Sigismund III Vasa

1710: 2688: 683: 1089: 2008: 3319: 3366: 983: 3378: 2992: 3429: 49: 2440: 3099: 920: 3018:. She was well received in Poland, despite being a Habsburg. Certain leading magnates were initially opposed to the marriage, however the opinion shifted in her favour due to personal characteristics; she was known to be attentive, sharp-minded, humble, pious and kind, though of poor health. The couple led a happy but introverted life. Anne was particularly hostile towards the Swedes; her attitude was shaped by an unsuccessful visit to Sweden in 1593 where she was said to have been mistreated. She complained of the cold and general misery in Sweden, and fell ill there in October 1593. The continuous stress arising from the unpredictable behaviour of 3338: 3354: 1270: 2790: 2906: 2183: 3410: 1372: 2561: 2293: 563: 400: 2233: 1506: 1892: 1608: 3390: 3989: 1043:) to inquire into the so-called "Austrian cabals". Zamoyski's strong argument against that of the monarch was so persuasive that elderly Karnkowski sided with the Chancellor and his supporters, who abstained from kissing the King's hand upon arrival as the custom required. Alleged letters and private correspondence between Sigismund and Ernest with the royal signature was presented as evidence. The King rebuked these accusations; his aides attributed the falsified signature to the court 2104: 861: 3145:, now housed in Sweden. Like her sister, Constance was well-educated and religious; she attended mass two to four times a day. She was also a good mother, who particularly cared for her stepson, Ladislaus, even in his twenties. On the other hand, Constance approved of her husband's struggle for absolute power; she maintained considerable influence over Sigismund and the senators. To the general public she appeared cold, strait-laced, intolerant and even 1199: 904:, and speculated that Ernest was to be the potential successor if Sigismund abdicated and returned to Sweden. The anti-Austrian sentiment was only explicable as a circuitous attempt to traverse the Habsburg hegemony and influence in Central Europe, which Zamoyski perceived as a major threat. However, the parliament immediately rejected the proposal and ruled in favour of Austria, thus also accepting a marriage between Sigismund and 3975: 3961: 1059:

or how it concluded. Niemcewicz largely attributed the victory to Sigismund – the measures of the Counter-Reformation strengthened and within a year many of the convention's attendees died; acquiescent nobles favourable to the king were appointed as their successors, thus making his position less vulnerable. The rivalry between Sigismund and Zamoyski continued until the latter's death in 1605.

1593:. In return for their surrender the rebels were granted leniency. Many royal supporters, including Hetman Chodkiewicz, had exacted amnesty for the rebels. Despite the failure to overthrow Sigismund, the rebellion firmly established the rights and privileges of nobles in the Polish political system, confirmed the inviolability of the royal elections and religious tolerance. 8592: 3947: 2491:(25 November) he appeared "cheerful, with a ruddy face, and in good spirit hoped to leave bed". Nevertheless, the gouty arthritis progressed and medics applied red-hot iron to the painful swelling with no effect. The king sensed that death was near and ordered an immediate assembly of nobles, which convened on 1 April. The so-called 'extraordinary parliament' ( 542:, the apex in the prestige, power and economic influence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. On the other hand, it was also during his rule that the seeds of decline surfaced. Considerable contributions to the arts and architecture as well as military victories were tarnished by intrigues and religious persecutions. He was commemorated in Warsaw by 2248:, were able to revive him and after a medical examination the wounds were found to be non-life-threatening. Chaos erupted when false rumours spread that the King had been murdered as his clothes were stained in blood. Initially, the townsfolk believed that the city was being attacked; the confusion arose when an Italian priest's cry 1358:. Since Sigismund had not provided a reply, the Estates elected Duke Charles as King apparent, however he would not become Charles IX until his coronation four years later. During the winter and spring of 1600, Charles also occupied the Swedish part of Estonia, as the castle commanders had shown sympathies towards Sigismund. 2217:. When the monarch reached the final steps, Piekarski leaped out and threw himself on the King, stabbing him twice, firstly in the back and then in the cheek, and striking him in the arm. However, he was not able to deliver a fatal blow due to the intervention of royal guardsmen as well as Court Marshal 2451:

Towards the end of his reign, Sigismund withdrew altogether from politics and devoted himself exclusively to family matters and his interests in performing arts. Little is known about the King's wellbeing at the time suggesting that he was in good health. However, in his last days he became bedridden

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of 1573 granted religious freedoms unlike elsewhere in Europe, but the degree to which those freedoms were guaranteed often varied. In 1588, Sigismund decreed that the "Israelites" and Tatars are forbidden by law to hold public office or assume political roles. Daily contact with Christians was to be

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Elizabeth rose "lionlike" and rebuked Działyński, comparing his speech to a declaration of war and manners to that of "a herald than an ambassador." She reminded him that England was instrumental in halting the Turkish advances and added "I can hardly believe that if the King himself were present he

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resided. On 8 September Charles executed a premature attack on Stångebro which was quickly repelled; his force was surrounded in the night and massacred by the Poles. Severed heads on lances and spikes startled Sigismund who ordered an end to the violence. The supposed truce did not come into effect,

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during the King's absence from the realm. The Finnish nobility led by Fleming rejected this resolution and so did Sigismund's emissary who ordered him, in the name of the king, to resign. Fleming sympathised with Sigismund and considered Charles a rebel. In response, Charles instigated a brief revolt

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in 1591, he summoned several conventions that "demanded the guarantees of security". Sigismund yielded to their demands, however, he forbade any future conventions which could destabilize the state. The prohibition did not have a lasting effect, and gatherings of dissidents continued in the following

2125:. The fighting continued for several days until 1 October, when Sigismund ordered the withdrawal of his troops, and called on reinforcements from around the country. The battle, despite a tactical victory for Sweden, was a strategic blow to Gustavus, who was subsequently unable to besiege Gdańsk. At 1103:

dictated the rights and securities of Protestants in Sweden; it promised to uphold the Lutheran faith in the country, forbade non-Lutherans from being appointed to office or participating in the educational system and prevented Sigismund from freely raising taxes for war. However, the resolution was

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In 1597, a civil war erupted and Duke Charles was able to assume control over a large share of the powerful castles in Sweden, and in this manner achieved control over almost all the realm. However, Finland remained loyal to Sigismund and resisted. In September 1597, he sailed for the Finnish coast

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The Sejm had no definite outcome; most of the gathered nobles and diplomats dispersed as further incrimination of the sovereign proved futile and detrimental to the stability of the state. There is little evidence or written works from the period concerning the terms under which the Sejm functioned

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positioned Sigismund's legacy above that of his predecessors. Others were less flattering. The decision to appoint Jesuit priests as ministers on matters which did not necessarily concern religion caused ubiquitous disapproval. Spiteful foes convinced of the damage he inflicted on the nation wrote

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for two hundred years. Although Sigismund in his youth enjoyed reading and learning, observers did not acknowledge his intelligence. He was handsome, rather tall, and of slim build, but timid and an introvert who became heavily influenced by the teachings of the church. Nevertheless, Sigismund was

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on 28 September. Both sides agreed to lay down arms and send the troops back to their home provinces, except for the King's personal guard. Charles' appointments were to be recognized and a parliament was to be called to settle any disputes. The King, who was under pressure, fearing for his life

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At the subsequent Sejm session, assembled in March 1590, Zamoyski persuaded the gathered deputies and representatives to exclude Archduke Maximilian from future candidacy to the throne, describing the possibility of Austrian intrigues and the looming threat of the Turkish Empire. His opponents,

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began to violently attack Swedish vessels in the Baltic. By February 1598 Sigismund assembled an army consisting of approximately 5,000 men. On 23 July 1598 the army left Danzig (Gdańsk) with eighty transports, several warships and exiled members of the Swedish parliament. Eight days later they

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guaranteeing religious freedoms in Poland and Lithuania. As persecution loomed, political dissidents grouped and formed factions which called for adherence to the laws of the Confederation. Zamoyski joined the dissidents, and, when Sigismund failed to prevent mob violence directed against

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and Sigismund began as soon as he arrived in Poland from Sweden to claim the crown. Zamoyski, a patriotic brawler, along with other magnates were critical of the young king's liking for the Habsburg culture, certain habits and impassive cold character. According to historian and writer

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was signed on 9 October 1621 which resulted in no territorial gain or loss, but Sigismund was to relinquish his claims on Moldavia and the Ottoman Empire was prevented from marching into Poland. Sultan Osman himself was not fully satisfied with the war's outcome and blamed the defiant

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As outlined by historian Gary Dean Peterson, Fleming might have quelled the rebellion but it was Charles who took advantage of the brutality of Fleming's men and started a successful propaganda war. The prospects of Polish and Catholic domination over Sweden became uncertain when

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The opposition hoped to thwart the match with Archduchess Anne of Habsburg, whose state entry into Kraków at the end of May was greatly celebrated. Sigismund disregarded any protest in regards to the marriage. Consequently, on 1 June 1592 Zamoyski formed another confederation at

1461:, the ambassador out of Poland at first seemed to be "a gentleman of excellent fashion, wit, discourse, language, and person." He presented his credentials, kissed the Queen's hand, then walked to the centre of the chamber and, as outlined by Cecil, "began his oration aloud in 2129:, in the summer of 1627, Gustavus Adolphus was seriously wounded and the Prussian campaign came to a halt. The wound forced the king to stay in bed until autumn, and his right arm was weakened with some fingers partially paralyzed. As the major trade ports on the coast of the 1655:, who succeeded him and ruled for only a few months, until he and Godunov's widow were murdered under mysterious circumstances in June 1605, possibly on Sigismund's orders. Simultaneously, various impostors and pretenders to the Russian throne appeared claiming to be 1571:. The Sejm was to be granted the authority of appointing state officials instead of the King, local officials were to be elected and the rights of Protestants expanded. The 1607 Parliament rejected these conditions. Meanwhile, the nobles mobilised in the village of 1803:

was signed, which granted Poland new territories, including the city of Smolensk. The agreement marked the greatest geographical expansion of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the loss of Livonia in 1629. However, Russia was able to retain independence and

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as Ursula Gienger, she came to Poland with the cortège of future queen Anne in 1592. The king was said to have been infatuated with Urszula, who was known to be attractive and pious. Upon her arrival, she became involved in the affairs of state and was appointed

885:, Zamoyski was said to have exclaimed "what a mute have you brought to us" upon meeting the king in October 1587. The Chancellor was initially supportive of Sigismund's candidacy due to his maternal lineage. During the first parliament sitting, the so-called 2932:, but unlike Philip who overtly ordered persecution of non-Catholics, Sigismund was more discreet. A determined and stubborn man who sought to strengthen his authority, he was reluctant to participate in pointless conferences. As recalled by his close aide 889:, in March 1589, Zamoyski proposed extensive reforms of the electoral system; notably, he presented the idea that only a member of a local native dynasty should be eligible to the Polish throne in the future, entailing the permanent exclusion of any 2588:

with contempt "this man, whose knowledge exceeded in goldsmithing but not politics, lived far too long". Members of opposing camps were relieved and enthusiastic to see his progressive son, Ladislaus, take the throne. Nonetheless, the nobility and

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would have used such language." Sigismund emerged successful in securing trade with the Spanish Crown and with England, though the relations between the two nations became strained. According to historians Kavita Mudan Finn and Valerie Schutte,

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when Sigismund's men were falsely led into a truce and retreated to their camp. Their attempt to regroup and form a second defensive line proved futile and Charles emerged victorious as the Polish army was also cut off from supplies by superior

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in the royal procession. Tensions grew following his coronation. Sigismund remained a devout Roman Catholic and left the country abruptly, which made the Swedes sceptical of their new ruler. After returning to Poland, he appointed his uncle,

2080:. The landings were a complete surprise to the Commonwealth's defences, and despite a relatively small Swedish force, Gustavus Adolphus quickly captured the coastal towns and cities, almost without a fight. Many of these were inhabited by 1339:, illegitimate son of Duke Charles, defeated the rebellion. A number of Swedes who had sided with Sigismund, including his council supporters, were handed over to Charles as part of the peace settlement. They were later killed in the 2706:

spoke of a cultural revolution that took place at the time and shaped Poland's society for the centuries to come. The simplicity and austerity of older Polish customs faded and were replaced in favour of those from Italy or Germany.

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without his army and having realised that he had lost the political battle, fled with his sister during the coming days to Poland. At the same time as the peace treaty was being signed in Linköping, conflicts were taking place in

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served as motivation for his actions. For the appropriate moment Piekarski waited patiently ten years. At his trial, he did not deny the crime he committed and heavily insulted the monarch, whilst blaming himself for the failed

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Obraz wieku panowania Zygmunta III. Króla Polskiego i Szwedzkiego: zawieraiący opis osób żyiących pod jego panowaniem, znamienitych przez swe czyny pokoiu i woyny, cnoty lub występki dzieła piśmienne, zasługi użyteczne i cele

1709: 2902:; he is widely credited for introducing and popularising the sport in Poland. Members of the royal court disapproved of such activities which were perceived as improper and not worthy of a monarch, particularly the sports. 1798:

in September 1612 after pillaging and burning the city. When news reached Sigismund he hurried with a relief force, but was unable to commence an attack. The war continued with little military action until 1618 when the

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soon joined the royalists, and new forces were mobilised in Finland and Estonia. Charles' troops were greater in numbers, but mostly comprised poorly-trained militias and peasants from the friendly provinces.

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merchants trading with the Spanish, and indicated that Sigismund was prepared to commence hostilities over the matter unless Elizabeth immediately rescinded this policy and returned captured ships and cargo.

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to a baby girl named Catherine who died soon after and was secretly buried upon their return to Poland. Her health rapidly deteriorated with successive pregnancies over the next four years. She died from a

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acted as spokeswoman, speaking on behalf of the mumbling king. Prince Ladislaus arrived on the same day. On 28 April, Sigismund's bed was surrounded by his courtiers and the Jesuit priests, who performed

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was equally strong; it was his initiative that the native Ruthenian peoples inhabiting the eastern lands of the Commonwealth be forcibly converted to Catholicism, which laid the foundation for the modern

1218:, by the end of the month. Charles's troops were not prepared nor strong enough to conquer or hold Finland in its entirety – they sailed back to Stockholm in October and Stålarm retook Åbo the same year. 2508:, a courtier in charge of opening curtains in the royal bedchamber and greeting the monarch, did not hear a response. Unable to see at a distance he approached Sigismund whose face was paralyzed from a 1104:

undermined whenever possible. With military backing, Sigismund installed his own commanders in Swedish castles and made them responsible directly to him. He established the office of regional governor (

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as a sign of mourning. The strict compliance to the practice is said to have stunned foreign dignitaries. There is no doubt that Sigismund was one of Poland's most capable and recognisable sovereigns.

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who resisted the staunchly Catholic Sigismund and Polish domination of their lands; some towns opened their gates to the Protestant Swedish forces whom they portrayed as liberators. However, fortified

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and several elite magnates who considered him a native candidate as a descendant of the Jagiellons, though the election was openly questioned and opposed by the nobles politically associated with the

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Sigismund's death came at a time of great divisions and constant quarrels. His rule of nearly 45 years is perceived by some as controversial – it was distinguished by considerable developments in

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was suspended, the party of Maximilian was amnestied, the Zborowskis were rehabilitated, and Zamoyski's counterparts were removed from the royal court. Tensions grew further over the ownership of

4345: 1865:, warmly approved of the King's policy in this respect, but it proved to be impracticable. The parliament's non-interventionist stance went so far that it refused to grant any subsidies for the 1681:

The death of False Dmitry and widespread chaos proved reason for Poland to prepare an invasion. Prior raids between 1605 and 1609 were conducted by Polish nobles or adventurers along with hired

812:, the Archduke was then released and in turn surrendered his claim to Poland in 1589. He was also successful in maintaining peace with his powerful southern neighbour by marrying Archduchess 2898:

and, to the disbelief of his subjects, danced for the public. Sigismund was also known to be physically active in his youth and enjoyed occasional hunting, ice skating and frequently played

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Scholars frequently noted Sigismund's extreme piety, with some calling him a fanatic even during his lifetime. Adherents, however, subtly described it as absolute devotion to religion and

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Sigismund was officially deposed from the throne of Sweden by a Riksdag held in Stockholm on 24 July 1599. He was given six (or twelve depending on source) months to send his son, Prince

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in 1621 he reprimanded the chief planners for making the temple seem disproportionate. Sigismund was a gifted painter and craftsman; only a few of his works survive, among them parts of

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ordered the construction of a monument dedicated to his father in the heart of the city as a reminder of the 'Sigismundian' legacy. The engineers drew inspiration from the memorials of

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Sigismund's major goals were achieving stability of government, combating Protestantism, and expanding Poland's territory. While the Russians were embroiled in a civil war known as the

636:. In January 1569, Eric XIV was deposed and Sigismund's father ascended the throne of Sweden as John III. He maintained good relations with his father despite John's second marriage to 472:. Elected monarch of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1587, he sought to unify Poland and Sweden under one Catholic kingdom, and when he succeeded his deceased father in 1592 the 2042:

and relinquish Sigismund's claim to the Swedish crown. Sigismund, already in advanced age, continued his long-term ambition to seize Sweden, which gave Gustavus Adolphus a reasonable

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at childbirth along with the baby boy on 10 February 1598 in Warsaw. Following her death, Sigismund was in deep mourning; he expressed sorrow in private letters to his mother-in-law

2065:, son of Lew Sapieha. Polish casualties were estimated at between 500 and 1,000 dead, wounded and captured. According to historians, the Polish-Lithuanian commander later suffered a 3299:, who ruled in the king's stead, and contemptuously described as "the king's mistress", "ravenous gold-digger", "minister in a skirt" or "Jesuit's bigotry". Sigismund's secretary 2540:

on the same day in the afternoon determined that the king's internal organs were healthy. He could have lived another twenty years". His embalmed body was placed in an elaborate

827:, which he had inherited from his father. The Swedes, who previously declared John III a Catholic conspirator and traitor, became lenient when the new monarch pledged to respect 3153:

which she privately owned and administered. Under her patronage, Austro-German culture as well as Spanish fashion flourished at the court. Constance died on 10 July 1631 from a

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and carriages turned ostentatious. We no more venture to our neighbours and camp without the splendour". Jerzy Maternicki outlined that Sigismund was instrumental in developing

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and succeeded in doing so by diplomatic coaxing or coercion. The new papal nuncio, Annibale di Capua, a staunch Habsburg supporter, eventually convinced Sigismund to nominate

11705: 3121:(1588–1631), Anne's younger sister. The match was condemned by nobles and clerics who previously opposed Anne and the Habsburg alliance; the match was savagely described as " 1418:, to the benefit of the Turks. During this time, England purchased a great deal of grain and timber from Poland to supply its navy, necessitating good relations with Poland. 4424:"Bitwa pod Byczyną. Zamoyski upokarza Habsburgów i gwarantuje tron Zygmuntowi III – HISTORIA.org.pl – historia, kultura, muzea, matura, rekonstrukcje i recenzje historyczne" 3377: 1036:. At Andreiow, he allegedly exposed proof concerning a plot that would place Archduke Ernest on the throne if Sigismund was to abdicate. Zamoyski's claim caused an uproar. 1942:, ruler of Moldavia, decided to switch sides in favour of Poland and rebelled against the Turks. In turn, Sigismund sent an army to aid Graziani, a move which sparked the 1100: 1051:(Soldau), tortured, but pleaded not guilty. The opposition extended their demands and asked for the immediate removal of all foreign dignitaries from the court, including 1985:. His wish and plans to modernize the army, which was blamed for the defeat, were however opposed by the traditionalist janissary units. That opposition resulted in the 935:

immediately after the Sejm rose to protest the decrees. All of the decrees of the first Sejm were rescinded by a second Sejm which sat at the end of the same year: the

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across the vast realm, and his crusades against neighbouring states marked Poland's largest territorial expansion. As an enlightened despot, he presided over an era of

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in Polish) at the Queen's court. To emphasize her political role and importance, she adopted the Old German equivalent to the title of chamberlain, "Meyerin", as her

7629: 3365: 2088:(Danzig), which maintained its own standing army and a sizeable fleet, refused to surrender. Simultaneously, Sigismund received little to no support from his vassal 2384:. However, trade practices continued to thrive and Poland remained a safe haven for refugees fleeing oppression in other parts of the continent, chiefly during the 659:. Catherine ensured that her son was educated in the spirit of Catholicism and Polish patriotism; the young prince was made aware of his blood connection to the 1559:

The participants of the rebellion formed a war council and outlined their demands in 67 articles. They demanded the dethronement of Sigismund for breaching the

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coffin decorated with soldiers, battle scenes and musical motifs, a masterpiece of 17th-century tin-making. The coffin was interred inside the royal crypt at

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in 1917. Sigismund's personal ambition of ruling the vast lands in the east as well as converting its populace to Catholicism ended in a fiasco. According to

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An unsuccessful attempt on the life of the King was made on 15 November 1620. It occurred on Sunday morning when the monarch and his entourage was to attend

3353: 1869:. The indecision and political opposition weakened the alliance between the Habsburg states and the Commonwealth. Polish mercenaries did, however, join the 1820:, approximately five million Russians died between 1598 and 1613, the result of continuous conflict, civil war, instigated famine and Sigismund's politics. 495:

in all his dominions and frequently undermined parliament. He suppressed internal opposition, strengthened Catholic influence and granted privileges to the

2331:, once a thriving institution and community, began to fall. Akin actions were undertaken against other minorities in the country. Sigismund's contempt for 1556:. The rebels disapproved of Sigismund's efforts to weaken the diplomatic and political capabilities of the nobility and to introduce an absolute monarchy. 6084: 1331:

against Duke Charles. Chaos ensued, Näf was executed, and the Dalecarlians set out on a campaign in 1598, burning and killing down to Brunnbäck ferry. In

1350:, to Sweden as his successor, under the condition that the boy would be brought up in the Protestant faith. In February 1600, Duke Charles summoned the 3129:, leader of the opposition, in June 1605 allowed for the marriage to take place without incidents. Some threatened to abandon the royal court, notably 1254: 682: 11612: 8879: 11211: 6314: 4423: 2244:

Parishioners gathered around the pale and lifeless King, who collapsed to the ground after the incident. The guards and other attendants, among them

3296: 13435: 4517: 8250: 12076: 4444: 2512:. Hours later he briefly recovered his speech and murmured "there is no cure against the will of death". The paralysis worsened and on 27 April 835:

on 19 February 1594, but his promise to uphold the Protestant faith in Sweden began on shaky ground, as demonstrated by the presence of a papal

9417: 7575: 1728: 1623:, Sigismund saw an opportunity to invade Russia and take power. Sweden also became involved, but never made a firm alliance with any one side. 778: 11840: 11835: 10529: 1783:; he was most likely poisoned as his brother died soon after. The Polish army also committed countless atrocities while stationing in Moscow. 9818: 2924:

Sigismund's personal approach to internal affairs was unpredictable; he was said to have been somewhat temperamental and impetuous at times.

