1595:
especially the so-called short vowel sounds, then taught to blend sounds together with three-letter consonant-vowel-consonant words such as cat, red, sit, hot, sun. Hands-on (or kinesthetically appealing) VERY enlarged print materials such as those found in "The Big
Collection of Phonics Flipbooks" by Lynn Gordon (Scholastic, 2010) are helpful for teaching word families and blending skills to beginning readers with low vision. Beginning reading instructional materials should focus primarily on the lower-case letters, not the capital letters (even though they are larger) because reading text requires familiarity (mostly) with lower-case letters. Phonics-based beginning reading should also be supplemented with phonemic awareness lessons, writing opportunities, and many read-alouds (literature read to children daily) to stimulate motivation, vocabulary development, concept development, and comprehension skill development. Many children with low vision can be successfully included in regular education environments. Parents may need to be vigilant to ensure that the school provides the teacher and students with appropriate low vision resources, for example technology in the classroom, classroom aide time, modified educational materials, and consultation assistance with low vision experts.
1095:: is a group of 30 intraocular inflammatory diseases caused by infections, systemic diseases, organ-specific autoimmune processes, cancer or trauma. That is, uveitis refers to a complex category of ocular diseases that can cause blindness if either left untreated or improperly diagnosed. The current challenge of accurately diagnosing uveitis is that often the cause of a specific ocular inflammation is either unknown or multi-layered. Consequently, about 3–10% of those with uveitis in developed countries, and about 25% of those with uveitis in the developing countries, become blind from incorrect diagnosis and from ineffectual prescription of drugs, antibiotics or steroids. In addition, uveitis is a diverse category of eye diseases that are subdivided as granulomatous (or tumorous) or non-granulomatous anterior, intermediate, posterior or pan uveitis. In other words, uveitis diseases tend to be classified by their anatomic location in the eye (e.g. uveal tract, retina, or lens), as well as can create complication that can cause cataracts, glaucoma, retinal damage, age-related macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy.
898:
833:
Consequently, today cataracts are more common among adults than in children. That is, people face higher chances of developing cataracts as they age. Nonetheless, cataracts tend to have a greater financial and emotional toll upon children as they must undergo expensive diagnosis, long term rehabilitation, and visual assistance. Also, according to the Saudi
Journal for Health Sciences, sometimes patients experience irreversible amblyopia after pediatric cataract surgery because the cataracts prevented the normal maturation of vision prior to operation. Despite the great progress in treatment, cataracts remain a global problem in both economically developed and developing countries. At present, with the variant outcomes as well as the unequal access to cataract surgery, the best way to reduce the risk of developing cataracts is to avoid smoking and extensive exposure to sun light (i.e. UV-B rays).
1069:: is one of the manifestation microvascular complications of diabetes, which is characterized by blindness or reduced acuity. That is, diabetic retinopathy describes the retinal and vitreous hemorrhages or retinal capillary blockage caused by the increase of A1C, which a measurement of blood glucose or sugar level. In fact, as A1C increases, people tend to be at greater risk of developing diabetic retinopathy than developing other microvascular complications associated with diabetes (e.g. chronic hyperglycemia, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic nephropathy). Despite the fact that only 8% of adults 40 years and older experience vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (e.g. nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy or NPDR and proliferative diabetic retinopathy or PDR), this eye disease accounted for 17% of cases of blindness in 2002.
1191:
1203:
1053:: is a category of vision loss or visual impairment that is caused by factors unrelated to refractive errors or coexisting ocular diseases. Amblyopia is the condition when a child's visual systems fail to mature normally because the child either has been born premature, measles, congenital rubella syndrome, vitamin A deficiency, or meningitis. If left untreated during childhood, amblyopia is currently incurable in adulthood because surgical treatment effectiveness changes as a child matures. Consequently, amblyopia is the world's leading cause of child monocular vision loss, which is the damage or loss of vision in one eye. In the best case scenario, which is very rare, properly treated amblyopia patients can regain 20/40 acuity.
1115:
1472:
1838:
859:
1852:
1155:
626:
individuals, there was a 2-fold risk of loneliness and 4-fold risk of reporting a lower quality of life. Among adults with visual impairment, the prevalence of moderate loneliness is 28.7% (18.2% in general population) and prevalence of severe loneliness is 19.7% (2.7% in general population). The risk of depression and anxiety are also increased in the visually impaired; 32.2% report depressive symptoms (12.01% in general population), and 15.61% report anxiety symptoms (10.69% in general population).
1274:
1171:
536:
subtends an angle no greater than 20 degrees shall be considered for purposes of the first sentence of this subsection as having a central visual acuity of 20/200 or less. An individual shall also be considered to be blind for purposes of this title if he is blind as defined under a State plan approved under title X or XVI as in effect for
October 1972 and received aid under such plan (on the basis of blindness) for December 1973, so long as he is continuously blind as so defined.
58:
1179:
6312:
1457:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1120:
1118:
2408:"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Intrinsic Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: Advanced Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (ASWPD), Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (DSWPD), Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder (N24SWD), and Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder (ISWRD). An Update for 2015: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline"
326:. The previous definition which used "best corrected visual acuity" was changed to "presenting visual acuity". This change was made as newer studies showed that best-corrected vision overlooks a larger proportion of the population who has visual impairment due to uncorrected refractive errors, and/or lack of access to medical or surgical treatment.
605:(NHANES) showed that people with corrected visual acuity of less than 20/40 spent significantly less time in moderate to vigorous physical activity. Age-related macular degeneration is also associated with a 50% decrease in physical activity–however physical activity is protective against age-related macular degeneration progression.
845:
IOP. Also, another challenge in accurately diagnosing glaucoma is that the disease has four causes: 1) inflammatory ocular hypertension syndrome (IOHS); 2) severe uveitic angle closure; 3) corticosteroid-induced; and 4) a heterogonous mechanism associated with structural change and chronic inflammation. In addition, often
1632:
Since the estimates of the 1990s, new data based on the 2002 global population show a reduction in the number of people who are blind or visually impaired, and those who are blind from the effects of infectious diseases, but an increase in the number of people who are blind from conditions related to
1234:
to assist in mobility. These dogs are trained to navigate around various obstacles, and to indicate when it becomes necessary to go up or down a step. However, the helpfulness of guide dogs is limited by the inability of dogs to understand complex directions. The human half of the guide dog team does
849:
differs greatly in cause and management from the glaucoma developed by adults. Currently, the best sign of pediatric glaucoma is an IOP of 21 mm Hg or greater present within a child. One of the most common causes of pediatric glaucoma is cataract removal surgery, which leads to an incidence rate
832:
are the greying or opacity of the crystalline lens, which can be caused in children by intrauterine infections, metabolic disorders, and genetically transmitted syndromes. Cataracts are the leading cause of child and adult blindness that doubles in prevalence with every ten years after the age of 40.
485:
generally refers to a severe visual impairment, not necessarily limited to distance vision. Low vision applies to all individuals with sight who are unable to read the newspaper at a normal viewing distance, even with the aid of eyeglasses or contact lenses. They use a combination of vision and other
398:
In the UK, the
Certificate of Vision Impairment (CVI) is used to certify patients as severely sight impaired or sight impaired. The accompanying guidance for clinical staff states: "The National Assistance Act 1948 states that a person can be certified as severely sight impaired if they are 'so blind
1982:
People who are not blind often imagine that people who are blind share a cultural identity in the way that other minority groups with shared experiences have a distinct culture. Various blind commentators have responded to this perception by explaining that more commonly, blind people integrate with
1226:
of blindness – may also be used to improve mobility. A long cane is used to extend the user's range of touch sensation. It is usually swung in a low sweeping motion, across the intended path of travel, to detect obstacles. However, techniques for cane travel can vary depending on the user and/or the
1145:
The World Health
Organization estimates that 80% of visual loss is either preventable or curable with treatment. This includes cataracts, onchocerciasis, trachoma, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, uncorrected refractive errors, and some cases of childhood blindness. The Center for Disease Control and
608:
In terms of mobility, those with visual impairment have a slower gait speed than those without visual impairment; however, the rate of decline remains proportional with increasing age in both groups. Additionally, the visually impaired also have greater difficulty walking a quarter mile (400 m)
568:
Best-corrected visual acuity differs from presenting visual acuity; a person with a "normal" best corrected acuity can have "poor" presenting acuity (e.g. individual who has uncorrected refractive error). Thus, measuring an individual's general functioning depends on one's situational and contextual
1582:
scanners can, in conjunction with text-to-speech software, read the contents of books and documents aloud via computer. Vendors also build closed-circuit televisions that electronically magnify paper, and even change its contrast and color, for visually impaired users. For more information, consult
564:
Visual impairments may take many forms and be of varying degrees. Visual acuity alone is not always a good predictor of an individual's function. Someone with relatively good acuity (e.g., 20/40) can have difficulty with daily functioning, while someone with worse acuity (e.g., 20/200) may function
514:
Central visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye with corrective glasses or central visual acuity of more than 20/200 if there is a visual field defect in which the peripheral field is contracted to such an extent that the widest diameter of the visual field subtends an angular distance no
844:
is an eye disease often characterized by increased pressure within the eye or intraocular pressure (IOP). Glaucoma causes visual field loss as well as severs the optic nerve. Early diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma in patients is imperative because glaucoma is triggered by non-specific levels of
1214:
are professionals who are specifically trained to teach people with visual impairments how to travel safely, confidently, and independently in the home and the community. These professionals can also help blind people to practice travelling on specific routes which they may use often, such as the
600:
Physical activity is a useful predictor of overall well-being, and routine physical activity reduces the risk of developing chronic diseases and disability. Older adults with visual impairment (including glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy) have decreased physical
1129:
It is important that people be examined by someone specializing in low vision care prior to other rehabilitation training to rule out potential medical or surgical correction for the problem and to establish a careful baseline refraction and prescription of both normal and low vision glasses and
888:
Central corneal ulceration is also a significant cause of monocular blindness worldwide, accounting for an estimated 850,000 cases of corneal blindness every year in the Indian subcontinent alone. As a result, corneal scarring from all causes is now the fourth greatest cause of global blindness.
