319:(or compressive sensing). The objective of compressed sensing is to recover high dimensional but with low complexity entities from only a few measurements. Thus, one of the most important applications of compressed sensing is in the recovery of high dimensional signals which are known to be sparse (or nearly sparse) with only a few linear measurements. The number of measurements needed in the recovery of signals is by far smaller than what Nyquist sampling theorem requires provided that the signal is sparse, meaning that it only contains a few non-zero elements. There are different methods of signal recovery in compressed sensing including
139:. SDT assumes that the decision maker is not a passive receiver of information, but an active decision-maker who makes difficult perceptual judgments under conditions of uncertainty. In foggy circumstances, we are forced to decide how far away from us an object is, based solely upon visual stimulus which is impaired by the fog. Since the brightness of the object, such as a traffic light, is used by the brain to discriminate the distance of an object, and the fog reduces the brightness of objects, we perceive the object to be much farther away than it actually is (see also
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64:
goal at which it is aimed. When the detecting system is a human being, characteristics such as experience, expectations, physiological state (e.g. fatigue) and other factors can affect the threshold applied. For instance, a sentry in wartime might be likely to detect fainter stimuli than the same sentry in peacetime due to a lower criterion, however they might also be more likely to treat innocuous stimuli as a threat.
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independent of sensitivity. Bias can be desirable if false alarms and misses lead to different costs. For example, if the stimulus is a bomber, then a miss (failing to detect the bomber) may be more costly than a false alarm (reporting a bomber when there is not one), making a liberal response bias desirable. In contrast, giving false alarms too often (
1130:
273:
Conceptually, sensitivity refers to how hard or easy it is to detect that a target stimulus is present from background events. For example, in a recognition memory paradigm, having longer to study to-be-remembered words makes it easier to recognize previously seen or heard words. In contrast, having
204:
Signal detection theory can also be applied to memory experiments, where items are presented on a study list for later testing. A test list is created by combining these 'old' items with novel, 'new' items that did not appear on the study list. On each test trial the subject will respond 'yes, this
3483:
63:
According to the theory, there are a number of determiners of how a detecting system will detect a signal, and where its threshold levels will be. The theory can explain how changing the threshold will affect the ability to discern, often exposing how adapted the system is to the task, purpose or
2888:
298:
Bias is the extent to which one response is more probable than another, averaging across stimulus-present and stimulus-absent cases. That is, a receiver may be more likely overall to respond that a stimulus is present or more likely overall to respond that a stimulus is not present. Bias is
349:. In all of the recovery methods mentioned above, choosing an appropriate measurement matrix using probabilistic constructions or deterministic constructions, is of great importance. In other words, measurement matrices must satisfy certain specific conditions such as
205:
was on the study list' or 'no, this was not on the study list'. Items presented on the study list are called
Targets, and new items are called Distractors. Saying 'Yes' to a target constitutes a Hit, while saying 'Yes' to a distractor constitutes a False Alarm.
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877:
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To apply signal detection theory to a data set where stimuli were either present or absent, and the observer categorized each trial as having the stimulus present or absent, the trials are sorted into one of four categories:
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Signal detection theory (SDT) is used when psychologists want to measure the way we make decisions under conditions of uncertainty, such as how we would perceive distances in foggy conditions or during
143:). According to SDT, during eyewitness identifications, witnesses base their decision as to whether a suspect is the culprit or not based on their perceived level of familiarity with the suspect.
1282:
1386:
1476:
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1920:
3134:
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Clark, Steven E.; Benjamin, Aaron S.; Wixted, John T.; Mickes, Laura; Gronlund, Scott D. (2015). "Eyewitness
Identification and the Accuracy of the Criminal Justice System".
1125:{\displaystyle {\frac {p(y|H2)\cdot \pi _{2}}{p(y|H1)\cdot \pi _{1}+p(y|H2)\cdot \pi _{2}}}\geq {\frac {p(y|H1)\cdot \pi _{1}}{p(y|H1)\cdot \pi _{1}+p(y|H2)\cdot \pi _{2}}}}
558:
513:
1719:
1679:
1550:: One responds with behavior appropriate to H1 and H1 is true: fighters destroy bomber, incurring fuel, maintenance, and weapons costs, take risk of some being shot down;
1315:
83:. Green and Swets criticized the traditional methods of psychophysics for their inability to discriminate between the real sensitivity of subjects and their (potential)
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3478:{\displaystyle \Rightarrow L(y)\equiv {\frac {p(y|H2)}{p(y|H1)}}\geq {\frac {\pi _{1}\cdot (U_{11}-U_{21})}{\pi _{2}\cdot (U_{22}-U_{12})}}\equiv \tau _{B}}
5922:
1579:: One responds with behavior appropriate to H1 and H2 is true: fighters sent out, incurring fuel and maintenance costs, bomber location remains unknown;
274:
to remember 30 words rather than 5 makes the discrimination harder. One of the most commonly used statistics for computing sensitivity is the so-called
3505:
Das and
Geisler extended the results of signal detection theory for normally distributed stimuli, and derived methods of computing the error rate and
2883:{\displaystyle \Rightarrow U'=\int _{R_{1}}\left\{\pi _{1}\cdot (U_{11}-U_{21})\cdot p(y|H1)-\pi _{2}\cdot (U_{22}-U_{12})\cdot p(y|H2)\right\}\,dy}
2227:
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1505:), it is much more important to shoot down the bomber if H1 = TRUE, than it is to avoid sending a fighter squadron to inspect a
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and non-ideal observers for detecting and categorizing univariate and multivariate normal signals from two or more categories.
