal 5028:Subhas Chandra Bose 4887:Artisans and Poets 4806: 4780:Battle of Saragarhi 4550:Robert Needham Cust 4414:Akali Prahlad Singh 4110:Nihang Abchal Nagar 3824:A conflict between 3621:before joining the 3494:Sikhs retake Lahore 3259:Reclaiming Amritsar 3004:Indian subcontinent 2487:Banda Singh Bahadur 2485:On 7 December 1715 2436:Banda Singh Bahadur 2226:Banda Singh Bahadur 2216:Banda Singh Bahadur 2210:Banda Singh Bahadur 2036:of Sirhind and the 1922:Birth and Childhood 1009:Shiromani Akali Dal 965:religious tolerance 860:Indian subcontinent 846:, tenth of the ten 814:Indian subcontinent 763:Religion portal 743:Sikhism and Jainism 693:Nanakshahi calendar 14852:History of Sikhism 14806:History of atheism 14196:11th Sikh Regiment 14011:Sandhawalia family 13925:Sultan Mahmud Khan 13910:Jarnail Ghaus Khan 13895:Sangat Singh Saini 13790:Dewan Mokham Chand 13665:Kingdom of Mankera 13541:Battle of Ramnagar 13485:Battle of Peshawar 13480:Battle of Nowshera 13357:Battle of Bhangani 12835:Nanak Shahi bricks 12738:Tav-Prasad Savaiye 12530:Sikh Rehat Maryada 12525:Guru Maneyo Granth 12064:The New York Times 12024:(7 January 2002). 11816:The New York Times 11781:10.1007/BF00704966 11574:The Economic Times 11539:"Saka Panja Sahib" 11401:The Akali Movement 10231:India Perspectives 10063:. 1985. p. 50 9633:(1–6, 589–594): 40 6878:. 27 August 2015. 6876:The Times of India 6404:. Knopf. pp. 6373:Sikh world history 6233:Battle of Ramnagar 6213:Battle of Baddowal 6083:Siege of Ram Rauni 6064:Siege of Gurdaspur 6034:Battle of Sadhaura 5951:Battle of Bhangani 5904:Special Rapporteur 5879:Khalistan movement 5847: 5723: 5636:Khalistan movement 5613:convention led by 5534:is inaugurated at 5532:Punjabi University 5525:Sikh Rehat Maryada 5486:partition of India 5458:Chief Khalsa Dewan 5446:Partition of India 5334: 5300:Sohan Singh Bhakna 5297: 5202: 5156:in 1849 after the 5150:East India Company 4805: 4765:East India Company 4592: 4529:East India Company 4496: 4444:Timur Shah Durrani 4261:miniature painting 4235: 4161:in the south, and 3989:Zaman Shah Durrani 3939: 3911:, Jathedar of the 3826:Jai Singh Kanhaiya 3773:was blown up, and 3699: 3664:Award of an Estate 3600: 3531: 3500:Zain Khan Sirhindi 3406: 3338: 3244:Gurdaspur district 3233:(landlord) of the 3214:Chhota Ghallughara 2989: 2790:for both the Dals. 2769: 2619: 2570:Tarra Singh of Wan 2540:Bandhi Chorh Diwas 2516: 2450:and defeated Raja 2440: 2335: 2285:and Sadhora (near 2234: 2059: 2030: 1976: 1932: 1795: 1751: 1709: 1663: 1583: 1542: 1362: 1232: 1125: 1021:partition of India 1005:Chief Khalsa Dewan 447:Sikh Rehat Maryada 414:Guru Maneyo Granth 14839: 14838: 14779: 14778: 14657: 14656: 14400: 14399: 14081:Bandi Chhor Divas 14065: 14064: 13999: 13998: 13971:Alexander Gardner 13890:Kahan Singh Nakai 13875:Akali Phula Singh 13755:Diwan Bhawani Das 13592: 13591: 13523:Battle of Sobraon 13475:Battle of Shopian 12960:Jammu and Kashmir 12860:Well of Dina Nath 12688:Guru Granth Sahib 12501:Guru Granth Sahib 12496:Guru Gobind Singh 12491:Guru Tegh Bahadur 12338:Views and Reviews 12270:978-1-932705-54-6 12234:978-0-313-33536-5 11913:978-0-8122-1592-2 11030:978-1-136-63979-1 10998:on 15 August 2007 8923:Universal Sikhism 8373:Raj Karega Khalsa 8120:Guru Gobind Singh 6822:978-1-134-44048-1 6691:978-81-7116-445-5 6656:978-81-7010-162-8 6629:978-81-8382-075-2 6599:978-81-269-0858-5 6574:978-0-19-969930-8 6542:. Harvard Press. 6354:978-0-231-51980-9 6317:Sikh architecture 6223:Battle of Sobraon 6183:Battle of Shopian 6044:Battle of Lohgarh 6014:Battle of Sonepat 6009:Battle of Muktsar 5931:Battle of Rohilla 5801:Punjab insurgency 5799:. The subsequent 5778:and thirty other 5704: 5703: 5696: 5506:Master Tara Singh 5470:Lahore Resolution 5466:Master Tara Singh 5346:William Hopkinson 5338:Baba Gurdit Singh 4908: 4907: 4810:Position and job 4508:Fauj i be Quawaid 4279:. There wasn't a 4218:Guru Granth Sahib 4157:in the north, to 4051:The Golden Temple 3966:Jai Singh Kanheya 3947:Baba Baghel Singh 3767:Ahmed Shah Abdali 3603:Ahmad Shah Abdali 3580:Peace in Amritsar 3535:Ahmed Shah Abdali 3516:Guru Gobind Singh 3475:Ahmad Shah Abdali 3455:Ahmad Shah Abdali 3409:Ahmed Shah Abdali 3349:Ahmad Shah Abdali 3340:In May 1757, the 3268:gathering there. 3157:Guru Gobind Singh 3135:Ahmad Shah Abdali 2932:Guru Gobind Singh 2873:Nawab Kapur Singh 2849:Guru Gobind Singh 2841:Nawab Kapur Singh 2703:in the jungle of 2625:in what is today 2617:Nawab Kapur Singh 2609:Nawab Kapur Singh 2603:Nawab Kapur Singh 2593:guerrilla warfare 2238:Guru Gobind Singh 2158:Guru Gobind Singh 2063:Guru Granth Sahib 2038:Subedar of Lahore 2032:They allied with 1955:Guru Gobind Singh 1919: 1918: 1911: 1859:Guru Gobind Singh 1853:Guru Gobind Singh 1808:Guru Gobind Singh 1785:Guru Tegh Bahadur 1779:Guru Tegh Bahadur 1595:Gurū Granth Sāhib 1490:Guru Granth Sahib 1329:Guru Granth Sahib 1103: 1102: 1095: 1013:Master Tara Singh 918:Guru Gobind Singh 914:Guru Tegh Bahadur 883:history of Punjab 844:Guru Gobind Singh 799: 798: 738:Sikhism and Islam 668:Nirgun and Sargun 546:Guru Granth Sahib 195:Guru Granth Sahib 190:Guru Gobind Singh 185:Guru Tegh Bahadur 72: 71: 14864: 14666: 14665: 14465: 14464: 14427: 14420: 14413: 14404: 14403: 14392: 14391: 14384: 14383: 14320:Punjabi language 14280:Women in Sikhism 13820:Balbhadra Kunwar 13780:Hari Singh Nalwa 13770:Misr Diwan Chand 13760:Diwan Buta Singh 13735: 13734: 13675:Barakzai dynasty 13650:Kingdom of Nepal 13604:Sikh Khalsa Army 13556:Battle of Gujrat 13518:Battle of Aliwal 13490:Battle of Jamrud 13470:Battle of Multan 13465:Battle of Attock 13457:Afghan–Sikh wars 13349:Mughal-Sikh Wars 13345: 13344: 13279: 13272: 13265: 13256: 13255: 13136:Sects of Sikhism 13102:Northern Ireland 12830:Moti Bagh Palace 12805:Bahadurgarh Fort 12503:(Sikh holy book) 12486:Guru Har Krishan 12415: 12408: 12401: 12392: 12391: 12385: 12373:Hari Ram Gupta, 12371: 12365: 12364: 12362: 12360: 12332: 12326: 12325: 12323: 12321: 12293: 12287: 12286: 12284: 12282: 12254: 12248: 12245: 12239: 12238: 12218: 12212: 12205:History of Islam 12201: 12195: 12194: 12186: 12180: 12178: 12177: 12175: 12157: 12151: 12150: 12149: 12147: 12129: 12123: 12122: 12120: 12118: 12112: 12097: 12085: 12079: 12078: 12077: 12075: 12055: 12046: 12045: 12022:Frank, Katherine 12018: 12012: 12011: 12009: 12007: 11985: 11979: 11978: 11976: 11974: 11959: 11953: 11952: 11946: 11942: 11940: 11932: 11930: 11928: 11897: 11891: 11890: 11888: 11886: 11872: 11866: 11865: 11837: 11831: 11830: 11829: 11827: 11807: 11801: 11800: 11764: 11758: 11757: 11739: 11733: 11732: 11722: 11716: 11715: 11697: 11691: 11690: 11672: 11666: 11665: 11641: 11635: 11634: 11616: 11610: 11609: 11591: 11585: 11584: 11582: 11580: 11565: 11559: 11558: 11556: 11554: 11535: 11529: 11528: 11510: 11504: 11503: 11485: 11479: 11478: 11460: 11454: 11439: 11430: 11429: 11411: 11405: 11404: 11396: 11390: 11389: 11371: 11365: 11364: 11346: 11340: 11339: 11321: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11310: 11287: 11281: 11278: 11272: 11271: 11263: 11257: 11254: 11243: 11240: 11234: 11233: 11215: 11209: 11208: 11190: 11184: 11183: 11165: 11156: 11155: 11137: 11131: 11130: 11128: 11126: 11106: 11100: 11099: 11091: 11080: 11074: 11073: 11071: 11069: 11041: 11035: 11034: 11014: 11008: 11007: 11005: 11003: 10988: 10982: 10981: 10963: 10957: 10956: 10938: 10932: 10931: 10907: 10901: 10900: 10898: 10896: 10883: 10877: 10876: 10858: 10849: 10848: 10830: 10824: 10823: 10805: 10799: 10798: 10780: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10769: 10756: 10750: 10749: 10731: 10725: 10724: 10706: 10700: 10699: 10681: 10675: 10673: 10656:Singh, Khushwant 10652: 10646: 10645: 10637: 10631: 10630: 10612: 10606: 10605: 10587: 10581: 10580: 10562: 10556: 10555: 10537: 10528: 10527: 10509: 10500: 10499: 10481: 10475: 10474: 10456: 10450: 10449: 10431: 10425: 10424: 10416: 10410: 10409: 10401: 10395: 10394: 10370: 10364: 10363: 10345: 10339: 10338: 10320: 10314: 10313: 10295: 10289: 10288: 10280: 10274: 10273: 10255: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10244:10.7202/010572ar 10222: 10216: 10215: 10197: 10191: 10190: 10172: 10163: 10162: 10144: 10138: 10137: 10129: 10123: 10122: 10104: 10098: 10097: 10079: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10068: 10055: 10049: 10048: 10040: 10034: 10033: 10015: 10004: 10003: 9985: 9979: 9978: 9970: 9964: 9963: 9955: 9949: 9948: 9930: 9924: 9923: 9905: 9899: 9898: 9880: 9874: 9873: 9860:The Lost Meaning 9855: 9849: 9848: 9840: 9834: 9833: 9815: 9809: 9808: 9790: 9784: 9783: 9765: 9759: 9758: 9750: 9744: 9743: 9735: 9729: 9728: 9720: 9714: 9713: 9695: 9689: 9688: 9670: 9661: 9660: 9652: 9643: 9642: 9640: 9638: 9614: 9608: 9607: 9589: 9580: 9579: 9561: 9555: 9554: 9546: 9540: 9539: 9521: 9512: 9511: 9493: 9487: 9486: 9478: 9472: 9471: 9453: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9442: 9418: 9412: 9411: 9393: 9387: 9386: 9368: 9362: 9361: 9353: 9347: 9346: 9338: 9332: 9331: 9324: 9318: 9317: 9309: 9303: 9302: 9284: 9278: 9277: 9259: 9253: 9252: 9244: 9238: 9237: 9229: 9223: 9222: 9204: 9198: 9197: 9179: 9173: 9172: 9154: 9148: 9147: 9145: 9143: 9123: 9117: 9116: 9102: 9096: 9095: 9087: 9081: 9080: 9062: 9053: 9052: 9034: 9028: 9027: 9019: 9013: 9012: 8994: 8988: 8987: 8969: 8958: 8957: 8955: 8953: 8933: 8927: 8926: 8918: 8912: 8911: 8893: 8887: 8886: 8878: 8872: 