1616:
Visual impairment is unequally distributed across age groups. More than 82% of all people who are blind are 50 years of age and older, although they represent only 19% of the world's population. Due to the expected number of years lived in blindness (blind years), childhood blindness remains a
633:
Those with worsening sight and the prognosis of eventual blindness are at comparatively high risk of suicide and thus may be in need of supportive services. Many studies have demonstrated how rapid acceptance of the serious visual impairment has led to a better, more productive compliance with
1594:
Children with low vision sometimes have reading delays, but do benefit from phonics-based beginning reading instruction methods. Engaging phonics instruction is multisensory, highly motivating, and hands-on. Typically students are first taught the most frequent sounds of the alphabet letters,
535:
An individual shall be considered to be blind for purposes of this title if he has central visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye with the use of a correcting lens. An eye which is accompanied by a limitation in the fields of vision such that the widest diameter of the visual field
2115:
There is no high-quality evidence on the effect of assistive technologies on educational outcomes and quality of life in children with low vision as of 2015, nor is there evidence on magnifying reading aids in children. Low-vision rehabilitation does not appear to have an important impact on
580:
Some people who fall into this category can use their considerable residual vision – their remaining sight – to complete daily tasks without relying on alternative methods. The role of a low vision specialist (optometrist or ophthalmologist) is to maximize the functional level of a
1590:
In adults with low vision there is no conclusive evidence supporting one form of reading aid over another. In several studies stand-mounted devices allowed faster reading than hand-held or portable optical aids. While electronic aids may allow faster reading for individuals with low vision,
625:
Studies demonstrate an association between older adults with visual impairment and a poor mental health; discrimination was identified as one of the causes of this association. Older adults with visual impairment have a 1.5-fold risk of reporting perceived discrimination and of these
2104:
or LCA. Leber's
Congenital Amaurosis damages the light receptors in the retina and usually begins affecting sight in early childhood, with worsening vision until complete blindness around the age of 30. The study used a common cold virus to deliver a normal version of the gene called
2078:" is an area where someone cannot see: for example, where a car driver cannot see because parts of his car's bodywork are in the way; metaphorically, a topic on which an individual is unaware of their own biases, and therefore of the resulting distortions of their own judgements (see
1684:(the norm being 180 degrees) are also classified as being legally blind. Approximately fifteen percent of those deemed legally blind, by any measure, have no light or form perception. The rest have some vision, from light perception alone to relatively good acuity.
1577:
Computers are important tools of integration for the visually impaired person. They allow, using standard or specific programs, screen magnification and conversion of text into sound or touch (braille line), and are useful for all levels of visual impairment.
1117:
1525:
On US coins, pennies and dimes, and nickels and quarters are similar in size. The larger denominations (dimes and quarters) have ridges along the sides (historically used to prevent the "shaving" of precious metals from the coins), which can now be used for
1227:
situation. Some visually impaired persons do not carry these kinds of canes, opting instead for the shorter, lighter identification (ID) cane. Still others require a support cane. The choice depends on the individual's vision, motivation, and other factors.
634:
rehabilitation programs. Moreover, psychological distress has been reported to be at its highest when sight loss is not complete, but the prognosis is unfavorable. Therefore, early intervention is imperative for enabling successful psychological adjustment.
436:
The
Department of Health also state that a person is more likely to be classified as severely visually impaired if their eyesight has failed recently or if they are an older individual, both groups being perceived as less able to adapt to their vision loss.
1235:
the directing, based upon skills acquired through previous mobility training. In this sense, the handler might be likened to an aircraft's navigator, who must know how to get from one place to another, and the dog to the pilot, who gets them there safely.
5136:
Gregor, P., Newell, A.F., Zajicek, M. (2002). Designing for
Dynamic Diversity – interfaces for older people. Proceedings of the fifth international ACM conference on Assistive technologies. Edinburgh, Scotland. Session: Solutions for aging. Pages
1907:
Blindness, in this sense, is used both metaphorically (to refer to someone who was ignorant but later became knowledgeable) and literally, as a reference to those healed in the Bible. In the later years of his life, Newton himself would go blind.
588:
professionals, some of whom are connected to an agency for the blind, can provide advice on lighting and contrast to maximize remaining vision. These professionals also have access to non-visual aids, and can instruct patients in their uses.
576:
has estimated that the loss of one eye equals 25% impairment of the visual system and 24% impairment of the whole person; total loss of vision in both eyes is considered to be 100% visual impairment and 85% impairment of the whole person.
307:
and are over the age of 50 years. Rates of visual impairment have decreased since the 1990s. Visual impairments have considerable economic costs both directly due to the cost of treatment and indirectly due to decreased ability to work.
399:
as to be unable to perform any work for which eye sight is essential'". Certification is based on whether a person can do any work for which eyesight is essential, not just one particular job (such as their job before becoming blind).
4746:
4676:
629:
The subjects making the most use of rehabilitation instruments, who lived alone, and preserved their own mobility and occupation were the least depressed, with the lowest risk of suicide and the highest level of social integration.
6302:
2116:
health-related quality of life, though some low-vision rehabilitation interventions, particularly psychological therapies and methods of enhancing vision, may improve vision-related quality of life in people with sight loss.
197:. In the absence of treatment such as corrective eyewear, assistive devices, and medical treatment, visual impairment may cause the individual difficulties with normal daily tasks, including reading and walking. The terms
1362:
throughout the world that provide people with vision impairments with readings from periodicals over the radio. The
International Association of Audio Information Services provides links to all of these organizations.
941:
in some instances, to deprive a person of a major sense by which they can navigate or interact within the world, act fully independently, and be aware of events surrounding them. An example from the classical realm is
1672:(vision) of 20/200 (6/60) or less in the better eye with best correction possible. This means that a legally blind individual would have to stand 20 feet (6.1 m) from an object to see it – with
1249:
silent objects simply by producing mouth clicks and listening to the returning echoes. It has been shown that blind echolocation experts use what is normally the "visual" part of their brain to process the echoes.
1636:
In 1987, it was estimated that 598,000 people in the United States met the legal definition of blindness. Of this number, 58% were over the age of 65. In 1994–1995, 1.3 million
Americans reported legal blindness.
934:. Symptoms of cortical blindness vary greatly across individuals and may be more severe in periods of exhaustion or stress. It is common for people with cortical blindness to have poorer vision later in the day.
6383:
6360:
205:
are often used for levels of impairment which are difficult or impossible to correct and significantly impact daily life. In addition to the various permanent conditions, fleeting temporary vision impairment,
1387:. The availability of assistive technology is increasing, accompanied by concerted efforts to ensure the accessibility of information technology to all potential users, including the blind. Later versions of
581:
patient's vision by optical or non-optical means. Primarily, this is by use of magnification in the form of telescopic systems for distance vision and optical or electronic magnification for near tasks.
1241:
can also be used as a mobility aid. Such software can assist blind people with orientation and navigation, but it is not a replacement for traditional mobility tools such as white canes and guide dogs.
1080:: The most common cause of blindness in infants worldwide. In its most severe form, ROP causes retinal detachment, with attendant visual loss. Treatment is aimed mainly at prevention, via laser or
6300:
2503:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1610:
Of those who are blind 90% live in the developing world. Worldwide for each blind person, an average of 3.4 people have low vision, with country and regional variation ranging from 2.4 to 5.5.
5657:
1930:
describes a sudden mass blindness epidemic, and the main story follows the first group to lose their vision and how they have to adapt to their new disability amidst a decaying society.
496:
indicates that a person has less than 20/200 vision in the better eye after best correction (contact lenses or glasses), or a field of vision of less than 20 degrees in the better eye.
5368:
1918:" explores what would happen if a sighted man found himself trapped in a country of blind people to emphasise society's attitude to blind people by turning the situation on its head.
1812:
to learn what it is like. Each one feels a different part, but only one part, such as the side or the tusk. They then compare notes and learn that they are in complete disagreement.
1495:. They may also enlarge or mark dials on devices such as ovens and thermostats to make them usable. Other techniques used by blind people to assist them in daily activities include:
1334:
303:
As of 2015, there were 940 million people with some degree of vision loss. 246 million had low vision and 39 million were blind. The majority of people with poor vision are in the
6301:
6245:
1676: – with the same degree of clarity as a normally sighted person could from 200 feet (61 m). In many areas, people with average acuity who nonetheless have a
277:. Screening for vision problems in children may improve future vision and educational achievement. Screening adults without symptoms is of uncertain benefit. Diagnosis is by an
3141:
Sengupta, Sabyasachi; Nguyen, Angeline M.; van Landingham, Suzanne W.; Solomon, Sharon D.; Do, Diana V.; Ferrucci, Luigi; Friedman, David S.; Ramulu, Pradeep Y. (2015-01-30).