2280:. Piekarski was executed in a similar manner as Ravaillac on 27 November 1620 in Warsaw; he was publicly humiliated, tortured, and his body 2007: 13475: 12521: 11504: 9745: 9474: 971: 782: 677: 11377: 9290: 7987: 1088: 8646: 8332: 7847: 2263:, unrestrained in deeds. Piekarski's most probable cause for the assassination was fame and recognition; the successful assassination of 9105: 7396: 3409: 2680:

directed against the Jesuit priests, which was confiscated and burnt publicly in 1625. Exposed printers and distributors were tied to a

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As a child, Sigismund was tutored in both Polish and Swedish, thus making him bilingual. He was also proficient in German, Italian, and

12195: 12152: 12120: 2943:; he willingly sponsored foreign masters and engineers who came to Poland at his invitation. He actively took part in the designing of 770: 11310: 11434: 10993: 8622:

Dzieje narodu polskiego z tablicą chronologiczną aż do naszych czasów dla użytku młodżiezy z dodatkiem jeografii i mapy dawnéj Polski

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attracted Swedish followers, and Stockholm, lacking military defence, was easily taken with the help of the nobility and officers of

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and justification for war. Though the Polish army achieved major victories in the previous battles against Sweden, particularly at

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and influence on the royal couple made her immensely unpopular among the nobility. Consequently, she was compared to the Spanish

3022:(future King Charles IX and adversary of Sigismund) also contributed to her distaste. According to an account, she gave birth in 2142: 11429: 11351: 11094: 10639: 10583: 9592: 9154: 13430: 11237: 9236: 2089: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2002: 1886: 1602: 504: 31: 11232: 10187: 8728: 7931: 7311: 7283: 4346:"Zygmunt III Waza nie mógł liczyć na ciepłe przyjęcie ze strony polskich elit. Podczas koronacji nazwano go niemotą i diabłem" 597:. The couple was being held prisoner at Gripsholm since 1563 when John staged a failed rebellion against his deranged brother 13460: 13425: 13420: 9389: 8165: 3032: 3015: 2218: 1743:, the outnumbered Polish force achieved a decisive victory over Russian troops, mostly due to the tactical competence of the 1537: 8997: 765:

The outcome of the election was strongly contested by factions of the Polish nobility that backed the candidacy of Archduke

10296: 9790: 2199: 1943: 959: 781:(parliament) in the hope of calming the opposition and settling the disputed election. He was proclaimed king by Treasurer 523:. However, the Polish–Swedish conflict had a less favourable outcome. After a series of skirmishes ending in a truce, King 10555: 9316: 7358: 2933: 2619:

in academic thought and artistic expression. Some ground-breaking achievements were made, for example, the publication of

2533: 1225:. Further tensions and escalation of violence as well as Charles's unpredictable stance persuaded Sigismund to intervene. 786: 13470: 12069: 11810: 2696: 2521:-like prayers. It was his wish that the court be witness to his demise, as interpreted in the words "vanitas vanitatis", 2487:

and wrote "the monarch is of sound mind, his heart and stomach are healthy". Already in advanced age for the period, on

1458: 1446: 1170:, who did not accede to Swedish demands and awaited Charles' intervention in Finland. Meanwhile, the nobility dispersed; 766: 11356: 10022: 9077: 7493: 2750:

was crowned with a bronze statue of the king wearing armour, holding a cross and a sword. Władysław personally unveiled

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The rebellious nobles formally surrendered to the King at the 1609 meeting of the parliament, which became known as the

12363: 12359: 10159: 9898: 8118: 3137:. The wedding ceremony and Constance's entrance into Kraków was so ostentatious it was recorded in the form of a large 2711:

and garments diversified, thus becoming more striking; Siarczyński writes "clothing, once wool, adorned our sides, now

1568: 1151: 707: 413: 17: 13188: 11020: 7964:. Vol. From the Fall of Constantinople, in 1453, to the War in the Crimea, in 1857. Volume 2. London: J. Murray. 2427:

at the age of twenty in 1632. John Casimir, prior to his election to the throne, was made a cardinal at the behest of

1116:. The governors served notice that they would abstain from persecuting Catholicism in their administered territories. 896:

Sigismund saw a potential ally in Austria; he sought to establish a Catholic league that would actively engage in the

621:, all of whom where practicing Catholics. Sigismund's older sister Isabella died aged two in 1566. His younger sister 13450: 13083: 11053: 10798: 10649: 10621: 10593: 10565: 10511: 10438: 10360: 10306: 10197: 10169: 10114: 10086: 10032: 9961: 9908: 9854: 9800: 9755: 9727: 9699: 9678: 9548: 9503: 9427: 9399: 9326: 9246: 9192: 9164: 9136: 9115: 9087: 9059: 8953: 8943: 8925: 8889: 8835: 8738: 8710: 8656: 8602: 8574: 8546: 8518: 8497: 8445: 8417: 8370: 8342: 8314: 8260: 8232: 8175: 8154: 8128: 8076: 7997: 7969: 7941: 7913: 7885: 7857: 7803: 7749: 7721: 7667: 7639: 7585: 7531: 7503: 7475: 7447: 7419: 7368: 7347: 7321: 7293: 4007: 4002: 2209:

with the temple. As the royal procession drew closer to the churchdoor, hidden in a nearby portal was petty nobleman

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was instrumental at hiding troop movement; the Swedish rebels used the opportunity to take the bridges on the river

12514: 12411: 12004: 11745: 11497: 11079: 9773: 3255: 3105:, Anne's sister and Sigismund's second consort. A devout Catholic, she supported Sigismund in political endeavours. 2995: 2891: 1701:

an "eternal" peace treaty between Russia and Poland–Lithuania, but the idea did not gain support and was declined.

1541: 970:

and was not legally capable to become bishop. The decision strained the once friendly relations between Poland and

813: 242: 11815: 11521: 8463: 7821: 7739: 1468:

Działyński informed Elizabeth that Sigismund was outraged that her vessels were capturing the ships of Polish and

1221:

As noted by envoys, several high-ranking noblemen fighting for Sigismund's cause were instantaneously sent to the

13440: 12272: 11926: 11084: 8564: 8381: 3007: 2337: 1736: 1651:, proved to be an ineffective ruler and died after suffering a brain haemorrhage in April 1605. He left one son, 645: 12436: 12029: 2734:

The memory of Sigismund III is still vivid in Warsaw, which he expanded and made the capital of Poland in 1596.

12095: 12062: 11387: 11294: 11284: 6092: 3769: 2991: 1862: 1732: 1175: 1033: 12965: 11450: 11330: 11031:, the adoptive heirs of the House of Holstein-Gottorp, who were adoptive heirs of the Palatinate-Zweibrückens. 9926: 2635:

and extensive political commentaries which reflected the country's faults in hope of improvement, such as the

2014:

in a Polish costume, 1631–1632. A lifelong enemy of Sigismund, he attempted to take Ducal Prussia and Livonia.

1938:, which lasted almost two centuries, were also a sign of the Sultan's desire to rule mainland Europe. Voivode 982: 10986: 9689: 4087:(in Polish). Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Zakład Naukowo-Badawczy Archiwistyki. 2003. p. 134. 3243: 3114: 2645:. However, these works were considered controversial and dangerous to publish, particularly after the failed 2637: 1640: 1572: 1171: 343: 13035: 12988: 12971: 2895: 909: 13200: 11931: 967: 11880: 10672:(in Polish). Vol. 1–2. Warszawa (Warsaw): W. Druk. Rządowej przy Kommissyi Rządowej Sprawiedliwości. 1533: 1167: 13415: 12507: 12469: 12450: 12100: 11720: 11490: 2827:, "Sigismund's behaviour was comparable to that of a priest. He fervently attends mass daily, then hears 2035: 2011: 10006:

Polskie królowe. Żony królów elekcyjnych, Tom II (Polish Queens. Wives of the elective kings, Volume II)

4525: 3288:

and official name. She devotedly assisted in raising the children and, with time, acted as their tutor.

3035:, and isolated himself from subjects. Anne and Sigismund had five known children during their marriage: 2866:

Throughout the entire reign Sigismund maintained high etiquette and courtliness. Mucante emphasized his

2800: 950:

Sigismund's leniency towards the Habsburgs also alienated some clerics; the Austrians wanted to prevent

13374: 13368: 13174: 12426: 12019: 2998:

was Sigismund's first consort. An introvert, she was known for her hostile attitude towards Sweden and

2420: 2300: 1183: 1113: 940: 923: 901: 2611:, and witnessed the first stages of a nationwide literary reform. Notably, it was under his rule that 13273: 13232: 12372: 11966: 11862: 11185: 8759:(in Polish). Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności – Skład Główny w Księgarniach Gebethnera i Wolffa. 7713:

The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 4, The Decline of Spain and the Thirty Years War, 1609-48/49

2936:, at one meeting the king decided to sketch an owl in his notepad rather than note important advice. 2501:

he participated in final prayers, whilst being supported by his sons to prevent him from collapsing.

2352: 1935: 1336: 1222: 1117: 963: 11775: 11669: 2703: 2627:

in 1599, which remained in use until the mid-20th century. The period also saw the rise of societal

2475:, Sigismund fell dangerously ill and experienced mental problems, notably he was struck with severe 848:. Sigismund's ultimate intention was to reinstate Catholicism in Sweden, by force if necessary. The 13445: 12807: 12530: 12143: 11857: 11530: 10979: 2488: 2395:

under Sigismund and in the years following his death was undoubtedly apparent – three of his sons,

2284:

by horses. The dismembered remains were subsequently burned and their ashes scattered by a cannon.

1919: 1426: 1419: 473: 12311: 11780: 11725: 11695: 8465:

Rzeczpospolita Polska w latach 1600-1603; narastanie konfliktu między Zygmuntem III Wazą a stanami

2062: 1438: 629:, but the close relationship between the two siblings remained unchanged until her death in 1625. 13384: 13378: 13103: 11895: 11685: 11513: 10874: 3158: 2956: 2761:

Sigismund and his sons left a collection of tangible memorabilia, including commemorative coins (

1966: 1950: 1866: 1795: 1226: 1142: 1133:) had no right to function without royal consent. Despite this, Charles summoned a parliament at 882: 719: 632:

In October 1567, Sigismund and his parents were released from prison at the request of his uncle

535: 534:

Sigismund remains a controversial figure in Poland. He is one of the country's most recognisable

422: 77: 48: 11680: 11653: 8973:

History for Ready Reference, from the Best Historians, Biographers, and Specialists: Nicæa-Tunis

3300: 3134: 2221:, who shielded the King. Concurrently, Prince Ladislaus wounded the assassin on the head with a 1525: 1521: 1029: 703: 13480: 13455: 13097: 13028: 13011: 13000: 12954: 12865: 12817: 12431: 12421: 12401: 12209: 12024: 12014: 11994: 11675: 11361: 11258: 11122: 11112: 10963: 9874:

Słownik malarzów polskich, tudzież obcych w Polsce osiadłych, lub czasowo w niej przebywających

3218: 3061: 2960: 2735: 2646: 2576: 2493: 2328: 1514: 1500: 1347: 1289:

and, on the morning of 25 September, the armies clashed once more in a major engagement at the

1269: 1129: 551: 323: 9956:(in Polish). Vol. 51. Kraków: Wydawn. Tow. Miłośników Historii i Zabytków Krakowa. 1987. 7711: 7390: 2097: 1529: 1340: 1290: 1078: 546:, one of the city's chief landmarks and the first secular monument in the form of a column in 13238: 13227: 13065: 12902: 12345: 11956: 11885: 11755: 11750: 11730: 11602: 11392: 11169: 11164: 10905: 8280:

Groby, trumny i pomniki królów polskich w podziemiach i wnętrzu Katedry krakowskiej na Wawelu

3647: 3615: 3344: 3011: 2844: 2751: 2592:

from all political spheres obeyed tradition by wearing black outfits for the duration of the

2564: 2461: 1986: 1970: 1579: 1068: 543: 481: 469: 434: 137: 12655: 12289: 8488:

Jankowski, Jerzy (1995). "Metresa z różańcem w dłoni (Mistress with a rosary in her hand)".

3530: 3098: 2819:

and foreign clerics who visited the court. According to Giovanni Paolo Mucante and cardinal

2319:

coupled with the advice of Jesuit priests led to repressions and the eventual demise of the

2272: 1953:

and Hetman Żółkiewski perished during the battle. In 1621 a strong army of Ottomans, led by

13410: 13405: 13222: 13194: 13164: 13076: 13059: 12958: 12850: 12406: 12330: 12111: 11999: 11936: 11918: 11148: 11132: 11117: 11058: 10920: 3831: 3711: 3277: 3204: 3176: 3118: 3102: 3019: 2940: 2899: 2692: 2529: 2472: 2404: 2396: 2385: 2360: 2237: 2206: 1835: 1829: 1794:

formed a new army to launch an uprising against the Polish occupiers. The Poles eventually

1776: 1548:. It was primarily caused by the growing dissatisfaction with the monarch among the Polish 1481:

might have used Elizabeth's political anger at the Polish ambassador as an inspiration for

1434: 1351: 1092: 1003: 841: 660: 633: 485: 338: 328: 275: 176: 11850: 2439: 2408: 1874: 1861:

Bain further highlighted that the chief pillars of military strength in Poland, including

908:. Furthermore, the reestablishment of peaceful relations with Austria was dictated by the 8: 13302: 12836: 12749: 12627: 12612: 12556: 12381: 12340: 12335: 12248: 11974: 11951: 11946: 11785: 11760: 11735: 11028: 9540:

Warrior Kings of Sweden. The Rise of an Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

8218: 4039: 3795: 3737: 3472: 3396: 3187:; 22 March 1609 – 16 December 1672), reigned 1648–1668 as John II Casimir 2980: 2308: 2240:

and St. John's Cathedral was constructed as a precaution after the assassination attempt.

1930:

and Sigismund aimed at securing that despite the growing threat from the south. With the

1817: 1813: 1672: 1652: 1478: 1285: 919: 897: 777:

and landed in Poland on 7 October, immediately agreeing to grant royal privileges to the

711: 622: 590: 570: 500: 465: 378: 2424: 2210: 2187: 2177: 2061:, where the Swedish army of 4,900 men ambushed a Polish force of 2,000 men commanded by 1398:; on the other hand, Sigismund had clashed with the Turks in Poland's southeast. In the 1315: 1273: 955: 13257: 13154: 13149: 13107: 13069: 13042: 13004: 12994: 12906: 12827: 12739: 12720: 12664: 12321: 12265: 11903: 11770: 11714: 11690: 11663: 11397: 11382: 11048: 11043: 11012: 11002: 10894: 9694:(in Polish). University of Michigan & Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza. p. 306. 7405: 7385: 3889: 3556: 3498: 2929: 2879: 2589: 2584: 2264: 2245: 2149: 2126: 2047: 1839: 1767:; the deposed Vasili Shuysky was transported in a caged wagon to Warsaw, where he paid 1740: 1635:

in 1598 caused internal instability and a succession crisis upon the extinction of the

1632: 1560: 1487: 1437:, to arrange housing for a Polish diplomat and report back to the Council. On 23 July, 1407: 1387: 1332: 900:. Zamoyski openly condemned Sigismund for associating with the Habsburgs, particularly 852:

often acted as agents refuting Protestantism and promoting Catholicism in the country.

824: 823:

When his father died, Sigismund was granted permission by the Polish Diet to claim the

759: 743: 598: 594: 566: 461: 368: 166: 12792: 12561: 12391: 11984: 11825: 10863: 8468:(in Polish). Bydgoszcz: Wydawn. Uczelniane Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej w Bydgoszczy. 7933:

Russia's First Civil War: The Time of Troubles and the Founding of the Romanov Dynasty

2789: 2412: 2229:

had a casual character and the assassin was most likely overpowered by the attendees.

2121:

The Poles attempted to divert the Swedes from Gdańsk by deploying an army to fight at

1934:

influence on the rise, the Sultan aimed at expanding the Ottoman Empire westward. The

1586:

on 5 July, with 200 casualties, which resulted in the victory of the Royalist forces.

1583: 691: 112: 13322: 13169: 12941: 12937: 12924: 12920: 12914: 12910: 12777: 12765: 12716: 12710: 12704: 12660: 12416: 12277: 12009: 11908: 11765: 11263: 11089: 10884: 10794: 10725: 10699: 10673: 10645: 10617: 10589: 10561: 10535: 10507: 10481: 10455: 10434: 10410: 10384: 10356: 10330: 10302: 10273: 10247: 10221: 10193: 10165: 10139: 10110: 10082: 10056: 10028: 10009: 9985: 9957: 9932: 9904: 9878: 9850: 9824: 9796: 9751: 9723: 9695: 9674: 9650: 9624: 9598: 9572: 9544: 9525: 9499: 9480: 9454: 9444: 9423: 9395: 9369: 9343: 9322: 9296: 9270: 9242: 9216: 9188: 9160: 9132: 9111: 9083: 9055: 9029: 9003: 8977: 8949: 8921: 8895: 8885: 8859: 8831: 8805: 8779: 8760: 8734: 8706: 8680: 8652: 8626: 8598: 8570: 8542: 8514: 8493: 8469: 8441: 8413: 8387: 8366: 8338: 8310: 8284: 8256: 8228: 8199: 8171: 8150: 8124: 8072: 8046: 8020: 7993: 7965: 7937: 7909: 7881: 7853: 7827: 7799: 7773: 7745: 7717: 7691: 7663: 7635: 7609: 7581: 7555: 7527: 7499: 7471: 7443: 7415: 7364: 7343: 7317: 7289: 6703: 2964: 2840: 2824: 2747: 2600: 2583:

coupled with conspiracies, religious antipathy and the endless conflict with Sweden.