8871: 8853: 8847: 8846: 8828: 8819: 8818: 8810: 8804: 8803: 8795: 8789: 8788: 8770: 8761: 8760: 8742: 8736: 8735: 8717: 8711: 8710: 8692: 8686: 8685: 8667: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8651: 8627: 8621: 8620: 8612: 8603: 8602: 8584: 8578: 8577: 8559: 8548: 8547: 8529: 8523: 8522: 8504: 8495: 8494: 8476: 8467: 8466: 8448: 8442: 8441: 8423: 8417: 8416: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8383: 8377: 8376: 8368: 8362: 8361: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8318: 8312: 8311: 8293: 8287: 8286: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8247: 8241: 8240: 8222: 8216: 8215: 8205: 8199: 8198: 8180: 8174: 8173: 8155: 8149: 8148: 8140: 8134: 8133: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8051: 8042: 8041: 8023: 8017: 8016: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7973: 7967: 7966: 7948: 7942: 7941: 7933: 7927: 7926: 7918: 7912: 7911: 7893: 7884: 7883: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7826: 7820: 7819: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7786: 7780: 7779: 7761: 7755: 7754: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7721: 7715: 7714: 7696: 7690: 7689: 7671: 7665: 7664: 7640: 7634: 7633: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7540: 7534: 7533: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7490: 7481: 7480: 7456: 7450: 7449: 7442: 7436: 7435: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7352: 7346: 7345: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7302: 7296: 7295: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7162: 7156: 7155: 7147: 7141: 7140: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7087: 7081: 7080: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7012: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6935: 6924: 6922: 6905:Singh, Khushwant 6901: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6808: 6799: 6798: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6737: 6726: 6725: 6707: 6696: 6695: 6677: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6615: 6604: 6603: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6535: 6526: 6523: 6514: 6513: 6493: 6484: 6481: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6338: 6276: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6254:Battle of Babeli 6244:Battle of Gujrat 6218:Battle of Aliwal 6193:Battle of Jamrud 6178:Battle of Multan 6173:Battle of Attock 6111:Vadda Ghalughara 6024:Battle of Samana 6019:Battle of Ambala 5966:Battle of Basoli 5956:Battle of Nadaun 5946:Battle of Lahira 5919:Indian Emergency 5853:This led to the 5725:Sikh missionary 5699: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5679: 5656: 5648: 5468:, condemned the 5407:Green Revolution 5255:Jallianwala Bagh 5122:Aligarh movement 5055: 5043: 5015: 4999: 4983: 4971: 4960:Italian campaign 4955: 4939: 4857:Mazhabi, Bhangi 4807: 4804: 4715: 4703: 4684: 4672: 4660: 4641: 4625: 4543:British General 4465:Hari Singh Nalwa 4411: 4399: 4387: 4375: 4363: 4351: 4335: 4325:Sikh Khalsa Army 4169:. The religious 4153:in the west, to 4125: 4106: 4086: 4066: 4043: 3929:Capture of Delhi 3905:Sukerchakia Misl 3858:Sri Hargobindpur 3810:Sri Hargobindpur 3649:Wadda Ghalughara 3464:Wadda Ghalughara 3445:Vadda Ghalughara 3182:horseback riding 3000:Afsharid dynasty 2948:Tarn Taran Sahib 2863:State oppression 2627:Punjab, Pakistan 2248:. He fought the 2193: 2181: 2169: 2153: 2125: 2106: 2018:Mughal-Sikh Wars 1914: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1894: 1871: 1863: 1749:(1656 – 1664 CE) 1747:Guru Har Krishan 1738:Guru Har Krishan 1732:Guru Har Krishan 1707:(1630 – 1661 CE) 1661:(1595 – 1644 CE) 1638:Crown of Martyrs 1581:(1563 – 1606 CE) 1540:(1534 – 1581 CE) 1360:(1479 – 1574 CE) 1230:(1504 – 1552 CE) 1123:(1469 – 1539 CE) 1098: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1078: 1055: 1047: 994:Hari Singh Nalwa 962: 961: 1792–1839 960: 946:Sikh Confederacy 895: 894: 1605–1627 893: 808:religion in the 791: 784: 777: 761: 760: 727: 642: 589: 583: 538: 440: 408: 399: 390: 372: 287:Bhagat Trilochan 257:Bhagat Parmanand 210: 180:Guru Har Krishan 138: 97: 74: 73: 67: 64: 58: 26: 25: 18: 14872: 14871: 14867: 14866: 14865: 14863: 14862: 14861: 14842: 14841: 14840: 14835: 14775: 14756:Illyro-thracian 14710: 14682: 14653: 14618: 14590: 14557: 14529: 14501: 14454: 14436: 14431: 14401: 14396: 14374: 14336: 14107: 14067: 14066: 14061: 14025: 14016:Majithia family 13995: 13976:Paolo Avitabile 13939: 13920:Fakir Azizuddin 13830:Mehta Basti Ram 13750:Diwan Dina Nath 13726: 13690: 13670:Namgyal dynasty 13618: 13597:Military forces 13588: 13560: 13551:Siege of Multan 13527: 13508:Battle of Mudki 13494: 13451: 13340: 13334: 13310:Nau Nihal Singh 13288: 13283: 13243: 13128:and communities 13127: 13120: 12864: 12850:Ramgarhia Bunga 12761:Harmandir Sahib 12742: 12674: 12556: 12552:Diet in Sikhism 12506: 12437: 12424: 12419: 12389: 12388: 12372: 12368: 12358: 12356: 12349: 12333: 12329: 12319: 12317: 12310: 12294: 12290: 12280: 12278: 12271: 12255: 12251: 12247:Jacques, p. 948 12246: 12242: 12235: 12219: 12215: 12202: 12198: 12187: 12183: 12173: 12171: 12158: 12154: 12145: 12143: 12130: 12126: 12116: 12114: 12110: 12095: 12086: 12082: 12073: 12071: 12056: 12049: 12042: 12019: 12015: 12005: 12003: 11998:. p. 133. 11986: 11982: 11972: 11970: 11960: 11956: 11944: 11943: 11934: 11933: 11926: 11924: 11914: 11898: 11894: 11884: 11882: 11874: 11873: 11869: 11854:10.2307/2645265 11848:(11): 969–987. 11838: 11834: 11825: 11823: 11818:, p. 209, 11808: 11804: 11765: 11761: 11754: 11740: 11736: 11723: 11719: 11712: 11698: 11694: 11687: 11673: 11669: 11662: 11642: 11638: 11631: 11617: 11613: 11606: 11592: 11588: 11578: 11576: 11566: 11562: 11552: 11550: 11537: 11536: 11532: 11525: 11511: 11507: 11500: 11486: 11482: 11475: 11461: 11457: 11440: 11433: 11426: 11412: 11408: 11397: 11393: 11386: 11372: 11368: 11361: 11347: 11343: 11336: 11322: 11318: 11308: 11306: 11304: 11288: 11284: 11279: 11275: 11264: 11260: 11255: 11246: 11241: 11237: 11230: 11216: 11212: 11205: 11191: 11187: 11180: 11172:. Sang-e-Meel. 11166: 11159: 11152: 11138: 11134: 11124: 11122: 11107: 11103: 11081: 11077: 11067: 11065: 11058: 11042: 11038: 11031: 11015: 11011: 11001: 10999: 10990: 10989: 10985: 10978: 10964: 10960: 10953: 10939: 10935: 10928: 10908: 10904: 10894: 10892: 10885: 10884: 10880: 10873: 10859: 10852: 10845: 10831: 10827: 10820: 10806: 10802: 10795: 10781: 10777: 10767: 10765: 10758: 10757: 10753: 10746: 10732: 10728: 10721: 10707: 10703: 10696: 10682: 10678: 10670: 10653: 10649: 10638: 10634: 10627: 10613: 10609: 10602: 10588: 10584: 10577: 10563: 10559: 10552: 10538: 10531: 10524: 10510: 10503: 10496: 10482: 10478: 10471: 10457: 10453: 10446: 10432: 10428: 10417: 10413: 10402: 10398: 10391: 10371: 10367: 10360: 10346: 10342: 10335: 10321: 10317: 10310: 10296: 10292: 10281: 10277: 10270: 10256: 10252: 10223: 10219: 10212: 10198: 10194: 10187: 10173: 10166: 10159: 10145: 10141: 10130: 10126: 10119: 10105: 10101: 10094: 10080: 10076: 10066: 10064: 10057: 10056: 10052: 10041: 10037: 10030: 10016: 10007: 10000: 9986: 9982: 9971: 9967: 9956: 9952: 9945: 9931: 9927: 9920: 9906: 9902: 9895: 9881: 9877: 9870: 9856: 9852: 9841: 9837: 9830: 9816: 9812: 9805: 9791: 9787: 9780: 9766: 9762: 9751: 9747: 9736: 9732: 9721: 9717: 9710: 9696: 9692: 9685: 9671: 9664: 9653: 9646: 9636: 9634: 9627:The Sikh Review 9615: 9611: 9604: 9590: 9583: 9576: 9562: 9558: 9547: 9543: 9536: 9522: 9515: 9508: 9494: 9490: 9479: 9475: 9468: 9454: 9450: 9440: 9438: 9419: 9415: 9408: 9394: 9390: 9383: 9369: 9365: 9354: 9350: 9339: 9335: 9326: 9325: 9321: 9310: 9306: 9299: 9285: 9281: 9274: 9260: 9256: 9245: 9241: 9230: 9226: 9219: 9205: 9201: 9194: 9180: 9176: 9169: 9155: 9151: 9141: 9139: 9132:The Sikh Review 9124: 9120: 9103: 9099: 9088: 9084: 9077: 9063: 9056: 9049: 9035: 9031: 9020: 9016: 9009: 8995: 8991: 8984: 8970: 8961: 8951: 8949: 8942:The Sikh Review 8934: 8930: 8919: 8915: 8908: 8894: 8890: 8879: 8875: 8868: 8854: 8850: 8843: 8829: 8822: 8811: 8807: 8796: 8792: 8785: 8771: 8764: 8757: 8743: 8739: 8732: 8718: 8714: 8707: 8693: 8689: 8682: 8668: 8659: 8649: 8647: 8628: 8624: 8613: 8606: 8599: 8585: 8581: 8574: 8560: 8551: 8544: 8530: 8526: 8519: 8505: 8498: 8491: 8477: 8470: 8463: 8449: 8445: 8438: 8424: 8420: 8413: 8399: 8395: 8384: 8380: 8369: 8365: 8358: 8344: 8340: 8333: 8319: 8315: 8308: 8294: 8290: 8279: 8275: 8268: 8248: 8244: 8237: 8223: 8219: 8206: 8202: 8195: 8181: 8177: 8170: 8156: 8152: 8141: 8137: 8130: 8116: 8112: 8105: 8091: 8087: 8077: 8075: 8068: 8052: 8045: 8038: 8024: 8020: 8013: 7999: 7995: 7988: 7974: 7970: 7963: 7949: 7945: 7934: 7930: 7919: 7915: 7908: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7866: 7862: 7855: 7843: 7842: 7838: 7827: 7823: 7816: 7802: 7798: 7787: 7783: 7776: 7762: 7758: 7751: 7737: 7733: 7722: 7718: 7711: 7697: 7693: 7686: 7672: 7668: 7661: 7641: 7637: 7630: 7616: 7612: 7605: 7591: 7587: 7580: 7566: 7562: 7555: 7541: 7537: 7530: 7516: 7512: 7505: 7491: 7484: 7477: 7457: 7453: 7444: 7443: 7439: 7432: 7418: 7414: 7403: 7399: 7392: 7378: 7374: 7367: 7353: 7349: 7342: 7328: 7324: 7317: 7303: 7299: 7292: 7278: 7274: 7267: 7253: 7249: 7242: 7228: 7224: 7213: 7209: 7202: 7188: 7184: 7177: 7163: 7159: 7148: 7144: 7129: 7113: 7109: 7102: 7088: 7084: 7077: 7063: 7059: 7052: 7038: 7034: 7027: 7017:A Sea of Orange 7013: 7009: 6999: 6997: 6986: 6982: 6975: 6961: 6957: 6950: 6936: 6927: 6919: 6902: 6895: 6885: 6883: 6870: 6869: 6865: 6855: 6853: 6844: 6843: 6839: 6823: 6809: 6802: 6792: 6778: 6774: 6767: 6753: 6749: 6738: 6729: 6722: 6708: 6699: 6692: 6678: 6671: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6616: 6607: 6600: 6586: 6582: 6575: 6561: 6557: 6550: 6536: 6529: 6524: 6517: 6504:(s1): 155–165. 