1261:
can make it easier and safer for visually impaired pedestrians to cross streets. In addition to making rules about who can and cannot use a cane, some governments mandate the
2935:
2551:"Vision Impairment and Blindness | Examination-Based Studies | Information on Data Sources | Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System | Vision Health Initiative (VHI) | CDC"
5598:
Kirchner C, Stephen G, Chandu F (1987). "Estimated 1987 prevalence of non-institutionalized 'severe visual impairment' by age base on 1977 estimated rates: U. S.", 1987.".
1623:
Available studies consistently indicate that in every region of the world, and at all ages, females have a significantly higher risk of being visually impaired than males.
453:) or less of visual field remaining, is considered legally blind or eligible for disability classification and possible inclusion in certain government sponsored programs.
2109:
directly into the eyes of affected patients. All three patients, aged 19, 22 and 25, responded well to the treatment and reported improved vision following the procedure.
897:
5954:
4900:
4734:
4672:
1253:
Government actions are sometimes taken to make public places more accessible to blind people. Public transportation is freely available to blind people in many cities.
5273:
Esteban, J. J. Navarro; MartĂnez, M. Solera; NavalĂłn, P. GarcĂa; Serrano, O. Piñar; Patiño, J. R. Cerrillo; PurĂłn, M. E. Calle; MartĂnez-VizcaĂno, V. (February 2008).
2380:
1660:
To determine which people qualify for special assistance because of their visual disabilities, various governments have specific definitions for legal blindness. In
296:, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, uncorrected refractive errors, and some cases of childhood blindness. Many people with significant visual impairment benefit from
1215:
route from one's house to a convenience store. Becoming familiar with an environment or route can make it much easier for a blind person to navigate successfully.
1730:. According to one myth, he was blinded by the gods as punishment for revealing their secrets, while another holds that he was blinded as punishment after he saw
2165:
1559:
Most people, once they have been visually impaired for long enough, devise their own adaptive strategies in all areas of personal and professional management.
5841:
394:
Not eligible to drive and may have difficulty recognising faces across a street, watching television, or choosing clean, unstained, co-ordinated clothing.
2501:
Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).
4213:
946:, who gouges out his own eyes after realizing that he fulfilled the awful prophecy spoken of him. Having crushed the Bulgarians, the Byzantine Emperor
1607:
estimates that in 2012 there were 285 million visually impaired people in the world, of which 246 million had low vision and 39 million were blind.
7452:
6181:
van Nispen RM, Virgili G, Hoeben M, Langelaan M, Klevering J, Keunen JE, van Rens GH, et al. (Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group) (January 2020).
602:
5661:
4660:
Krader CG (15 May 2012). "Etiology Determines IOP Treatment: Customized Approach Needed for Managing Elevated Pressure in Patients with Uveitis".
1629:
Visual impairment is not distributed uniformly throughout the world. More than 90% of the world's visually impaired live in developing countries.
1283:
Most visually impaired people who are not totally blind read print, either of a regular size or enlarged by magnification devices. Many also read
5631:
1942:
How many times can a man turn his head // and pretend that he just doesn't see... How many times must a man look up // Before he can see the sky?
3800:"A Longitudinal Study of the Association Between Visual Impairment and Mobility Performance in Older Adults: The Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study"
6849:
4706:
2912:
2294:
4735:"Pediatric, Adult Glaucoma Differ in Management: Patient Populations Not Same, so Diagnosis/clinical Approach Should Reflect Their Uniqueness"
3099:
950:
blinded as many as 15,000 prisoners taken in the battle, before releasing them. Contemporary examples include the addition of methods such as
5613:
472:
are used by schools, colleges, and other educational institutions to describe students with visual impairments. They are defined as follows:
2134:
are "born blind" refers to them being born with their eyes closed and their eyelids fused together; the eyes open later. One example is the
1826:
about three blind mice whose tails are cut off after chasing the farmer's wife. The work is explicitly incongruous, ending with the comment
885:
has decreased in the past 10 years from 6 million to 1.3 million, putting it in seventh place on the list of causes of blindness worldwide.
584:
People with significantly reduced acuity may benefit from training conducted by individuals trained in the provision of technical aids. Low
551:
Vision impairment for a few seconds, or minutes, may occur due to any of a variety of causes, some serious and requiring medical attention.
7521:
7447:
4388:"A comparison of the causes of blindness certifications in England and Wales in working age adults (16-64 years), 1999-2000 with 2009-2010"
2899:
Cupples, M., Hart, P., Johnston, A., & Jackson, A. (2011) Improving healthcare access for people with visual impairment and blindness
2660:
6271:
5147:
2996:
380:
Able to see at 3 metres (10 ft), but not at 6 metres (20 ft), what the normally sighted person sees at 60 metres (200 ft)
2264:
2074:" refers to incapable people leading other incapable people. Being blind to something means not understanding or being aware of it. A "
288:(WHO) estimates that 80% of visual impairment is either preventable or curable with treatment. This includes cataracts, the infections
1986:
People who are blind share the common cultural experience of the many misconceptions sighted people have about living with blindness.
5914:
3388:
Ramulu, Pradeep Y.; van Landingham, Suzanne W.; Massof, Robert W.; Chan, Emilie S.; Ferrucci, Luigi; Friedman, David S. (July 2012).
527:
passed in 1935. In 1972, the Aid to the Blind program and two others combined under Title XVI of the Social Security Act to form the
1448:
Modified visual output that includes large print and/or clear simple graphics can be of benefit to users with some residual vision.
5976:
5228:
4036:
Aa, Hilde P. A. van der; Comijs, Hannie C.; Penninx, Brenda W. J. H.; Rens, Ger H. M. B. van; Nispen, Ruth M. A. van (2015-02-01).
2942:
780:. Age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy are the leading causes of blindness in the developed world.
4265:
6461:
4782:
2343:
3052:
908:, most often occurring in people under 30, are the leading cause of monocular blindness (vision loss in one eye) throughout the
7469:
7464:
7289:
5220:
1342:
5945:
5479:
Ulldemolins, Anna Rius; Lansingh, Van C.; Valencia, Laura Guisasola; Carter, Marissa J.; Eckert, Kristen A. (September 2012).
5116:
2723:
Mathers M, Keyes M, Wright M (November 2010). "A review of the evidence on the effectiveness of children's vision screening".
2618:
1105:, is estimated to affect 5 million children each year; 500,000 develop active corneal involvement, and half of these go blind.
6317:
4896:
3694:"Progression of age-related macular degeneration: association with body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio"
3302:"Measures of Visual Function and Percentage of Preferred Walking Speed in Older Adults: The Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project"
2384:
2035:
916:
affect the nerve bundle that sends signals from the eye to the back of the brain, which can lead to decreased visual acuity.
445:
In the United States, any person with vision that cannot be corrected to better than 20/200 in the better eye, or who has 20
1134:
provides an approach to evaluating visual loss as it affects an individual's ability to perform activities of daily living.
597:
Older adults with visual impairment are at an increased risk of physical inactivity, slower gait speeds, and fear of falls.
7329:
2550:
2455:
Blaylock, SE; Vogtle, LK (June 2017). "Falls prevention interventions for older adults with low vision: A scoping review".
1770:
4700:
Glaucoma Research Foundation. "High Eye Pressure and Glaucoma." Glaucoma Research Foundation. N.p., 5 Sept. 2013. Web.<
1258:
369:
Defined as having central visual acuity of less than 3/60 with normal fields of vision, or gross visual field restriction.
7442:
6002:
3027:
2112:
Two experimental treatments for retinal problems include a cybernetic replacement and transplant of fetal retinal cells.
1955:
1947:
670:
108:
2138:. In humans, the eyelids are fused for a while before birth, but open again before the normal birth time; however, very
1130:
optical aids. Only a doctor is qualified to evaluate visual functioning of a compromised visual system effectively. The
7437:
7324:
6891:
3917:"Loneliness among adults with visual impairment: prevalence, associated factors, and relationship to life satisfaction"
3123:
3855:
Zheng, D. Diane; Swenor, Bonnielin K.; Christ, Sharon L.; West, Sheila K.; Lam, Byron L.; Lee, David J. (2018-09-01).
3743:"Physical activity and the 15-year cumulative incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the Beaver Dam Eye Study"
7192:
7052:
4084:
2809:
2575:
1534:
1461:
1029:, to avoid paying taxes on selling ethanol intended for human consumption. Methylated spirits are sometimes used by
617:
Older adults with vision loss are at an increased risk of memory loss, cognitive impairment, and cognitive decline.
7157:
3857:"Longitudinal Associations Between Visual Impairment and Cognitive Functioning: The Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study"
3202:"Visual impairment, uncorrected refractive error, and accelerometer-defined physical activity in the United States"
3070:
2997:"Free and Appropriate Public Education and the Personnel Crisis for Students with Visual Impairments and Blindness"
2936:"Certificate of Vision Impairment: Explanatory Notes for Consultant Ophthalmologists and Hospital Eye Clinic Staff"
1697:
1465:
1190:
711:
242:
2767:"Screening for Impaired Visual Acuity in Older Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement"
1210:
Many people with serious visual impairments can travel independently, using a wide range of tools and techniques.
1021:
for metabolism, ethanol is metabolized first, and the onset of toxicity is delayed. Methanol is commonly found in
7732:
7250:
7162:
5849:
2101:
2011:
2680:
Lehman SS (September 2012). "Cortical visual impairment in children: identification, evaluation and diagnosis".
2054:
The word "blind" (adjective and verb) is often used to signify a lack of knowledge of something. For example, a
1202:
7152:
6881:
4239:
1778:
1338:
383:
Less severe visual impairment is not captured by registration data, and its prevalence is difficult to quantify
1888:, which tells the story of a blind patriarch who is healed by his son, Tobias, with the help of the archangel
7245:
7136:
7002:
6017:
1579:
1323:
1238:
6250:
5889:
5867:
4217:
1983:
the broader community and culture, and often do not identify blindness as a defining part of their culture.