2580: 2480: 2476: 2457: 2332: 2260: 2108: 2066: 2054: 1870: 1847: 1805: 1760: 1720: 1660: 1590: 1482: 1449:. On 25 July, Działyński was granted an audience with Elizabeth and her court at the 1430: 1415: 1253:

After the fall of Kalmar, Charles found himself with major trouble on his hands; the

1203: 886: 869: 832: 817: 805: 751: 747: 664: 649: 610: 539: 524: 492: 449:

and achievement, further distinguished by the transfer of the country's capital from

442: 388: 307: 122: 12812: 12538: 2133:

were blocked by Swedish vessels, Sigismund sent a small squadron of ten ships under

1969:

by a Polish garrison counting no more than 50,000 soldiers. During the siege Hetman

951: 13317: 13217: 12759: 12730: 12683: 12650: 12646: 12585: 11790: 11740: 11320: 11242: 11127: 10816: 10812: 9817:

Prothero, George Walter; Ward, Adolphus William; Leathes, Stanley Mordaunt (1906).

4012: 3952: 3401: 3267:

The nature of the relationship between Sigismund and one of his trusted courtiers,

3190: 2860: 2778: 2743: 2724: 2670: 2416: 2400: 2369: 2345: 2296: 2153: 1977: 1858:

were sympathetic with the Sultan and would counterattack if the opportunity arose.

1800: 1791: 1772: 1656: 1620: 1469: 1450: 1134: 706:

and strong support from other people of influence he was duly elected ruler of the

699: 586: 528: 508: 333: 192: 12622: 12617: 9795:(in Polish). Polska, Kraków: Wydawn. Św. Stanisława BM Archidiecezji Krakowskiej. 9025:

Historiczna parallela Hispanii z Polską w wieku XVI., XVII., XVIII. Wydanie drugie

2650: 2076:. Escorted by a fleet, a second Swedish army disembarked in July near the town of 1755:

and Żółkiewski entered Moscow beginning the two-year tyrannical occupation of the

1187: 578: 13347: 13342: 13283: 12832: 12822: 11820: 11805: 11413: 11346: 11227: 10719: 10693: 10667: 10475: 10449: 10404: 10378: 10350: 10324: 10267: 10241: 10132: 10104: 10076: 10050: 9979: 9872: 9844: 9717: 9644: 9566: 9538: 9493: 9448: 9363: 9337: 9264: 9210: 9049: 9023: 8971: 8915: 8853: 8825: 8799: 8773: 8700: 8620: 8508: 8435: 8407: 8304: 8278: 8222: 8193: 8066: 8040: 8014: 7959: 7903: 7875: 7793: 7767: 7657: 7603: 7549: 7521: 7437: 7409: 4082: 4031: 3994: 3324: 3268: 3247: 3233: 3222: 3208: 3194: 3180: 3166: 3087: 3076: 3065: 3051: 3040: 3028: 2925: 2871: 2804: 2612: 2560: 2545: 2513: 2505: 2428: 2381: 2320: 2138: 2122: 1962: 1939: 1855: 1809: 1768: 1668: 1612: 1411: 1229:

agreed to cooperate but would not join the armed conflict. The major seaports of

905: 794: 223: 3133:. The marriage further fuelled the anger of Sigismund's most vocal adversaries, 2863:

connotations, Sigismund deemed the gift "vile" and threw it into the fireplace.

2323:

decades later; their expulsion from Poland in 1658 contributed to the spread of

2307:

The reign of Sigismund marked the beginning of religious persecution during the

1763:, Sigismund's son, as the new Tsar of Russia. In June 1611 Smolensk fell to the 1324: 13052: 13021: 12981: 12641: 12631: 12459: 12386: 12176: 11979: 11558: 10952: 10901: 10870: 10859: 10292: 8071:. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan and Springer International Publishing. 4055: 3328: 3307:". However, it is unknown whether the relations between the two were physical. 3072:; 9 June 1595 – 20 May 1648), reigned 1632–1648 as Władysław IV 2856: 2820: 2812: 2720: 2316: 2195: 2134: 2073: 1931: 1907: 1899: 1756: 1744: 1664: 1395: 1391: 1276:

where Sigismund met with Charles to discuss the future of the Swedish monarchy.

1021: 944: 715: 695: 641: 637: 606: 547: 516: 430: 418: 132: 108: 72: 54: 27:

Ruler of Poland-Lithuania (r. 1587–1632) and of Sweden and Finland (r. 1592–99)

12306: 11795: 10729: 10225: 10013: 9882: 9479:(in Polish). Polska: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich (Ossoliński Institute). 9300: 8391: 8050: 7777: 2603:

and the dawn of the Silver Age. He presided over the transition from cultural

2497:) secured the candidacy and election of his son, Ladislaus, to the throne. On 2456:

and joint pain, an affliction which was likely inherited from his grandfather

2156:

signed on 26 September 1629 (16 September O.S.) granted Sweden the control of

2145:, which successfully defeated the enemy fleet and broke the Swedish blockade. 690:

In 1587, Sigismund stood for election to the Polish throne after the death of

562: 13399: 13129: 13048: 13017: 12977: 12948: 12931: 12754: 12744: 12735: 12688: 12607: 12571: 12485: 11941: 11872: 11640: 11016: 10830: 10759: 10703: 10677: 10539: 10485: 10414: 10388: 10334: 10277: 10251: 10143: 9989: 9936: 9828: 9654: 9628: 9602: 9576: 9529: 9484: 9033: 9007: 8981: 8899: 8863: 8809: 8783: 8764: 8630: 8473: 8203: 8042:

Wiadomość o legatach i nuncyuszach apostolskich w dawnej Polsce (1075.-1863.)

8024: 7831: 7613: 7559: 3980: 3966: 3292: 3110: 2999: 2816: 2498: 2407:, were ordained as priests and held notable posts. Charles was appointed the 2312: 2292: 2281: 1764: 1698: 1648: 1643:

which killed two million Russians, around a third of the population. The new

1636: 1399: 1215: 1163: 1109: 995: 932: 809: 605:

were growing political wing in Poland at the time, Sigismund was raised as a

602: 438: 358: 12771: 12166: 10459: 10060: 9373: 9347: 9274: 9220: 8684: 8288: 7695: 6704:"Design for the silver reliquary of Saint Stanislaus in the Wawel Cathedral" 2905: 2232: 2103: 1689:. Sigismund's primary intention was to destroy the Russian state and impose 1414:. England's naval power also prevented Spain from completely dominating the 1371: 527:

of Sweden launched a campaign against the Commonwealth and annexed parts of

13288: 12879: 11206: 10298:

A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya

9458: 8827:

Aggressive and Violent Peasant Elites in the Nordic Countries, C. 1500–1700

3146: 3130: 3126: 2739: 2642: 2377: 2373: 2324: 1851: 1843: 1752: 1505: 1298: 1211: 1147: 987: 913: 912:

from March 1589 which was negotiated by Ippolito Aldobrandini, future Pope

877: 865: 801: 755: 754:"; the latter titles being a reference to the fact that he was already the 11630: 11597: 10724:(in Polish). Vol. 1. Lublin: J. Herszenhorn & M. Sznajdermesser. 10669:

Album; literackie pismo zbiorowe poświęcone dziejom i literaturze krajowej

9498:(in Polish). Poland: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika. 3988: 1639:. Further setbacks that contributed to the escalation of violence was the 1355: 1281: 1048: 13144: 13114: 13090: 12566: 9571:(in Polish). Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński (Jagiellonian University). 3857: 3416: 3154: 2917: 2911: 2875: 2852: 2796: 2766: 2762: 2723:, gold and silver lining. Even a commoner frowns on sheepskin coats. Our 2620: 2604: 2593: 2341: 2205:

Sigismund was to arrive by crossing the alley or passage that linked the

2182: 2081: 2043: 1927: 1787: 1694: 1686: 1403: 1328: 1179: 828: 614: 12284: 12054: 6315:"Zygmunt III Waza. Najbardziej schorowany i zniedołężniały król Polski?" 1891: 1258: 550:. It was commissioned after Sigismund's death by his son and successor, 13327: 13278: 12636: 12228: 12219: 11579: 11279: 11201: 10243:

Stanisław Żółkiewski; obraz historyczny z czasów Stefana i Zygmunta III

9520:

Pears, Edwin (1893). "Pears The Spanish Armada and the Ottoman Porte".

9476:

Drogi i bezdroża skarbowości polskiej XVI i pierwszej połowy XVII wieku

8757:

Polski Słownik Biograficzny, T. 3: Brożek Jan – Chwalczewski Franciszek

4518:"Koronacja Zygmunta III Wazy na króla Szwecji – Muzeum Historii Polski" 2952: 2887: 2883: 2755: 2666: 2658: 2624: 2571:

is a reminder of the King's decision to transfer the capital of Poland.

2444: 2130: 2100:

described George's neutral stance to salvage his dukedom as "comical".

1990: 1895: 1242: 1155: 1074: 936: 774: 503:. He actively interfered in the affairs of neighbouring countries; his 477: 446: 95: 8255:(in Polish). Polska: Wydawn. Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika. 8227:. Vol. III: 1400 CE to 1650 CE. Portland: Bloomsbury Publishing. 1607: 1141:

and head of government, who would govern Sweden reciprocally with the

12499: 12296: 12243: 12204: 12129: 11648: 11572: 11544: 11482: 10928: 9495:

Rokosz sandomierski 1606–1609. Rzeczpospolita na politycznym rozdrożu

7389: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5201: 5199: 5197: 3304: 3285: 3254:; 7 August 1619 – 8 October 1651), the first wife of 3023: 2848: 2770: 2465: 2093: 2031: 1982: 1748: 1663:

who in fact died in 1591. After the fall of Sigismund's candidates –

1454: 1410:, preventing Spain from capturing territory on the south side of the 1198: 1121: 1052: 735: 574: 519:

forces in southeastern Europe, which hastened the downfall of Sultan

30:"Sigismund III" redirects here. For the Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, see 7744:(in Polish). Polska: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich (Ossolineum). 3420: 3150: 2944: 2549: 2085: 1961:

towards the Polish frontier. Approximately 160,000 men besieged the

1234: 1012: 790: 450: 13337: 13332: 12301: 12260: 12255: 12233: 12161: 11620: 11586: 11565: 11315: 11289: 9981:

Obraz historyi powszechnej od najdawniejszych do najnowszych czasów

8019:(in Polish). Vol. 28. Warszawa (Warsaw): S. Orgelbrand. 1868. 4206: 4204: 4202: 2774: 2654: 2518: 2392: 2277: 2165: 1954: 1780: 1715: 1697:, Grand Chancellor of Lithuania, sought neutrality by proposing to 1690: 1682: 1553: 1549: 1095:, who waged war against Sigismund and Poland for the Swedish crown. 890: 723: 626: 520: 512: 10971: 9649:(in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej. 8645:

Kishlansky, Mark A.; Geary, Patrick J.; O'Brien, Patricia (2002).

5211: 5194: 2532:

at approximately 2:45 am (02:45) on 30 April 1632. His close aide

1124:, in defiance of the 1594 charter which sparked widespread anger. 1120:, a Roman Catholic, became the governor of Sweden's capital city, 1039:

On 7 September, Sigismund summoned the "Warsaw Inquisition Sejm" (

12602: 12238: 11658: 11551: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6667: 4445:"Bitwa pod Byczyną była ważniejsza od słynnej bitwy pod Wiedniem" 3138: 3117:

did not give his consent. Instead, on 11 December 1605 he wedded

2972: 2968: 2948: 2894:, on 25 November 1592 he ordered a themed masquerade on Kraków's 2836: 2708: 2681: 2608: 2537: 2365: 2226: 2214: 2161: 2157: 2039: 1903: 1846:, then an Ottoman ally and therefore considered dangerous to the 1675: 1564: 1513:

Sigismund's attempt to grasp unlimited authority resulted in the

1465:, with such a gallant countenance as in my life I never beheld." 1320: 1262: 1238: 1025: 1024:(Latin: Andreiow) attended by the most eminent and distinguished 1008: 966:

died on 5 April 1591. Capua stressed that Andrew had not been an

860: 739: 731: 727: 640:, a Protestant noble lady of lower status and Catherine's former 496: 353: 344:

Anna Catherine Constance, Hereditary Countess Palatine of Neuburg

8855:

Postyla, albo wykłady ewanielij niedzielnych i świąt uroczystych

4199: 3271:, has been continually questioned by Polish historians. Born in 2979:; it is said he experimented with the alchemist and philosopher 2855:

if it depended on him". Historian Paweł Fabisz writes that when

2807:

is one of several exquisite items commissioned by Sigismund III.

1127:

On 4 August 1594 Sigismund decreed that the Swedish parliament (

926:, whose correspondence with Sigismund caused a political crisis. 12185: 11625: 11592: 11537: 9266:

Dzieje Narodu Polskiego W Krótkości Zebrane; Królowie Obieralni

9212:

Dzieje Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, przez Jędrzejn Moraczewskiego

8566:

Constitutions, Elections, and Legislatures of Poland, 1493-1977

8120:

Idea państwa kozackiego na ziemiach ukrainnych w XVI-XVII wieku

7608:(in Polish). Vol. 1. Kraków (Poland): Żupański i Heumann. 3272: 3122: 2947:

and structural elements as well as Eucharistic objects such as

2867: 2832: 2793: 2773:, jewellery and precious personal belongings marked with royal 2728: 2716: 2674: 2662: 2632: 2628: 2568: 2509: 2484: 2253: 2077: 2058: 1958: 1611:

Sigismund as supreme commander of Poland–Lithuania, dressed in

1576: 1545: 1518: 1442: 1247: 1230: 1138: 1044: 999: 849: 845: 836: 454: 209: 10698:(in Polish). Vol. 6, Issues 13–18. Lwów: X. E. Podolski. 10352:

Grafika XVII wieku w Polsce. Funkcje, ośrodki, artyści, dzieła

8386:(in Polish). Vol. 37. Polska: Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. 7687:

The reformation; a series of articles published in The Tidings

6664: 831:

as the country's new state religion. Sigismund was crowned at

437:

from 1592 to 1599. He was the first Polish sovereign from the

12119: 9107:

Lines of Succession. Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe

9082:(in Polish). Polska (Poland): Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. 6024: 6022: 5982: 5980: 5888: 5886: 5884: 2828: 2616: 2522: 2372:, or, in the case of Muslim men who married Christian women, 2356: 2340:. However, in Sweden the policies had an adverse effect; the 2268: 2222: 2018:

Following a series of conflicts between Poland and Sweden in

1911: 1838:, but was denied by the Polish parliament. British historian 1596: 1462: 656: 618: 9771: 9336:

Niemcewicz, Julian Ursyn; Turowski, Kazimierz Józef (1860).

9288: 7313:

Embassies to the Georgian Kings, 1589–1605: Volumes I and II

5805: 4714: 4546: 1910:

symbolizes the triumph of Catholicism and Christianity over

998:, the king's friends were largely recruited from the higher 773:. When the news reached Sigismund in Sweden, he crossed the 9131:(in Polish). Vol. 3. Rzeszów: Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. 7908:. Vol. 3. Minneapolis: Fortress Press and 1517 Media. 2976: 2712: 2528:

After days of suffering, Sigismund passed away at Warsaw's

2453: 1923: 1644: 1375:

Portrait of Sigismund as a young adult by Jan Szwankowski,

943:

between Sweden and Poland following the dissolution of the

10186:

Spórna, Marcin; Wierzbicki, Piotr; Wygonik, Edyta (2003).

8644: 8092: 6019: 5977: 5881: 5765: 5763: 5593: 5591: 5510: 5226: 5205: 2364:

limited and any attempts made at converting Christians to

12593: 11474:

Not Swedish prince by birth, but created prince of Sweden

10588:(in Polish). Polska: Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. 8755:

Konopczyński, Władysław (1937). "Jan Karol Chodkiewicz".

7495:

Zastrzelony jadłospis, czyli, Trochę o mitologii polskiej

6558: 6556: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6227: 5997: 5995: 4054:

Recorded as Paul Dzialynski or Paul De Jaline in English

3149:; in 1626, she forbade the Jews to settle in the town of 2541: 2152:, Sigismund's exhausted camp accepted a peace offer. The 1294: 1190:

fled to entreat Sigismund to return and counter Charles.

10641:

Rzeczpospolita Wazów: Czasy Zygmunta III i Władysława IV

10189:

Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego

9128:

Wielokulturowe środowisko historyczne Lwowa w XIX i XX w

8970:

Larned, Josephus Nelson; Reiley, Allan Campbell (1895).

8775:

Arcybiskupi gnieźnieńscy prymasowie i metropolici polscy

8679:(in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Uniwersytet Warszawski. 6531: 6529: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5750: 5748: 5658: 5656: 5654: 2870:

and calm nature. Nevertheless, he hosted balls and held

2259:

The assassin was widely regarded as a mentally unstable

2225:. Other accounts state that no guards were present; the 11118:

King John II Casimir of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania

10503:

Made in Poland: The Women and Men Who Changed the World

10185: 8303:

Halecki, Oskar; Reddaway, W. F.; Penson, J. H. (1950).

8013: 7470:(in Polish). Polska: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. 7001: 6492: 6490: 6427: 6425: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6049: 5760: 5588: 5482: 5480: 5478: 4726: 4464: 4462: 4297: 4210: 3383:

Gold coin featuring King Sigismund and Queen Anne, 1598

3359:

A 40-ducat coin depicting King Sigismund III Vasa, 1621

2471:

Shortly after the unexpected death of his second wife,

2303:

at the age of twenty thanks to his father's reputation.

1779:

on 29 October 1611. He eventually died in captivity at

947:; Zamoyski held Sigismund accountable for the dispute. 710:

on 19 August 1587. His official name and title became "

609:. His mother Catherine was the daughter of Polish king 10771:

Przemysław Wiszewski: Poczet polskich królów i książąt

10644:(in Polish). Vol. 1. Warsaw (Warszawa): Neriton. 9984:(in Polish). Vol. 2. August Emmanuel Glückeberg. 9295:(in Polish). Vol. 32. Szczecin: Muzeum Narodowe. 9184:

Dzieje sztuki polskiej: Architektura polska XVII wieku

6764: 6762: 6760: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6553: 6224: 5992: 5184: 5182: 4871: 4869: 2368:

or Islam was punishable by death. Insubordinates were

1842:

wrote that his plan was to invade and possibly occupy

10480:(in Polish). Vol. 1. Vilnius (Wilno): Zawadzki. 10329:(in Polish). Vol. 3. Kraków: Szujski-Kluczycki. 9391:

History and Geopolitics: A Contest for Eastern Europe

9368:(in Polish). Vol. 3. Kraków: Biblioteka Polska. 8302: 6526: 6347: 6345: 6129: 6127: 6125: 5910: 5745: 5651: 4773: 4332: 4117: 4115: 3400:

painted by Sigismund in the 1620s, based on works by

3229:; 4 November 1614 – 19 November 1634) 3173:; 25 December 1607 – 14 January 1608) 2843:

on Wednesdays and Fridays, two days before and after

816:

in 1592. Simultaneously, he secured an alliance with

668:

undoubtedly multitalented and artistically inclined.