194:
Based on the proportions of these types of trials, numerical estimates of sensitivity can be obtained with statistics like the
3821:"A theoretical analysis of eyewitness identification: Dual -process theory, signal detection theory and eyewitness confidence"
3633:
49:, consisting of background stimuli and random activity of the detection machine and of the nervous system of the operator).
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5759:
5390:
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4017:
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75:, Birdsall and Fox and the foundation for the psychological theory was made by Wilson P. Tanner, David M. Green, and
4105:
1637:: One responds with behavior appropriate to H2 and H2 is true: fighters stay home, bomber location remains unknown;
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5991:
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5021:
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Needell, D.; Tropp, J.A. (2009). "CoSaMP: Iterative signal recovery from incomplete and inaccurate samples".
3593:
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201:
and A', and response bias can be estimated with statistics like c and β. β is the measure of response bias.
6087:
5846:
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352:
3120:{\displaystyle \pi _{1}\cdot (U_{11}-U_{21})\cdot p(y|H1)-\pi _{2}\cdot (U_{22}-U_{12})\cdot p(y|H2)>0}
2067:{\displaystyle E\{U\}=P_{11}\cdot U_{11}+(1-P_{11})\cdot U_{21}+P_{12}\cdot U_{12}+(1-P_{12})\cdot U_{22}}
1433:
6067:
5874:
4807:
3280:{\displaystyle \pi _{2}\cdot (U_{22}-U_{12})\cdot p(y|H2)\geq \pi _{1}\cdot (U_{11}-U_{21})\cdot p(y|H1)}
303:) may make people less likely to respond, a problem that can be reduced by a conservative response bias.
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1909:{\displaystyle E\{U\}=P_{11}\cdot U_{11}+P_{21}\cdot U_{21}+P_{12}\cdot U_{12}+P_{22}\cdot U_{22}}
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is a means to measure the ability to differentiate between information-bearing patterns (called
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researchers. By 1954, the theory was fully developed on the theoretical side as described by
38:
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Peterson, W.; Birdsall, T.; Fox, W. (September 1954). "The theory of signal detectability".
2213:{\displaystyle E\{U\}=U_{21}+U_{22}+P_{11}\cdot (U_{11}-U_{21})-P_{12}\cdot (U_{22}-U_{12})}
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42:
3702:
Tanner, Wilson P.; Swets, John A. (1954). "A decision-making theory of visual detection".
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79:, also in 1954. Detection theory was used in 1966 by John A. Swets and David M. Green for
8:
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3994:
A Fast
Noniterative Algorithm for Compressive Sensing Using Binary Measurement Matrices
3975:
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1227:{\displaystyle \Rightarrow {\frac {p(y|H2)}{p(y|H1)}}\geq {\frac {\pi _{1}}{\pi _{2}}}}
360:
314:
99:
72:
5859:
1501:. For example, if an alarm goes off, indicating H1 (an incoming bomber is carrying a
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When taking this approach, usually what one knows are the conditional probabilities,
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1509:(i.e., H1 = FALSE, H2 = TRUE) (assuming a large supply of fighter squadrons). The
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Jafarpour, Sina; Xu, Weiyu; Hassibi, Babak; Calderbank, Robert (September 2009).
3533:
140:
95:
1778:, etc., for each of the cases (which are dependent on one's decision strategy).
419:
are equal, one might choose to default to a single choice (either always choose
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1608:: One responds with behavior appropriate to H2 and H1 is true: city destroyed;
1502:
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can guide this choice, e.g. by always choosing the hypothesis with the higher
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Taking this approach minimizes the expected number of errors one will make.
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Another field which is closely related to signal detection theory is called
45:
in machines) and random patterns that distract from the information (called
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2332:{\displaystyle U'=P_{11}\cdot (U_{11}-U_{21})-P_{12}\cdot (U_{22}-U_{12})}
6007:
5779:
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3908:"Efficient and Robust Compressed Sensing Using Optimized Expander Graphs"
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In some cases, it is far more important to respond appropriately to
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The Bayes criterion approach is to maximize the expected utility:
1517:
257:
Signal
Detection Theory has wide application, both in humans and
60:
is the separation of such patterns from a disguising background.
3677:
Transactions of the IRE Professional Group on
Information Theory
5133:
4242:
4157:
Fundamentals of
Statistical Signal Processing: Detection Theory
265:, stimulus characteristics of schedules of reinforcement, etc.