7643:
7334:
7319:
1562:
For the blind, there are books in braille, audio-books, and text-to-speech computer programs, machines and
1131:
573:
528:
507:
241:. Cataracts are the most common cause of blindness. Other disorders that may cause visual problems include
5823:
4117:"Association of Perceived Discrimination With Emotional Well-being in Older Adults With Visual Impairment"
1017:
which in turn can cause blindness, an array of other health complications, and death. When competing with
970:
often have vision loss to the extent that many are legally blind, though few of them actually cannot see.
6531:
6489:
6454:
6132:
Barker L, Thomas R, Rubin G, Dahlmann-Noor A, et al. (Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group) (March 2015).
4297:
2900:
2184:
1380:
1319:
871:
678:
486:
senses to learn, although they may require adaptations in lighting or the size of print, and, sometimes,
6083:
Thomas R, Barker L, Rubin G, Dahlmann-Noor A, et al. (Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group) (June 2015).
3645:"Visual impairment, uncorrected refractive error, and objectively measured balance in the United States"
479:
indicates some type of visual problem, with a need of person to receive special education in some cases.
372:
Unable to see at 3 metres (10 ft) what the normally sighted person sees at 60 metres (200 ft).
7459:
7255:
7229:
7187:
7182:
7047:
6920:
6908:
6864:
5617:
2229:
1782:
1077:
971:
875:
783:
Among working-age adults who are newly blind in England and Wales the most common causes in 2010 were:
425:
Those better than 3/60 but below 6/60 Snellen (people who have a very contracted field of vision only).
274:
31:
17:
5635:
5033:
336:
Category 1: Moderate visual impairment – presenting visual acuity worse than 6/18 and better than 6/60
7638:
7526:
7432:
7279:
7124:
6925:
6871:
6336:
5804:
1789:
1604:
1348:
994:
878:. Leprosy and onchocerciasis each blind approximately 1 million individuals in the developing world.
647:
285:
5237:
4702:
2959:
2916:
2062:
is one in which information is kept from either the experimenter or the participant to mitigate the
339:
Category 2: Severe visual impairment – presenting visual acuity worse than 6/60 and better than 3/60
7177:
7148:
6772:
6737:
4242:. Nerbraska Center for the Education of Children who are Blind or Visually Impaired. Archived from
3106:
2160:
1915:
1701:
1211:
6056:
4861:
Morello CM (September 2007). "Etiology and natural history of diabetic retinopathy: an overview".
7648:
7402:
7202:
6722:
6715:
2876:
2762:
2279:
2239:
2199:
2169:, is about a teenage girl, Helen, who trains her blind dog to follow and trust a seeing-eye dog.
2071:
2043:
1262:
643:
103:
7917:
7887:
7822:
7817:
7544:
6822:
6687:
6447:
6001:
Bainbridge JW, Smith AJ, Barker SS, Robbie S, Henderson R, Balaggan K, et al. (May 2008).
5232:
4037:
3301:
2651:
1937:
1774:
1087:
913:
520:
6427:
5053:"Neural correlates of natural human echolocation in early and late blind echolocation experts"
3349:"Impact of vision impairment on gait speed relating to eventual risk of developing sarcopenia"
8007:
7860:
7536:
5151:
4298:"Circadian rhythm abnormalities in totally blind people: incidence and clinical significance"
2142:
are sometimes born with their eyes fused shut, and opening later. Other animals, such as the
1359:
1223:
1125:
Scientists track eye movements in glaucoma patients to check vision impairment while driving.
1056:
1009:, which is only mildly toxic and minimally intoxicating, and breaks down into the substances
938:
717:
585:
317:
297:
250:
153:
112:
7504:
5944:
3586:
Ong, Sharon R.; Crowston, Jonathan G.; Loprinzi, Paul D.; Ramulu, Pradeep Y. (August 2018).
1471:
7633:
7219:
7214:
7172:
6987:
6903:
6332:
5275:"Visual impairment and quality of life: gender differences in the elderly in Cuenca, Spain"
5064:
3296:
Patel, Ilesh; Turano, Kathleen A.; Broman, Aimee T.; Bandeen-Roche, Karen; Muñoz, Beatriz;
2244:
2125:
1646:
1584:
1438:
1102:
1072:
1066:
975:
723:
411:
246:
5922:
5426:"Prevalence of Visual Impairment and Blindness in Upper Egypt: A Gender-based Perspective"
1808:
lore. In various versions of the tale, a group of blind men (or men in the dark) touch an
1415:
who has a visual impairment. macOS and iOS also come with a built-in screen reader called
8:
7938:
7812:
7612:
7495:
7487:
7275:
7239:
7224:
7079:
6859:
6639:
6387:
6265:
5481:"Social inequalities in blindness and visual impairment: a review of social determinants"
2189:
2075:
1889:
1431:
1061:
1038:
729:
524:
254:
7568:
6109:
6084:
5980:
5068:
4337:"Leading causes of certification for blindness and partial sight in England & Wales"
2100:
to help restore the sight of patients with a rare form of inherited blindness, known as
1005:
Rarely, blindness is caused by the intake of certain chemicals. A well-known example is
8002:
7549:
7299:
7207:
7131:
7084:
6896:
6832:
6817:
6677:
6626:
6207:
6182:
6158:
6133:
5785:
5742:
5572:
5539:
5515:
5480:
5461:
5310:
5196:
5171:
5087:
5052:
5010:
4983:
4950:
4925:
4833:
4816:
4601:
4574:
4543:
4518:
4494:
4477:
4412:
4387:
4363:
4336:
4272:
4149:
4010:
3975:
3951:
3916:
3889:
3832:
3799:
3775:
3742:
3643:
Willis, Jeffrey R.; Vitale, Susan E.; Agrawal, Yuri; Ramulu, Pradeep Y. (August 2013).
3620:
3587:
3422:
3389:
3200:
Willis, Jeffrey R.; Jefferys, Joan L.; Vitale, Susan; Ramulu, Pradeep Y. (March 2012).
3177:
3142:
3003:
2705:
2527:
2502:
2480:
2432:
2407:
2347:
2209:
1396:
1392:
1246:
1022:
919:
846:
655:
414:
identifies three groups of people who may be classified as severely visually impaired.
90:
5367:
Rius Ulldemolins, Anna; Benach, Joan; Guisasola, Laura; Artazcoz, LucĂa (2019-08-01).
4790:
4190:
4173:
2518:
1845:
1161:, a blind film critic, demonstrates for his viewers how a blind person can cook alone.
345:
Category 4: Blindness – presenting visual acuity worse than 1/60 with light perception
7892:
7554:
7414:
7197:
6854:
6760:
6398:
6212:
6163:
6114:
6037:
5777:
5746:
5690:
5577:
5559:
5520:
5502:
5453:
5445:
5406:
5398:
5349:
5341:
5302:
5294:
5201:
5092:
5015:
4955:
4878:
4838:
4606:
4548:
4499:
4417:
4368:
4317:
4195:
4154:
4136:
4132:
4065:
4057:
4015:
3997:
3956:
3938:
3894:
3876:
3872:
3837:
3819:
3780:
3762:
3723:
3715:
3674:
3666:
3625:
3607:
3568:
3560:
3521:
3513:
3474:
3466:
3427:
3409:
3370:
3329:
3321:
3278:
3270:
3231:
3223:
3182:
3164:
3056:
2858:
2788:
2740:
2736:
2697:
2532:
2472:
2437:
2299:
2194:
2091:
2003:
1925:
1766:
1427:
1388:
1034:
1026:
342:
Category 3: Blindness – presenting visual acuity worse than 3/60 and better than 1/60
238:
214:
194:
138:
123:
96:
78:
6392:
5789:
5465:
5314:
3661:
3644:
3218:
3201:
2709:
333:
Category 0: No or mild visual impairment – presenting visual acuity better than 6/18
7680:
7670:
7516:
7491:
7424:
7390:
7309:
6940:
6930:
6827:
6682:
6569:
6559:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6029:
6021:
5769:
5732:
5567:
5551:
5510:
5492:
5437:
5388:
5380:
5286:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5110:
5082:
5072:
5005:
4995:
4945:
4937:
4870:
4828:
4637:
4596:
4586:
4538:
4530:
4489:
4453:
4407:
4399:
4358:
4348:
4309:
4185:
4144:
4128:
4116:
4049:
4005:
3987:
3946:
3928:
3884:
3868:
3856:
3827:
3811:
3770:
3754:
3705:
3656:
3615:
3599:
3552:
3505:
3458:
3417:
3401:
3360:
3313:
3262:
3213:
3172:
3154:
2848:
2778:
2732:
2689:
2522:
2514:
2484:
2464:
2427:
2419:
2269:
2139:
2059:
2039:
1995:
1871:
1859:
1820:
1816:
1391:
include an Accessibility Wizard & Magnifier for those with partial vision, and
1376:
1288:
777:
693:
674:
450:
304:
226:
6183:"Low vision rehabilitation for better quality of life in visually impaired adults"
1921:
1537:
is a system of raised dots in one corner, based on braille cells but not standard
901:
Re-educating wounded. Blind French soldiers learning to make baskets, World War I.
322:
In 2010, the WHO definition for visual impairment was changed and now follows the
7747:
7711:
7675:
7294:
7119:
7106:
7040:
6997:
6915:
6727:
6659:
6579:
6564:
6240:
5555:
5441:
5170:
Virgili G, Acosta R, Bentley SA, Giacomelli G, Allcock C, Evans JR (April 2018).