6494: 6487: 6482: 6475: 6465: 6463: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6439: 6437: 6428: 6427: 6423: 6416: 6396: 6392: 6382: 6380: 6367: 6366: 6362: 6355: 6339: 6335: 6330: 6322:Sikh scriptures 6272: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6238:Siege of Multan 6203:Battle of Mudki 6168:Gurkha-Sikh War 6049:Battle of Jammu 5999:Battle of Sarsa 5927: 5900: 5887: 5867:Khushwant Singh 5863:Anti Sikh Riots 5715:Harmandir Sahib 5700: 5689: 5683: 5680: 5669: 5657: 5646: 5634:Main articles: 5632: 5615:Gurbachan Singh 5607: 5601: 5596: 5588:Sino-Indian War 5580:Rajput Regiment 5564: 5546: 5482: 5454: 5448: 5443: 5389:Michael O'Dwyer 5387:, assassinated 5281: 5275: 5251: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5176:. In parallel, 5120:) and Muslims ( 5090: 5066: 5059: 5056: 5047: 5044: 5035: 5016: 5007: 5000: 4991: 4984: 4975: 4972: 4963: 4956: 4947: 4940: 4913: 4792: 4761: 4726: 4719: 4716: 4707: 4704: 4695: 4688:Gobindgarh Fort 4685: 4676: 4673: 4664: 4661: 4652: 4642: 4633: 4626: 4617: 4612: 4600:princely states 4521: 4519:Anglo-Sikh Wars 4516: 4457: 4415: 4412: 4403: 4400: 4391: 4388: 4379: 4376: 4367: 4364: 4355: 4352: 4343: 4336: 4327: 4321: 4240: 4233: 4143: 4136: 4126: 4117: 4107: 4098: 4087: 4078: 4067: 4058: 4047:Harmandir Sahib 4044: 4016: 4010: 3963: 3931: 3925: 3868:, the ruler of 3852:. In 1776, the 3846: 3844:Intra-Misl wars 3822: 3787: 3771:Harmandir Sahib 3743: 3691: 3666: 3641: 3635: 3598: 3582: 3508:Harmandir Sahib 3496: 3483:Harmandir Sahib 3472: 3447: 3441: 3386:rivers, called 3365: 3357:Baba Deep Singh 3353:Harmandir Sahib 3330: 3291: 3274: 3261: 3216: 3210: 3149: 3143: 3127: 3092:Bhai Mani Singh 3088: 3083: 3063: 3055:Harmandir Sahib 3035:Harmandir Sahib 3024: 2977: 2969:Bhai Mani Singh 2956:Harmandir Sahib 2865: 2837: 2804: 2761:Sikh scriptures 2750: 2744: 2713: 2669: 2661:Bhai Tara Singh 2611: 2605: 2558:Bhai Mani Singh 2548:Harmandir Sahib 2505: 2483: 2283:Saraswati Nagar 2224:Statue of Baba 2218: 2212: 2207: 2200: 2194: 2185: 2182: 2173: 2170: 2161: 2154: 2145: 2126: 2117: 2107: 2022: 1989: 1967: 1924: 1915: 1904: 1898: 1895: 1884: 1872: 1861: 1855: 1787: 1781: 1740: 1734: 1698: 1692: 1683:Harmandir Sahib 1659:Guru Har Gobind 1652: 1650:Guru Har Gobind 1646: 1605:verses such as 1572: 1566: 1531: 1525: 1351: 1345: 1221: 1215: 1114: 1108: 1099: 1088: 1082: 1079: 1068: 1056: 1045: 957: 890: 868:Bhakti movement 795: 755: 748: 747: 728: 725: 718: 717: 643: 638: 631: 630: 601:Harmandir Sahib 591: 587: 581: 573: 572: 540: 536: 528: 527: 442: 438: 430: 429: 374: 370: 362: 361: 232:Bhagat Ramanand 212: 208: 200: 199: 140: 136: 68: 62: 59: 40: 27: 23: 12: 11: 5: 14870: 14860: 14859: 14854: 14837: 14836: 14834: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14787: 14785: 14784:Related topics 14781: 14780: 14777: 14776: 14774: 14773: 14771:Vedic Hinduism 14768: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14752: 14751: 14746: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14720: 14718: 14712: 14711: 14709: 14708: 14703: 14698: 14692: 14690: 14684: 14683: 14681: 14680: 14674: 14672: 14663: 14659: 14658: 14655: 14654: 14652: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14640: 14639: 14628: 14626: 14620: 14619: 14617: 14616: 14611: 14609:Zoroastrianism 14606: 14600: 14598: 14592: 14591: 14589: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14567: 14565: 14559: 14558: 14556: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14539: 14537: 14531: 14530: 14528: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14511: 14509: 14503: 14502: 14500: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14473: 14471: 14462: 14456: 14455: 14453: 14452: 14447: 14441: 14438: 14437: 14430: 14429: 14422: 14415: 14407: 14398: 14397: 14379: 14376: 14375: 14373: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14346: 14344: 14338: 14337: 14335: 14334: 14329: 14328: 14327: 14317: 14312: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14266: 14265: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14199: 14198: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14117: 14115: 14109: 14108: 14106: 14105: 14100: 14099: 14098: 14088: 14083: 14077: 14075: 14069: 14068: 14063: 14062: 14060: 14059: 14054: 14049: 14044: 14039: 14033: 14031: 14027: 14026: 14024: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14007: 14005: 14001: 14000: 13997: 13996: 13994: 13993: 13991:Henry Lawrence 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13947: 13945: 13941: 13940: 13938: 13937: 13935:Sohan Lal Suri 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13741: 13739: 13732: 13728: 13727: 13725: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13698: 13696: 13692: 13691: 13689: 13688: 13686:Maqpon Dynasty 13683: 13677: 13672: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13635:Durrani Empire 13632: 13626: 13624: 13620: 13619: 13617: 13616: 13611: 13606: 13600: 13598: 13594: 13593: 13590: 13589: 13570:Nepal–Sikh War 13568: 13566: 13562: 13561: 13559: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13537: 13535: 13529: 13528: 13526: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13504: 13502: 13496: 13495: 13493: 13492: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13461: 13459: 13453: 13452: 13450: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13353: 13351: 13342: 13336: 13335: 13333: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13296: 13294: 13290: 13289: 13282: 13281: 13274: 13267: 13259: 13253: 13251: 13245: 13244: 13242: 13241: 13240: 13239: 13229: 13224: 13223: 13222: 13217: 13215:Damdami Taksal 13207: 13202: 13201: 13200: 13190: 13189: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13132: 13130: 13122: 13121: 13119: 13118: 13117: 13116: 13106: 13105: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13082:United Kingdom 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12973: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12916: 12915: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12874: 12872: 12866: 12865: 12863: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12801: 12800: 12799: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12752: 12750: 12744: 12743: 12741: 12740: 12735: 12733:Sukhmani Sahib 12730: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12698:Sarbloh Granth 12695: 12690: 12684: 12682: 12676: 12675: 12673: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12575:Sikh practices 12572: 12566: 12564: 12558: 12557: 12555: 12554: 12549: 12548: 12547: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12516: 12514: 12508: 12507: 12505: 12504: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12476:Guru Hargobind 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12447: 12445: 12439: 12438: 12429: 12426: 12425: 12418: 12417: 12410: 12403: 12395: 12387: 12386: 12383:978-8121502139 12366: 12347: 12327: 12308: 12288: 12269: 12249: 12240: 12233: 12213: 12196: 12181: 12152: 12124: 12080: 12066:, p. 24, 12047: 12040: 12013: 11980: 11954: 11945:|website= 11912: 11892: 11867: 11832: 11802: 11759: 11752: 11734: 11717: 11710: 11692: 11685: 11667: 11660: 11636: 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(1911). 11084:Chisholm, Hugh 11075: 11057:978-8170172444 11056: 11036: 11029: 11009: 10983: 10976: 10958: 10951: 10933: 10926: 10902: 10878: 10871: 10850: 10843: 10825: 10818: 10800: 10793: 10775: 10751: 10744: 10726: 10719: 10701: 10694: 10676: 10668: 10647: 10632: 10625: 10607: 10600: 10582: 10575: 10557: 10550: 10529: 10522: 10501: 10494: 10476: 10469: 10451: 10444: 10426: 10423:. p. 533. 10411: 10396: 10389: 10365: 10358: 10340: 10333: 10315: 10308: 10290: 10275: 10268: 10250: 10217: 10210: 10192: 10185: 10164: 10157: 10139: 10124: 10117: 10099: 10092: 10074: 10050: 10035: 10028: 10005: 9998: 9980: 9965: 9950: 9943: 9925: 9918: 9900: 9893: 9875: 9868: 9850: 9835: 9828: 9810: 9803: 9785: 9778: 9760: 9745: 9730: 9715: 9708: 9690: 9683: 9662: 9644: 9609: 9602: 9581: 9574: 9556: 9541: 9534: 9513: 9506: 9488: 9473: 9466: 9448: 9413: 9406: 9388: 9381: 9363: 9348: 9333: 9319: 9304: 9297: 9279: 9272: 9254: 9239: 9224: 9217: 9199: 9192: 9174: 9167: 9149: 9118: 9097: 9082: 9075: 9054: 9047: 9029: 9014: 9007: 8989: 8982: 8959: 8928: 8913: 8906: 8888: 8873: 8866: 8848: 8841: 8820: 8805: 8790: 8783: 8762: 8755: 8737: 8730: 8712: 8705: 8687: 8680: 8657: 8622: 8604: 8597: 8579: 8572: 8549: 8542: 8524: 8517: 8496: 8489: 8468: 8461: 8443: 8436: 8418: 8411: 8393: 8378: 8363: 8356: 8338: 8331: 8313: 8306: 8288: 8273: 8266: 8242: 8235: 8217: 8200: 8193: 8175: 8168: 8150: 8135: 8128: 8110: 8103: 8085: 8066: 8043: 8036: 8018: 8011: 7993: 7986: 7968: 7961: 7943: 7928: 7913: 7906: 7885: 7878: 7860: 7853: 7836: 7821: 7814: 7796: 7781: 7774: 7756: 7749: 7731: 7716: 7709: 7691: 7684: 7666: 7659: 7635: 7628: 7610: 7603: 7585: 7578: 7560: 7553: 7535: 7528: 7510: 7503: 7482: 7475: 7451: 7437: 7430: 7412: 7397: 7390: 7372: 7365: 7347: 7340: 7322: 7315: 7297: 7290: 7272: 7265: 7247: 7240: 7222: 7207: 7200: 7182: 7175: 7157: 7142: 7127: 7107: 7100: 7082: 7075: 7057: 7050: 7032: 7025: 7007: 6980: 6973: 6955: 6948: 6925: 6917: 6893: 6863: 6837: 6821: 6800: 6790: 6772: 6765: 6747: 6740:Abel, Ernest. 