262:
4900:
2518:{\displaystyle P_{12}=\pi _{2}\cdot \int _{R_{1}}p(y|H2)\,dy}
2427:{\displaystyle P_{11}=\pi _{1}\cdot \int _{R_{1}}p(y|H1)\,dy}
1478:. This is called MAP testing, where MAP stands for "maximum
755:{\displaystyle p(H2|y)={\frac {p(y|H2)\cdot \pi _{2}}{p(y)}}}
654:{\displaystyle p(H1|y)={\frac {p(y|H1)\cdot \pi _{1}}{p(y)}}}
68:
3905:
5478:
859:{\displaystyle p(y|H1)\cdot \pi _{1}+p(y|H2)\cdot \pi _{2}}
4429:
3651:"A Statistical Theory of Target Detection by Pulsed Radar"
1641:
As is shown below, what is important are the differences,
122:, where it is important to separate important events from
4032:"A method to integrate and classify normal distributions"
3773:
90:
Detection theory has applications in many fields such as
3621:
Signal
Recovery from Noise in Electronic Instrumentation
3847:
Behavior
Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers
3836:
3834:
67:
Much of the early work in detection theory was done by
3776:
Policy
Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
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4179:
Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory, Part 1
4010:
Detection and Estimation Theory and Its Applications
3831:
3738:
Signal detection and recognition by human observers
3674:
3841:Stanislaw, Harold; Todorov, Natasha (March 1999).
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1513:criterion is an approach suitable for such cases.
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653:
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3843:"Calculation of signal detection theory measures"
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410:in the reverse case. In the event that the two
3743:
5930:
5916:
4916:
4258:
3500:
378:In the case of making a decision between two
4793:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
4004:
4002:
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3129:This is accomplished by deciding H2 in case
2091:
2085:
1933:
1927:
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1793:
1520:is associated with each of four situations:
1277:{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi _{1}}{\pi _{2}}}}
365:in order to achieve robust sparse recovery.
3950:Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis
3701:
5923:
5909:
4923:
4909:
4265:
4251:
4148:Coren, S., Ward, L.M., Enns, J. T. (1994)
4029:
4008:Schonhoff, T.A. and Giordano, A.A. (2006)
1381:{\displaystyle {\frac {p(y|H2)}{p(y|H1)}}}
27:Means to measure signal processing ability
4135:Learn how and when to remove this message
4065:
4047:
3999:
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3795:
3754:Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics
3611:
2873:
2508:
2417:
1724:Similarly, there are four probabilities,
4219:A Description of Signal Detection Theory
4098:This article includes a list of general
390:, present, in the event of a particular
4200:. New York: Oxford University Press. (
4030:Das, Abhranil; Geisler, Wilson (2021).
3915:IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
3624:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 11
2222:Effectively, one may maximize the sum,
1497:than it is to respond appropriately to
14:
6153:
3648:
2342:and make the following substitutions:
5904:
4904:
4246:
2676:is the region of observation events,
306:
286:measures, such as the area under the
4883:
4152:. (4th Ed.) Toronto: Harcourt Brace.
4084:
3819:Haw, Ryann Michelle (January 2005).
1471:{\displaystyle L(y)\geq \tau _{MAP}}
398:, a classical approach is to choose
4174:. London: George Allen & Unwin.
4172:A Primer of Signal Detection Theory
4023:
3818:
427:), or might randomly select either
24:
4233:The Wolfram Demonstrations Project
4198:Elementary Signal Detection Theory
4104:it lacks sufficient corresponding
2680:, that are responded to as though
1488:
768:is the total probability of event
374:P(H1|y) > P(H2|y) / MAP testing
357:(Restricted Isometry Property) or
25:
6192:
4773:Development of the nervous system
4212:
4012:. New Jersey: Pearson Education (
3579:Receiver operating characteristic
106:. The concept is similar to the
5961:Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem
5132:
4882:
4871:
4870:
4428:
4272:
4089:
6047:Discrete-time Fourier transform
4224:An application of SDT to safety
3986:
3941:
3899:
3875:
3825:ProQuest Etd Collection for Fiu
3752:Green, D.M., Swets J.A. (1966)
269:Sensitivity or discriminability
252:
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3812:
3767:
3730:
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3584:Statistical hypothesis testing
3456:
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553:{\displaystyle p(H2)=\pi _{2}}
534:
525:
508:{\displaystyle p(H1)=\pi _{1}}
489:
480:
368:
13:
1:
5992:Statistical signal processing
5228:Industrial and organizational
4614:Social cognitive neuroscience
3605:
3594:Two-alternative forced choice
3589:Statistical signal processing
1714:{\displaystyle U_{22}-U_{12}}
1674:{\displaystyle U_{11}-U_{21}}
129:
5469:Human factors and ergonomics
4589:Molecular cellular cognition
7:
4808:Neurodevelopmental disorder
4783:Neural network (biological)
4778:Neural network (artificial)
4196:Wickens, Thomas D., (2002)
3516:
2936:are maximized by extending
1310:{\displaystyle \tau _{MAP}}
330:expander recovery algorithm
10:
6197:
6041:Discrete Fourier transform
6018:Matched Z-transform method
4335:Computational neuroscience
3992:Lotfi, M.; Vidyasagar, M."