511:

resulted in brief control over Moscow and seizure of

12458: 11113:

King Władysław IV of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania

10027:(in Polish). Toruń: Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika. 9415: 9187:(in Polish). Polska: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. 8999:

Mecenat Zygmunta III i życie umysłowe na jego dworze

8778:(in Polish). Vol. 3. Poznań: Kuryer Poznański. 8676:

Kryzys Oświecenia a początki konserwatyzmu polskiego

7191: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7183: 6977: 6677: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6487: 6422: 6392: 6046: 5475: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4945: 4943: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4459: 4246: 3942: 2874:

during which he would entertain guests and play the

2359:(Tatars), whose rights were already restricted. The 1747:. The battle was a major blow to the Russians; Tsar 499:, whom he employed as advisors and spies during the 13466:

Polish people of the Polish–Russian War (1609–1618)

9816: 9671:

Rapier i koncerz: z dziejów wojen polsko-szwedzkich

7551:

Dymitr Samozwaniec. Obrazy historyczne z wieku XVII

7036: 7034: 6961: 6959: 6791: 6789: 6757: 6600: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6179: 6177: 6112: 6110: 5947: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5343: 5341: 5179: 5124: 5122: 5120: 4866: 4784: 4782: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4738: 4702: 4668: 4666: 4641: 4639: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4405: 4403: 2053:The first skirmish took place in January 1626 near 1280:Sigismund advanced his troops towards Stångebro in 12371: 9335: 8461: 6573: 6571: 6442: 6440: 6342: 6122: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5267: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 4911: 4875: 4860: 4848: 4836: 4824: 4696: 4611: 4492: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4293: 4291: 4112: 2939:Sigismund held high regard for the arts and early 1834:Sigismund sought to join the Catholic side of the 1671:(nicknamed "Marinka the Witch" by the Russians) – 1402:of northwestern Europe, Protestant forces sent by 1241:were pressured to sever trade with Sweden. Polish 789:, and after arriving in the Royal Capital City of 758:of Sweden, and thus would lawfully succeed to the 10764:Historia kościoła katolickiego w Polsce 1460–1795 10616:(in Polish). Polska: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. 9950: 9928:Gustavus Adolphus: a history of Sweden, 1611-1632 8379: 7180: 6751: 6739: 6583: 6289: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5405: 5403: 5244: 5134: 5075: 5029: 4967: 4940: 4917: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 3327:takes an oath of allegiance to Sigismund III, by 3201:; 25 May 1612 – 22 December 1634) 2050:in 1605, the very end proved to be catastrophic. 1996: 1880: 931:headed by Primate Karnkowski, formed an informal 589:, Sigismund was the second child and only son of 13397: 10527: 10406:Geografia ogólna i statystyka ziem dawnej Polski 9453:(in Polish). Vol. 7. Warszawa: Orgelbrand. 8804:(in Polish). Vol. 1. Kraków: G. Gebethner. 7282:A ́goston, Ga ́bor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2010). 7281: 7031: 6956: 6786: 6508: 6357: 6325: 6174: 6107: 5864: 5793: 5338: 5117: 4779: 4750: 4678: 4663: 4636: 4617: 4588: 4400: 3240:; 26 January 1616 – 24 May 1616) 3083:; 27 September 1596 – June 1597) 3047:; 23 May 1593 – 9 February 1600) 3006:On 31 May 1592 Sigismund married his first wife 2847:. This large kingdom would have no schismatics, 2669:and suppression of speech. Renowned academician 2653:notes that the literature became "infested with 2599:Sigismund's reign arguably marked an end to the 2148:Although Poland emerged victorious in the final 2141:. It was the largest naval battle fought by the 1823: 1494: 1314:The peace agreement was sealed with a dinner at 1137:in autumn of 1595, at which he declared himself 12546: 11128:John Albert, Prince-Bishop of Warmia and Kraków 9491: 7400:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 68–69. 7171: 7169: 6568: 6437: 5394: 5308: 5285: 5092: 5058: 5008: 4303: 4288: 3215:; 13 October 1613 – 9 May 1655) 2928:compared his character to that of the despotic 1808:was crowned Tsar in 1613. This established the 986:Sigismund early in his reign, by court painter 10376: 10106:Tsars and Imposters. Russia's Time of Troubles 9422:(in Polish). Poland: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. 8851: 7207: 6168: 5847: 5715: 5400: 4091: 2878:. The king was a skilled dancer and performed 2815:observance, which especially drew praise from 1693:with the use of force or terror if necessary. 538:. His long reign partially coincided with the 12697: 12515: 12070: 11498: 10987: 10272:(in Polish). Vol. 2. Lwów: Zelman Igel. 9568:Kronika P. Piaseckiego Biskupa Przemyślskiego 9103: 8698: 8068:The Palgrave Handbook of Shakespeare's Queens 8065:Finn, Kavita Mudan; Schutte, Valerie (2018). 7985: 7791: 6469: 5817: 5769: 4222: 3434:Banner used during Sigismund III Vasa's reign 11212:Prince Frederick Adolf, Duke of Östergötland 10557:Genealogia Jagiellonów i Domu Wazów w Polsce 10553: 10383:(in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Orgelbrand. 9750:(in Polish). Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka. 9715: 9687: 9668: 9642: 9314: 9269:(in Polish). Vol. 3. Poznań: Żupański. 9002:(in Polish). Polska: Kasa im. Mianowskiego. 8969: 8852:Koszarski, Grzegorz; Haase, Theodor (1864). 8754: 7627: 7356: 7266: 7166: 6902: 6689: 6658: 6562: 6145: 6028: 6001: 5986: 5892: 5829: 5633: 5621: 5002: 4270: 2955:and even book covers. During a visit to the 2299:was appointed bishop at the age of nine and 1973:died of exhaustion and illness in the camp. 1965:in September 1621, but were defeated at the 1898:of Sigismund following his victory over the 1759:. The Seven Boyars proclaimed Polish prince 1735:crossed the border and on 29 September 1609 1366: 12045:indicates monarch of questioned historicity 11095:Prince Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland 10473: 10130: 9870: 9208: 8913: 8771: 8594:Matteo Castello, architekt wczesnego baroku 8490:Monarsze sekrety (Secrets of the Monarchs ) 8064: 7905:Introduction to the History of Christianity 7601: 7219: 6867: 6807: 6646: 6634: 6623: 6535: 5971: 5923: 5457: 5279: 5238: 4169: 4133: 4121: 2975:and ancient methods of turning metals into 2665:". Consequently, regional councils imposed 1949:In 1620 the Polish forces were defeated at 1485:who employs similar strategies in the play 1309: 1166:died on 13 April 1597. He was succeeded by 313: 12522: 12508: 12077: 12063: 11505: 11491: 10994: 10980: 10534:(in Polish). Polska: Worzałła Publishing. 10454:(in Polish). Lwów: Seyfarth i Czajkowski. 10348: 9443: 9361: 9215:(in Polish). Vol. 7–8. N. Kamieński. 9180: 9124: 7819: 7765: 6879: 6819: 6611: 6431: 6071: 5161: 4558: 4234: 1597:Sigismund's invasion of Russia (1609–1618) 1517:, an armed insurrection formed in 1606 by 1509:Dethronisation act issued on 24 June 1607. 47: 13310: 12084: 11470:Lost his title due to an unequal marriage 11378:Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten 10717: 10499: 10428: 10409:(in Polish). Kraków: "Czas", Kirchmayer. 10265: 10074: 9051:Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945 8941: 8672: 8590: 8487: 8405: 8276: 8217: 8170:(in Polish). Opole: Uniwersytet Opolski. 7873: 7845: 7772:(in Polish). Kraków: Gebethner i Spółka. 7337: 7231: 6891: 6855: 6547: 6446: 6404: 6351: 5754: 5740: 5709: 5697: 5674: 5645: 5597: 5582: 5570: 5445: 4193: 4157: 3157:she suffered after attending mass on the 2986: 2699:, with Sigismund's personal coat of arms. 2380:of Christian children by Jews was made a 1202:Equestrian portrait of King Sigismund by 1146:against Fleming among the peasants under 1108:) and appointed Charles' lifelong enemy, 808:and took him prisoner. At the request of 800:Sigismund's position was solidified when 13266: 13210: 13137: 12895: 12858: 12800: 10691: 10665: 10246:(in Polish). Vol. 1. Berlin: Behr. 9616: 9590: 9564: 9536: 9315:Mykowski, Jarosław; Klat, Marek (2001). 9262: 9234: 9159:. Vol. 4. Macmillan Reference USA. 8995: 8976:. United States: C. A. Nichols Company. 8948:. Toruń: Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu. 8823: 8726: 8702:The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania 8618: 8433: 7823:Na Lewantyńskich i Szwedzkich Wybrzeżach 7737: 7547: 7491: 7414:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 7052: 6843: 6831: 6780: 6768: 6727: 6701: 6695: 6496: 6481: 6457: 6241: 6207: 6133: 6040: 5959: 5935: 5255: 5149: 5086: 5052: 4990: 4961: 4949: 4934: 4582: 4370: 4258: 4181: 3161:weeks earlier. They had seven children: 3097: 2990: 2904: 2788: 2686: 2559: 2438: 2291: 2231: 2181: 2171: 2102: 2006: 1890: 1708: 1606: 1575:. In 1607 the Polish Royal Army, led by 1504: 1370: 1268: 1197: 1087: 981: 918: 859: 681: 678:War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588) 561: 334:John Albert, Bishop of Warmia and Kraków 291: 262: 11311:Prince Carl Oscar, Duke of Södermanland 11133:Prince Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Opole 10785:Wielki Poczet polskich królów i książąt 10783:Stanisław Rosik, Przemysław Wiszewski, 10776:Stanisław Rosik, Przemysław Wiszewski, 10447: 10402: 10326:Dzieła Józefa Szujskiego. Dzieje Polski 10322: 10220:(in Polish). Polska: Książka i Wiedza. 10157: 10048: 9977: 9924: 9896: 9842: 9743: 9623:(in Polish). Polska: Książka i Wiedza. 9543:. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. 9524:. English Historical Review. Volume 8. 9472: 9416:Ochmann-Staniszewska, Stefania (2006). 9321:(in Polish). Gdańsk: Oficyna Pomorska. 9104:Louda, Jiří; Maclagan, Michael (1991). 9075: 9021: 8884:(in Polish). Polska: Książka i Wiedza. 8648:A Brief History of Western Civilization 8562: 8440:. United Kingdom: Wiley and Blackwell. 7929: 7498:(in Polish). Polska: Vis-á-vis/Etiuda. 7463: 7254: 7195: 6795: 6594: 6301: 6253: 6116: 5841: 5662: 5558: 5522: 5486: 5469: 5382: 5347: 5320: 5128: 4899: 4887: 4812: 4800: 4788: 4684: 4672: 4657: 4645: 4630: 4599: 4504: 4480: 4468: 4409: 4394: 4382: 3343:Statue of King Sigismund III on top of 3058:; May 1594 – June 1594) 2890:. Upon the marriage to his first wife, 2731:in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. 2351:The discrimination further extended to 1906:from 1629. The King's spear striking a 1002:and the Jesuits, who violated the 1573 14: 13398: 12529: 11512: 11011:The generations indicate descent from 10754:The Polish Lithuanian State, 1386–1795 10666:Wójcicki, Kazimierz Władysław (1848). 10637: 10609: 10581: 10239: 10138:(in Polish). Poznań: Nowa Księgarnia. 10102: 10024:Infantka Szwecji i Polski Anna Wazówna 10003: 9900:The Complete Prophecies of Nostradamus 9788: 9289:Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie (2004) . 9152: 9047: 8797: 8534: 8506: 8248: 8191: 8038: 7901: 7709: 7683: 7519: 7439:Najsłynniejsze miłości królów polskich 7435: 7242: 7175: 7160: 7148: 7136: 7124: 7112: 7100: 7088: 7076: 7064: 7040: 7025: 7013: 6989: 6965: 6950: 6938: 6926: 6914: 6380: 6336: 6307: 6277: 6265: 6218: 6183: 5875: 5781: 5686: 5609: 5498: 5409: 5370: 5359: 5332: 5296: 5188: 5111: 5069: 5023: 4570: 4524:. Ministerstwo Kultury. Archived from 4320: 4282: 4106: 3811: 3691: 3687: 3677: 3572: 3462: 3458: 3303:in his memoirs called her "an obscene 2315:in Poland–Lithuania. His hate towards 2186:Assassination attempt on Sigismund by 2096:, pledged neutrality in the conflict. 1406:fought the Catholic armies of Spain's 32:Sigismund III, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau 12503: 12058: 11486: 10975: 10291: 10213: 10008:(in Polish). Wydawnictwo Literackie. 9772:Polska Akademia Umiejętności (1923). 9519: 9387: 8830:. Springer International Publishing. 8538:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E 8510:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O 8330: 8163: 8149:. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. 8144: 8123:(in Polish). Polska: Adam Marszałek. 8116: 7655: 7573: 7309: 7002:Spórna, Wierzbicki & Wygonik 2003 6577: 6416: 6195: 6157: 6013: 5904: 5546: 5534: 5433: 5421: 5173: 4421: 4298:Spórna, Wierzbicki & Wygonik 2003 3887: 3877: 3873: 3861: 3855: 3845: 3829: 3819: 3815: 3799: 3793: 3783: 3767: 3757: 3753: 3741: 3735: 3725: 3709: 3699: 3695: 3671: 3661: 3645: 3635: 3631: 3619: 3613: 3603: 3590: 3580: 3576: 3560: 3554: 3544: 3528: 3518: 3514: 3502: 3496: 3486: 3470: 3466: 2504:At eight in the morning on 25 April, 2090:George William of Brandenburg-Prussia 2038:invaded in 1626 to gain control over 1445:and was accommodated at the house of 1250:, which surrendered without a fight. 1047:, who was subsequently imprisoned at 515:. Sigismund's army also defeated the 11435:Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland 11430:Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland 11352:Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland 10813:Works by or about Sigismund III Vasa 10718:Zieliński, Władysław Kornel (1878). 10477:Listy o Szwecji pisał E. Tyszkiewicz 10474:Tyszkiewicz, Count Eustachy (1846). 10020: 9903:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. 9646:Stanisław Koniecpolski ok. 1592–1646 9079:Życie codzienne w Warszawie za Wazów 8877: 8462:Janiszewska-Mincer, Barbara (1984). 8409:Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition 8358: 8334:Hańba! Opowieści o polskiej zdradzie 7957: 7769:Dziennikarstwo słowiańskie i polskie 7404: 7384: 6520: 5858: 5728: 5511:Kishlansky, Geary & O'Brien 2002 4744: 4732: 4720: 4708: 4145: 1093:Charles of Sweden, Sigismund's uncle 644:. In 1589, Sigismund's half-brother 295: 13476:People of the War against Sigismund 11466:Also prince of Poland and Lithuania 11259:Crown Prince Gustav, Prince of Vasa 11233:Prince Carl Gustav, Duke of Småland 11054:Prince Magnus, Duke of Östergötland 11001: 10377:Tańska-Hoffman, Klementyna (1851). 10192:(in Polish). Polska: Zielona Sowa. 9877:(in Polish). Warszawa: Orgelbrand. 9492:Pawłowska-Kubik, Agnieszka (2019). 8252:Zarys dziejów katolicyzmu polskiego 8093:Folger Shakespeare Library (2004). 7852:(in Polish). Polska: Videograf II. 7659:Prusy. Powstanie i Upadek 1600-1947 4774:Halecki, Reddaway & Penson 1950 4333:Halecki, Reddaway & Penson 1950 4069: 2882:as well as Italian dances like the 2758:column in Europe's modern history. 2684:and flogged or beaten mercilessly. 1582:, was sent to pacify the rebels. A 1459:Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury 1386:In the 1590s, the interests of the 977: 258: 24: 13436:People from Strängnäs Municipality 11393:Prince Carl Johan, Duke of Dalarna 11326:Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland 10745: 10451:Historya wojny chocimskiej, 1621 r 9846:Boris Godunov and Little Tragedies 9048:Lerski, Halina (19 January 1996). 7766:Czarnowski, Stanisław Jan (1895). 7285:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 3262: 3010:(1573–1598), daughter of Archduke 2168:remained under Polish governance. 1989:in which Osman II was deposed and 1323:. There, a pro-Sigismund bailiff, 573:and young Sigismund imprisoned at 441:. Religiously zealous, he imposed 25: 13492: 11362:Prince Carl, Duke of Östergötland 11085:Prince John, Duke of Östergötland 10806: 10240:Starźa, Józef Aleksander (1851). 9594:Prusy Wschodnie w dziejach Polski 9362:Niemcewicz, Julian Ursyn (1860). 8858:(in Polish). Cieszyn: Prochaska. 8801:Historyja nowożytna: do 1648 roku 8733:(in Polish). Polska: Ossolineum. 8730:Książka na dworach Wazów w Polsce 8283:(in Polish). Kraków: Kirchmayer. 8198:. London: Whittaker and Company. 8045:(in Polish). Ostrów: Priebatsch. 7989:Encyklopedia historii Polski: A-M 5948:Prothero, Ward & Leathes 1906 5806:Polska Akademia Umiejętności 1923 4547:Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie 2004 3591:10. Erik Abrahamsson Leijonhufvud 2754:on 24 November 1644 as the first 2344:in Northern Europe continued and 2252:(traitor) was misinterpreted as " 1361: 876:The hostility between Chancellor 793:he was crowned on 27 December at 11357:Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland 11021:Houses of Palatinate-Zweibrücken 10778:Poczet polskich królów i książąt 10756:(University of Washington 2001). 10355:(in Polish). Warszawa: Neriton. 10131:Siarczyński, Franciszek (1843). 9849:. Richmond, Surrey: Alma Books. 9789:Prokop, Krzysztof Rafał (1999). 9241:(in Polish). Sutkowski Edition. 9028:(in Polish). Poznań: Stefański. 8625:(in Polish). Poznań: Kamieński. 8039:Fabisz, Paweł Władysław (1864). 7880:. US: Cornell University Press. 7877:Poland. The First Thousand Years 7260: 7248: 7236: 7225: 7213: 7201: 7154: 7142: 7130: 7118: 7106: 7094: 7082: 7070: 7058: 7046: 7019: 7007: 6995: 6983: 6971: 6944: 6932: 6920: 6908: 6896: 6885: 6873: 6861: 6849: 6837: 6825: 6813: 6801: 6774: 6745: 6733: 6721: 6683: 6652: 6640: 6628: 6617: 6541: 6514: 6502: 6475: 6463: 6451: 6410: 6398: 6386: 6295: 6283: 6271: 6259: 6247: 6212: 6201: 6189: 6162: 6151: 6139: 6077: 6034: 6007: 5965: 5953: 5941: 5929: 5898: 5835: 5823: 5811: 5799: 5787: 5775: 5734: 5703: 5691: 5680: 5668: 5639: 5627: 5615: 5603: 5576: 5564: 5552: 5540: 5528: 5516: 5504: 3987: 3973: 3959: 3945: 3427: 3408: 3388: 3376: 3364: 3352: 3336: 3317: 3256:Philip William, Elector Palatine 3109:Sigismund was expected to marry 2784: 1563:and stipulated the expulsion of 1062: 1055:, which was not fully enforced. 398: 339:Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Opole 11398:Prince Lennart, Duke of Småland 11383:Prince Sigvard, Duke of Uppland 10164:(in Polish). Polska: Energeia. 10055:(in Polish). Lwów: Ossoliński. 9156:Encyclopedia of Russian History 8699:Kolodziejczyk, Dariusz (2011). 8569:. University Press of America. 8412:. University of Chicago Press. 8309:. Cambridge: University Press. 8306:The Cambridge History of Poland 7930:Dunning, Chester S. L. (2010). 7274: 5492: 5463: 5451: 5439: 5427: 5415: 5388: 5376: 5364: 5353: 5326: 5314: 5302: 5273: 5261: 5232: 5227:Folger Shakespeare Library 2004 5206:Folger Shakespeare Library 2004 5167: 5155: 4996: 4955: 4905: 4893: 4881: 4854: 4842: 4830: 4818: 4806: 4794: 4690: 4651: 4605: 4576: 4564: 4552: 4540: 4510: 4498: 4486: 4474: 4437: 4415: 4388: 4376: 4364: 4338: 4326: 4276: 4264: 4252: 4240: 4228: 4216: 4187: 4048: 3448:Ancestors of Sigismund III Vasa 2673:(Jan Brożek) wrote a satirical 2464:, also suffered from long-term 2419:at the age of nine in 1621 and 2338:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church 2072:In May 1626 the Swedes entered 1751:was subsequently ousted by the 787:Crown Marshal Andrzej Opaliński 702:. With the blessing of primate 694:. His candidacy was secured by 411:(20 June 1566 – 30 April 1632 287: 254: 150:17 November 1592 – 24 July 1599 12096:List of early Lithuanian dukes 11388:Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland 11295:Prince August, Duke of Dalarna 11285:Prince Gustaf, Duke of Uppland 10554:Wdowiszewski, Zygmunt (2005). 10433:. Cambridge University Press. 10301:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 9722:(in Polish). Polska: Bellona. 