6727: 6720: 6697: 6690: 6669: 6655: 6635: 6628: 6605: 6598: 6580: 6573: 6555: 6548: 6527: 6515: 6485: 6473: 6447: 6421: 6414: 6390: 6360: 6353: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6297:Mehdiana Sahib 6294: 6292:Sikh Ajaibghar 6289: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6274:History portal 6261: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5926: 5923: 5921:of 1975/1977. 5899: 5896: 5886: 5883: 5702: 5701: 5660: 5658: 5651: 5631: 5628: 5611:Sant Nirankari 5603:Main article: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5563: 5560: 5545: 5540: 5527:is published. 5481: 5478: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5316:Akali movement 5277:Main article: 5274: 5271: 5247:Main article: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5160:. Thereafter, 5114:Brahmo Samajis 5108:activities of 5089: 5086: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5038: 5036: 5017: 5010: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4966: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4895: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4872: 4869: 4868:Arora, Khatri 4866: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4829: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4791: 4788: 4760: 4757: 4732:, through the 4725: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4717: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4698: 4696: 4686: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4655: 4653: 4643: 4636: 4634: 4627: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4531:to launch the 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4456: 4453: 4446:. The city of 4417: 4416: 4413: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4346: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4323:Main article: 4320: 4317: 4239: 4236: 4215: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4137: 4127: 4120: 4118: 4108: 4101: 4099: 4088: 4081: 4079: 4068: 4061: 4059: 4045: 4038: 4027:Guru Nanak Dev 4012:Main article: 4009: 4006: 3962: 3959: 3927:Main article: 3924: 3921: 3845: 3842: 3821: 3818: 3786: 3783: 3742: 3739: 3690: 3687: 3665: 3662: 3637:Main article: 3634: 3631: 3588: 3581: 3578: 3495: 3492: 3471: 3468: 3443:Main article: 3440: 3437: 3429:Guru Nanak Dev 3416:to the Sikhs. 3404:Adina Beg Khan 3364: 3361: 3329: 3326: 3290: 3287: 3273: 3270: 3260: 3257: 3229:Jaspat Rai, a 3212:Main article: 3209: 3206: 3155:, the wife of 3145:Main article: 3142: 3139: 3126: 3123: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3062: 3059: 3023: 3020: 2976: 2973: 2971:was executed. 2922:who then took 2920:Baba Ala Singh 2864: 2861: 2847:, the wife of 2836: 2833: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2791: 2784: 2746:Main article: 2743: 2740: 2712: 2709: 2668: 2665: 2607:Main article: 2604: 2601: 2504: 2501: 2482: 2479: 2448:Kiratpur Sahib 2432:Mehdiana Sahib 2378:proprietorship 2214:Main article: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2197:Anandpur Sahib 2195: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2164: 2162: 2155: 2148: 2146: 2134:Keshgarh Sahib 2127: 2120: 2118: 2114:Anandpur Sahib 2110:Keshgarh Sahib 2108: 2101: 2042:Anandpur Sahib 2021: 2015: 1998:Sarbloh Granth 1988: 1985: 1966: 1963: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1875: 1873: 1866: 1857:Main article: 1854: 1851: 1783:Main article: 1780: 1777: 1736:Main article: 1733: 1730: 1694:Main article: 1691: 1688: 1648:Main article: 1645: 1644:Guru Hargobind 1642: 1568:Main article: 1565: 1564:Guru Arjan Dev 1562: 1527:Main article: 1524: 1521: 1454:Guru ka Langar 1347:Main article: 1344: 1341: 1333:Guru ka Langar 1217:Main article: 1214: 1211: 1110:Main article: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1059: 1057: 1050: 1044: 1041: 984:. A number of 850:, founded the 797: 796: 794: 793: 786: 779: 771: 768: 767: 766: 765: 750: 749: 746: 745: 740: 735: 729: 724: 723: 720: 719: 716: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 644: 640:General topics 637: 636: 633: 632: 629: 628: 623: 618: 613: 611:Keshgarh Sahib 608: 603: 598: 592: 579: 578: 575: 574: 571: 570: 563: 560:Sarbloh Granth 556: 549: 541: 534: 533: 530: 529: 526: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 443: 436: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 422: 417: 410: 401: 392: 383: 375: 368: 367: 364: 363: 360: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 252:Bhagat Bhikhan 249: 247:Bhagat Sadhana 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 222:Bhagat Ravidas 219: 213: 206: 205: 202: 201: 198: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 170:Guru Hargobind 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 141: 134: 133: 130: 129: 128: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 99: 98: 90: 89: 83: 82: 70: 69: 49:it, or adding 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14869: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14849: 14847: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14788: 14786: 14782: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14741: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14721: 14719: 14717: 14716:Indo-European 14713: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14693: 14691: 14689: 14685: 14679: 14676: 14675: 14673: 14671: 14667: 14664: 14660: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14638: 14635: 14634: 14633: 14630: 14629: 14627: 14625: 14621: 14615: 14614:Manichaeanism 14612: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14601: 14599: 14597: 14593: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14568: 14566: 14564: 14560: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14540: 14538: 14536: 14532: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14512: 14510: 14508: 14504: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14474: 14472: 14470: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14457: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14442: 14439: 14435: 14428: 14423: 14421: 14416: 14414: 14409: 14408: 14405: 14395: 14387: 14377: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14360:Kesgarh Sahib 14358: 14356: 14355:Damdama Sahib 14353: 14351: 14348: 14347: 14345: 14343: 14339: 14333: 14330: 14325: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14307: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14264: 14261: 14260: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14203:Sikh Regiment 14201: 14197: 14194: 14193: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14118: 14116: 14114: 14110: 14104: 14101: 14097: 14094: 14093: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14078: 14076: 14074: 14070: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14034: 14032: 14028: 14022: 14021:Tiwana family 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14008: 14006: 14002: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13981:Josiah Harlan 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13948: 13946: 13942: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13825:Jawahar Singh 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13800:Zorawar Singh 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13742: 13740: 13736: 13733: 13729: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13712:Harkishangarh 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13699: 13697: 13693: 13687: 13684: 13681: 13678: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13630:Mughal Empire 13628: 13627: 13625: 13621: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13601: 13599: 13595: 13587: 13583: 13579: 13575: 13574:Sino-Sikh war 13571: 13567: 13563: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13538: 13536: 13534: 13530: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13505: 13503: 13501: 13497: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13462: 13460: 13458: 13454: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13442:Gurdas Nangal 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13417:Chappar Chiri 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13354: 13352: 13350: 13346: 13343: 13337: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13297: 13295: 13291: 13287: 13280: 13275: 13273: 13268: 13266: 13261: 13260: 13257: 13252: 13250: 13246: 13238: 13235: 13234: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13212: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13205:Agrahari Sikh 13203: 13199: 13196: 13195: 13194: 13191: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13138: 13137: 13134: 13133: 13131: 13129: 13126:Groups, sects 13123: 13115: 13114:U.S. Military 13112: 13111: 13110: 13109:United States 13107: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13084: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12957: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12914: 12911: 12910: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12875: 12873: 12871: 12867: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12825:Khanda museum 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12797: 