5077:
4112:
3405:
2693:
2284:
2274:
2259:
2249:
2219:
2079:
1967:
1712:
1673:
1650:
1420:
1408:
1307:
1146:
Prevention estimates that half of blindness in the United States is preventable.
930:
that prevent the brain from correctly receiving or interpreting signals from the
546:
429:
407:
270:
230:
207:
143:
4403:
2406:
Auger RR, Burgess HJ, Emens JS, Deriy LV, Thomas SM, Sharkey KM (October 2015).
1617:
significant problem, with an estimated 1.4 million blind children below age 15.
7977:
7829:
7774:
7617:
7385:
7314:
7096:
7066:
7012:
6966:
6837:
6710:
6644:
6634:
6403:
5737:
5720:
5425:
5424:
Mousa, Ahmed; Courtright, Paul; Kazanjian, Arminee; Bassett, Ken (2014-06-01).
3710:
3693:
3692:
Seddon, Johanna M.; Cote, Jennifer; Davis, Nancy; Rosner, Bernard (June 2003).
2289:
2143:
2063:
1681:
1563:
1515:
1484:
1333:
Some people access these materials through agencies for the blind, such as the
1254:
923:
863:
651:
289:
6377:
6373:
6369:
5290:
4941:
4313:
3933:
3603:
3556:
3266:
3020:
974:
can cause total blindness or severe sight loss from birth or early childhood.
870:
Childhood blindness can be caused by conditions related to pregnancy, such as
7996:
7897:
7752:
7692:
7409:
7357:
7304:
7234:
7143:
7030:
7007:
6935:
6844:
6649:
6554:
6260:
6235:
5773:
5563:
5506:
5497:
5449:
5402:
5345:
5298:
5000:
4642:
4625:
4519:"Aetiology of congenital and paediatric cataract in an Australian population"
4458:
4441:
4140:
4061:
4001:
3942:
3880:
3823:
3766:
3719:
3670:
3611:
3564:
3517:
3470:
3413:
3374:
3325:
3274:
3227:
3168:
2468:
2254:
2214:
2179:
2150:
2067:
2031:
2015:
1951:
1900:
1885:
1837:
1823:
1762:
1669:
1661:
1412:
1372:
1327:
1315:
1277:
1154:
1098:
978:
is characterized by decreased peripheral vision and trouble seeing at night.
955:
951:
909:
663:
419:
403:
83:
70:
66:
6439:
5384:
5329:
5274:
3758:
3493:
3446:
3250:
3127:
912:. Injuries and cataracts affect the eye itself, while abnormalities such as
7762:
7590:
6971:
6886:
6794:
6672:
6667:
6612:
6607:
6216:
6167:
6118:
6041:
6003:"Effect of gene therapy on visual function in Leber's congenital amaurosis"
5781:
5684:
5581:
5524:
5457:
5410:
5353:
5306:
5205:
5096:
5019:
4959:
4882:
4842:
4610:
4552:
4503:
4421:
4372:
4353:
4199:
4158:
4069:
4019:
3960:
3898:
3841:
3784:
3727:
3678:
3629:
3540:
3525:
3478:
3431:
3347:
Huang, Xiaoting; Chen, Zhixuan; Merchant, Reshma; Lim, Moses (2017-10-17).
3333:
3235:
3186:
3159:
2862:
2813:
2792:
2783:
2766:
2744:
2701:
2536:
2476:
2441:
2154:
2097:
1727:
1677:
1591:
portability, ease of use, and affordability must be considered for people.
1519:
1384:
1158:
1010:
986:
446:
6025:
4321:
4053:
4038:"Major Depressive and Anxiety Disorders in Visually Impaired Older Adults"
3572:
3282:
2853:
2836:
1851:
1544:
It is also possible to fold notes in different ways to assist recognition.
7961:
7912:
7855:
7850:
7807:
7785:
7696:
7687:
7607:
7585:
7397:
7369:
7167:
7035:
6876:
6697:
6574:
6526:
6473:
6422:
5702:
4534:
3992:
3815:
3317:
3297:
1999:
1911:
1896:
1867:
1735:
1567:
1480:
1291:, some handheld, and some on desktops, can make reading easier for them.
1284:
1195:
1014:
982:
931:
927:
262:
6320:
was created from a revision of this article dated 12 July 2020
6033:
5760:
Weisleder, Pedro (24 April 2012). "No Such Thing as a 'Blind Culture'".
5330:"Gender differences in adult blindness and low vision, Central Ethiopia"
4591:
4517:
Wirth MG, Russell-Eggitt IM, Craig JE, Elder JE, Mackey DA (July 2002).
3976:"Visual Impairment and Mental Health: Unmet Needs and Treatment Options"
2837:"Vision problems are a leading source of modifiable health expenditures"
1552:
Placing different types of food at different positions on a dinner plate
523:
included this definition as part of the Aid to the Blind program in the
428:
Those 6/60 Snellen or above (people in this group who have a contracted
7882:
7845:
7769:
7757:
7701:
7662:
7483:
7373:
6732:
6597:
5393:
5366:
4874:
4817:"Childhood blindness in the context of VISION 2020--the right to sight"
3541:"Leisure activity participation of elderly individuals with low vision"
3143:"Evaluation of real-world mobility in age-related macular degeneration"
2982:
The unseen minority: a social history of blindness in the United States
2234:
2055:
2019:
1739:
1685:
1488:
1273:
1219:
1030:
990:
905:
348:
Category 5: Blindness – irreversible blindness with no light perception
234:
161:
157:
6352:
3365:
3348:
2423:
1434:, making the web a more inviting place for visually impaired surfers.
1287:, which is easier for them to read without such devices. A variety of
7933:
7907:
7781:
7727:
7715:
7600:
7595:
7580:
7576:
7114:
6812:
6789:
6602:
6549:
6544:
6521:
2204:
1960:
1933:
1881:
1751:
1530:
1416:
1352:
1303:
1299:
1231:
1183:
1050:
829:
669:
It has been estimated that over half of completely blind people have
258:
213:
The most common causes of visual impairment globally are uncorrected
6134:"Optical reading aids for children and young people with low vision"
6085:"Assistive technology for children and young people with low vision"
4243:
3509:
3462:
1950:. Some of these characters can see by means of devices, such as the
1688:
is sometimes used to describe visual acuities from 20/70 to 20/200.
7972:
7737:
7271:
7074:
6705:
3539:
Heinemann, A. W.; Colorez, A.; Frank, S.; Taylor, D. (April 1988).
3140:
2224:
2007:
2006:. Some sports have been invented or adapted for the blind, such as
1809:
1797:
1743:
1723:
1504:
1456:
1170:
1006:
967:
947:
882:
858:
841:
734:
705:
699:
689:
The most common causes of visual impairment globally in 2010 were:
659:
293:
278:
222:
218:
131:
127:
5977:"The history of people with disabilities in Australia – 100 years"
3002:. Center on Personnel Studies in Special Education. Archived from
2149:
The theme of blind animals has been a powerful one in literature.
2058:
is a date in which the people involved have not previously met; a
1994:
Blind and partially sighted people participate in sports, such as
1974:, a fictional device that transmits optical signals to his brain.
1533:
have a tactile feature to indicate denomination. For example, the
1351:, equipment that enlarges and contrasts textual items, are a more
601:
activity as measured with self-reports and accelerometers. The US
7799:
7742:
7284:
7091:
7022:
6992:
6982:
6589:
5863:
5478:
2760:
2027:
1793:
1538:
1492:
1400:
1335:
National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped
1311:
1295:
1092:
1081:
1018:
943:
487:
432:
especially if the contraction is in the lower part of the field).
6264:
6180:
5921:. International Paralympic Committee. April 2001. Archived from
3249:
CLARK-CARTER, D. D.; HEYES, A. D.; HOWARTH, C. I. (1986-06-01).
1828:
Did you ever see such a sight in your life, As three blind mice?
1322:
as well as software written specifically for the blind, such as
609:
and walking up stairs, as compared to those with normal vision.
57:
7902:
6804:
6781:
6501:
6364:
6254:
5423:
5037:
3063:
2596:
2135:
2131:
2023:
1731:
1665:
1442:
1441:
are beginning to provide access to arbitrary live views from a
1137:
Screening adults who have no symptoms is of uncertain benefit.
323:
266:
6131:
6082:
5169:
4296:
Sack RL, Lewy AJ, Blood ML, Keith LD, Nakagawa H (July 1992).
3915:
Brunes, Audun; B. Hansen, Marianne; Heir, Trond (2019-02-01).
3387:
3295:
3251:"The efficiency and walking speed of visually impaired people"
2960:"National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities"
2765:, Baumann LC, Davidson KW, Ebell M, et al. (March 2016).
1874:", a sonnet about coping with blindness. The work posits that
1178:
7874:
5272:
4516:
3741:
Knudtson, M. D.; Klein, R.; Klein, B. E. K. (December 2006).
3494:"The effects of changes in musculoskeletal fitness on health"
2576:"Visually Impaired People (VIP) - Education & Engagement"
2106:
1971:
1805:
1792:
has crossed between many religious traditions and is part of
1755:
1404:
1383:
enable the blind to use mainstream computer applications and
1206:
Visually impaired girl negotiating a rock while rock climbing
1905:"once was lost, but now am found, Was blind, but now I see."
744:
The most common causes of blindness worldwide in 2010 were:
6954:
6516:
6000:
5224:
3538:
3492:
Warburton, D. E.; Glendhill, N.; Quinney, A. (April 2001).