8597:(in Polish). Polska: Neriton. 8541:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 7874:Dabrowski, Patrice M. (2014). 7798:(in Polish). Polska: Scholar. 7792:Czerenkiewicz, Michał (2019). 7656:Clark, Christopher M. (2009). 7554:. Vol. 1. Sanok: Pollak. 7526:. Berghahn Books. p. 50. 7357:Andrusiewicz, Andrzej (1999). 5268:Niemcewicz & Turowski 1860 4912:Niemcewicz & Turowski 1860 4876:Niemcewicz & Turowski 1860 4861:Niemcewicz & Turowski 1860 4849:Niemcewicz & Turowski 1860 4837:Niemcewicz & Turowski 1860 4825:Niemcewicz & Turowski 1860 4697:Niemcewicz & Turowski 1860 4612:Niemcewicz & Turowski 1860 4422:pisze, Przemek (3 July 2013). 4175: 4163: 4151: 4139: 4127: 4075: 4025: 2003:Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629) 1997:Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629) 1887:Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621) 1881:Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621) 1603:Polish–Russian War (1609–1618) 1569:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 771:launched a military expedition 762:upon the death of his father. 708:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 460:Sigismund was the son of King 90:19 August 1587 – 30 April 1632 13: 1: 13431:16th-century Swedish monarchs 12547: 11321:Prince Oscar, Duke of Gotland 10528:Watra-Przewłocki, J. (1918). 10500:Varvounis, Miltiades (2016). 10429:Treadgold, Donald W. (1973). 10217:Dzieje Polski a współczesność 9716:Podhorodecki, Leszek (2008). 9688:Podhorodecki, Leszek (1988). 9669:Podhorodecki, Leszek (1985). 9643:Podhorodecki, Leszek (1978). 9522:The English Historical Review 9365:Dzieje panowania Zygmunta III 9342:. Vol. 1. Kraków: Czas. 9339:Dzieje panowania Zygmunta III 9209:Moraczewski, Jędrzej (1865). 8365:(in Hungarian). Új Mandátum. 8192:Geijer, Eric Gustave (1845). 7342:. Wahlström & Widstrand. 4064: 4008:History of Sweden (1523–1611) 4003:History of Poland (1569–1795) 3371:One of King Sigismund's coins 2857:James of England and Scotland 2638:Eight sermons before the Sejm 2623:'s Polish translation of the 2112: 1824:Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) 1812:which ruled Russia until the 1626: 1495:Zebrzydowski rebellion (1606) 1376: 855: 686:Sigismund in his youth, 1585. 557: 58: 13461:Knights of the Golden Fleece 13426:17th-century Polish monarchs 13421:16th-century Polish monarchs 12725:descendant of Inge the Elder 12669:descendant of Inge the Elder 12437:Stanisław August Poniatowski 12030:Stanisław August Poniatowski 11019:, and continues through the 10787:, Wrocław 2006, p. 923. 10349:Talbierska, Jolanta (2011). 9871:Rastawiecki, Edward (1857). 9820:The Cambridge Modern History 9673:. Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza. 9617:Piwarski, Kazimierz (1961). 9591:Piwarski, Kazimierz (1947). 9537:Peterson, Gary Dean (2014). 9292:Materiały zachodniopomorskie 9235:Morawska, Katarzyna (2014). 8147:The Northern Wars, 1558–1721 7992:(in Polish). Polska: Morex. 7961:The History of Modern Europe 7738:Cynarski, Stanisław (1988). 7628:Ciechanowicz, Jerzy (1994). 5794:A ́goston & Masters 2010 4211:Encyklopedia powszechna 1868 2971:. He was also fascinated by 2415:in 1640. John Albert became 2137:to engage the Swedes at the 1731:under the command of Hetman 1327:, had tried to raise up the 1193: 671: 491:Sigismund attempted to hold 484:headed by Sigismund's uncle 7: 12966:Bengt Jönsson (Oxenstierna) 12412:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki 12101:List of Lithuanian monarchs 12005:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki 11746:Władysław III Spindleshanks 11451:Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne 11331:Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke 11238:Crown Prince Charles August 10791:Warszawa w latach 1526–1795 10766:. Warsaw: 1966, p. 91. 10531:Historya Polski ilustrowana 10078:Early Modern Wars 1500–1775 9843:Pushkin, Alexander (2018). 9792:Poczet biskupów krakowskich 9473:Pałucki, Władysław (1974). 8942:Kurkowska, Grażyna (1995). 8591:Karpowicz, Mariusz (1994). 8277:Grabowski, Ambroży (1868). 7986:Dzięgielewski, Jan (1994). 7958:Dyer, Thomas Henry (1861). 7849:Bohaterowie historii Polski 7826:(in Polish). Polska: Czas. 7820:Czermiński, Marcin (1907). 7684:Conroy, Charles C. (1917). 7634:(in Polish). Polska: Krąg. 7602:Chmielowski, Piotr (1887). 7520:Buchen, Tim (August 2020). 3938: 3439: 2479:. In November 1631, bishop 2287: 2012:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden 1704: 1083: 804:defeated Maximilian at the 488:, who deposed him in 1599. 476:was created. Opposition in 10: 13497: 13471:Burials at Wawel Cathedral 13036:Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna 12989:Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna 12972:Nils Jönsson (Oxenstierna) 10266:Stebelski, Ignacy (1867). 10103:Shubin, Daniel H. (2009). 10075:Showalter, Dennis (2013). 9823:. Vol. 4. Macmillan. 9620:Szkice z dziejów papiestwa 9125:Maternicki, Jerzy (2004). 8996:Lechicki, Czesław (1932). 8920:. Bloomington: iUniverse. 8673:Kizwalter, Tomasz (1987). 8434:Jacobsen, Douglas (2011). 8406:Itzkowitz, Norman (2008). 8380:Instytut Historii (2000). 8337:(in Polish). Polska: WAB. 7846:Czwojdrak, Bożena (2007). 7580:(in Polish). Kraków: PWN. 7338:Andersson, Ingvar (1979). 6169:Koszarski & Haase 1864 3805: 3689: 3566: 3460: 3310: 2175: 2030:, all of which ended in a 2000: 1884: 1827: 1678:was crowned as Vasili IV. 1600: 1498: 1394:coincided in opposing the 1348:Ladislaus (Władysław) Vasa 1101:Uppsala Resolution of 1594 1072: 1066: 924:Archduke Ernest of Austria 910:Treaty of Bytom and Będzin 868:staunchly opposed the pro- 675: 663:which ruled Poland in its 425:from 1587 to 1632 and, as 29: 13360: 13301: 13252: 13187: 13128: 12878: 12849: 12791: 12682: 12584: 12537: 12483: 12449: 12358: 12320: 12218: 12194: 12175: 12151: 12142: 12110: 12090: 12038: 11965: 11917: 11894: 11870: 11849: 11836:Dukes of Gdańsk Pomerania 11715:Senior or Supreme Princes 11704: 11639: 11611: 11520: 11459: 11443: 11422: 11406: 11370: 11339: 11303: 11272: 11251: 11220: 11194: 11178: 11157: 11141: 11105: 11067: 11036: 11009: 10960: 10943: 10934: 10927: 10912: 10899: 10891: 10881: 10868: 10856: 10851: 10824: 10692:Zarewicz, Ludwik (1876). 10153:– via Google Books. 9925:Roberts, Michael (1953). 9263:Morawski, Teodor (1877). 9181:Miłobędzki, Adam (1980). 9153:Millar, James R. (2004). 9022:Lelewel, Joachim (1845). 8914:Krzyzkowski, Dan (2017). 8772:Korytkowski, Jan (1889). 8619:Kiliński, Teodor (1872). 8331:Haska, Agnieszka (2018). 8195:The History of the Swedes 8164:Gajda, Stanisław (2001). 7548:Bulgarin, Ḟaddej (1857). 6978:Ochmann-Staniszewska 2006 6678:Ochmann-Staniszewska 2006 6393:Ochmann-Staniszewska 2006 6319:CiekawostkiHistoryczne.pl 4247:Ochmann-Staniszewska 2006 4223:Louda & Maclagan 1991 3875: 3867: 3839: 3817: 3813: 3777: 3755: 3747: 3719: 3697: 3693: 3655: 3633: 3625: 3597: 3578: 3574: 3538: 3516: 3508: 3480: 3464: 3252:Anna Katarzyna Konstancja 2555: 1739:. On 4 July 1610, at the 1719:, by Italian-born artist 1534:Aleksander Józef Lisowski 1367:Clash with England (1597) 1337:Carl Carlsson Gyllenhielm 1176:Arvid Gustafsson Stenbock 1168:Arvid Stålarm the Younger 820:against Protestant foes. 767:Maximilian III of Austria 394: 384: 374: 364: 352: 329:John II Casimir of Poland 306: 231: 216: 199: 186: 182: 172: 162: 154: 146: 128: 118: 104: 94: 86: 68: 46: 41: 13451:Grand dukes of Lithuania 12144:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 11831:Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca 11123:Prince Alexander Charles 11080:Gustav, Prince of Uglich 10403:Tatomir, Lucjan (1868). 10214:Sokół, Krystyna (1966). 10049:Schmitt, Henryk (1858). 9747:Europa, Galicja, regiony 9744:Podraza, Antoni (2006). 9565:Piasecki, Paweł (1870). 8798:Korzon, Tadeusz (1889). 8727:Komasara, Irena (1994). 7316:. Taylor & Francis. 7310:Allen, W. E. D. (2017). 6659:Mykowski & Klat 2001 5003:Larned & Reiley 1895 4723:, pp. 148, 150–151. 4018: 3244:Anna Catherine Constance 2963:silver reliquary at the 2697:St. John's Archcathedral 2434: 2348:sentiment strengthened. 2236:The gateway between the 2200:St. John's Archcathedral 1920:Principality of Moldavia 1714:Victorious Sigismund at 1584:full-scale battle ensued 1310:Aftermath and deposition 1172:Erik Gustafsson Stenbock 585:Born on 20 June 1566 at 11811:Dukes of Greater Poland 10875:Grand Duke of Lithuania 10638:Wisner, Henryk (2002). 10610:Wisner, Henryk (1989). 10582:Wisner, Henryk (1984). 10448:Tretiak, Józef (1889). 10323:Szujski, Józef (1894). 10004:Rudzki, Edward (1987). 9897:Reading, Mario (2019). 9450:Encyklopedia Powszechna 9419:Dynastia Wazów w Polsce 9388:Nowak, Andrzej (2019). 9110:. New York: Macmillan. 9076:Lileyko, Jerzy (1984). 8824:Koskinen, Ulla (2016). 8563:Jędruch, Jacek (1982). 8492:(in Polish). Toporzeł. 8016:Encyklopedia powszechna 7574:Burek, Ryszard (2000). 7523:Antisemitism in Galicia 7492:Bojarska, Anna (2004). 7464:Bogucka, Maria (1994). 7397:Encyclopædia Britannica 7288:. Infobase Publishing. 5525:, pp. 135, 217–233 5280:Finn & Schutte 2018 5239:Finn & Schutte 2018 4493:Janiszewska-Mincer 1984 3159:Feast of Corpus Christi 3141:roll painting known as 1227:Christian IV of Denmark 883:Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz 720:grand duke of Lithuania 423:Grand Duke of Lithuania 78:Grand Duke of Lithuania 13441:Polish Roman Catholics 13098:Sten Sture the Younger 13029:Kettil Karlsson (Vasa) 13012:Kettil Karlsson (Vasa) 12955:Christopher of Bavaria 12422:Augustus II the Strong 12015:Augustus II the Strong 11932:Władysław III of Varna 11816:Dukes of Little Poland 11721:Władysław II the Exile 11676:Casimir I the Restorer 11670:Bolesław the Forgotten 10613:Rokosz Zebrzydowskiego 10161:Na połów dusz ludzkich 10158:Sitkowa, Anna (1998). 10052:Rokosz Zebrzydowskiego 9978:Rotteck, Carl (1843). 8437:The World's Christians 8249:Górski, Karol (2008). 8117:Franz, Maciej (2006). 7710:Cooper, J. P. (1979). 7662:(in Polish). Bellona. 7442:(in Polish). Bellona. 7436:Besala, Jerzy (2009). 7391:"Sigismund III." 6752:Rocznik krakowski 1987 6740:Rocznik krakowski 1987 6290:Instytut Historii 2000 4522:Muzeum Historii Polski 4043: 4035: 3291:Meyerin's position as 3251: 3237: 3226: 3212: 3198: 3184: 3170: 3106: 3091: 3080: 3069: 3055: 3044: 3003: 2987:Marriages and children 2957:Lwów Bernardine Church 2921: 2808: 2704:Franciszek Siarczyński 2700: 2572: 2494:sejm ekstraordynaryjny 2448: 2329:Polish Reformed Church 2327:across the globe. The 2304: 2241: 2191: 2118: 2015: 1915: 1877:against Transylvania. 1737:laid siege to Smolensk 1724: 1659:, the youngest son of 1616: 1515:Zebrzydowski rebellion 1510: 1501:Zebrzydowski rebellion 1383: 1277: 1214:from Fleming's widow, 1206: 1096: 991: 927: 873: 687: 582: 577:. An 1859 painting by 324:Władysław IV of Poland 12427:Stanisław Leszczyński 12387:Anna the Jagiellonian 12346:Sigismund II Augustus 12312:Sigismund Kęstutaitis 12085:Monarchs of Lithuania 11957:Sigismund II Augustus 11927:Władysław II Jagiełło 11904:Louis I the Hungarian 11886:Casimir III the Great 11781:Bolesław V the Chaste 11756:Mieszko IV Tanglefoot 11726:Bolesław IV the Curly 11696:Bolesław III Wrymouth 11603:Piast the Wheelwright 11462:Also prince of Norway 11243:King Charles XIV John 10946:— TITULAR — 10940:Deposed by Charles IX 10906:Grand Duke of Finland 10560:(in Polish). Avalon. 10380:Encyklopedya doręczna 10021:Saar, Alicja (1995). 9774:"Encyklopedya polska" 8878:Król, Stefan (1988). 8535:Jaques, Tony (2019). 8507:Jaques, Tony (2007). 8359:Horn, Ildikó (2002). 8145:Frost, R. I. (2000). 7605:Nasi powieściopisarze 7360:Dzieje wielkiej smuty 6509:Watra-Przewłocki 1918 3738:Sigismund I of Poland 3648:Ebba Eriksdotter Vasa 3616:Margaret Leijonhufvud 3415:Facade relief on the 3135:Nicholas Zebrzydowski 3103:Constance of Habsburg 3101: 3033:Maria Anna of Bavaria 3016:Maria Anna of Bavaria 3012:Charles II of Austria 2994: 2908: 2792: 2690: 2563: 2534:Albrycht S. Radziwill 2525:for 'all is vanity'. 2489:Saint Catherine's Day 2462:Sigismund II Augustus 2442: 2295: 2235: 2185: 2172:Assassination attempt 2106: 2063:Jan Stanisław Sapieha 2010: 1971:Jan Karol Chodkiewicz 1936:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 1894: 1771:to Sigismund and the 1745:Polish winged hussars 1712: 1610: 1580:Jan Karol Chodkiewicz 1508: 1427:Queen's Privy Council 1374: 1272: 1201: 1154:, known today as the 1112:, as the overlord of 1091: 1069:War against Sigismund 985: 922: 863: 685: 648:, the future Duke of 603:Protestant Christians 565: 482:war against Sigismund 470:Sigismund I of Poland 435:Grand Duke of Finland 138:Grand Duke of Finland 13077:Sten Sture the Elder 13060:Sten Sture the Elder 12959:House of Wittelsbach 12451:Kingdom of Lithuania 12432:August III the Saxon 12407:John II Casimir Vasa 12112:Kingdom of Lithuania 12000:John II Casimir Vasa 11919:Jagiellonian dynasty 11881:Władysław I Łokietek 11681:Bolesław II the Bold 11654:Bolesław I the Brave 11414:King Carl XVI Gustaf 11347:King Gustaf VI Adolf 11228:King Gustav IV Adolf 11186:King Adolf Frederick 11090:King Gustav II Adolf 10109:. New York: Algora. 9691:Stanisław Żółkiewski 8383:Studia źródłoznawcze 8219:Gillespie, Alexander 7936:. Penn State Press. 7902:Dowley, Tim (2018). 7577:Encyklopedia Krakowa 7363:(in Polish). Śląsk. 6089:kuriergalicyjski.com 5395:Pawłowska-Kubik 2019 5309:Pawłowska-Kubik 2019 4528:on 17 September 2017 3832:Gian Galeazzo Sforza 3770:Elisabeth of Austria 3712:Casimir IV of Poland 3301:Jan Szczęsny Herburt 3119:Constance of Austria 2941:Baroque architecture 2552:on 4 February 1633. 2447:following his death. 2361:Warsaw Confederation 2311:and the downfall of 2074:Polish Ducal Prussia 1863:Stanisław Żółkiewski 1796:withdrew from Moscow 1733:Stanisław Żółkiewski 1667:and his Polish wife 1526:Jan Szczęsny Herburt 1522:Mikołaj Zebrzydowski 1435:Lord Mayor of London 1352:Estates of the Realm 1034:Stanisław Żółkiewski 1030:Mikołaj Zebrzydowski 1004:Warsaw Confederation 742:and also hereditary 704:Stanisław Karnkowski 661:Jagiellonian dynasty 474:Polish–Swedish union 464:and his first wife, 294:; died 276:Constance of Austria 261:; died 12750:Sverker the Younger 12382:Henry III of Valois 12341:Sigismund I the Old 12220:House of Gediminids 11952:Sigismund I the Old 11896:Capet-Anjou dynasty 11786:Leszek II the Black 11776:Bolesław the Horned 11736:Casimir II the Just 11731:Mieszko III the Old 10826:Sigismund III Vasa 10081:. Amber Books Ltd. 9776:. Gebethner i Wolff 9597:. Stefan Kamiński. 8881:101 kobiet polskich 8513:. Greenwood Press. 7386:Bain, Robert Nisbet 7208:Tańska-Hoffman 1851 4735:, pp. 150–151. 4196:, pp. 263, 265 3796:Catherine of Poland 3674:Sigismund III Vasa 3473:Erik Johansson Vasa 3199:Jan Albert/Olbracht 3094:; 10 February 1598) 2981:Michael Sendivogius 2746:. The new 22-meter 2615:began to supersede 2370:burned at the stake 2309:Counter-Reformation 2098:Jędrzej Moraczewski 1818:Alexander Gillespie 1814:February Revolution 1641:famine of 1601–1603 1530:Stanisław Stadnicki 1479:William Shakespeare 1341:Linköping Bloodbath 1291:Battle of Stångebro 1150:in the province of 1079:Battle of Stångebro 956:bishopric of Kraków 898:Counter-Reformation 712:by the grace of God 591:Catherine Jagiellon 571:Catherine Jagiellon 501:Counter-Reformation 468:, daughter of King 466:Catherine Jagiellon 379:Catherine Jagiellon 195:, Mariefred, Sweden 13416:Dethroned monarchs 13108:House of Oldenburg 13070:House of Oldenburg 13043:Erik Axelsson Tott 13005:House of Oldenburg 12995:Erik Axelsson Tott 12907:House of Estridsen 12721:House of Estridsen 12711:Eric "IX" the Holy 12665:House of Estridsen 12656:Ragnvald Knaphövde 12531:Monarchs of Sweden 12397:Sigismund III Vasa 12322:House of Jagiellon 12196:House of Mindaugas 12153:House of Mindaugas 12121:House of Mindaugas 11990:Sigismund III Vasa 11841:Dukes of Pomerania 11771:Henry II the Pious 11686:Władysław I Herman 11664:Mieszko II Lambert 11514:Monarchs of Poland 10929:Titles in pretence 10917:Title next held by 10721:Monografia Lublina 9445:Orgelbrand, Samuel 9318:Treasury of Poland 7795:Polonia illustrata 7139:, pp. 182–183 7067:, pp. 171–172 6929:, pp. 151–154 6917:, pp. 145–146 6470:Czerenkiewicz 2019 6321:. 3 November 2018. 6244:, pp. 121–123 6031:, pp. 193–200 5989:, pp. 154–160 5895:, pp. 142–144 5818:Dzięgielewski 1994 5770:Kolodziejczyk 2011 5665:, pp. 358–359 5600:, pp. 170–171 5585:, pp. 168–170 5561:, pp. 403–405 5489:, pp. 207–229 5448:, pp. 194–195 5282:, pp. 187–192 5270:, pp. 194–195 5191:, pp. 129–130 5176:, pp. 439–466 4914:, pp. 267–268 4863:, pp. 131–132 4839:, pp. 130–131 4660:, pp. 146–149 4483:, pp. 162–163 4471:, pp. 155–157 4447:. 19 February 2016 4352:. 12 December 2017 4335:, pp. 452–453 3890:Isabella of Naples 3557:John III of Sweden 3531:Cecilia Månsdotter 3499:Gustav I of Sweden 3345:Sigismund's Column 3143:rolka sztokholmska 3107: 3004: 2934:Albrycht Radziwiłł 2930:Philip II of Spain 2922: 2896:Main Market Square 2880:Polish folk dances 2809: 2752:Sigismund's Column 2701: 2585:Szymon Starowolski 2573: 2565:Sigismund's Column 2449: 2305: 2273:François Ravaillac 2246:Marcin Szyszkowski 2242: 2192: 2160:, though Prussia, 2150:battle at Trzciana 2119: 2016: 1944:Polish–Ottoman War 1916: 1840:Robert Nisbet Bain 1741:Battle of Klushino 1725: 1633:Feodor I of Russia 1617: 1561:Henrician Articles 1511: 1457:. As described by 1425:In July 1597, the 1408:Philip II Habsburg 1384: 1278: 1207: 1097: 992: 928: 874: 744:king of the Swedes 696:Queen Dowager Anna 688: 599:Eric XIV of Sweden 583: 544:Sigismund's Column 505:invasion of Russia 462:John III of Sweden 409:Sigismund III Vasa 369:John III of Sweden 18:Sigismund III Wasa 13393: 13392: 13369:Norwegian monarch 13364:Lineage uncertain 13356: 13355: 13297: 13296: 13248: 13247: 13183: 13182: 13124: 13123: 12942:House of Griffins 12925:House of Griffins 12915:House of Griffins 12874: 12873: 12845: 12844: 12787: 12786: 12726: 12705:Sverker the Elder 12678: 12677: 12670: 12594:c. 1060 – c. 1130 12580: 12579: 12497: 12496: 12479: 12478: 12445: 12444: 12417:John III Sobieski 12402:Ladislaus IV Vasa 12360:Polish–Lithuanian 12354: 12353: 12293: 12281: 12269: 12252: 12177:House of Monomakh 12138: 12137: 12052: 12051: 12010:John III Sobieski 11995:Władysław IV Vasa 11967:Elective monarchy 11851:Přemyslid dynasty 11766:Henry the Bearded 11480: 11479: 11207:King Charles XIII 10970: 10969: 10964:Władysław IV Vasa 10961:Succeeded by 10948: 10882:Succeeded by 10769:Stanisław Rosik, 10431:Russia, 1472–1917 9953:Rocznik krakowski 8224:The Causes of War 7690:. Wayside Press. 