12796:North America 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12778: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12758: 12757: 12754: 12753: 12751: 12749: 12745: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12685: 12683: 12681: 12677: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12625:Three Pillars 12623: 12621: 12620:Antam Sanskar 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12610:Amrit Sanchar 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12563: 12559: 12553: 12550: 12546: 12543: 12542: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12535:The 52 Hukams 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12517: 12515: 12513: 12509: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12461:Guru Amar Das 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12448: 12446: 12444: 12440: 12436: 12432: 12427: 12423: 12416: 12411: 12409: 12404: 12402: 12397: 12396: 12393: 12384: 12380: 12376: 12370: 12354: 12350: 12348:9788190825986 12344: 12340: 12339: 12331: 12315: 12311: 12309:9781490714417 12305: 12301: 12300: 12292: 12276: 12272: 12266: 12262: 12261: 12253: 12244: 12236: 12230: 12226: 12225: 12217: 12211: 12208:, p. 506, at 12207: 12206: 12200: 12192: 12185: 12169: 12165: 12164: 12156: 12141: 12137: 12136: 12128: 12109: 12105: 12101: 12094: 12090: 12084: 12069: 12065: 12061: 12054: 12052: 12043: 12041:0-395-73097-X 12037: 12033: 12029: 12028: 12023: 12017: 12001: 11997: 11993: 11992: 11984: 11969: 11965: 11958: 11950: 11938: 11923: 11919: 11915: 11909: 11905: 11904: 11896: 11881: 11877: 11871: 11863: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11843: 11836: 11821: 11817: 11813: 11806: 11798: 11794: 11790: 11786: 11782: 11778: 11774: 11770: 11763: 11755: 11753:9780435307264 11749: 11745: 11738: 11731:. p. 70. 11730: 11729: 11721: 11713: 11711:9781843313489 11707: 11703: 11696: 11688: 11686:9780969596424 11682: 11678: 11671: 11663: 11661:9780774806930 11657: 11653: 11649: 11648: 11640: 11632: 11630:9788177648683 11626: 11622: 11615: 11607: 11605:9788173801006 11601: 11597: 11590: 11575: 11571: 11564: 11548: 11544: 11540: 11534: 11526: 11524:9788170249870 11520: 11516: 11509: 11501: 11499:9788173871528 11495: 11491: 11484: 11476: 11474:9788173805301 11470: 11466: 11459: 11452: 11448: 11446: 11438: 11436: 11427: 11425:9780812202182 11421: 11417: 11410: 11402: 11395: 11387: 11385:9781409496915 11381: 11377: 11370: 11362: 11360:9781477234679 11356: 11352: 11345: 11337: 11335:9788170231400 11331: 11327: 11320: 11305: 11303:9780822388111 11299: 11295: 11294: 11286: 11277: 11269: 11262: 11253: 11251: 11249: 11239: 11231: 11229:9788189093075 11225: 11221: 11214: 11206: 11200: 11196: 11189: 11181: 11179:9789693513127 11175: 11171: 11164: 11162: 11153: 11151:9781932705706 11147: 11143: 11136: 11120: 11116: 11112: 11105: 11097: 11096: 11090: 11085: 11079: 11063: 11059: 11053: 11049: 11048: 11040: 11032: 11026: 11022: 11021: 11013: 10997: 10993: 10987: 10979: 10973: 10969: 10962: 10954: 10952:9781402030437 10948: 10944: 10937: 10929: 10927:9780706983685 10923: 10919: 10915: 10914: 10906: 10890: 10889: 10882: 10874: 10868: 10864: 10857: 10855: 10846: 10844:9788171697038 10840: 10836: 10829: 10821: 10819:9780199756551 10815: 10811: 10804: 10796: 10790: 10786: 10779: 10763: 10762: 10755: 10747: 10745:9781932705546 10741: 10737: 10730: 10722: 10716: 10712: 10705: 10697: 10695:9788170103011 10691: 10687: 10680: 10671: 10669:0-19-567747-1 10665: 10661: 10657: 10651: 10643: 10636: 10628: 10622: 10618: 10611: 10603: 10601:9780969596424 10597: 10593: 10586: 10578: 10576:9781843310044 10572: 10568: 10561: 10553: 10547: 10543: 10536: 10534: 10525: 10523:9788170174103 10519: 10515: 10508: 10506: 10497: 10491: 10487: 10480: 10472: 10466: 10462: 10455: 10447: 10445:9789380213255 10441: 10437: 10430: 10422: 10415: 10407: 10400: 10392: 10390:9780521637640 10386: 10382: 10378: 10377: 10369: 10361: 10359:9788122417746 10355: 10351: 10344: 10336: 10334:9788173805691 10330: 10326: 10325:Golden Temple 10319: 10311: 10309:9780307958297 10305: 10301: 10294: 10286: 10279: 10271: 10269:9780199756551 10265: 10261: 10254: 10245: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10221: 10213: 10211:9781843310044 10207: 10203: 10196: 10188: 10186:9780977790708 10182: 10178: 10171: 10169: 10160: 10158:9780195368239 10154: 10150: 10143: 10135: 10128: 10120: 10118:9780307429339 10114: 10110: 10103: 10095: 10093:9788185133423 10089: 10085: 10078: 10062: 10061: 10054: 10046: 10039: 10031: 10025: 10021: 10014: 10012: 10010: 10001: 9999:9780199756551 9995: 9991: 9984: 9976: 9969: 9961: 9954: 9946: 9944:9788170102458 9940: 9936: 9929: 9921: 9919:9781932705546 9915: 9911: 9904: 9896: 9890: 9886: 9879: 9871: 9869:9788126017966 9865: 9861: 9854: 9846: 9839: 9831: 9829:9788170103011 9825: 9821: 9814: 9806: 9804:9781843310044 9800: 9796: 9789: 9781: 9775: 9771: 9764: 9756: 9749: 9741: 9734: 9726: 9719: 9711: 9709:9780969596424 9705: 9701: 9694: 9686: 9684:9781932705546 9680: 9676: 9669: 9667: 9658: 9651: 9649: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9622: 9613: 9605: 9603:9788170103011 9599: 9595: 9588: 9586: 9577: 9575:9788170102588 9571: 9567: 9560: 9552: 9545: 9537: 9535:9788170103011 9531: 9527: 9520: 9518: 9509: 9503: 9499: 9492: 9484: 9477: 9469: 9467:9788173805691 9463: 9459: 9458:Golden Temple 9452: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9417: 9409: 9407:9789380213255 9403: 9399: 9392: 9384: 9378: 9374: 9367: 9359: 9352: 9344: 9337: 9329: 9323: 9315: 9308: 9300: 9298:9789380213255 9294: 9290: 9283: 9275: 9269: 9265: 9258: 9250: 9243: 9235: 9228: 9220: 9218:9788170103011 9214: 9210: 9203: 9195: 9193:9788173805691 9189: 9185: 9184:Golden Temple 9178: 9170: 9168:9788189093068 9164: 9160: 9153: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9122: 9114: 9110: 9109: 9101: 9093: 9086: 9078: 9076:9788170102588 9072: 9068: 9061: 9059: 9050: 9048:9788170103011 9044: 9040: 9033: 9025: 9018: 9010: 9008:9781449000806 9004: 9000: 8993: 8985: 8979: 8975: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8932: 8924: 8917: 8909: 8907:9788173800078 8903: 8899: 8892: 8884: 8877: 8869: 8867:9788170102588 8863: 8859: 8852: 8844: 8838: 8834: 8827: 8825: 8816: 8809: 8801: 8794: 8786: 8780: 8776: 8769: 8767: 8758: 8756:9788170103011 8752: 8748: 8741: 8733: 8731:9788173800078 8727: 8723: 8716: 8708: 8706:9789380213255 8702: 8698: 8691: 8683: 8677: 8673: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8626: 8618: 8611: 8609: 8600: 8598:9788170102588 8594: 8590: 8583: 8575: 8569: 8565: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8545: 8543:9788170102458 8539: 8535: 8528: 8520: 8518:9780810863446 8514: 8510: 8503: 8501: 8492: 8490:9788173800078 8486: 8482: 8475: 8473: 8464: 8458: 8454: 8447: 8439: 8437:9788173800078 8433: 8429: 8422: 8414: 8412:9788173800078 8408: 8404: 8397: 8389: 8382: 8374: 8367: 8359: 8357:9789380213255 8353: 8349: 8342: 8334: 8332:9788173800078 8328: 8324: 8317: 8309: 8307:9788172052171 8303: 8299: 8292: 8284: 8277: 8269: 8267:9780521637640 8263: 8259: 8255: 8254: 8246: 8238: 8236:9788185815282 8232: 8228: 8221: 8213: 8212: 8204: 8196: 8194:9789380213255 8190: 8186: 8179: 8171: 8165: 8161: 8154: 8146: 8139: 8131: 8129:9788185148045 8125: 8121: 8114: 8106: 8104:9788170174103 8100: 8096: 8089: 8073: 8069: 8067:9788176293006 8063: 8059: 8058: 8050: 8048: 8039: 8037:9780852297605 8033: 8029: 8022: 8014: 8012:9781615302017 8008: 8004: 7997: 7989: 7987:9789380213255 7983: 7979: 7972: 7964: 7962:9788173800078 7958: 7954: 7947: 7939: 7932: 7924: 7917: 7909: 7907:9780307429339 7903: 7899: 7892: 7890: 7881: 7879:9788173800078 7875: 7871: 7864: 7856: 7854:9780070699397 7850: 7846: 7840: 7832: 7825: 7817: 7815:9788173800078 7811: 7807: 7800: 7792: 7785: 7777: 7771: 7767: 7760: 7752: 7750:9788174884794 7746: 7742: 7735: 7727: 7720: 7712: 7710:9780313335389 7706: 7702: 7695: 7687: 7685:9788171568185 7681: 7677: 7670: 7662: 7660:9788176255370 7656: 7652: 7648: 7647: 7639: 7631: 7629:9788173801006 7625: 7621: 7614: 7606: 7604:9788170102588 7600: 7596: 7589: 7581: 7579:9788173800078 7575: 7571: 7564: 7556: 7554:9788176293006 7550: 7546: 7539: 7531: 7529:9789380213255 7525: 7521: 7514: 7506: 7500: 7496: 7489: 7487: 7478: 7476:9780521637640 7472: 7468: 7464: 7463: 7455: 7447: 7441: 7433: 7427: 7423: 7416: 7408: 7401: 7393: 7391:9788173801006 7387: 7383: 7376: 7368: 7366:9788171160495 7362: 7358: 7351: 7343: 7341:9788173800078 7337: 7333: 7326: 7318: 7316:9788174884794 7312: 7308: 7301: 7293: 7287: 7283: 7276: 7268: 7266:9781438106472 7262: 7258: 7251: 7243: 7241:9788173800078 7237: 7233: 7226: 7218: 7211: 7203: 7201:9788126908585 7197: 7193: 7186: 7178: 7172: 7168: 7161: 7153: 7146: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7128:0-8364-2883-8 7124: 7120: 7119: 7111: 7103: 7101:9788126908585 7097: 7093: 7086: 7078: 7076:9780955458712 7072: 7068: 7061: 7053: 7051:0-89389-103-7 7047: 7043: 7036: 7028: 7026:1-4010-2856-X 7022: 7018: 7011: 6995: 6991: 6984: 6976: 6974:0-89389-109-6 6970: 6966: 6959: 6951: 6949:0-415-26604-1 6945: 6941: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6920: 6918:0-19-567747-1 6914: 6910: 6906: 6900: 6898: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6867: 6851: 6847: 6841: 6834: 6831: 6824: 6818: 6814: 6807: 6805: 6797: 6793: 6791:9781134049455 6787: 6784:. Routledge. 