1801:
1747:
1716:
1571:
1566:. Low vision people can make use of these tools as well as
1511:
1507:
so that the value can be determined by touch. For example:
1500:
850:
of about 12.2% among infants and 58.7% among 10-year-olds.
642:
Blindness can occur in combination with such conditions as
4271:. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. 2008. Archived from
4171:
4110:
3445:
Warburton, D. E.; Gledhill, N.; Quinney, A. (April 2001).
3199:
2038:. People with vision impairments have participated in the
1769:
to heal the blind. According to the Gospels, Jesus healed
817:
Malignant neoplasms of the brain and nervous system (1.5%)
776:
About 90% of people who are visually impaired live in the
261:. Visual impairment can also be caused by problems in the
6061:
5369:"Why are there gender inequalities in visual impairment?"
3642:
3585:
3491:
2963:
2034:. The worldwide authority on sports for the blind is the
1475:
Scaled-down palpable model of mountain for blind tourists
662:. Blindness in combination with hearing loss is known as
4575:"Pharmacological enhancement of treatment for amblyopia"
3444:
3248:
1570:
reading materials and e-book readers that provide large
391:
A visual acuity of less than 6/18 but greater than 3/60.
356:
Near visual acuity worse than N6 or M 0.8 at 40 cm.
210:, may occur, and may indicate serious medical problems.
5658:"Low Vision and Legal Blindness Terms and Descriptions"
5540:"Sex, gender and blindness: a new framework for equity"
3588:"Physical activity, visual impairment, and eye disease"
1862:
depicts a blind man holding a marble head in his hands.
1746:, who blinds Polyphemus to escape. In Norse mythology,
418:
Those below 3/60 (equivalent to 20/400 in US notation)
300:, changes in their environment, and assistive devices.
4772:, 2nd Edition, Published by W. Blackwood, pp. 444–445.
2405:
1549:
Labeling and tagging clothing and other personal items
5597:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4478:"Cataract blindness--challenges for the 21st century"
4435:
4433:
4431:
3974:
Demmin, Docia L; Silverstein, Steven M (2020-12-03).
3854:
3691:
3390:"Fear of falling and visual field loss from glaucoma"
1958:, who can see via his super-human hearing acuity, or
502:
students learn via braille or other non-visual media.
422:(most people below 3/60 are severely sight impaired).
6342:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4919:
4917:
4770:
History of the Byzantine Empire from DCCXVI to MLVII
4385:
4302:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
3798:
Swenor, B. K.; Munoz, B.; West, S. K. (2014-02-01).
3346:
808:
Degeneration of the macula and posterior pole (3.0%)
402:
In practice, the definition depends on individuals'
273:, or trauma, among others. These cases are known as
7503:
5660:. American Foundation for the Blind. Archived from
5616:. American Foundation for the Blind. Archived from
5050:
4810:
4808:
4759:(Vaughan & Asbury's General Ophthalmology, 17e)
4655:
4653:
4172:De Leo D, Hickey PA, Meneghel G, Cantor CH (1999).
4035:
3914:
2500:
1314:. They use computers with special hardware such as
4849:
4721:
4559:
4428:
4295:
4106:
4104:
3740:
2722:
2344:"Visual impairment and blindness Fact Sheet N°282"
2159:, tells the story of a boy who blinds six horses.
1946:Contemporary fiction contains numerous well-known
1366:
1355:alternative to traditional magnification devices.
7448:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
5221:"Evidence base to support the UK Vision Strategy"
4966:
4914:
4471:
4469:
3973:
677:, normally slightly longer than 24 hours, is not
565:reasonably well if they have low visual demands.
156:, changes in the environment, assistive devices (
7994:
5721:"Some Concepts of Blindness in American Culture"
5632:"Defining the Boundaries of Low Vision Patients"
5537:
5328:Woldeyes, Alemayehu; Adamu, Yilkal (July 2008).
5130:
4805:
4650:
4386:Liew G, Michaelides M, Bunce C (February 2014).
4042:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
3306:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
2841:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
1876:who best Bear 's mild yoke, they serve him best.
1265:be given to users of white canes or guide dogs.
603:National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
30:"Blindness" redirects here. For other uses, see
6057:"Bionic Eye Opens New World Of Sight For Blind"
5979:. Disability Services Australia. Archived from
5624:
4696:
4694:
4101:
3797:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3050:
2913:"Identification and notification of sight loss"
2804:
2802:
2619:"Working with a VIP (Visually Impaired Person)"
1479:Blind people may use talking equipment such as
510:adopted the following definition of blindness:
5683:The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the
4466:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2454:
2295:Visual impairment due to intracranial pressure
1522:, the size of a note increases with its value.
540:
6469:
6455:
5915:"IBSA General Assembly Elects New Leadership"
5327:
4814:
4789:. Canada Safety Council. 2005. Archived from
4031:
4029:
2756:
2754:
1430:is opening a far wider number of websites to
7522:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
6275:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
5946:"Hitting the Court, With an Ear on the Ball"
5538:Doyal, Lesley; Das-Bhaumik, Raja G. (2018).
4926:"Approach to the diagnosis of the uveitides"
4923:
4691:
4334:
4174:"Blindness, fear of sight loss, and suicide"
4115:; Smith, Lee; Steptoe, Andrew (2019-07-01).
3910:
3908:
3087:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2799:
2496:
2494:
2146:, are truly blind and rely on other senses.
1451:
1268:
6850:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
6509:
6187:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6138:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6089:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5811:. Alliance for Equality of Blind Canadians.
5593:
5591:
5176:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4475:
2994:
2975:
2973:
2810:"Causes of blindness and visual impairment"
2639:
1940:" twice alludes to metaphorical blindness:
620:
515:greater than 20 degrees in the better eye.
6462:
6448:
5614:"Statistics and Sources for Professionals"
5218:
5212:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5044:
5034:"American Optometric Association web site"
4863:American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy
4216:. Lighthouse International. Archived from
4206:
4089:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4026:
2751:
2675:
2673:
2338:
2336:
2265:Swedish interactive thresholding algorithm
1884:often depicted scenes from the apocryphal
1310:, which convert printed text to speech or
6206:
6157:
6108:
5856:
5759:
5736:
5571:
5514:
5496:
5392:
5236:
5195:
5172:"Reading aids for adults with low vision"
5086:
5076:
5009:
4999:
4949:
4832:
4821:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
4641:
4623:
4600:
4590:
4542:
4493:
4482:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
4457:
4439:
4411:
4362:
4352:
4189:
4148:
4009:
3991:
3950:
3932:
3905:
3888:
3831:
3774:
3709:
3660:
3619:
3421:
3364:
3217:
3176:
3158:
2923:
2852:
2782:
2526:
2491:
2431:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
866:: children leading blind adults in Africa
569:factors, as well as access to treatment.
6328:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
6311:
6259:
6244:) is being considered for deletion. See
6054:
5969:
5881:
5588:
5229:The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association
5051:Thaler L, Arnott SR, Goodale MA (2011).
4775:
4732:
4258:
3353:International Journal of Integrated Care
3124:"Eye Trauma Epidemiology and Prevention"
2979:
2970:
2616:
2457:Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy
2096:A 2008 study tested the effect of using
1870:, who went blind in mid-life, composed "
1850:
1836:
1555:Marking controls of household appliances
1470:
1455:
1272:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1169:
1153:
1113:
989:have identified other genetic causes of
896:
857:
681:(synchronized) to the light–dark cycle.
637:
5890:"The Competitive World of Blind Sports"
5887:
5685:Museo ArqueolĂłgico Rafael Larco Herrera
5158:
4860:
2670:
1194:Blind girl feels shape of vehicle near
193:) is the partial or total inability of
14:
7995:
5936:
5842:"A 20/20 Perspective on Blind Culture"
5821:
5709:, Gehenna Press, Northampton MA, 1964.
5681:Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum.
5259:
5257:
5255:
5103:
4659:
4572:
4232:
3498:Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology
3451:Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology
2679:
2653:GLOBAL DATA ON VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS 2010
2362:
2313:
1719:depicted the blind in their ceramics.
1640:
559:
7959:
7355:
6758:
6487:
6443:
5802:
5718:
5148:"Accessibility features – Bank Notes"
4328:
4111:Jackson, Sarah E.; Hackett, Ruth A.;
2036:International Blind Sports Federation
1691:
1423:is built in to most Android devices.
881:The number of individuals blind from
802:Disorders of the visual cortex (4.1%)
754:Age-related macular degeneration (5%)
7330:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
5907:
4523:The British Journal of Ophthalmology
3747:The British Journal of Ophthalmology
3447:"Musculoskeletal fitness and health"
2988:
2834:
2049:
1212:Orientation and mobility specialists
787:Hereditary retinal disorders (20.2%)
7453:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
7290:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
6010:The New England Journal of Medicine
5942:
5606:
5252:
4981:
4924:Jabs DA, Busingye J (August 2013).
4626:"Management of Congenital Cataract"
4442:"Management of congenital cataract"
4082:
3921:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
2130:Statements that certain species of
1655:
24:
7325:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
6298:
5119:from the original on 15 March 2014
2995:Corn AL, Spungin SJ (April 2003).
2412:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
2383:. February 8, 2011. Archived from
1411:, the latter developed in part by
993:or blindness. One such example is
961:
673:, a condition in which a person's
25:
8019:
7053:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
6248:to help reach a consensus. ›
6227:
5848:. 18 January 2018. Archived from
5822:Pierce, Barbara (November 2008).