7631:Medea i czereśnie 7267:Wdowiszewski 2005 6903:Podhorodecki 1988 6690:Ciechanowicz 1994 6563:Podhorodecki 1985 6146:Podhorodecki 2008 6029:Podhorodecki 1985 6002:Podhorodecki 1978 5987:Podhorodecki 1985 5893:Podhorodecki 1985 5830:Konopczyński 1937 5634:Andrusiewicz 1999 5622:Andrusiewicz 1999 4271:Podhorodecki 1985 3935: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3219:Alexander Charles 3205:Charles Ferdinand 3115:Emperor Rudolf II 3113:in 1603, however 2914:and Sigismund III 2859:sent a book with 2841:sexual abstinence 2835:and orations. He 2825:Pope Clement VIII 2823:who were sent by 2748:Corinthian column 2736:Władysław IV Vasa 2601:Polish Golden Age 2481:Achacy Grochowski 2458:Sigismund the Old 2443:Sigismund III on 2409:bishop of Wrocław 2405:Charles Ferdinand 2386:Thirty Years' War 2333:Eastern Orthodoxy 2143:Polish royal navy 2109:Peter Paul Rubens 2067:nervous breakdown 2057:, in present-day 2036:Gustavus Adolphus 1875:Battle of Humenné 1873:in combat at the 1871:Holy Roman Empire 1848:Habsburg monarchy 1836:Thirty Years' War 1830:Thirty Years' War 1729:Commonwealth army 1721:Tommaso Dolabella 1661:Ivan the Terrible 1591:Pacification Sejm 1431:Henry Billingsley 1293:. The prevailing 1284:where his sister 1261:. The cavalry of 1255:Polish Crown army 1204:Peter Paul Rubens 1041:sejm inkwizycyjny 1007:non-Catholics in 954:from seizing the 887:Pacification Sejm 844:, to rule as his 806:Battle of Byczyna 611:Sigismund the Old 540:Polish Golden Age 525:Gustavus Adolphus 443:Roman Catholicism 416: 406: 405: 389:Roman Catholicism 16:(Redirected from 13488: 13318:Charles XIV John 13308: 13307: 13264: 13263: 13254:Holstein-Gottorp 13218:Charles X Gustav 13208: 13207: 13204: 13135: 13134: 12893: 12892: 12856: 12855: 12798: 12797: 12724: 12695: 12694: 12668: 12651:Inge the Younger 12591: 12590: 12549: 12544: 12543: 12524: 12517: 12510: 12501: 12500: 12456: 12455: 12369: 12368: 12331:Casimir Jagellon 12287: 12275: 12263: 12246: 12149: 12148: 12117: 12116: 12079: 12072: 12065: 12056: 12055: 11826:Dukes of Kuyavia 11821:Dukes of Masovia 11806:Dukes of Silesia 11791:Henryk IV Probus 11751:Władysław Odonic 11741:Leszek the White 11507: 11500: 11493: 11484: 11483: 11170:King Frederick I 11165:King Charles XII 11075:King Sigismund I 11025:Holstein-Gottorp 10996: 10989: 10982: 10973: 10972: 10944: 10892:Preceded by 10857:Preceded by 10847: 10840: 10822: 10821: 10817:Internet Archive 10740: 10738: 10736: 10714: 10712: 10710: 10695:Przegląd lwowski 10688: 10686: 10684: 10662: 10660: 10658: 10634: 10632: 10630: 10606: 10604: 10602: 10585:Zygmunt III Waza 10578: 10576: 10574: 10550: 10548: 10546: 10524: 10522: 10520: 10506:. UK: Xilibris. 10496: 10494: 10492: 10470: 10468: 10466: 10444: 10425: 10423: 10421: 10399: 10397: 10395: 10373: 10371: 10369: 10345: 10343: 10341: 10319: 10317: 10315: 10288: 10286: 10284: 10262: 10260: 10258: 10236: 10234: 10232: 10210: 10208: 10206: 10182: 10180: 10178: 10154: 10152: 10150: 10127: 10125: 10123: 10099: 10097: 10095: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10045: 10043: 10041: 10017: 10000: 9998: 9996: 9974: 9972: 9970: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9921: 9919: 9917: 9893: 9891: 9889: 9867: 9865: 9863: 9839: 9837: 9835: 9813: 9811: 9809: 9785: 9783: 9781: 9768: 9766: 9764: 9740: 9738: 9736: 9712: 9710: 9708: 9684: 9665: 9663: 9661: 9639: 9637: 9635: 9613: 9611: 9609: 9587: 9585: 9583: 9561: 9559: 9557: 9533: 9516: 9514: 9512: 9488: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9440: 9438: 9436: 9412: 9410: 9408: 9384: 9382: 9380: 9358: 9356: 9354: 9332: 9311: 9309: 9307: 9285: 9283: 9281: 9259: 9257: 9255: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9177: 9175: 9173: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9121: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9072: 9070: 9068: 9044: 9042: 9040: 9018: 9016: 9014: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8910: 8908: 8906: 8874: 8872: 8870: 8848: 8846: 8844: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8794: 8792: 8790: 8768: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8695: 8693: 8691: 8669: 8667: 8665: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8587: 8585: 8583: 8559: 8557: 8555: 8531: 8529: 8527: 8503: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8430: 8428: 8426: 8402: 8400: 8398: 8376: 8355: 8353: 8351: 8327: 8325: 8323: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8160: 8141: 8139: 8137: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8104:. pp. 23–24 8099: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8010: 8008: 8006: 7982: 7980: 7978: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7926: 7924: 7922: 7898: 7896: 7894: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7842: 7840: 7838: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7467:Anna Jagiellonka 7460: 7458: 7456: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7401: 7393: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7353: 7334: 7332: 7330: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7269: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7234: 7229: 7223: 7220:Chmielowski 1887 7217: 7211: 7205: 7199: 7193: 7178: 7173: 7164: 7158: 7152: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7128: 7122: 7116: 7110: 7104: 7098: 7092: 7086: 7080: 7074: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7050: 7044: 7038: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7005: 6999: 6993: 6987: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6954: 6948: 6942: 6936: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6900: 6894: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6868:Rastawiecki 1857 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6808:Rastawiecki 1857 6805: 6799: 6793: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6662: 6656: 6650: 6649:, pp. 80–81 6647:Siarczyński 1843 6644: 6638: 6635:Siarczyński 1843 6632: 6626: 6624:Siarczyński 1843 6621: 6615: 6609: 6598: 6592: 6581: 6575: 6566: 6560: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6536:Siarczyński 1843 6533: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6494: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6449: 6444: 6435: 6429: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6355: 6349: 6340: 6334: 6323: 6322: 6311: 6305: 6299: 6293: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6222: 6216: 6210: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6155: 6149: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6120: 6114: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6095:on 30 April 2019 6091:. Archived from 6081: 6075: 6069: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5990: 5984: 5975: 5972:Moraczewski 1865 5969: 5963: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5924:Korytkowski 1889 5921: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5879: 5873: 5862: 5856: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5758: 5757:, pp. 67–79 5752: 5743: 5738: 5732: 5726: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5458:Krzyzkowski 2017 5455: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5431: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5362: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5224: 5209: 5203: 5192: 5186: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5132: 5126: 5115: 5109: 5090: 5084: 5073: 5067: 5056: 5050: 5027: 5021: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4938: 4932: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4777: 4771: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4699:, pp. 56–57 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4634: 4628: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4350:TwojaHistoria.pl 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4301: 4295: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4170:Tyszkiewicz 1846 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4136:, pp. 85–86 4134:Tyszkiewicz 1846 4131: 4125: 4122:Rastawiecki 1857 4119: 4110: 4104: 4089: 4088: 4079: 4070:Inline citations 4058: 4052: 4046: 4036:Zygmunt III Waza 4029: 4013:Unions of Sweden 3997: 3992: 3991: 3983: 3978: 3977: 3976: 3969: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3955: 3953:Biography portal 3950: 3949: 3948: 3454: 3453: 3445: 3444: 3431: 3412: 3402:Gortzius Geldorp 3392: 3380: 3368: 3356: 3340: 3321: 3232:Anna Constance ( 3227:Aleksander Karol 3125:". The death of 2996:Anne of Habsburg 2961:Saint Adalbert's 2839:, and practices 2801:Saint Stanislaus 2744:Column of Phocas 2671:Joannes Broscius 2425:bishop of Kraków 2417:bishop of Warmia 2219:Łukasz Opaliński 2211:Michał Piekarski 2188:Michał Piekarski 2178:Michał Piekarski 2154:Truce of Altmark 2117: 2114: 1978:Treaty of Khotyn 1967:Battle of Khotyn 1957:, advanced from 1850:and Poland. The 1801:Truce of Deulino 1792:Dmitry Pozharsky 1673:Vasili Ivanovich 1657:Dmitry Ivanovich 1621:Time of Troubles 1538:Janusz Radziwiłł 1447:Sir John Spencer 1439:Paweł Działyński 1381: 1378: 1316:Linköping Castle 1304:Swedish warships 1274:Linköping Castle 978:Peace settlement 964:Piotr Myszkowski 906:Anne of Habsburg 818:Catholic Austria 814:Anne of Habsburg 760:throne of Sweden 700:Zborowski family 587:Gripsholm Castle 509:Time of Troubles 480:Sweden caused a 412: 402: 317: 299: 297: 293: 289: 266: 264: 260: 256: 206: 158:19 February 1594 100:27 December 1587 63: 60: 51: 39: 38: 21: 13496: 13495: 13491: 13490: 13489: 13487: 13486: 13485: 13446:Kings of Poland 13396: 13395: 13394: 13389: 13352: 13348:Carl XVI Gustaf 13343:Gustaf VI Adolf 13293: 13284:Gustav IV Adolf 13274:Adolf Frederick 13244: 13233:Ulrika Eleonora 13198: 13197: 13190: 13179: 13170:Gustav II Adolf 13120: 12889: 12887: 12870: 12841: 12783: 12674: 12595: 12576: 12562:Olof Skötkonung 12533: 12528: 12498: 12493: 12475: 12441: 12392:Stephen Báthory 12362: 12350: 12316: 12214: 12190: 12171: 12134: 12106: 12105: 12086: 12083: 12053: 12048: 12034: 11985:Stephen Báthory 11975:Henry of Valois 11961: 11913: 11890: 11866: 11845: 11707: 11700: 11635: 11607: 11516: 11511: 11481: 11476: 11472: 11468: 11464: 11455: 11444:16th generation 11439: 11423:15th generation 11418: 11407:14th generation 11402: 11371:13th generation 11366: 11340:12th generation 11335: 11304:11th generation 11299: 11280:King Charles XV 11273:10th generation 11268: 11247: 11216: 11202:King Gustav III 11190: 11174: 11153: 11149:King Charles XI 11137: 11101: 11063: 11059:King Charles IX 11032: 11005: 11003:Swedish princes 11000: 10966: 10957: 10949: 10941: 10938: 10918: 10909: 10904: 10897: 10887: 10878: 10873: 10866: 10862: 10841: 10835: 10834: 10827: 10809: 10804: 10748: 10746:Further reading 10743: 10734: 10732: 10708: 10706: 10682: 10680: 10656: 10654: 10652: 10628: 10626: 10624: 10600: 10598: 10596: 10572: 10570: 10568: 10544: 10542: 10518: 10516: 10514: 10490: 10488: 10464: 10462: 10441: 10419: 10417: 10393: 10391: 10367: 10365: 10363: 10339: 10337: 10313: 10311: 10309: 10293:Stone, David R. 10282: 10280: 10256: 10254: 10230: 10228: 10204: 10202: 10200: 10176: 10174: 10172: 10148: 10146: 10121: 10119: 10117: 10093: 10091: 10089: 10065: 10063: 10039: 10037: 10035: 9994: 9992: 9968: 9966: 9964: 9941: 9939: 9915: 9913: 9911: 9887: 9885: 9861: 9859: 9857: 9833: 9831: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9779: 9777: 9762: 9760: 9758: 9734: 9732: 9730: 9706: 9704: 9702: 9681: 9659: 9657: 9633: 9631: 9607: 9605: 9581: 9579: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9510: 9508: 9506: 9463: 9461: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9406: 9404: 9402: 9378: 9376: 9352: 9350: 9329: 9305: 9303: 9279: 9277: 9253: 9251: 9249: 9225: 9223: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9171: 9169: 9167: 9143: 9141: 9139: 9118: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9038: 9036: 9012: 9010: 8986: 8984: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8904: 8902: 8892: 8868: 8866: 8842: 8840: 8838: 8814: 8812: 8788: 8786: 8745: 8743: 8741: 8717: 8715: 8713: 8689: 8687: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8635: 8633: 8609: 8607: 8605: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8500: 8478: 8476: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8424: 8422: 8420: 8396: 8394: 8373: 8361:Báthory András 8349: 8347: 8345: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8293: 8291: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8208: 8206: 8182: 8180: 8178: 8157: 8135: 8133: 8131: 8107: 8105: 8097: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8055: 8053: 8029: 8027: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7976: 7974: 7972: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7836: 7834: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7782: 7780: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7716:. 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Nisbet 7375: 7373: 7371: 7350: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7277: 7272: 7265: 7261: 7253: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7230: 7226: 7218: 7214: 7206: 7202: 7194: 7181: 7174: 7167: 7159: 7155: 7147: 7143: 7135: 7131: 7123: 7119: 7111: 7107: 7099: 7095: 7087: 7083: 7075: 7071: 7063: 7059: 7051: 7047: 7039: 7032: 7024: 7020: 7012: 7008: 7000: 6996: 6988: 6984: 6976: 6972: 6964: 6957: 6949: 6945: 6937: 6933: 6925: 6921: 6913: 6909: 6901: 6897: 6890: 6886: 6880:Talbierska 2011 6878: 6874: 6866: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6820:Miłobędzki 1980 6818: 6814: 6806: 6802: 6794: 6787: 6779: 6775: 6767: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6726: 6722: 6712: 6710: 6700: 6696: 6688: 6684: 6676: 6665: 6657: 6653: 6645: 6641: 6633: 6629: 6622: 6618: 6612:Czarnowski 1895 6610: 6601: 6593: 6584: 6576: 6569: 6561: 6554: 6546: 6542: 6534: 6527: 6519: 6515: 6507: 6503: 6499:, p. LXIII 6495: 6488: 6480: 6476: 6468: 6464: 6456: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6432:Maternicki 2004 6430: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6379: 6358: 6350: 6343: 6335: 6326: 6313: 6312: 6308: 6300: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6276: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6252: 6248: 6240: 6225: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6182: 6175: 6167: 6163: 6156: 6152: 6144: 6140: 6132: 6123: 6115: 6108: 6098: 6096: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6072:Niemcewicz 1860 6070: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6027: 6020: 6012: 6008: 6000: 5993: 5985: 5978: 5970: 5966: 5958: 5954: 5946: 5942: 5934: 5930: 5922: 5911: 5903: 5899: 5891: 5882: 5874: 5865: 5857: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5768: 5761: 5753: 5746: 5739: 5735: 5727: 5716: 5708: 5704: 5696: 5692: 5685: 5681: 5673: 5669: 5661: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5620: 5616: 5608: 5604: 5596: 5589: 5581: 5577: 5569: 5565: 5557: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5521: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5485: 5476: 5468: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5432: 5428: 5420: 5416: 5408: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5381: 5377: 5369: 5365: 5358: 5354: 5346: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5319: 5315: 5307: 5303: 5295: 5286: 5278: 5274: 5266: 5262: 5254: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5225: 5212: 5204: 5195: 5187: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5162:Orgelbrand 1861 5160: 5156: 5148: 5135: 5127: 5118: 5110: 5093: 5085: 5076: 5068: 5059: 5051: 5030: 5022: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4989: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4948: 4941: 4933: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4886: 4882: 4874: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4780: 4772: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4671: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4644: 4637: 4629: 4618: 4610: 4606: 4598: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4559:Czermiński 1907 4557: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4531: 4529: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4467: 4460: 4450: 4448: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4426: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4304: 4296: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4235:Niemcewicz 1860 4233: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4209: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4113: 4105: 4092: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4044:Žygimantas Vaza 4030: 4026: 4021: 3995:Monarchy portal 3993: 3986: 3979: 3974: 3972: 3965: 3960: 3958: 3951: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3936: 3442: 3435: 3432: 3423: 3413: 3404: 3393: 3384: 3381: 3372: 3369: 3360: 3357: 3348: 3341: 3332: 3325:False Dmitriy I 3322: 3313: 3269:Urszula Meyerin 3265: 3263:Urszula Meyerin 3238:Anna Konstancja 3213:Karol Ferdynand 3029:puerperal fever 3008:Anne of Austria 2989: 2926:Joachim Lelewel 2892:Anne of Austria 2805:Wawel Cathedral 2787: 2579:, the arts and 2558: 2546:Wawel Cathedral 2514:Urszula Meyerin 2506:Kasper Doenhoff 2437: 2429:Pope Innocent X 2413:bishop of Płock 2382:capital offence 2321:Polish Brethren 2290: 2213:, armed with a 2180: 2174: 2139:Battle of Oliva 2115: 2078:Piława (Pillau) 2005: 1999: 1963:Khotyn Fortress 1940:Gaspar Graziani 1889: 1883: 1856:Gabriel Bethlen 1832: 1826: 1810:Romanov dynasty 1806:Michael Romanov 1707: 1669:Marina Mniszech 1629: 1605: 1599: 1503: 1497: 1412:English Channel 1379: 1369: 1364: 1312: 1196: 1086: 1081: 1071: 1065: 994:As outlined by 980: 968:ordained priest 960:Jerzy Radziwiłł 902:Archduke Ernest 858: 795:Wawel Cathedral 692:Stephen Báthory 680: 674: 595:John of Finland 593:and Grand Duke 560: 348: 314:among others... 