6783: 6776: 6768: 6766:0-19-566111-7 6762: 6758: 6751: 6743: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6723: 6721:81-8382-075-1 6717: 6713: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6693: 6687: 6683: 6676: 6674: 6658: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6639: 6631: 6625: 6621: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6601: 6595: 6591: 6584: 6576: 6570: 6566: 6559: 6551: 6549:9781290917766 6545: 6541: 6540:Later Mughals 6534: 6532: 6522: 6520: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6492: 6490: 6480: 6478: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6435: 6431: 6425: 6417: 6415:0-375-40728-6 6411: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6394: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6356: 6350: 6346: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6282:Babbar Khalsa 6280: 6279: 6275: 6264: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6198:Sino-Sikh War 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6115:Battle of Kup 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5915: 5909: 5905: 5895: 5891: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5855:Sarbat Khalsa 5850: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5824: 5820: 5819:Golden Temple 5816: 5812: 5808: 5806: 5805:Sikh diaspora 5802: 5798: 5794: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5768: 5765: 5764:Hind Samachar 5759: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5743: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5698: 5695: 5687: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5661:This section 5659: 5655: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5568:Sikh Regiment 5559: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5530:In 1962, the 5528: 5526: 5523:In 1945, the 5521: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5377: 5375: 5370: 5368: 5363: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5342:Komagata Maru 5339: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5270: 5268: 5267:Reginald Dyer 5264: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5178:Brahmo Samaji 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5106:proselytising 5103: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5054: 5049: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5024:Atlantic Wall 5022:guarding the 5021: 5020:Indian Legion 5014: 5009: 5005: 5002:A company of 4998: 4993: 4989: 4986:A company of 4982: 4977: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4938: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4922:At offset of 4920: 4918: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4787: 4785: 4784:Sikh Regiment 4781: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4756: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4714: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4678: 4671: 4666: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4619: 4618: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4589: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4553: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4514:End of empire 4511: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4410: 4405: 4398: 4393: 4386: 4381: 4374: 4369: 4362: 4357: 4350: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4231: 4230:Punjab, India 4227: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4194:Mughal Empire 4191: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4135:, c. 1845 CE. 4134: 4130: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4073:ruler of the 4072: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3935: 3930: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3885:Uttar Pradesh 3882: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3738: 3736: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3630: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3596: 3593:captured the 3592: 3589:In 1783, the 3586: 3576: 3574: 3571:they surpass 3570: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3533:In 1767 when 3527: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3467: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3423: 3417: 3415: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3396: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3343: 3334: 3325: 3323: 3322:Nankana Sahib 3319: 3315: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3286: 3284: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3220:Mughal Empire 3215: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3189: 3187: 3186:swordsmanship 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3122: 3120: 3115: 3113: 3112:Patiala state 3109: 3105: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3027:Massa Ranghar 3019: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2981: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2829:Sarbat Khalsa 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2776: 2773: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2674: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2615: 2610: 2600: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2520:Farrukh Siyar 2513: 2509: 2500: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2478: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2456:Farrukh Siyar 2453: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2430:Sculpture at 2428: 2424: 2421: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2347:Uttar Pradesh 2344: 2340: 2331: 2327: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2242:Uttar Pradesh 2239: 2231: 2230:Chappar Chiri 2227: 2222: 2217: 2198: 2192: 2187: 2180: 2175: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2142:Vikram Samvat 2139: 2135: 2131: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2112:Gurudwara at 2111: 2105: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2026: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1984: 1981: 1971: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1928: 1913: 1910: 1902: 1892: 1888: 1882: 1881: 1876:This section 1874: 1870: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1839:Chandni Chowk 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1819:Bhai Sati Das 1816: 1815:Bhai Mati Das 1811: 1809: 1805: 1799: 1791: 1786: 1776: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1759: 1757: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1675:Nishan Sahibs 1671: 1669: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1615:Bhagat Namdev 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1587:Golden Temple 1580: 1576: 1571: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1552: 1546: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1477: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1416:established. 1413: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1389:, the second 1388: 1382: 1379: 1378:Emperor Akbar 1375: 1371: 1367: 1359: 1358:Guru Amar Das 1355: 1350: 1349:Guru Amar Das 1343:Guru Amar Das 1340: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1097: 1094: 1086: 1076: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1060:This section 1058: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 970: 966: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 930:Bhai Sati Das 927: 926:Bhai Mati Das 923: 922:Banda Bahadur 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 888: 884: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 856:Punjab region 854:panth in the 853: 849: 845: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 810:Punjab region 807: 803: 792: 787: 785: 780: 778: 773: 772: 770: 769: 764: 759: 754: 753: 752: 751: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 730: 722: 721: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 645: 641: 635: 634: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 616:Damdama Sahib 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 593: 590: 584: 577: 576: 569: 568: 564: 562: 561: 557: 555: 554: 550: 548: 547: 543: 542: 539: 532: 531: 524: 523:Antam Sanskar 521: 519: 516: 514: 513:Amrit Sanskar 511: 509: 506: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 441: 434: 433: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 415: 411: 409: 407: 402: 400: 398: 393: 391: 389: 384: 382: 381: 377: 376: 373: 366: 365: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 332:Bhatt Mathura 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 317:Bhatt Harbans 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 292:Bhatt Kalshar 290: 288: 285: 283: 282:Bhagat Jaidev 280: 278: 277:Bhagat Surdas 275: 273: 270: 268: 267:Bhagat Dhanna 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 242:Bhagat Namdev 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 214: 211: 204: 203: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 155:Guru Amar Das 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 142: 139: 132: 131: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 102: 101: 100: 96: 92: 91: 88: 85: 84: 80: 76: 75: 66: 56: 52: 48: 44: 38: 36: 31:This article 29: 20: 19: 16: 14826:Roman School 14749:Neoplatonism 14706:Mesopotamian 14585: 14543:Confucianism 14482:Christianity 14460:Major groups 14332:Sacred trees 14120: 14113:Other topics 14086:Hola Mohalla 13915:Ilahi Bakhsh 13775:Diwan Mulraj 13765:Pratap Singh 13722:Zorawar Fort 13377:2nd Anandpur 13372:1st Anandpur 13330:Duleep Singh 13305:Kharak Singh 13300:Ranjit Singh 13193:Mazhabi Sikh 13052:South Africa 12820:Kesgarh Qila 12766:Janam Asthan 12748:Architecture 12693:Dasam Granth 12660:Charhdi Kala 12540:Prohibitions 12481:Guru Har Rai 12466:Guru Ram Das 12434: 12374: 12369: 12357:. Retrieved 12337: 12330: 12318:. Retrieved 12302:. Trafford. 