3972:10.1016/j.acha.2008.07.002
3554:Just-noticeable difference
3501:Normal distribution models
6086:
6035:Discrete cosine transform
6000:
5969:
5938:
5932:Digital signal processing
5855:
5792:
5499:
5409:
5321:
5158:Applied behavior analysis
5141:
5130:
4966:
4938:
4866:
4803:Neurodegenerative disease
4760:
4647:Evolutionary neuroscience
4622:
4562:
4437:
4426:
4298:
4280:
3883:"Signal Detection Theory"
3736:Swets, J.A. (ed.) (1964)
3618:T. H. Wilmshurst (1990).
3599:Type I and type II errors
3529:Constant false alarm rate
137:eyewitness identification
110:used in the sciences and
6171:Telecommunication theory
6068:Post's inversion formula
5982:Digital image processing
4768:Brain–computer interface
4717:Neuromorphic engineering
4642:Educational neuroscience
4549:Nutritional neuroscience
4454:Clinical neurophysiology
4350:Integrative neuroscience
4238:Lecture by Steven Pinker
4150:Sensation and Perception
3927:10.1109/tit.2009.2025528
3788:10.1177/2372732215602267
3689:10.1109/TIT.1954.1057460
3487:and H1 otherwise, where
2574:{\displaystyle \pi _{2}}
2547:{\displaystyle \pi _{1}}
1426:Using this terminology,
6181:Mathematical psychology
5977:Audio signal processing
5434:Behavioral neuroscience
4998:Behavioral neuroscience
4579:Behavioral neuroscience
4229:Signal Detection Theory
4119:more precise citations.
3655:The Research Memorandum
346:non-iterative algorithm
293:
118:. It is also usable in
116:artificial intelligence
35:signal detection theory
18:Signal Detection Theory
5484:Psychology of religion
5424:Behavioral engineering
5361:Human subject research
5017:Cognitive neuroscience
4983:Affective neuroscience
4574:Affective neuroscience
4355:Molecular neuroscience
4310:Behavioral epigenetics
3649:Marcum, J. I. (1947).
3479:
3281:
3121:
2963:over the region where
2957:
2930:
2910:
2884:
2670:
2643:
2611:
2575:
2548:
2519:
2428:
2333:
2214:
2068:
1910:
1772:
1771:{\displaystyle P_{12}}
1745:
1744:{\displaystyle P_{11}}
1715:
1675:
1631:
1630:{\displaystyle U_{22}}
1602:
1601:{\displaystyle U_{21}}
1573:
1572:{\displaystyle U_{12}}
1544:
1543:{\displaystyle U_{11}}
1472:
1411:
1382:
1311:
1278:
1228:
1126:
860:
756:
655:
554:
509:
5860:Wiktionary definition
5396:Self-report inventory
5391:Quantitative research
4637:Cultural neuroscience
4632:Consumer neuroscience
4474:Neurogastroenterology
4330:Cellular neuroscience
3574:Psychometric function
3559:Likelihood-ratio test
3524:Binary classification
3480:
3282:
3122:
2958:
2956:{\displaystyle R_{1}}
2931:
2911:
2885:
2671:
2669:{\displaystyle R_{1}}
2644:
2642:{\displaystyle P(H2)}
2612:
2610:{\displaystyle P(H1)}
2576:
2549:
2520:
2429:
2334:
2215:
2069:
1911:
1773:
1746:
1716:
1676:
1632:
1603:
1574:
1545:
1473:
1412:
1383:
1312:
1279:
1229:
1127:
861:
757:
656:
555:
510:
108:signal-to-noise ratio
41:in living organisms,
6101:Anti-aliasing filter
6030:Constant-Q transform
6013:Advanced z-transform
5386:Qualitative research
5341:Behavior epigenetics
4609:Sensory neuroscience
4449:Behavioral neurology
4420:Systems neuroscience
4170:McNichol, D. (1972)
3756:. New York: Wiley. (
3704:Psychological Review
3569:Neyman–Pearson lemma
3292:
3135:
2969:
2940:
2920:
2895:
2690:
2653:
2621:
2589:
2558:
2531:
2439:
2348:
2228:
2079:
1921:
1787:
1755:
1728:
1685:
1645:
1614:
1585:
1556:
1527:
1434:
1410:{\displaystyle L(y)}
1392:
1321:
1288:
1247:
1137:
878:
778:
667:
566:
519:
474:
404:p(H1|y) > p(H2|y)
5865:Wiktionary category
5429:Behavioral genetics
5401:Statistical surveys
5258:Occupational health
4993:Behavioral genetics
4752:Social neuroscience
4652:Global neurosurgery
4529:Neurorehabilitation
4499:Neuro-ophthalmology
4484:Neurointensive care
4315:Behavioral genetics
4058:10.1167/jov.21.10.1
361:Null-Space property
6058:Integral transform
6053:Impulse invariance
6025:Bilinear transform
5837:Schools of thought
5740:Richard E. Nisbett
5620:Donald T. Campbell
5298:Sport and exercise
4828:Neuroimmune system
4722:Neurophenomenology
4662:Neural engineering
4385:Neuroendocrinology
4365:Neural engineering
4231:by Garrett Neske,
3860:10.3758/BF03207704
3491:is the so-defined
3475:
3277:
3117:
2953:
2926:
2909:{\displaystyle U'}
2906:
2880:
2666:
2639:
2607:
2571:
2544:
2515:
2424:
2329:
2210:
2064:
1906:
1768:
1741:
1711:
1671:
1627:
1598:
1569:
1540:
1468:
1430:is chosen in case
1407:
1378:
1307:
1274:
1224:
1122:
872:is chosen in case
856:
752:
651:
550:
505:
315:compressed sensing
307:Compressed sensing
282:. There are also
261:. Topics include
239:Correct Rejection
196:sensitivity index
181:Correct Rejection
160:Respond "Present"
112:confusion matrices
100:telecommunications
6166:Signal processing
6148:
6147:
6073:Starred transform
6063:Laplace transform
5987:Speech processing
5956:Estimation theory
5898:
5897:
5875:Wikimedia Commons
5802:Counseling topics
5765:Ronald C. Kessler
5755:Shelley E. Taylor
5680:Lawrence Kohlberg
5655:Stanley Schachter
5454:Consumer behavior
5336:Archival research
5104:Psycholinguistics
4988:Affective science
4898:
4897:
4747:Paleoneurobiology
4682:Neuroepistemology
4657:Neuroanthropology
4623:Interdisciplinary
4509:Neuropharmacology
4469:Neuroepidemiology
4145:
4144:
4137:
4036:Journal of Vision
3740:. New York: Wiley
3635:978-0-7503-0058-2
3549:Estimation theory
3460:
3365:
2929:{\displaystyle U}
1376:
1272:
1243:Often, the ratio
1222:
1195:
1120:
998:
750:
649:
560:. In this case,
441:probabilities of
423:or always choose
276:sensitivity index
248:
247:
190:
189:
165:Stimulus Present
157:Respond "Absent"
16:(Redirected from
6188:
6161:Detection theory
5946:Detection theory
5925:
5918:
5911:
5902:
5901:
5832:Research methods
5775:Richard Davidson
5770:Joseph E. LeDoux
5645:George A. Miller
5635:David McClelland
5630:Herbert A. Simon
5530:Edward Thorndike
5351:Content analysis
5136:
5109:Psychophysiology
4925:
4918:
4911:
4902:
4901:
4886:
4885:
4874:
4873:
4788:Detection theory
4672:Neurocriminology
4599:Neurolinguistics
4514:Neuroprosthetics
4432:
4395:Neuroinformatics
4345:Imaging genetics
4267:
4260:
4253:
4244:
4243:
4140:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4120:
4115:this article by
4106:inline citations
4093:
4092:
4085:
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4027:
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3997:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3965:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3921:(9): 4299–4308.
3912:
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3716:10.1037/h0058700
3699:
3693:
3692:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3615:
3544:Detector (radio)
3507:confusion matrix
3494:likelihood ratio
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3473:
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2250:
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2193:
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2012:
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1983:
1982:
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1947:
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1697:
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1680:
1678:
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1669:
1657:
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1636:
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1628:
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1607:
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1604:
1599:
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1578:
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1568:
1567:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1420:likelihood ratio
1416:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1365:
1350:
1340:
1325:
1316:
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1308:
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1305:
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1261:
1260:
1251:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1184:
1169:
1159:
1144:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1096:
1079:
1078:
1057:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1019:
1004:
999:
997:
996:
995:
974:
957:
956:
935:
920:
919:
918:
897:
882:
865:
863:
862:
857:
855:
854:
833:
816:
815:
794:
761:
759:
758:
753:
751:
749:
735:
734:
733:
712:
697:
686:
660:
658:
657:
652:
650:
648:
634:
633:
632:
611:
596:
585:
559:
557:
556:
551:
549:
548:
514:
512:
511:
506:
504:
503:
210:
209:
178:Stimulus Absent
152:
151:
124:background noise
120:alarm management
52:In the field of
31:Detection theory
21:
6196:
6195:
6191:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6144:
6082:
5996:
5965:
5951:Discrete signal
5934:
5929:
5899:
5894:
5851:
5827:Psychotherapies
5788:
5745:Martin Seligman
5710:Daniel Kahneman
5650:Richard Lazarus
5600:Raymond Cattell
5504:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5405:
5317:
5144:
5137:
5128:
5089:Neuropsychology
4969:
4962:
4934:
4929:
4899:
4894:
4862:
4848:Neurotechnology
4843:Neuroplasticity
4838:Neuromodulation
4833:Neuromanagement
4756:
4727:Neurophilosophy
4624:
4618:
4604:Neuropsychology
4565:
4558:
4519:Neuropsychiatry
4479:Neuroimmunology
4464:Neurocardiology
4440:
4433:
4424:
4415:Neurophysiology
4405:Neuromorphology
4360:Neural decoding
4301:
4294:
4276:
4271:
4215:
4141:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4111:Please help to
4110:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4028:
4024:
4007:
4000:
3991:
3987:
3946:
3942:
3910:
3904:
3900:
3891:
3889:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3839:
3832:
3817:
3813:
3772:
3768:
3751:
3744:
3735:
3731:
3700:
3696:
3673:
3669:
3660:
3658:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3534:Decision theory
3519:
3511:ideal observers
3503:
3469:
3465:
3450:
3446:
3437:
3433:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3406:
3402:
3393:
3389:
3377:
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3313:
3293:
3290:
3289:
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3213:
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3192:
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3142:
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3132:
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2800:
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2707:
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2687:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:probabilities,
2565:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
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2494:
2477:
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2110:
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2020:
2016:
2007:
2003:
1994:
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1563:
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1491:
1489:Bayes criterion
1456:
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141:decision theory
132:
96:quality control
85:response biases
58:signal recovery
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6194:
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5850:
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5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5798:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5785:Roy Baumeister
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5720:Michael Posner
5717:
5712:
5707:
5705:Elliot Aronson
5702:
5700:Walter Mischel
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5665:Albert Bandura
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5640:Leon Festinger
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5610:Neal E. Miller
5607:
5605:Abraham Maslow
5602:
5597:
5592:
5590:Ernest Hilgard
5587:
5585:Donald O. Hebb
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5565:J. P. Guilford
5562:
5560:Gordon Allport
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5540:John B. Watson
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5505:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5331:Animal testing
5327:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5149:
5147:
5139:
5138:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5034:Cross-cultural
5031:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5014:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4964:
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4961:
4960:
4955:
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4939:
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4928:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4905:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4880:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4858:Self-awareness
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4813:Neurodiversity
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4712:Neuromarketing
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4687:Neuroesthetics
4684:
4679:
4677:Neuroeconomics
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4628:
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4551:
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4536:
4531:
4526:
4524:Neuroradiology
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4504:Neuropathology
4501:
4496:
4494:Neuro-oncology
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4435:
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4427:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4380:Neurochemistry
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4306:
4304:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4270:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4226:
4221:
4214:
4213:External links
4211:
4210:
4209:
4194:
4177:Van Trees HL.
4175:
4168:
4153:
4143:
4142:
4097:
4095:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4022:
3998:
3985:
3956:(3): 301–321.
3940:
3898:
3874:
3853:(1): 137–149.
3830:
3811:
3766:
3742:
3729:
3710:(6): 401–409.
3694:
3683:(4): 171–212.
3667:
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2061:
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2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1981:
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1970:
1967:
1964:
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1955:
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1624:
1620:
1609:
1595:
1591:
1580:
1566:
1562:
1551:
1537:
1533:
1503:nuclear weapon
1490:
1487:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1455:
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1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1406:
1403:
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584:
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547:
543:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
502:
498:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
470:probabilities
386:, absent, and
375:
372:
370:
367:
308:
305:
295:
292:
284:non-parametric
270:
267:
254:
251:
250:
249:
246:
245:
240:
237:
233:
232:
229:
224:
220:
219:
218:Respond "Yes"
216:
213:
192:
191:
188:
187:
182:
179:
175:
174:
171:
166:
162:
161:
158:
155:
131:
128:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6193:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6176:Psychophysics
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6135:Undersampling
6133:
6131:
6130:Sampling rate
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6089:
6085:
6079:
6078:Zak transform
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5926:
5921:
5919:
5914:
5912:
5907:
5906:
5903:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5854:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5822:Psychologists
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5812:Organizations
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5791:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5760:John Anderson
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5690:Ulric Neisser
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5675:Endel Tulving
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5660:Robert Zajonc
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5615:Jerome Bruner
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5580:B. F. Skinner
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5545:Clark L. Hull
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5525:Sigmund Freud
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5515:William James
5513:
5511:
5510:Wilhelm Wundt
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:Psychologists
5498:
5490:
5489:Psychometrics
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5449:Consciousness
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5381:Psychophysics
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5323:Methodologies
5320:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5283:Psychotherapy
5281:
5279:
5278:Psychometrics
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5140:
5135:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5044:Developmental
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4933:
4926:
4921:
4919:
4914:
4912:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4891:
4890:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4742:Neurotheology
4740:
4738:
4737:Neurorobotics
4735:
4733:
4732:Neuropolitics
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4697:Neuroethology
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
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4658:
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4650:
4648:
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4630:
4629:
4627:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4594:Motor control
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4584:Chronobiology
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4544:Neurovirology
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
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4507:
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4457:
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4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4390:Neurogenetics
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
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4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4325:Brain-reading
4323:
4321:
4320:Brain mapping
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
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4279:
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4256:
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4234:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4207:
4206:0-19-509250-3
4203:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4187:0-471-09517-6
4184:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4165:0-13-504135-X
4162:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4139:
4136:
4128:
4118:
4114:
4108:
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4101:
4096:
4087:
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4073:
4068:
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4059:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4018:0-13-089499-0
4015:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3995:
3989:
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3822:
3815:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3762:0-471-32420-5
3759:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3739:
3733:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3698:
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3682:
3678:
3671:
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3645:
3637:
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3614:
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3570:
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3547:
3545:
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3535:
3532:
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3522:
3521:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3358:
3355:
3347:
3341:
3333:
3330:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3287:
3271:
3268:
3260:
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3251:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3130:
3127:
3114:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2964:
2948:
2944:
2923:
2902:
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2877:
2874:
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2862:
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2851:
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2821:
2817:
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2801:
2797:
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2774:
2771:
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2759:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2717:
2713:
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2704:
2700:
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2601:
2598:
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2566:
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2539:
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2512:
2509:
2502:
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2400:
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2247:
2243:
2239:
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2232:
2223:
2220:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2074:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1916:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
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1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1796:
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1779:
1763:
1759:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1706:
1702:
1698:
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1689:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1401:
1395:
1369:
1366:
1358:
1352:
1344:
1341:
1333:
1327:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1188:
1185:
1177:
1171:
1163:
1160:
1152:
1146:
1132:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1050:
1044:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1012:
1006:
1000:
992:
988:
984:
978:
975:
967:
961:
958:
953:
949:
945:
939:
936:
928:
922:
915:
911:
907:
901:
898:
890:
884:
873:
871:
867:
851:
847:
843:
837:
834:
826:
820:
817:
812:
808:
804:
798:
795:
787:
781:
773:
771:
767:
762:
743:
737:
730:
726:
722:
716:
713:
705:
699:
693:
687:
679:
676:
670:
662:
642:
636:
629:
625:
621:
615:
612:
604:
598:
592:
586:
578:
575:
569:
561:
545:
541:
537:
531:
528:
522:
500:
496:
492:
486:
483:
477:
469:
468:
463:
459:
454:
453:probability.