311: 310: 302: 301: 285: 281: 278: 268: 252: 248: 245: 243:Anne of Austria 227: 224:Wawel Cathedral 221: 220:4 February 1633 208: 204: 191: 142: 113:Stephen Báthory 82: 64: 61: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13494: 13484: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13391: 13390: 13388: 13387: 13385:king of Poland 13381: 13379:Danish monarch 13371: 13365: 13361: 13358: 13357: 13354: 13353: 13351: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13314: 13312: 13305: 13299: 13298: 13295: 13294: 13292: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13270: 13268: 13261: 13250: 13249: 13246: 13245: 13243: 13242: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13214: 13212: 13205: 13185: 13184: 13181: 13180: 13178: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13141: 13139: 13132: 13126: 13125: 13122: 13121: 13119: 13118: 13111: 13101: 13094: 13087: 13084:Svante Nilsson 13080: 13073: 13063: 13056: 13053:House of Bonde 13046: 13039: 13032: 13025: 13022:House of Bonde 13015: 13008: 12998: 12985: 12982:House of Bonde 12975: 12962: 12952: 12949:Charles (VIII) 12945: 12935: 12932:Charles (VIII) 12928: 12918: 12899: 12897: 12890: 12882: 12876: 12875: 12872: 12871: 12869: 12868: 12862: 12860: 12853: 12847: 12846: 12843: 12842: 12840: 12839: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12804: 12802: 12795: 12789: 12788: 12785: 12784: 12782: 12781: 12774: 12769: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12733: 12728: 12714: 12707: 12701: 12699: 12698:c. 1130 – 1250 12692: 12680: 12679: 12676: 12675: 12673: 12672: 12658: 12653: 12644: 12642:Inge the Elder 12639: 12634: 12632:Inge the Elder 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12599: 12597: 12588: 12582: 12581: 12578: 12577: 12575: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12553: 12551: 12541: 12535: 12534: 12527: 12526: 12519: 12512: 12504: 12495: 12494: 12486:Titular rulers 12484: 12481: 12480: 12477: 12476: 12474: 12473: 12465: 12463: 12460:House of Urach 12453: 12447: 12446: 12443: 12442: 12440: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12378: 12376: 12366: 12356: 12355: 12352: 12351: 12349: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12327: 12325: 12318: 12317: 12315: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12282: 12270: 12258: 12253: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12225: 12223: 12216: 12215: 12213: 12212: 12207: 12201: 12199: 12192: 12191: 12189: 12188: 12182: 12180: 12173: 12172: 12170: 12169: 12164: 12158: 12156: 12146: 12140: 12139: 12136: 12135: 12133: 12132: 12126: 12124: 12114: 12108: 12107: 12104: 12103: 12098: 12092: 12091: 12088: 12087: 12082: 12081: 12074: 12067: 12059: 12050: 12049: 12047: 12046: 12039: 12036: 12035: 12033: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11980:Anna Jagiellon 11977: 11971: 11969: 11963: 11962: 11960: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11923: 11921: 11915: 11914: 11912: 11911: 11906: 11900: 11898: 11892: 11891: 11889: 11888: 11883: 11877: 11875: 11868: 11867: 11865: 11863:Wenceslaus III 11860: 11855: 11853: 11847: 11846: 11844: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11799: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11712: 11710: 11702: 11701: 11699: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11645: 11643: 11637: 11636: 11634: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11617: 11615: 11613:Proto-historic 11609: 11608: 11606: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11583: 11576: 11569: 11562: 11555: 11548: 11541: 11534: 11526: 11524: 11518: 11517: 11510: 11509: 11502: 11495: 11487: 11478: 11477: 11460: 11457: 11456: 11454: 11453: 11447: 11445: 11441: 11440: 11438: 11437: 11432: 11426: 11424: 11420: 11419: 11417: 11416: 11410: 11408: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11374: 11372: 11368: 11367: 11365: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11343: 11341: 11337: 11336: 11334: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11307: 11305: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11276: 11274: 11270: 11269: 11267: 11266: 11261: 11255: 11253: 11252:9th generation 11249: 11248: 11246: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11224: 11222: 11221:8th generation 11218: 11217: 11215: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11198: 11196: 11195:7th generation 11192: 11191: 11189: 11188: 11182: 11180: 11179:6th generation 11176: 11175: 11173: 11172: 11167: 11161: 11159: 11158:5th generation 11155: 11154: 11152: 11151: 11145: 11143: 11142:4th generation 11139: 11138: 11136: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11109: 11107: 11106:3rd generation 11103: 11102: 11100: 11099: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11071: 11069: 11068:2nd generation 11065: 11064: 11062: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11040: 11038: 11037:1st generation 11034: 11033: 11010: 11007: 11006: 10999: 10998: 10991: 10984: 10976: 10968: 10967: 10962: 10959: 10953:King of Sweden 10942: 10939: 10932: 10931: 10925: 10924: 10916: 10911: 10902:King of Sweden 10898: 10893: 10889: 10888: 10883: 10880: 10871:King of Poland 10867: 10858: 10854: 10853: 10852:Regnal titles 10849: 10848: 10828: 10825: 10820: 10819: 10808: 10807:External links 10805: 10803: 10802: 10793:, Warsaw 1984 10788: 10781: 10780:, p. 929. 10774: 10773:. p. 927. 10767: 10757: 10752:Daniel Stone, 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10741: 10715: 10689: 10663: 10650: 10635: 10622: 10607: 10594: 10579: 10566: 10551: 10525: 10512: 10497: 10471: 10445: 10439: 10426: 10400: 10374: 10361: 10346: 10320: 10307: 10289: 10263: 10237: 10211: 10198: 10183: 10170: 10155: 10128: 10115: 10100: 10087: 10072: 10046: 10033: 10018: 10001: 9975: 9962: 9948: 9922: 9909: 9894: 9868: 9855: 9840: 9814: 9801: 9786: 9769: 9756: 9741: 9728: 9713: 9700: 9685: 9679: 9666: 9640: 9614: 9588: 9562: 9549: 9534: 9517: 9504: 9489: 9470: 9441: 9428: 9413: 9400: 9385: 9359: 9333: 9327: 9312: 9286: 9260: 9247: 9232: 9206: 9193: 9178: 9165: 9150: 9137: 9122: 9116: 9101: 9088: 9073: 9060: 9045: 9019: 8993: 8967: 8954: 8939: 8926: 8911: 8890: 8875: 8849: 8836: 8821: 8795: 8769: 8752: 8739: 8724: 8711: 8696: 8670: 8657: 8642: 8616: 8603: 8588: 8575: 8560: 8547: 8532: 8519: 8504: 8498: 8485: 8459: 8446: 8431: 8418: 8403: 8377: 8371: 8356: 8343: 8328: 8315: 8300: 8274: 8261: 8246: 8233: 8215: 8189: 8176: 8161: 8155: 8142: 8129: 8114: 8090: 8077: 8062: 8036: 8011: 7998: 7983: 7970: 7955: 7942: 7927: 7914: 7899: 7886: 7871: 7858: 7843: 7817: 7804: 7789: 7763: 7750: 7741:Zygmunt August 7735: 7722: 7707: 7681: 7668: 7653: 7640: 7625: 7599: 7586: 7571: 7545: 7532: 7517: 7504: 7489: 7476: 7461: 7448: 7433: 7420: 7402: 7382: 7369: 7354: 7348: 7335: 7322: 7307: 7294: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7270: 7259: 7247: 7235: 7232:Jankowski 1995 7224: 7212: 7200: 7179: 7165: 7153: 7141: 7129: 7117: 7105: 7093: 7081: 7069: 7057: 7045: 7030: 7028:, pp. 173 7018: 7006: 6994: 6982: 6970: 6955: 6943: 6931: 6919: 6907: 6895: 6892:Varvounis 2016 6884: 6872: 6860: 6856:Karpowicz 1994 6848: 6836: 6824: 6812: 6800: 6785: 6773: 6771:, p. LXIV 6756: 6744: 6732: 6720: 6702:Marcin Latka. 6694: 6682: 6663: 6651: 6639: 6627: 6616: 6599: 6582: 6567: 6552: 6548:Kizwalter 1987 6540: 6525: 6513: 6501: 6486: 6474: 6462: 6450: 6447:Czwojdrak 2007 6436: 6421: 6409: 6405:Grabowski 1868 6397: 6385: 6356: 6352:Zieliński 1878 6341: 6324: 6306: 6294: 6282: 6270: 6258: 6246: 6223: 6211: 6200: 6188: 6173: 6161: 6150: 6138: 6121: 6106: 6076: 6045: 6033: 6018: 6006: 6004:, pp. 222 5991: 5976: 5964: 5952: 5940: 5928: 5909: 5897: 5880: 5863: 5846: 5834: 5822: 5810: 5798: 5786: 5774: 5759: 5755:Itzkowitz 2008 5744: 5741:Showalter 2013 5733: 5714: 5710:Gillespie 2017 5702: 5698:Gillespie 2017 5690: 5679: 5675:Stebelski 1867 5667: 5650: 5646:Treadgold 1973 5638: 5626: 5614: 5602: 5598:Dabrowski 2014 5587: 5583:Dabrowski 2014 5575: 5571:Dabrowski 2014 5563: 5551: 5539: 5527: 5515: 5503: 5501:, p. 1549 5491: 5474: 5462: 5450: 5446:Gillespie 2017 5438: 5426: 5414: 5399: 5387: 5375: 5363: 5352: 5337: 5325: 5313: 5301: 5284: 5272: 5260: 5243: 5241:, pp. 187 5231: 5210: 5193: 5178: 5166: 5154: 5133: 5116: 5091: 5074: 5057: 5028: 5007: 5005:, p. 2821 4995: 4966: 4954: 4939: 4916: 4904: 4892: 4880: 4865: 4853: 4841: 4829: 4817: 4805: 4793: 4778: 4749: 4747:, p. 160. 4737: 4725: 4713: 4711:, p. 139. 4701: 4689: 4677: 4662: 4650: 4635: 4616: 4604: 4587: 4575: 4563: 4551: 4539: 4509: 4507:, pp. 163 4497: 4485: 4473: 4458: 4436: 4414: 4399: 4387: 4375: 4363: 4337: 4325: 4302: 4287: 4275: 4263: 4251: 4239: 4227: 4215: 4198: 4194:Andersson 1979 4186: 4174: 4162: 4158:Kurkowska 1995 4150: 4138: 4126: 4111: 4090: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4056:historiography 4047: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3984: 3970: 3956: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3450: 3449: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3433: 3426: 3424: 3414: 3407: 3405: 3397:Mater Dolorosa 3394: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3351: 3349: 3342: 3335: 3333: 3329:Nikolai Nevrev 3323: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3241: 3230: 3216: 3202: 3188: 3174: 3165:John Casimir ( 3096: 3095: 3084: 3073: 3059: 3048: 2988: 2985: 2951:, crucifixes, 2821:Enrico Caetani 2813:Roman Catholic 2786: 2783: 2769:, silverware, 2742:, notably the 2647:1606 rebellion 2557: 2554: 2436: 2433: 2289: 2286: 2173: 2170: 2135:Arend Dickmann 2001:Main article: 1998: 1995: 1987:1622 rebellion 1900:Ottoman Empire 1885:Main article: 1882: 1879: 1828:Main article: 1825: 1822: 1706: 1703: 1665:False Dmitry I 1628: 1625: 1601:Main article: 1598: 1595: 1499:Main article: 1496: 1493: 1483:Queen Margaret 1368: 1365: 1363: 1362:Polish affairs 1360: 1311: 1308: 1195: 1192: 1085: 1082: 1067:Main article: 1064: 1061: 979: 976: 952:Andrew Báthory 945:Livonian Order 857: 854: 716:king of Poland 676:Main article: 673: 670: 642:maid of honour 638:Gunilla Bielke 607:Roman Catholic 559: 556: 548:modern history 529:Polish Livonia 493:absolute power 431:King of Sweden 419:King of Poland 404: 403: 396: 392: 391: 386: 382: 381: 376: 372: 371: 366: 362: 361: 356: 350: 349: 347: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 320: 318: 304: 303: 283: 279: 274: 273: 272: 271: 250: 246: 241: 240: 239: 238: 235: 233: 229: 228: 222: 218: 214: 213: 207:(aged 65) 201: 197: 196: 188: 184: 183: 180: 179: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 156: 152: 151: 148: 144: 143: 141: 140: 135: 133:King of Sweden 129: 126: 125: 120: 116: 115: 109:Anna Jagiellon 106: 102: 101: 98: 92: 91: 88: 84: 83: 81: 80: 75: 73:King of Poland 69: 66: 65: 55:Pieter Soutman 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13493: 13482: 13481:Sons of kings 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13456:House of Vasa 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13403: 13401: 13386: 13382: 13380: 13376: 13372: 13370: 13366: 13363: 13362: 13359: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13315: 13313: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13300: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13271: 13269: 13265: 13262: 13259: 13255: 13251: 13241: 13240: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13215: 13213: 13209: 13206: 13203: 13202: 13196: 13192: 13186: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13142: 13140: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13127: 13117: 13116: 13112: 13109: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13099: 13095: 13093: 13092: 13088: 13086: 13085: 13081: 13079: 13078: 13074: 13071: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13061: 13057: 13054: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13044: 13040: 13038: 13037: 13033: 13031: 13030: 13026: 13023: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13013: 13009: 13006: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12996: 12991: 12990: 12986: 12983: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12973: 12968: 12967: 12963: 12960: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12950: 12946: 12943: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12933: 12929: 12926: 12922: 12919: 12916: 12912: 12908: 12904: 12901: 12900: 12898: 12894: 12891: 12885: 12881: 12877: 12867: 12864: 12863: 12861: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12848: 12838: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12805: 12803: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12790: 12780: 12779: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12767: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12745:Knut Eriksson 12743: 12741: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12722: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12712: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12702: 12700: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12690: 12685: 12681: 12666: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12623:Håkan the Red 12621: 12619: 12618:Anund Gårdske 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12608:Eric and Eric 12606: 12604: 12601: 12600: 12598: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12583: 12573: 12572:Emund the Old 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12554: 12552: 12550:970 – c. 1060 12545: 12542: 12540: 12536: 12532: 12525: 12520: 12518: 12513: 12511: 12506: 12505: 12502: 12491: 12487: 12482: 12472: 12471: 12467: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12448: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12361: 12357: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12319: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12291: 12286: 12283: 12279: 12274: 12271: 12267: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12250: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12217: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12193: 12187: 12184: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12174: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12141: 12131: 12128: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12109: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12093: 12089: 12080: 12075: 12073: 12068: 12066: 12061: 12060: 12057: 12044: 12041: 12040: 12037: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11972: 11970: 11968: 11964: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11942:John I Albert 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11924: 11922: 11920: 11916: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11901: 11899: 11897: 11893: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11878: 11876: 11874: 11873:Piast dynasty 11869: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11858:Wenceslaus II 11856: 11854: 11852: 11848: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11801: 11800: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11718: 11717: 11716: 11711: 11709: 11706:Fragmentation 11703: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11671: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11646: 11644: 11642: 11641:Piast dynasty 11638: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11618: 11616: 11614: 11610: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11588: 11584: 11582: 11581: 11577: 11575: 11574: 11570: 11568: 11567: 11563: 11561: 11560: 11556: 11554: 11553: 11549: 11547: 11546: 11542: 11540: 11539: 11535: 11533: 11532: 11528: 11527: 11525: 11523: 11519: 11515: 11508: 11503: 11501: 11496: 11494: 11489: 11488: 11485: 11475: 11471: 11467: 11463: 11458: 11452: 11449: 11448: 11446: 11442: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11427: 11425: 11421: 11415: 11412: 11411: 11409: 11405: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11375: 11373: 11369: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11344: 11342: 11338: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11316:King Gustaf V 11314: 11312: 11309: 11308: 11306: 11302: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11290:King Oscar II 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11277: 11275: 11271: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11250: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11225: 11223: 11219: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11199: 11197: 11193: 11187: 11184: 11183: 11181: 11177: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11162: 11160: 11156: 11150: 11147: 11146: 11144: 11140: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11104: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11072: 11070: 11066: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11049:King John III 11047: 11045: 11044:King Eric XIV 11042: 11041: 11039: 11035: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11018: 11017:House of Vasa 11014: 11008: 11004: 10997: 10992: 10990: 10985: 10983: 10978: 10977: 10974: 10965: 10956: 10955: 10954: 10947: 10937: 10936:Loss of title 10933: 10930: 10926: 10923: 10922: 10915: 10908: 10907: 10903: 10896: 10890: 10886: 10877: 10876: 10872: 10865: 10861: 10855: 10850: 10846:30 April 1632 10845: 10838: 10833: 10832: 10831:House of Vasa 10823: 10818: 10814: 10811: 10810: 10801:, p. 13. 10800: 10799:83-01-03323-1 10796: 10792: 10789: 10786: 10782: 10779: 10775: 10772: 10768: 10765: 10761: 10760:Janusz Tazbir 10758: 10755: 10751: 10750: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10722: 10716: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10696: 10690: 10679: 10675: 10671: 10670: 10664: 10653: 10651:9788388973352 10647: 10643: 10642: 10636: 10625: 10623:9788303026163 10619: 10615: 10614: 10608: 10597: 10595:9788302020896 10591: 10587: 10586: 10580: 10569: 10567:9788391849729 10563: 10559: 10558: 10552: 10541: 10537: 10533: 10532: 10526: 10515: 10513:9781524596644 10509: 10505: 10504: 10498: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10478: 10472: 10461: 10457: 10453: 10452: 10446: 10442: 10440:9780813302553 10436: 10432: 10427: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10407: 10401: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10381: 10375: 10364: 10362:9788375431964 10358: 10354: 10353: 10347: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10327: 10321: 10310: 10308:9780275985028 10304: 10300: 10299: 10294: 10290: 10279: 10275: 10271: 10270: 10264: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10244: 10238: 10227: 10223: 10219: 10218: 10212: 10201: 10199:9788372205605 10195: 10191: 10190: 10184: 10173: 10171:9788385118947 10167: 10163: 10162: 10156: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10136: 10129: 10118: 10116:9780875866871 10112: 10108: 10107: 10101: 10090: 10088:9781782741213 10084: 10080: 10079: 10073: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10053: 10047: 10036: 10034:9788385196143 10030: 10026: 10025: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10007: 10002: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9982: 9976: 9965: 9963:9788301074524 9959: 9955: 9954: 9949: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9929: 9923: 9912: 9910:9781906787394 9906: 9902: 9901: 9895: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9875: 9869: 9858: 9856:9780714545912 9852: 9848: 9847: 9841: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9821: 9815: 9804: 9802:9788387960384 9798: 9794: 9793: 9787: 9775: 9770: 9759: 9757:9788371888434 9753: 9749: 9748: 9742: 9731: 9729:9788311112643 9725: 9721: 9720: 9714: 9703: 9701:9788320540826 9697: 9693: 9692: 9686: 9682: 9680:83-05-11452-X 9676: 9672: 9667: 9656: 9652: 9648: 9647: 9641: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9621: 9615: 9604: 9600: 9596: 9595: 9589: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9569: 9563: 9552: 9550:9781476604114 9546: 9542: 9541: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9518: 9507: 9505:9788323142850 9501: 9497: 9496: 9490: 9486: 9482: 9478: 9477: 9471: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9451: 9446: 9442: 9431: 9429:9788301145842 9425: 9421: 9420: 9414: 9403: 9401:9788389607287 9397: 9393: 9392: 9386: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9366: 9360: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9340: 9334: 9330: 9328:9788386527410 9324: 9320: 9319: 9313: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9293: 9287: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9267: 9261: 9250: 9248:9788390079028 9244: 9240: 9239: 9233: 9222: 9218: 9214: 9213: 9207: 9196: 9194:9788301013639 9190: 9186: 9185: 9179: 9168: 9166:9780028656977 9162: 9158: 9157: 9151: 9140: 9138:9788373382411 9134: 9130: 9129: 9123: 9119: 9117:9780028972558 9113: 9109: 9108: 9102: 9091: 9089:9788306010213 9085: 9081: 9080: 9074: 9063: 9061:9780313034565 9057: 9053: 9052: 9046: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9026: 9020: 9009: 9005: 9001: 9000: 8994: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8974: 8968: 8957: 8955:9788385196068 8951: 8947: 8946: 8940: 8929: 8927:9781532033520 8923: 8919: 8918: 8917:Critical Mass 