12298: 12291: 12281:23 September 12279:. Retrieved 12259: 12252: 12243: 12223: 12216: 12210:Google Books 12203: 12199: 12190: 12184: 12172:, retrieved 12162: 12155: 12144:, retrieved 12134: 12127: 12115:. Retrieved 12108:the original 12103: 12099: 12083: 12072:, retrieved 12063: 12026: 12016: 12004:. Retrieved 11990: 11983: 11971:. Retrieved 11967: 11957: 11925:. Retrieved 11902: 11895: 11883:. Retrieved 11879: 11870: 11845: 11842:Asian Survey 11841: 11835: 11824:, retrieved 11815: 11805: 11775:(5): 81–89. 11772: 11768: 11762: 11744:Think RE!: 2 11743: 11737: 11727: 11720: 11701: 11695: 11676: 11670: 11646: 11639: 11620: 11614: 11595: 11589: 11577:. Retrieved 11573: 11563: 11551:. Retrieved 11542: 11533: 11514: 11508: 11489: 11483: 11464: 11458: 11450: 11444: 11442: 11415: 11409: 11400: 11394: 11375: 11369: 11350: 11344: 11325: 11319: 11309:18 September 11307:. 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Retrieved 10059: 10053: 10044: 10038: 10019: 9989: 9983: 9974: 9968: 9959: 9953: 9934: 9928: 9909: 9903: 9884: 9878: 9859: 9853: 9844: 9838: 9819: 9813: 9794: 9788: 9769: 9763: 9754: 9748: 9739: 9733: 9724: 9718: 9699: 9693: 9674: 9656: 9637:18 September 9635:. Retrieved 9630: 9626: 9620: 9612: 9593: 9565: 9559: 9550: 9544: 9525: 9497: 9491: 9482: 9476: 9457: 9451: 9439:. Retrieved 9430: 9426: 9416: 9397: 9391: 9372: 9366: 9357: 9351: 9342: 9336: 9327: 9322: 9313: 9307: 9288: 9282: 9263: 9257: 9248: 9242: 9233: 9227: 9208: 9202: 9183: 9177: 9158: 9152: 9142:18 September 9140:. Retrieved 9135: 9131: 9121: 9107: 9100: 9091: 9085: 9066: 9038: 9032: 9023: 9017: 8998: 8992: 8973: 8952:18 September 8950:. Retrieved 8945: 8941: 8931: 8922: 8916: 8897: 8891: 8882: 8876: 8857: 8851: 8832: 8814: 8808: 8799: 8793: 8774: 8746: 8740: 8721: 8715: 8696: 8690: 8671: 8648:. Retrieved 8639: 8635: 8625: 8616: 8588: 8582: 8563: 8533: 8527: 8508: 8480: 8452: 8446: 8427: 8421: 8402: 8396: 8387: 8381: 8372: 8366: 8347: 8341: 8322: 8316: 8297: 8291: 8282: 8276: 8252: 8245: 8226: 8220: 8210: 8203: 8184: 8178: 8159: 8153: 8144: 8138: 8119: 8113: 8094: 8088: 8076:. Retrieved 8056: 8027: 8021: 8002: 7996: 7977: 7971: 7952: 7946: 7937: 7931: 7922: 7916: 7897: 7869: 7863: 7844: 7839: 7830: 7824: 7805: 7799: 7790: 7784: 7765: 7759: 7740: 7734: 7725: 7719: 7700: 7694: 7675: 7669: 7645: 7638: 7619: 7613: 7594: 7588: 7569: 7563: 7544: 7538: 7519: 7513: 7494: 7461: 7454: 7446:Later Mughal 7445: 7440: 7421: 7415: 7406: 7400: 7381: 7375: 7356: 7350: 7331: 7325: 7306: 7300: 7281: 7275: 7256: 7250: 7231: 7225: 7216: 7210: 7191: 7185: 7166: 7160: 7151: 7145: 7117: 7110: 7091: 7085: 7067:Game of Love 7066: 7060: 7041: 7035: 7016: 7010: 6998:. Retrieved 6983: 6964: 6958: 6939: 6908: 6884:. Retrieved 6875: 6866: 6854:. 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Retrieved 6372: 6363: 6343: 6336: 5912: 5902:In 1996 the 5901: 5892: 5888: 5852: 5848: 5809: 5769: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5742:Punjabi Suba 5739: 5724: 5690: 5681: 5670:Please help 5665:verification 5662: 5620:Bhindranwale 5608: 5576:Jat Regiment 5565: 5556: 5551: 5550: 5547: 5529: 5522: 5483: 5455: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5411: 5397: 5378: 5374:Bhagat Singh 5371: 5365:In 1926 Six 5364: 5335: 5326:Ghadar Party 5308:Ghadar party 5298: 5289:Bhagat Singh 5257:massacre in 5252: 5214:idol worship 5210: 5206: 5203: 5185: 5152:annexed the 5147: 5093: 5091: 5068:In 1920 The 5067: 4944:World War II 4921: 4914: 4865:Businessman 4793: 4777: 4773:martial race 4762: 4753: 4744: 4740: 4727: 4593: 4554: 4542: 4522: 4497: 4485: 4459:In 1834 the 4458: 4437: 4418: 4273:architecture 4241: 4187: 4144: 4109: 4071:Ranjit Singh 4050: 4019:Ranjit Singh 4017: 3997:Bhangi Misls 3986: 3978:Ranjit Singh 3964: 3955:Nishan Sahib 3940: 3913:Kanheya Misl 3889:Shah Alam II 3883:and Western 3878: 3847: 3838: 3834:Charat Singh 3823: 3788: 3744: 3731: 3700: 3667: 3645:Khalsa Panth 3642: 3627: 3601: 3562: 3558: 3550:Shah Alam II 3548: 3532: 3497: 3473: 3448: 3426: 3418: 3407: 3392: 3366: 3339: 3318:Darbar Sahib 3311: 3292: 3275: 3262: 3253: 3240: 3228: 3217: 3190: 3153:Mata Sundari 3150: 3128: 3116: 3101: 3089: 3064: 3051:Mehtab Singh 3025: 2990: 2952: 2906: 2890: 2866: 2845:Mata Sundari 2838: 2812: 2805: 2774: 2770: 2731:Five Khalsas 2718:Khalsa Panth 2714: 2705:Kahna Kachha 2696: 2694: 2678: 2670: 2657:Khalsa Panth 2647: 2620: 2597: 2589: 2567: 2555:Mata Sundari 2552: 2529: 2517: 2484: 2472: 2441: 2416: 2403:Bahadur Shah 2388: 2371: 2336: 2263: 2235: 2130:Khalsa Panth 2067:Khalsa Panth 2060: 2031: 1994:Dasam Granth 1990: 1977: 1959:Child Gobind 1952: 1948: 1943: 1940:Bihar, India 1938:(Capital of 1933: 1905: 1899:January 2024 1896: 1885:Please help 1880:verification 1877: 1834: 1812: 1800: 1796: 1773: 1761: 1752: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1705:Guru Har Rai 1696:Guru Har Rai 1690:Guru Har Rai 1672: 1664: 1637: 1633: 1623: 1619:Bhai Mardana 1584: 1559: 1555: 1547: 1543: 1538:Guru Ram Das 1529:Guru Ram Das 1523:Guru Ram Das 1517:Guru Ram Das 1509: 1494: 1478: 1471: 1467: 1451: 1446: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1407: 1403:Khadur Sahib 1383: 1363: 1337: 1332: 1313: 1309: 1302: 1287: 1271:Khadur Sahib 1248: 1242:district in 1233: 1199: 1176: 1172:Lakhmi Chand 1161: 1153: 1126: 1089: 1080: 1069:Please help 1064:verification 1061: 1002: 954:Ranjit Singh 880: 864:Beloved Ones 842: 826:caste system 824:, idolatry, 804:founded the 800: 565: 558: 553:Dasam Granth 551: 544: 452:Prohibitions 425:Five Virtues 420:Five Thieves 412: 406:Charhdi Kalā 378: 312:Bhatt Gayand 227:Bhagat Farid 217:Bhagat Kabir 175:Guru Har Rai 160:Guru Ram Das 119: 60: 32: 15: 14678:Paleolithic 14670:Prehistoric 14644:New Thought 14632:Neopaganism 14370:Patna Sahib 14365:Hazur Sahib 13900:Hukma Singh 13815:Gulab Singh 13745:Dhian Singh 13717:Lahore Fort 13707:Multan Fort 13702:Jamrud Fort 13655:Qing Empire 13623:Adversaries 13609:Fauj-i-Khas 13286:Sikh Empire 13249:Sikh Empire 13227:Singh Sabha 13156:Nanakpanthi 13067:Switzerland 13057:South Korea 13017:New Zealand 13012:Netherlands 12883:Afghanistan 12713:Japji Sahib 12645:The Five Ks 12640:Vand Chhako 12605:Anand Karaj 12320:29 December 12006:27 December 11968:India Today 11922:j.ctt3fhs4b 6886:30 December 6856:30 December 6662:26 November 6466:30 December 6440:30 December 5788:Indian army 5624:Fauja Singh 5498:East Punjab 5494:West Punjab 5381:Udham Singh 5226:astrologers 5182:Arya Samaji 5168:. In 1853, 5154:Sikh Empire 5130:Sikh Empire 5070:Akali Party 4924:World War I 4796:East Africa 4560:Gulab Singh 4500:Fauj-i-Khas 4481:Afghanistan 4319:Khalsa Army 4277:calligraphy 4190:Aurangzeb's 4151:Khyber Pass 4095:Lahore Fort 4075:Sikh Empire 4014:Sikh Empire 3893:Jammu state 3830:Bhangi Misl 3804:region and 3674:Kapur Singh 3347:general of 3094:, the head 3047:Sukha Singh 3012:Kapur Singh 2954:entries to 2727:Kapur Singh 2690:Afghanistan 2623:Sheikhupura 2560:become the 2132:, at Takht 1831:Bhai Dayala 1607:Sheik Farid 1599:Sufi Saints 1591:Sacred text 1482:Anand Sahib 1425:Bhai Gurdas 1376:. In 1567, 1133:Mata Tripta 1033:East Punjab 1029:West Punjab 998:Khyber Pass 950:Sikh Empire 934:Bhai Dayala 876:North India 872:Mughal rule 626:Hazur Sahib 621:Patna Sahib 518:Anand Karaj 477:The Five Ks 397:Vand Chakkō 357:Balvand Rai 347:Baba Sundar 327:Bhatt Kirat 322:Bhatt Jalap 307:Bhatt Bhika 302:Bhatt Bhalh 272:Bhagat Pipa 262:Bhagat Sain 237:Bhagat Beni 63:August 2024 51:subheadings 14846:Categories 14831:Secularism 14821:Irreligion 14744:Gnosticism 14662:Historical 14535:East Asian 14507:Amerindian 14350:Akal Takht 14290:In Fiction 14275:Ravidassia 14243:Dharamyudh 14166:Literature 14156:Panj Pyare 14096:Mela Maghi 13944:Foreigners 13905:Veer Singh 13880:Chandu Lal 13614:Fauj-i-Ain 13320:Sher Singh 13315:Chand Kaur 13171:Sewapanthi 12898:Bangladesh 12870:By country 12840:Pul Kanjri 12810:Fateh Burj 12723:Jaap Sahib 12708:Mul Mantar 12630:Kirat Karo 12615:Amrit Velā 12600:Naam Karan 12580:Sikh rites 12512:Philosophy 12471:Guru Arjan 12456:Guru Angad 12451:Guru Nanak 12174:24 January 12074:8 February 11994:(Thesis). 11826:24 January 11769:GeoJournal 11579:11 October 11441:Swami P. 11204:1851772618 10977:0969409249 10872:0969409249 10794:0969409249 10720:0969409249 10626:0969409249 10551:0969409249 10495:0969409249 10470:0969409249 10029:0969409249 9894:0969409249 9779:0969409249 9507:0969409249 9382:0969409249 9273:0969409249 8983:0969409249 8842:0969409249 8784:0969409249 8681:0969409249 8573:0969409249 8462:0969409249 8169:0969409249 7775:0969409249 7504:0969409249 7431:0969409249 7291:0969409249 7176:0969409249 6328:References 6302:Bhat Vahis 5711:Akal Takht 5403:Pingalwara 5360:Mewa Singh 5118:Arya Samaj 5110:Christians 4942:A Sikh in 4835:Ramgharia 4821:Policeman 4763:Under the 4590:, 1845-46. 4504:Fauj-i-Ain 4471:conquered 4440:Shah Zaman 4309:Philosophy 4222:Akal Takht 4198:Dal Khalsa 4171:demography 4129:Sher Singh 4091:Sher Singh 4031:Gujranwala 3974:Maha Singh 3917:Ramgarhias 3897:Maha Singh 3866:Amar Singh 3864:and go to 3729:division. 