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:probabilities
415:
414:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
366:
364:
363:
362:
356:
355:
354:
348:
347:
343:
342:
337:
336:
332:
331:
326:
325:
324:
323:basis pursuit
318:
317:
316:
304:
302:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
266:
264:
260:
244:
241:
238:
235:
234:
230:
228:
225:
222:
221:
217:
215:Respond "No"
214:
212:
211:
208:
207:
206:
202:
200:
199:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
172:
170:
167:
164:
163:
159:
156:
154:
153:
150:
149:
148:
144:
142:
138:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:of any kind,
93:
88:
86:
82:
81:psychophysics
78:
77:John A. Swets
74:
70:
65:
61:
59:
55:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
6125:Quantization
6120:Oversampling
6111:Nyquist rate
6106:Downsampling
5945:
5735:Larry Squire
5730:Bruce McEwen
5725:Amos Tversky
5695:Jerome Kagan
5685:Noam Chomsky
5625:Hans Eysenck
5595:Harry Harlow
5575:Erik Erikson
5474:Intelligence
5371:Neuroimaging
5114:Quantitative
5079:Mathematical
5074:Intelligence
5064:Experimental
5059:Evolutionary
5049:Differential
4958:Psychologist
4887:
4875:
4823:Neuroimaging
4818:Neurogenesis
4787:
4702:Neurohistory
4667:Neurobiotics
4566:neuroscience
4534:Neurosurgery
4459:Epileptology
4441:neuroscience
4410:Neurophysics
4400:Neurometrics
4375:Neurobiology
4370:Neuroanatomy
4340:Connectomics
4274:Neuroscience
4197:
4178:
4171:
4156:
4149:
4131:
4122:
4103:
4039:
4035:
4025:
4009:
3988:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3918:
3914:
3901:
3890:. Retrieved
3886:
3877:
3850:
3846:
3824:
3814:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3753:
3737:
3732:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3659:. Retrieved
3654:
3644:
3625:
3620:
3613:
3539:Demodulation
3504:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3288:
3131:
3128:
2965:
2891:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2582:
2526:
2435:
2344:
2341:
2224:
2221:
2075:
1917:
1783:
1780:
1723:
1640:
1515:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1484:
1480:a posteriori
1479:
1427:
1425:
1418:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1133:
874:
869:
868:
774:
769:
765:
763:
663:
562:
465:
461:
457:
455:
450:
446:
442:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
413:a posteriori
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
387:
383:
377:
359:
358:
351:
350:
345:
344:
340:
339:
334:
333:
329:
328:
321:
320:
313:
312:
310:
297:
279:
272:
256:
253:Applications
203:
197:
193:
145:
133:
89:
66:
62:
57:
51:
34:
30:
29:
6008:Z-transform
5807:Disciplines
5780:Susan Fiske
5670:Roger Brown
5570:Carl Rogers
5555:Jean Piaget
5520:Ivan Pavlov
5376:Observation
5356:Experiments
5303:Suicidology
5198:Educational
5153:Anomalistic
5124:Theoretical
5099:Personality
5029:Comparative
5012:Cognitivism
5003:Behaviorism
4692:Neuroethics
4539:Neurotology
4117:introducing
3797:11244/49353
3782:: 175–186.
1507:false alarm
1240:otherwise.
392:observation
369:Mathematics
301:crying wolf
243:False Alarm
236:Distractor
185:False Alarm
92:diagnostics
54:electronics
6155:Categories
6140:Upsampling
6001:Techniques
5970:Sub-fields
5870:Wikisource
5715:Paul Ekman
5550:Kurt Lewin
5444:Competence
5366:Interviews
5346:Case study
5223:Humanistic
5203:Ergonomics
5188:Counseling
5163:Assessment
5145:psychology
5094:Perception
5054:Ecological
4970:psychology
4948:Philosophy
4932:Psychology
4853:Neurotoxin
4554:Psychiatry
4125:April 2009
4100:references
4049:2012.14331
3892:2023-07-14
3661:2009-06-28
3606:References
3564:Modulation
1388:is called
1284:is called
464:, and the
380:hypotheses
130:Psychology
104:psychology
6115:frequency
5890:Wikibooks
5880:Wikiquote
5750:Ed Diener
5535:Carl Jung
5439:Cognition
5268:Political
5178:Community
5008:Cognitive
4798:Neurochip
4564:Cognitive
4489:Neurology
4155:Kay, SM.