8912: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8891:9788305114301 8887: 8883: 8882: 8876: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8856: 8850: 8839: 8837:9783319406886 8833: 8829: 8828: 8822: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8802: 8796: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8776: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8753: 8742: 8740:9788304041844 8736: 8732: 8731: 8725: 8714: 8712:9789004191907 8708: 8704: 8703: 8697: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8677: 8671: 8660: 8658:9780321097002 8654: 8650: 8649: 8643: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8623: 8617: 8606: 8604:9788390240701 8600: 8596: 8595: 8589: 8578: 8576:9780819125095 8572: 8568: 8567: 8561: 8550: 8548:9780313335372 8544: 8540: 8539: 8533: 8522: 8520:9780313335389 8516: 8512: 8511: 8505: 8501: 8499:83-85559-12-4 8495: 8491: 8486: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8466: 8460: 8449: 8447:9781444397291 8443: 8439: 8438: 8432: 8421: 8419:9780226098012 8415: 8411: 8410: 8404: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8384: 8378: 8374: 8372:963-9336-51-3 8368: 8364: 8362: 8357: 8346: 8344:9788328055438 8340: 8336: 8335: 8329: 8318: 8316:9781001288024 8312: 8308: 8307: 8301: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8281: 8275: 8264: 8262:9788323123118 8258: 8254: 8253: 8247: 8236: 8234:9781509917662 8230: 8226: 8225: 8220: 8216: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8196: 8190: 8179: 8177:9788386881314 8173: 8169: 8168: 8162: 8158: 8156:9780582064294 8152: 8148: 8143: 8132: 8130:9788374415460 8126: 8122: 8121: 8115: 8103: 8096: 8091: 8080: 8078:9783319745183 8074: 8070: 8069: 8063: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8043: 8037: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8017: 8012: 8001: 7999:9788390252216 7995: 7991: 7990: 7984: 7973: 7971:9783337750299 7967: 7963: 7962: 7956: 7945: 7943:9780271043715 7939: 7935: 7934: 7928: 7917: 7915:9781506446035 7911: 7907: 7906: 7900: 7889: 7887:9781501757402 7883: 7879: 7878: 7872: 7861: 7859:9788371834103 7855: 7851: 7850: 7844: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7824: 7818: 7807: 7805:9788365390493 7801: 7797: 7796: 7790: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7770: 7764: 7753: 7751:9788304026704 7747: 7743: 7742: 7736: 7725: 7723:9780521297134 7719: 7715: 7714: 7708: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7688: 7682: 7671: 7669:9788311116283 7665: 7661: 7660: 7654: 7643: 7641:9788385199236 7637: 7633: 7632: 7626: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7606: 7600: 7589: 7587:9788301133252 7583: 7579: 7578: 7572: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7546: 7535: 7533:9781789207712 7529: 7525: 7524: 7518: 7507: 7505:9788389640178 7501: 7497: 7496: 7490: 7479: 7477:9788304041165 7473: 7469: 7468: 7462: 7451: 7449:9788311115996 7445: 7441: 7440: 7434: 7423: 7421:9781107636910 7417: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7398: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7372: 7370:9788371640704 7366: 7362: 7361: 7355: 7351: 7349:91-46-13566-9 7345: 7341: 7336: 7325: 7323:9781317060406 7319: 7315: 7314: 7308: 7297: 7295:9781438110257 7291: 7287: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7268: 7263: 7257:, p. 207 7256: 7251: 7245:, p. 313 7244: 7239: 7233: 7228: 7221: 7216: 7210:, p. 169 7209: 7204: 7198:, p. 169 7197: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7177: 7172: 7170: 7162: 7157: 7151:, p. 204 7150: 7145: 7138: 7133: 7126: 7121: 7115:, p. 180 7114: 7109: 7103:, p. 179 7102: 7097: 7091:, p. 173 7090: 7085: 7079:, p. 174 7078: 7073: 7066: 7061: 7055:, p. LXV 7054: 7053:Piasecki 1870 7049: 7043:, p. 171 7042: 7037: 7035: 7027: 7022: 7016:, p. 168 7015: 7010: 7004:, p. 519 7003: 6998: 6992:, p. 161 6991: 6986: 6980:, p. 128 6979: 6974: 6968:, p. 160 6967: 6962: 6960: 6953:, p. 154 6952: 6947: 6941:, p. 152 6940: 6935: 6928: 6923: 6916: 6911: 6905:, p. 306 6904: 6899: 6893: 6888: 6881: 6876: 6869: 6864: 6857: 6852: 6846:, p. 215 6845: 6844:Komasara 1994 6840: 6834:, p. 179 6833: 6832:Lechicki 1932 6828: 6822:, p. 115 6821: 6816: 6809: 6804: 6797: 6792: 6790: 6782: 6781:Lechicki 1932 6777: 6770: 6769:Piasecki 1870 6765: 6763: 6761: 6753: 6748: 6741: 6736: 6729: 6728:Morawska 2014 6724: 6709: 6705: 6698: 6692:, p. 309 6691: 6686: 6680:, p. 302 6679: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6661:, p. 178 6660: 6655: 6648: 6643: 6636: 6631: 6625: 6620: 6613: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6597:, p. 282 6596: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6580:, p. 381 6579: 6574: 6572: 6565:, p. 215 6564: 6559: 6557: 6549: 6544: 6538:, p. 103 6537: 6532: 6530: 6522: 6517: 6511:, p. 358 6510: 6505: 6498: 6497:Piasecki 1870 6493: 6491: 6483: 6482:Piasecki 1870 6478: 6472:, p. 137 6471: 6466: 6459: 6458:Bojarska 2004 6454: 6448: 6443: 6441: 6434:, p. 114 6433: 6428: 6426: 6419:, p. 776 6418: 6413: 6406: 6401: 6395:, p. 214 6394: 6389: 6383:, p. 206 6382: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6353: 6348: 6346: 6339:, p. 205 6338: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6303: 6298: 6291: 6286: 6280:, p. 255 6279: 6274: 6268:, p. 163 6267: 6262: 6255: 6250: 6243: 6242:Wójcicki 1848 6238: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6221:, p. 123 6220: 6215: 6209: 6208:Jacobsen 2011 6204: 6198:, p. 216 6197: 6192: 6186:, p. 344 6185: 6180: 6178: 6170: 6165: 6159: 6154: 6147: 6142: 6136:, p. 117 6135: 6134:Kiliński 1872 6130: 6128: 6126: 6118: 6113: 6111: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6074:, p. 163 6073: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6043:, p. 294 6042: 6041:Morawski 1877 6037: 6030: 6025: 6023: 6016:, p. 110 6015: 6010: 6003: 5998: 5996: 5988: 5983: 5981: 5974:, p. 392 5973: 5968: 5961: 5960:Piwarski 1947 5956: 5950:, p. 186 5949: 5944: 5938:, p. 324 5937: 5936:Morawski 1877 5932: 5926:, p. 698 5925: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5906: 5901: 5894: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5878:, p. 475 5877: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5861:, p. 504 5860: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5844:, p. 140 5843: 5838: 5832:, p. 366 5831: 5826: 5820:, p. 101 5819: 5814: 5808:, p. 226 5807: 5802: 5796:, p. 196 5795: 5790: 5784:, p. 487 5783: 5778: 5772:, p. 128 5771: 5766: 5764: 5756: 5751: 5749: 5742: 5737: 5731:, p. 156 5730: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5712:, p. 141 5711: 5706: 5700:, p. 194 5699: 5694: 5688: 5683: 5677:, p. 169 5676: 5671: 5664: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5647: 5642: 5636:, p. 329 5635: 5630: 5624:, p. 345 5623: 5618: 5612:, p. 201 5611: 5606: 5599: 5594: 5592: 5584: 5579: 5573:, p. 168 5572: 5567: 5560: 5555: 5549:, p. 517 5548: 5543: 5536: 5531: 5524: 5519: 5513:, p. 323 5512: 5507: 5500: 5495: 5488: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5472:, p. 294 5471: 5466: 5459: 5454: 5447: 5442: 5435: 5430: 5424:, p. 124 5423: 5418: 5411: 5406: 5404: 5396: 5391: 5384: 5379: 5372: 5367: 5361: 5356: 5350:, p. 331 5349: 5344: 5342: 5334: 5329: 5322: 5317: 5310: 5305: 5299:, p. 684 5298: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5281: 5276: 5269: 5264: 5258:, p. 172 5257: 5256:Morawski 1877 5252: 5250: 5248: 5240: 5235: 5228: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5207: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5190: 5185: 5183: 5175: 5170: 5164:, p. 852 5163: 5158: 5152:, p. 107 5151: 5150:Peterson 2014 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5131:, p. 121 5130: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5114:, p. 195 5113: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5089:, p. 106 5088: 5087:Peterson 2014 5083: 5081: 5079: 5072:, p. 194 5071: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5055:, p. 105 5054: 5053:Peterson 2014 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5026:, p. 193 5025: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5004: 4999: 4993:, p. 104 4992: 4991:Peterson 2014 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4963: 4962:Koskinen 2016 4958: 4952:, p. 103 4951: 4950:Peterson 2014 4946: 4944: 4937:, p. 102 4936: 4935:Peterson 2014 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4913: 4908: 4902:, p. 189 4901: 4896: 4890:, p. 161 4889: 4884: 4878:, p. 132 4877: 4872: 4870: 4862: 4857: 4851:, p. 131 4850: 4845: 4838: 4833: 4827:, p. 130 4826: 4821: 4815:, p. 159 4814: 4809: 4803:, p. 158 4802: 4797: 4791:, p. 157 4790: 4785: 4783: 4776:, p. 456 4775: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4746: 4741: 4734: 4729: 4722: 4717: 4710: 4705: 4698: 4693: 4687:, p. 155 4686: 4681: 4675:, p. 154 4674: 4669: 4667: 4659: 4654: 4648:, p. 151 4647: 4642: 4640: 4633:, p. 150 4632: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4613: 4608: 4602:, p. 143 4601: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4584: 4583:Piwarski 1961 4579: 4573:, p. 206 4572: 4567: 4561:, p. 218 4560: 4555: 4549:, p. 386 4548: 4543: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4506: 4501: 4494: 4489: 4482: 4477: 4470: 4465: 4463: 4446: 4440: 4425: 4418: 4412:, p. 144 4411: 4406: 4404: 4397:, p. 140 4396: 4391: 4385:, p. 139 4384: 4379: 4372: 4371:Bulgarin 1857 4367: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4334: 4329: 4323:, p. 189 4322: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4300:, p. 515 4299: 4294: 4292: 4285:, p. 137 4284: 4279: 4273:, pp. 38 4272: 4267: 4260: 4259:Zarewicz 1876 4255: 4249:, p. 118 4248: 4243: 4236: 4231: 4224: 4219: 4213:, p. 875 4212: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4195: 4190: 4184:, p. 176 4183: 4182:Cynarski 1988 4178: 4171: 4166: 4159: 4154: 4147: 4142: 4135: 4130: 4123: 4118: 4116: 4109:, p. 188 4108: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4086: 4085: 4078: 4074: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3985: 3982: 3981:Sweden portal 3971: 3968: 3967:Poland portal 3957: 3954: 3943: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3842: 3837: 3836: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3781: 3780: 3775: 3774: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3751: 3750: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3716: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3483: 3478: 3477: 3474: 3468: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3430: 3425: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3391: 3386: 3379: 3374: 3367: 3362: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3315: 3314: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3297:Duke of Lerma 3294: 3293:grey eminence 3289: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3185:Jan Kazimierz 3182: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3171:Jan Kazimierz 3168: 3164: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3111:Anna of Tyrol 3104: 3100: 3093: 3089: 3086:Christopher ( 3085: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3014:and his wife 3013: 3009: 3001: 3000:Protestantism 2997: 2993: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2913: 2907: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2817:papal legates 2814: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2785:Personal life 2782: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2651:Józef Szujski 2648: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2595: 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His uncle, 2459: 2455: 2446: 2441: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2346:anti-Catholic 2343: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2313:Protestantism 2310: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2238:Warsaw Castle 2234: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2013: 2009: 2004: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1922:was a Polish 1921: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1831: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1711: 1702: 1700: 1699:Boris Godunov 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1649:Boris Godunov 1646: 1642: 1638: 1637:Rurik dynasty 1634: 1631:The death of 1624: 1622: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1594: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1507: 1502: 1492: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1474: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1420:Edward Barton 1417: 1416:Mediterranean 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400:Low Countries 1397: 1393: 1392:Ottoman Turks 1389: 1373: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1333:Västergötland 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1307: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1216:Ebba Stenbock 1213: 1205: 1200: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1164:Klaus Fleming 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1143:Privy Council 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1110:Klaus Fleming 1107: 1102: 1094: 1090: 1080: 1076: 1070: 1063:War in Sweden 1060: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1028:, among them 1027: 1023: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1001: 997: 996:Oskar Halecki 989: 984: 975: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 933:confederation 925: 921: 917: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 879: 871: 867: 862: 853: 851: 847: 843: 838: 834: 830: 826: 825:Swedish crown 821: 819: 815: 811: 810:Pope Sixtus V 807: 803: 798: 796: 792: 788: 785:on behalf of 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 684: 679: 669: 666: 665:finest period 662: 658: 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 580: 579:Józef Simmler 576: 572: 568: 564: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 458: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 439:House of Vasa 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 415: 410: 401: 397: 393: 390: 387: 383: 380: 377: 373: 370: 367: 363: 360: 357: 355: 351: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 321: 319: 316: 315: 309: 305: 277: 270: 269: 244: 237: 236: 234: 230: 225: 219: 215: 211: 203:30 April 1632 202: 198: 194: 189: 185: 181: 178: 175: 171: 168: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 139: 136: 134: 131: 130: 127: 124: 121: 117: 114: 110: 107: 103: 99: 97: 93: 89: 85: 79: 76: 74: 71: 70: 67: 56: 50: 45: 42:Sigismund III 40: 37: 33: 19: 13289:Charles XIII 13237: 13201:Hesse-Kassel 13199: 13195:Wittelsbach) 13159: 13113: 13104:Christian II 13096: 13089: 13082: 13075: 13058: 13049:Charles VIII 13041: 13034: 13027: 13018:Charles VIII 13010: 12993: 12987: 12978:Charles VIII 12970: 12964: 12947: 12930: 12883: 12880:Kalmar Union 12776: 12764: 12709: 12687: 12489: 12470:Mindaugas II 12468: 12396: 12364:Commonwealth 12042: 12025:Augustus III 11989: 11802: 11713: 11668: 11585: 11578: 11571: 11564: 11557: 11550: 11543: 11536: 11529: 11473: 11469: 11465: 11461: 11264:King Oscar I 11074: 10951: 10950: 10945: 10935: 10919: 10913: 10900: 10885:Władysław IV 10869: 10843: 10839:20 June 1566 10836: 10829: 10790: 10784: 10777: 10770: 10763: 10753: 10733:. 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Retrieved 7284: 7275:Bibliography 7262: 7255:Podraza 2006 7250: 7238: 7227: 7222:, p. 43 7215: 7203: 7196:Lileyko 1984 7163:, p. 99 7156: 7144: 7132: 7127:, p. 50 7120: 7108: 7096: 7084: 7072: 7060: 7048: 7021: 7009: 6997: 6985: 6973: 6946: 6934: 6922: 6910: 6898: 6887: 6882:, p. 32 6875: 6870:, p. 96 6863: 6858:, p. 37 6851: 6839: 6827: 6815: 6810:, p. 97 6803: 6798:, p. 16 6796:Lelewel 1845 6783:, p. 29 6776: 6754:, p. 33 6747: 6742:, p. 34 6735: 6730:, p. 67 6723: 6711:. Retrieved 6707: 6697: 6685: 6654: 6642: 6637:, p. 65 6630: 6619: 6614:, p. 56 6595:Szujski 1894 6550:, p. 21 6543: 6523:, p. 28 6516: 6504: 6484:, p. LX 6477: 6465: 6460:, p. 43 6453: 6412: 6407:, p. 30 6400: 6388: 6354:, p. 94 6318: 6309: 6304:, p. 65 6302:Bogucka 1994 6297: 6292:, p. 70 6285: 6273: 6261: 6256:, p. 58 6254:Sitkowa 1998 6249: 6214: 6203: 6191: 6171:, p. XI 6164: 6153: 6148:, p. 46 6141: 6119:, p. 40 6117:Tretiak 1889 6097:. Retrieved 6093:the original 6088: 6079: 6036: 6009: 5967: 5962:, p. 55 5955: 5943: 5931: 5907:, p. 49 5900: 5842:Tatomir 1868 5837: 5825: 5813: 5801: 5789: 5777: 5736: 5705: 5693: 5682: 5670: 5663:Rotteck 1843 5648:, p. 51 5641: 5629: 5617: 5605: 5578: 5566: 5559:Dunning 2010 5554: 5542: 5537:, p. 55 5530: 5523:Dunning 2010 5518: 5506: 5494: 5487:Reading 2019 5470:Pushkin 2018 5465: 5453: 5441: 5436:, p. 19 5429: 5417: 5412:, p. 75 5390: 5385:, p. 89 5383:Jędruch 1982 5378: 5373:, p. 70 5366: 5355: 5348:Schmitt 1858 5335:, p. 28 5328: 5323:, p. 67 5321:Pałucki 1974 5316: 5311:, p. 13 5304: 5275: 5263: 5234: 5229:, p. 24 5208:, p. 23 5169: 5157: 5129:Roberts 1953 4998: 4964:, p. 72 4957: 4907: 4900:Szujski 1894 4895: 4888:Szujski 1894 4883: 4856: 4844: 4832: 4820: 4813:Szujski 1894 4808: 4801:Szujski 1894 4796: 4789:Szujski 1894 4740: 4728: 4716: 4704: 4692: 4685:Szujski 1894 4680: 4673:Szujski 1894 4658:Szujski 1894 4653: 4646:Szujski 1894 4631:Szujski 1894 4614:, p. 68 4607: 4600:Szujski 1894 4585:, p. 92 4578: 4566: 4554: 4542: 4530:. 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Brill. 8631:749148106 8610:8 January 8479:9 January 8474:877321287 8268:9 January 8204:983127659 8056:7 January 8025:741865525 7837:9 January 7832:750614796 7757:9 January 7614:558807324 7565:9 January 7560:830817270 7455:6 January 7408:(2013) . 6521:Król 1988 5859:Dyer 1861 5729:Bain 2013 4745:Horn 2002 4733:Horn 2002 4721:Horn 2002 4709:Horn 2002 4146:Saar 1995 3347:in Warsaw 3305:favourite 3286:sobriquet 3092:Krzysztof 3081:Katarzyna 3070:Władysław 3062:Ladislaus 3056:Katarzyna 3024:Stockholm 2965:Cathedral 2868:frugality 2853:Lutherans 2775:monograms 2771:tableware 2655:pleonasms 2473:Constance 2466:arthritis 2094:Calvinist 2032:stalemate 2028:1621–1625 2024:1617–1618 2020:1600–1611 1991:strangled 1786:In 1611, 1761:Ladislaus 1749:Vasili IV 1653:Feodor II 1567:from the 1470:Hanseatic 1455:Greenwich 1356:Linköping 1343:of 1600. 1325:Jacob Näf 1286:Anna Vasa 1282:Linköping 1194:Civil war 1122:Stockholm 1049:Działdowo 1022:Jędrzejów 872:alliance. 736:Samogitia 672:Accession 575:Gripsholm 427:Sigismund 395:Signature 193:Gripsholm 173:Successor 119:Successor 13338:Gustaf V 13333:Oscar II 13155:John III 13150:Eric XIV 13145:Gustav I 12903:Margaret 12886:indicate 12808:Valdemar 12755:Eric "X" 12740:Boleslaw 12661:Magnus I 12302:Vytautas 12285:Kęstutis 12261:Algirdas 12256:Jaunutis 12234:Butvydas 12162:Treniota 11761:Konrad I 11691:Zbigniew 11621:Siemowit 11587:Popiel I 11566:Leszko I 11538:Krakus I 11013:Gustav I 10895:John III 10735:28 March 10709:25 March 10683:27 March 10657:2 August 10601:31 March 10465:21 March 10460:80314989 10394:17 April 10314:11 April 10295:(2019). 10231:31 March 10205:26 March 10177:27 March 10061:31723561 10040:26 March 9916:11 April 9834:19 March 9808:27 March 9780:11 April 9763:2 August 9735:21 March 9608:19 March 9447:(1861). 9407:11 April 9394:. 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