3670:Nader Shah 3623:Dal Khalsa 3569:generosity 3306:Dal Khalsa 3166:Dal Khalsa 3162:Asa di Var 2993:Nader Shah 2985:equestrian 2898:Babul tree 2742:Dal Khalsa 2643:Dal Khalsa 2639:Sikh Misls 2495:eyes were 2492:Delhi fort 2452:Bhim Chand 2444:Hukamnamas 2359:Saharanpur 2351:Saharanpur 2319:Wazir Khan 2307:Malerkotla 2291:Cis-Sutlej 2266:Khar Khoda 2079:Hindustani 2034:Wazir Khan 1965:In Kashmir 1944:Bangladesh 1679:Akal Takht 1626:Ādi Granth 1611:Sant Kabir 1579:Guru Arjan 1570:Guru Arjan 1497:Bibi Bhani 1486:Guru Arjan 1399:Guru Angad 1387:Guru Angad 1290:Guru Nanak 1279:Tarn Taran 1275:River Beas 1259:Mata Khivi 1228:Guru Angad 1219:Guru Angad 1213:Guru Angad 1191:missionary 1149:Bibi Nanki 1145:accountant 1129:Mehta Kalu 1121:Guru Nanak 1112:Guru Nanak 1106:Guru Nanak 910:Guru Arjan 848:Sikh Gurus 802:Guru Nanak 678:Literature 663:Panj Pyare 606:Akal Takht 567:Five Banis 508:Naam Karan 467:Amrit Velā 388:Kirat Karō 371:Philosophy 352:Satta Doom 342:Bhatt Salh 337:Bhatt Nalh 297:Bhatt Balh 165:Guru Arjan 150:Guru Angad 145:Guru Nanak 137:Sikh gurus 47:condensing 14688:Near East 14604:Mithraism 14497:Rastafari 14469:Abrahamic 14300:Criticism 14218:Ramananda 14073:Festivals 13810:Lal Singh 13805:Tej Singh 13682:of Poonch 13432:Jalalabad 13341:conflicts 13325:Jind Kaur 13166:Nirankari 13047:Singapore 12977:Indonesia 12913:Vancouver 12888:Australia 12680:Scripture 12635:Naam Japo 12562:Practices 12359:5 October 11947:ignored ( 11937:cite book 11797:189881872 11789:1572-9893 11451:Frontline 10109:The Sikhs 9441:5 October 8650:5 October 7898:The Sikhs 6401:The Sikhs 6240:(several) 5898:Post-1996 5859:Khalistan 5780:Gurdwaras 5774:to clear 5746:Akali Dal 5684:June 2024 5538:, India. 5385:socialist 5190:Ahmadiyah 5162:Christian 5126:Ahmadiyah 4734:Tehsildar 4576:Lal Singh 4572:Tej Singh 4429:artillery 4289:dharmsala 4265:sketching 4141:Formation 4089:Maharaja 4069:Maharaja 3993:Ramgarhia 3970:Sada Kaur 3909:Jai Singh 3802:Jalandhar 3779:Adina Beg 3765:, son of 3746:Mir Mannu 3727:Jalandhar 3714:Jalandhar 3706:Adina Beg 3702:Mir Mannu 3683:Mir Mannu 3611:Jathedars 3554:Allahabad 3486:attacked 3453:emperor, 3395:Mahrattas 3376:Jalandhar 3368:Adina Beg 3302:Jalandhar 3294:Adina Beg 3108:Maharajah 2936:Gurdwaras 2894:chickpeas 2736:Gurdwaras 2722:Nawabship 2641:into the 2635:Nawabship 2590:dhai phut 2582:elephants 2578:zamburaks 2481:Execution 2475:Gurdaspur 2468:Gurdaspur 2407:Rajasthan 2374:Zamindari 2363:Jalandhar 2355:Jalalabad 2255:Hukamnama 1980:Aurangzeb 1847:Aurangzeb 1825:of early 1668:Akal Sena 1630:Holy Book 1391:Sikh Guru 1321:Bhai Bala 1294:Kartarpur 1240:Ferozepur 1202:Kartarpur 1179:Sultanpur 1168:Sri Chand 969:pluralism 822:Upanayana 698:Criticism 537:Scripture 439:Practices 380:Naam Japo 55:talk page 43:splitting 41:Consider 14816:Humanism 14734:Germanic 14696:Egyptian 14576:Hinduism 14571:Buddhism 14394:Category 14324:Gurmukhī 14315:Punjabis 14258:Hinduism 14186:Politics 14146:Waheguru 14141:Ik Onkar 14103:Vaisakhi 14030:Treaties 13412:Sadhaura 13382:Chamkaur 13339:Military 13181:Ramraiya 13151:Namdhari 13092:Scotland 13072:Thailand 13032:Pakistan 13002:Malaysia 12878:Diaspora 12756:Gurdwara 12431:Glossary 12353:Archived 12314:Archived 12275:Archived 12168:archived 12140:archived 12068:archived 12000:Archived 11885:30 April 11820:archived 11547:Archived 11119:Archived 11068:9 August 11062:Archived 11002:9 August 10658:(2006). 9435:Archived 8644:Archived 8072:Archived 7137:29703420 6994:Archived 6907:(2006). 6880:Archived 6850:Archived 6460:Archived 6434:Archived 6377:Archived 6260:See also 5906:for the 5586:and the 5379:In 1940 5372:In 1931 5340:led the 5336:In 1914 5330:Punjabis 5263:Vaisakhi 5259:Amritsar 5139:Gurmukhi 4901:Nihangs 4890:Khatris 4876:Farmers 4843:Armyman 4800:Far East 4749:Gurmukhi 4747:form of 4692:Amritsar 4557:Maharaja 4473:Peshawar 4448:Amritsar 4433:generals 4421:infantry 4313:Medicine 4301:Oriental 4297:Sanskrit 4269:drafting 4249:Hinduism 4114:chakrams 4097:in 1841. 4023:Baisakhi 3901:Jathedar 3796:and the 3759:Amritsar 3735:Jathedar 3679:Jathedar 3615:Amritsar 3597:, Delhi. 3595:Red Fort 3565:adultery 3504:Misldars 3459:Ludhiana 3283:Amritsar 3278:Jathedar 3248:Kahnuwan 3235:Eminabad 3231:jagirdar 3119:Amritsar 3031:Amritsar 3008:artisans 2991:In 1739 2940:Amritsar 2917:Maharaja 2817:Amritsar 2813:sarovars 2795:Jathedar 2697:vilayati 2562:Jathedar 2544:Vaisakhi 2518:In 1716 2411:Imperial 2367:Amritsar 2287:Jagadhri 2140:1, 1756 2087:Bhojpuri 2083:Sanskrit 2071:Gurmukhi 2006:Bilaspur 1841:area of 1804:Red Fort 1756:Smallpox 1603:Gursikhs 1551:Amritsar 1513:Amritsar 1505:Goindwal 1460:emperor 1433:Sanskrit 1366:Goindwal 1316:Gurmukhi 1283:Amritsar 1183:meditate 1137:Talwandi 1083:May 2024 982:Peshawar 924:(1716), 887:Jahangir 830:ascetism 658:Waheguru 648:Ik Onkar 596:Gurdwara 504:(Turban) 125:Glossary 79:a series 77:Part of 35:too long 14701:Semitic 14596:Iranian 14586:Sikhism 14581:Jainism 14492:Judaism 14386:Outline 14310:History 14253:Jainism 14126:Culture 14121:History 13738:Natives 13680:Sudhans 13427:Lohgarh 13407:Sirhind 13397:Sonepat 13392:Muktsar 13176:Nirmala 13087:England 12945:Germany 12935:Finland 12925:Denmark 12903:Belgium 12893:Austria 12718:Chaupai 12703:Gurbani 12665:Dasvand 12435:History 12422:Sikhism 12146:4 April 12117:4 April 12032:312–327 11973:28 July 11927:29 July 11862:2645265 7257:Sikhism 6383:4 April 5843:Haryana 5536:Patiala 5464:led by 5355:Granthi 5222:pandits 5142:Punjabi 5034:powers. 4917:Britain 4854:Labour 4832:Taylor 4738:Punjabi 4649:Nirmala 4425:cavalry 4257:Sikhism 4202:Afghans 4185:(10%). 4181:(10%), 4177:(80%), 4155:Kashmir 3881:Haryana 3870:Patiala 3854:Bhangis 3850:Sardars 3710:Faujdar 3522:again. 3488:Sirhind 3451:Durrani 3372:Faujdar 3345:Durrani 3298:Faujdar 3176:in the 3110:of the 3104:Patiala 3096:Granthi 3043:Bikaner 3010:. When 2995:of the 2928:Sirhind 2915:he met 2913:Patiala 2902:buffalo 2857:Gurbani 2765:Dilruba 2759:recite 2683:to the 2650:Gurbani 2586:cannons 2466:in the 2464:pathans 2460:Faujdar 2383:Sadaura 2339:Lohgarh 2315:Sirhind 2295:Ghurham 2274:Kaithal 2270:Sonipat 2268:, near 2138:Baisakh 2095:Persian 2075:Punjabi 2010:Garhwal 1835:kotwali 1823:martyrs 1813:While, 1764:Brahmin 1437:Masands 1395:Shabads 1298:darshan 1277:, near 1273:by the 1187:secular 1011:led by 974:Kashmir 898:Mughals 818:fasting 472:Dasvand 120:History 115:Outline 87:Sikhism 33:may be 14766:Slavic 14729:Celtic 14724:Baltic 14624:Modern 14563:Indian 14553:Shinto 14548:Taoism 14477:Baháʼí 14305:Punjab 14238:Dastar 14233:Sardar 14181:Places 14151:Khanda 13565:Others 13402:Samana 13367:Basoli 13362:Nadaun 13293:Rulers 13161:Nihang 13141:Khalsa 13062:Sweden 13042:Poland 13037:Panama 13027:Norway 12970:Punjab 12950:Greece 12940:France 12908:Canada 12791:Europe 12781:Africa 12728:Rehras 12670:Jhatka 12650:Simran 12595:Langar 12590:Kirtan 12570:Khalsa 12381: 12345: 12306: 12267: 12231: 12038: 11920: 11910: 11860: 11795: 11787: 11750: 11708: 11683: 11658: 11627: 11602: 11553:5 June 11521: 11496: 11471: 11422: 11382: 11357: 11332: 11300: 11226: 11201: 11176: 11148: 11125:4 June 11054: 11027: 10974: 10949: 10924: 10869: 10841: 10816: 10791: 10742: 10717: 10692: 10666: 10623: 10598: 10573: 10548: 10520: 10492: 10467: 10442: 10387: 10356: 10331: 10306: 10266: 10237:: 41. 10208: 10183: 10155: 10115: 10090: 10026: 9996: 9941: 9916: 9891: 9866: 9826: 9801: 9776: 9706: 9681: 9600: 9572: 9532: 9504: 9464: 9433:: 87. 9404: 9379: 9295: 9270: 9215: 9190: 9165: 9073: 9045: 9005: 8980: 8904: 8864: 8839: 8781: 8753: 8728: 8703: 8678: 8642:: 88. 8595: 8570: 8540: 8515: 8487: 8459: 8434: 8409: 8354: 8329: 8304: 8264: 8233: 8191: 8166: 8126: 8101: 8078:30 May 8064: 8034: 8009: 7984: 7959: 7904: 7876: 7851: 7812: 7772: 7747: 7707: 7682: 7657: 7626: 7601: 7576: 7551: 7526: 7501: 7473: 7428: 7388: 7363: 7338: 7313: 7288: 7263: 7238: 7198: 7173: 7135: 7125: 7098: 7073: 7048: 7023: 7000:26 May 6971: 6946: 6915: 6819: 6788: 6763: 6718: 6688: 6653: 6626: 6596: 6571: 6546: 6412: 6351: 5871:pogrom 5845:areas. 5811:Gandhi 5731:Gandhi 5642:, and 5518:Punjab 5502:Hindus 5490:Punjab 5186:suddhi 5166:Punjab 5134:Khalsa 5102:Punjab 5096:was a 4798:, the 4745:lundee 4730:Punjab 4604:Punjab 4564:Dogras 4535:. The 4523:After 4477:Jamrud 4463:under 4461:Khalsa 4427:, and 4311:, and 4293:Arabic 4285:temple 4281:mosque 4275:, and 4255:, and 4244:Lahore 4175:Muslim 4167:Punjab 4133:Lahore 3862:Sutlej 3806:Kangra 3763:Taimur 3751:Punjab 3708:, the 3658:Nitnem 3540:Sutlej 3520:Lahore 3433:Sultan 3414:rupees 3380:Sutlej 3342:Afghan 3314:Multan 3296:, the 3266:Diwali 3198:Lahore 3194:Punjab 3178:Mughal 3174:turban 3131:Lahore 3075:armory 3039:nautch 3016:Chenab 2997:Turkic 2881:Khalsa 2877:Punjab 2825:Punjab 2809:langar 2788:Langer 2685:Lahore 2681:Multan 2673:Khalsa 2653:Nitnem 2584:and 4 2574:horses 2536:Udasis 2532:Lahore 2524:Mughal 2522:, the 2512:Nihang 2497:gouged 2420:Chamba 2399:Lahore 2391:Punjab 2309:, and 2303:Banoor 2299:Kapori 2278:Samana 2259:Mughal 2250:Mughal 2246:Punjab 2091:Arabic 2002:Kahlur 1767:Pundit 1501:Lahore 1458:Mughal 1374:Langar 1325:Saloks 1285:city. 1263:Mughal 1244:Punjab 1206:Langar 1204:where 1195:Udasis 1164:Batala 1141:Lahore 1037:Punjab 1025:Punjab 990:Muslim 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