5373:European Journal of Public Health
4984:"Uveitis in developing countries"
4930:American Journal of Ophthalmology
4630:Saudi Journal for Health Sciences
4446:Saudi Journal for Health Sciences
4335:Bunce C, Wormald R (March 2006).
4266:"Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder"
3071:"Blindness and vision impairment"
2381:"Blindness and Vision Impairment"
1535:Canadian currency tactile feature
1245:Some blind people are skilled at
554:
360:
311:
7158:Central retinal artery occlusion
6310:
6174:
6125:
6076:
6048:
5994:
5824:"No Such Thing as Blind Culture"
5150:. Bank of Canada. Archived from
4749:from the original on 2014-04-21.
4733:Meszaros L (15 September 2013).
4703:"High Eye Pressure and Glaucoma"
4133:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.1230
3873:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.2493
3804:American Journal of Epidemiology
2737:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2010.01109.x
2682:Current Opinion in Ophthalmology
2666:from the original on 2015-03-31.
2119:
1977:
1970:, who can see with the aid of a
1734:naked while she was bathing. In
1698:Cultural depictions of blindness
1668:, legal blindness is defined as
1510:In some currencies, such as the
1230:A small number of people employ
712:Age-related macular degeneration
440:
243:age-related macular degeneration
225:(2%). Refractive errors include
56:
7163:Branch retinal artery occlusion
6892:Terrien's marginal degeneration
5957:from the original on 9 May 2015
5870:from the original on 2008-02-21
5834:
5815:
5796:
5753:
5719:Himes, Joseph S. (9 May 2018).
5712:
5707:Rembrandt and the Book of Tobit
5696:
5675:
5650:
5531:
5485:Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
5472:
5417:
5360:
5321:
5266:
5140:
5026:
4988:Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
4903:from the original on 2014-06-03
4889:
4762:
4753:
4709:from the original on 2017-09-02
4679:from the original on 2014-04-21
4617:
4510:
4379:
4289:
4165:
4076:
3967:
3848:
3791:
3734:
3685:
3662:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.316
3636:
3579:
3532:
3485:
3438:
3381:
3340:
3289:
3242:
3219:10.1001/archopthalmol.2011.1773
3193:
3134:
3116:
3044:
3033:from the original on 2015-09-24
3013:
2952:
2905:
2893:
2869:
2828:
2716:
2617:Rountree, Helen (Autumn 2018).
2044:1976 Toronto summer Paralympics
1880:The Dutch painter and engraver
1832:
1765:contains numerous instances of
1598:
1367:Computers and mobile technology
799:Congenital abnormalities (5.1%)
671:non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
109:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
7960:
7193:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
7153:Central retinal vein occlusion
6882:Pellucid marginal degeneration
6199:10.1002/14651858.CD006543.pub2
6150:10.1002/14651858.CD010987.pub2
6101:10.1002/14651858.CD011350.pub2
6055:Hamilton J (20 October 2009).
5634:. SSDI Qualify. Archived from
5188:10.1002/14651858.CD003303.pub4
5115:, Reader's Digest, June 2012,
4787:Symptoms of Methanol Poisoning
3021:"Supplemental Security Income"
2610:
2589:
2568:
2543:
2448:
2399:
2163:'s classic young adult novel,
1339:National Library for the Blind
1035:desperate and cheap substitute
805:Cerebrovascular disease (3.2%)
406:and the extent to which their
51:Vision impairment, vision loss
13:
1:
7246:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
7137:Posterior vitreous detachment
7003:Persistent pupillary membrane
6233:
6018:Massachusetts Medical Society
4191:10.1016/S0033-3182(99)71229-6
3053:"Sec. 1614. Meaning of terms"
2519:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
2346:. August 2014. Archived from
2306:
1726:was a prophet famous for his
1426:The movement towards greater
1324:optical character recognition
1182:A blind man is assisted by a
1165:
1149:
1140:
937:Blinding has been used as an
922:results from injuries to the
853:
7733:Leber's congenital amaurosis
7644:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
7356:
7335:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
7320:Persistent fetal vasculature
7251:Leber's congenital amaurosis
5556:10.1136/bmjophth-2017-000135
5442:10.3109/09286586.2014.906629
5078:10.1371/journal.pone.0020162
4815:Gilbert C, Foster A (2001).
3406:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.01.037
2694:10.1097/ICU.0b013e3283566b4b
2153:'s Tony Award-winning play,
2102:Leber's congenital amaurosis
1771:the two blind men of Galilee
1706:
1381:refreshable braille displays
1320:refreshable braille displays
1132:American Medical Association
1109:
1000:
939:act of vengeance and torture
824:
790:Diabetic retinopathy (14.4%)
612:
574:American Medical Association
529:Supplemental Security Income
508:American Medical Association
329:Distance vision impairment:
69:that is frequently used for
7:
6532:Meibomian gland dysfunction
5888:Chodosh S (24 March 2016).
5803:Hopfe, Alyssa (July 1999).
4673:"Gale - Institution Finder"
4404:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004015
2901:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
2761:Siu AL, Bibbins-Domingo K,
2185:Accessible Books Consortium
2172:
2085:
1895:Slaver-turned-abolitionist
1437:Experimental approaches in
892:
872:congenital rubella syndrome
836:
592:
541:Temporary vision impairment
10:
8024:
7256:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
7230:Central serous retinopathy
7048:Focal choroidal excavation
6921:Corneal neovascularization
6738:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
6488:
5805:"The Culture of Blindness"
5762:Journal of Child Neurology
5738:10.1177/104438945003101002
4476:Brian G, Taylor H (2001).
3711:10.1001/archopht.121.6.785
2230:Disability rights movement
2123:
2089:
1783:the man who was born blind
1775:the blind man of Bethsaida
1695:
1644:
1395:, a simple screen reader.
1371:Access technology such as
1349:Closed-circuit televisions
1337:in the United States, the
1298:(or the infrequently used
1078:Retinopathy of prematurity
972:Leber congenital amaurosis
876:retinopathy of prematurity
757:Corneal opacification (4%)
544:
315:
275:cortical visual impairment
32:Blindness (disambiguation)
29:
7968:
7955:
7926:
7873:
7838:
7798:
7723:
7710:
7661:
7639:Convergence insufficiency
7626:
7567:
7535:
7512:
7482:
7423:
7381:
7368:
7364:
7351:
7280:Primary juvenile glaucoma
7264:
7125:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
7105:
7065:
7021:
6962:
6953:
6803:
6780:
6771:
6767:
6759:
6754:
6696:
6658:
6625:
6588:
6540:
6500:
6496:
6483:
6474:Diseases of the human eye
6413:
6346:
5334:Ethiopian Medical Journal
5291:10.1007/s11136-007-9280-7
5263:World Health Organization
4942:10.1016/j.ajo.2013.03.027
4314:10.1210/jcem.75.1.1619000
3934:10.1186/s12955-019-1096-y
3698:Archives of Ophthalmology
3604:10.1038/s41433-018-0081-8
3267:10.1080/00140138608968314
3206:Archives of Ophthalmology
3075:World Health Organization
2881:World Health Organization
2835:Rein DB (December 2013).
1989:
1790:blind men and an elephant
1767:Jesus performing miracles
1754:into killing his brother
1452:Other aids and techniques
1269:Reading and magnification
1196:Mana village, Uttarakhand
820:Retinal detachment (1.4%)
769:Diabetic retinopathy (1%)
648:autism spectrum disorders
286:World Health Organization
168:
149:
137:
118:
102:
89:
77:
64:
55:
47:
42:
7149:Ocular ischemic syndrome
6246:templates for discussion
5774:10.1177/0883073812441249
5498:10.4103/0301-4738.100529
5279:Quality of Life Research
5001:10.4103/0301-4738.114090
4643:10.4103/2278-0521.106079
4459:10.4103/2278-0521.106079
2984:. New York: David McKay.
2877:"World report on vision"
2659:. WHO. 2012. p. 6.
2469:10.1177/0008417417711460
1916:The Country of the Blind
1779:the blind man of Jericho
1758:, the god of happiness.
1702:Visual impairment in art
1403:) for the blind include
1358:There are also over 100
1044:
814:Corneal disorders (2.6%)
760:Childhood blindness (4%)
684:
621:Social and psychological
365:Severely sight impaired
352:Near vision impairment:
172:940 million / 13% (2015)
27:Decreased ability to see
7649:One and a half syndrome
7403:Foster Kennedy syndrome
6272:Encyclopædia Britannica
5864:"Blind Sports Victoria"
5430:Ophthalmic Epidemiology
4768:Finlay, George (1856).
3759:10.1136/bjo.2006.103796
3557:10.1093/geront/28.2.181
2599:. Warrington VIP Centre
2578:. Bat ConservationTrust
2280:Tangible symbol systems
2240:Recovery from blindness
2200:Blindness and education
2072:blind leading the blind
1738:, the one-eyed Cyclops
1345:in the United Kingdom.
1259:audible traffic signals
1027:denatured ethyl alcohol
644:intellectual disability
7888:Argyll Robertson pupil
6688:Periorbital cellulitis
6306:
6282:Listen to this article
5953:. The New York Times.
5544:BMJ Open Ophthalmology
5219:Bosanquet N, Mehta P.