4042:(10): 1.
3963:0803.2392
3887:elvers.us
3467:τ
3463:≡
3444:−
3428:⋅
3419:π
3400:−
3384:⋅
3375:π
3368:≥
3311:≡
3296:⇒
3252:⋅
3236:−
3220:⋅
3211:π
3207:≥
3181:⋅
3165:−
3149:⋅
3140:π
3086:⋅
3070:−
3054:⋅
3045:π
3041:−
3015:⋅
2999:−
2983:⋅
2974:π
2916:and thus
2843:⋅
2827:−
2811:⋅
2802:π
2798:−
2772:⋅
2756:−
2740:⋅
2731:π
2709:∫
2694:⇒
2684:is true.
2563:π
2536:π
2470:∫
2466:⋅
2457:π
2379:∫
2375:⋅
2366:π
2314:−
2298:⋅
2285:−
2269:−
2253:⋅
2195:−
2179:⋅
2166:−
2150:−
2134:⋅
2052:⋅
2036:−
2014:⋅
1988:⋅
1972:−
1950:⋅
1894:⋅
1868:⋅
1842:⋅
1816:⋅
1699:−
1659:−
1454:τ
1450:≥
1293:τ
1264:π
1254:π
1214:π
1204:π
1198:≥
1141:⇒
1111:π
1107:⋅
1072:π
1068:⋅
1034:π
1030:⋅
1001:≥
989:π
985:⋅
950:π
946:⋅
912:π
908:⋅
848:π
844:⋅
809:π
805:⋅
727:π
723:⋅
626:π
622:⋅
542:π
497:π
338:and also
288:ROC-curve
6096:Aliasing
6088:Sampling
5885:Wikinews
5842:Timeline
5464:Feelings
5459:Emotions
5419:Behavior
5410:Concepts
5288:Religion
5273:Positive
5263:Pastoral
5248:Military
5213:Forensic
5208:Feminist
5193:Critical
5183:Consumer
5173:Coaching
5168:Clinical
5143:Applied
5039:Cultural
4978:Abnormal
4877:Category
4761:Concepts
4707:Neurolaw
4439:Clinical
4076:34468706
3935:15490427
3869:10495845
3806:18529957
3724:13215690
3517:See also
2903:′
2701:′
2583:a priori
2581:are the
2236:′
467:a priori
451:a priori
438:a priori
335:, CoSaMP
114:used in
73:Peterson
39:stimulus
5817:Outline
5313:Traffic
5308:Systems
5243:Medical
5069:Gestalt
4943:History
4889:Commons
4302:science
4290:History
4285:Outline
4191:website
4113:improve
4067:8419883
3980:1642637
3827:: 1–98.
1518:utility
1516:Here a
462:p(y|H2)
458:p(y|H1)
259:animals
223:Target
6049:(DTFT)
5939:Theory
5847:Topics
5293:School
5218:Health
5119:Social
5022:Social
4968:Basic
4953:Portal
4625:fields
4204:
4185:
4163:
4102:, but
4074:
4064:
4016:
3978:
3933:
3867:
3804:
3760:
3722:
3632:
2649:, and
2527:where
1417:, the
764:where
435:. The
263:memory
102:, and
43:signal
6043:(DFT)
6037:(DCT)
5794:Lists
5253:Music
5238:Media
5233:Legal
5084:Moral
4300:Basic
4044:arXiv
3976:S2CID
3958:arXiv
3931:S2CID
3911:(PDF)
3802:S2CID
1511:Bayes
402:when
69:radar
47:noise
5479:Mind
4202:ISBN
4183:ISBN
4161:ISBN
4072:PMID
4014:ISBN
3865:PMID
3758:ISBN
3720:PMID
3657:: 90
3630:ISBN
3509:for
3489:L(y)
3112:>
2617:and
2554:and
1681:and
1482:").
1317:and
1236:and
766:p(y)
515:and
460:and
445:and
406:and
341:fast
294:Bias
231:Hit
227:Miss
173:Hit
169:Miss
4062:PMC
4054:doi
3968:doi
3923:doi
3855:doi
3792:hdl
3784:doi
3712:doi
3685:doi
431:or
353:RIP
278:or
33:or
6157::
6113:/
4189:;
4070:.
4060:.
4052:.
4040:21
4038:.
4034:.
4001:^
3996:".
3974:.
3966:.
3954:26
3952:.
3929:.
3919:55
3917:.
3913:.
3885:.
3863:.
3851:31
3849:.
3845:.
3833:^
3823:.
3800:.
3790:.
3778:.
3745:^
3718:.
3708:61
3706:.
3679:.
3653:.
3628:.
3626:ff
3497:.
3452:12
3439:22
3408:21
3395:11
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