4579:Clinical Ophthalmology
4354:10.1186/1471-2458-6-58
4240:"Autism and Blindness"
3980:Clinical Ophthalmology
3160:10.1186/1471-2415-15-9
2784:10.1001/jama.2016.0763
1863:
1848:
1476:
1468:
1360:radio reading services
1280:
1207:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1162:
1126:
914:optic nerve hypoplasia
902:
867:
763:Refractive errors (3%)
538:
531:program which states:
521:United States Congress
517:
7861:Scintillating scotoma
7527:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
7470:Toxic and nutritional
7443:posterior (PION)
6926:Kayser–Fleischer ring
6305:
6026:10.1056/NEJMoa0802268
5943:Lin T (4 June 2012).
5809:www.blindcanadians.ca
5385:10.1093/eurpub/cky245
4869:(17 Suppl 12): S3–7.
4214:"Causes of Blindness"
4085:"Protect Your Vision"
4054:10.1167/iovs.14-15848
3051:Social Security Act.
2854:10.1167/iovs.13-12818
2166:The Trouble With Tuck
1903:" about a wretch who
1854:
1840:
1750:tricks the blind god
1474:
1459:
1276:
1222:with a red tip – the
1205:
1193:
1181:
1173:
1157:
1124:
1057:Corneal opacification
995:Bardet–Biedl syndrome
900:
861:
793:Optic atrophy (14.1%)
718:Corneal opacification
638:Associated conditions
586:vision rehabilitation
533:
512:
318:Low vision assessment
298:vision rehabilitation
154:Vision rehabilitation
113:falls in older adults
95:Decreased ability to
7634:Conjugate gaze palsy
7505:Paralytic strabismus
7438:anterior (AION)
7220:Retinitis pigmentosa
7215:Macular degeneration
6988:Intermediate uveitis
6904:Keratoconjunctivitis
6337:More spoken articles
4982:Rao NA (June 2013).
4745:. Academic OneFile.
4624:Althomali T (2012).
4535:10.1136/bjo.86.7.782
4440:Althomali T (2012).
3993:10.2147/OPTH.S258783
3318:10.1167/iovs.05-0582
2980:Koestler FA (1976).
2513:(10053): 1545–1602.
2245:Retinal regeneration
2126:Blindness in animals
2012:association football
1647:List of blind people
1585:assistive technology
1439:sensory substitution
1224:international symbol
1186:in BrasĂlia, Brazil.
1103:vitamin A deficiency
1073:Retinitis pigmentosa
1067:Diabetic retinopathy
1037:for regular ethanol
976:Retinitis pigmentosa
724:Diabetic retinopathy
412:Department of Health
247:diabetic retinopathy
7939:Childhood blindness
7918:Parinaud's syndrome
7488:Extraocular muscles
7276:Ocular hypertension
7240:Epiretinal membrane
7225:Retinal haemorrhage
7080:Congenital cataract
5638:on January 27, 2014
5069:2011PLoSO...620162T
4793:on 20 February 2007
4739:Ophthalmology Times
4668:. Academic OneFile.
4662:Ophthalmology Times
4592:10.2147/opth.s29941
2190:Acoustic wayfinding
1938:Blowin' in the Wind
1899:composed the hymn "
1788:The parable of the
1641:Society and culture
1633:longer life spans.
1483:, watches, clocks,
1432:adaptive technology
1397:Linux distributions
1088:Stargardt's disease
1062:Degenerative myopia
1039:alcoholic beverages
730:Childhood blindness
656:hearing impairments
560:General functioning
525:Social Security Act
410:is restricted. The
255:childhood blindness
7465:Leber's hereditary
7132:Retinal detachment
7085:Childhood cataract
6897:Post-LASIK ectasia
6678:Orbital cellulitis
6627:Lacrimal apparatus
6414:External resources
6307:
5830:. Braille Monitor.
5154:on April 29, 2011.
4875:10.2146/ajhp070330
4573:Rashad MA (2012).
4121:JAMA Ophthalmology
4083:CDC (2021-09-27).
3861:JAMA Ophthalmology
3816:10.1093/aje/kwt257
3649:JAMA Ophthalmology
2210:Braille technology
2070:. The expression "
1936:'s anti-war song "
1864:
1856:The Sense of Touch
1849:
1715:people of ancient
1692:Literature and art
1477:
1469:
1393:Microsoft Narrator
1289:magnifying glasses
1281:
1218:Tools such as the
1208:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1163:
1127:
1023:methylated spirits
920:Cortical blindness
903:
868:
847:pediatric glaucoma
772:Undetermined (21%)
740:Undetermined (18%)
257:, and a number of
7990:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7951:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7893:Marcus Gunn pupil
7869:
7868:
7790:Visual impairment
7657:
7656:
7563:
7562:
7550:Fourth-nerve (IV)
7478:
7477:
7415:Optic disc drusen
7347:
7346:
7343:
7342:
7061:
7060:
6949:
6948:
6855:Corneal dystrophy
6750:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6621:
6620:
6437:
6436:
6303:
6266:"Blindness"
5691:Thames and Hudson
4341:BMC Public Health
3753:(12): 1461–1463.
3545:The Gerontologist
3366:10.5334/ijic.3877
3147:BMC Ophthalmology
2847:(14): ORSF18-22.
2424:10.5664/jcsm.5100
2300:World Blind Union
2195:Acute visual loss
2092:Visual prosthesis
2050:Metaphorical uses
1674:corrective lenses
1529:Some currencies'
1466:Canadian banknote
1428:web accessibility
1389:Microsoft Windows
1377:screen magnifiers
1326:applications and
1122:
477:Partially sighted
458:partially sighted
215:refractive errors
195:visual perception
183:vision impairment
176:
175:
139:Diagnostic method
124:refractive errors
43:Visual impairment
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
8015:
7957:
7956:
7721:
7720:
7712:Vision disorders
7671:Refractive error
7613:Brown's syndrome
7569:Other strabismus
7555:Sixth-nerve (VI)
7545:Oculomotor (III)
7517:Ophthalmoparesis
7510:
7509:
7501:
7500:
7492:Binocular vision
7425:Optic neuropathy
7391:optic papillitis
7379:
7378:
7366:
7365:
7353:
7352:
7242:(Macular pucker)
6960:
6959:
6941:Band keratopathy
6778:
6777:
6769:
6768:
6756:
6755:
6683:Orbital lymphoma
6570:Blepharophimosis
6560:Blepharochalasis
6507:
6506:
6498:
6497:
6485:
6484:
6464:
6457:
6450:
6441:
6440:
6344:
6343:
6327:
6325:
6314:
6313:
6304:
6294:
6292:
6288:
6283:
6276:
6268:
6221:
6220:
6210:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6161:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6112:
6080:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6069:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6007:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5948:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5860:
5854:
5853:
5852:on May 18, 2019.
5838:
5832:
5831:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5740:
5716:
5710:
5700:
5694:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5610:
5604:
5603:
5595:
5586:
5585:
5575:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5518:
5500:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5396:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5270:
5264:
5261:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5240:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5199:
5167:
5156:
5155:
5144:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5090:
5080:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5036:. Archived from
5030:
5024:
5023:
5013:
5003:
4979:
4964:
4963:
4953:
4921:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4858:
4847:
4846:
4836:
4812:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4779:
4773:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4730:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4698:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4669:
4657:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4604:
4594:
4570:
4557:
4556:
4546:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4497:
4473:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4437:
4426:
4425:
4415:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4366:
4356:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4277:
4270:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4246:on 8 August 2008
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4193:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4152:
4113:Pardhan, Shahina
4108:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4033:
4024:
4023:
4013:
3995:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3954:
3936:
3912:
3903:
3902:
3892:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3835:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3778:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3713:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3664:
3655:(8): 1049–1056.
3640:
3634:
3633:
3623:
3598:(8): 1296–1303.
3583:
3577:
3576:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3425:
3400:(7): 1352–1358.
3385:
3379:
3378:
3368:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3221:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3180:
3162:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3126:. Archived from
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3105:. Archived from
3104:
3096:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3055:. Archived from
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3032:
3025:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3001:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2962:. Archived from
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2941:. Archived from
2940:
2932:
2921:
2920:
2915:. Archived from
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2812:. Archived from
2806:
2797:
2796:
2786:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2658:
2648:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2435:
2418:(10): 1199–236.
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2387:on 29 April 2015
2377:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2340:
2270:Tactile alphabet
2140:premature babies
2060:blind experiment
2040:Paralympic Games
1966:
1948:blind characters
1872:On His Blindness
1860:Jusepe de Ribera
1819:" is a medieval
1817:Three Blind Mice
1680:of less than 20
1656:Legal definition
1308:reading machines
1174:Folded long cane
1123:
778:developing world
694:Refractive error
675:circadian rhythm
305:developing world
251:corneal clouding
227:near-sightedness
60:
40:
39:
21:
8023:
8022:
8018:
8017:
8016:
8014:
8013:
8012:
7993:
7992:
7991:
7982:
7964:
7943:
7922:
7865:
7834:
7794:
7748:Color blindness
7714:
7706:
7653:
7627:Other binocular
7622:
7559:
7531:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7474:
7419:
7372:
7360:
7339:
7295:Ocular hypotony
7260:
7120:Chorioretinitis
7101:
7057:
7041:Chorioretinitis
7017:
6998:Rubeosis iridis
6976:
6945:
6916:Corneal opacity
6872:Corneal ectasia
6799:
6763:
6742:
6728:Pseudopterygium
6692:
6654:
6617:
6584:
6580:Ankyloblepharon
6536:
6492:
6479:
6478:
6468:
6438:
6433:
6432:
6409:
6408:
6355:
6341:
6340:
6329:
6323:
6321:
6318:This audio file
6315:
6308:
6299:
6296:
6290:
6286:
6285:
6281:
6249:
6230:
6225:
6224:
6193:(1): CD006543.
6179:
6175:
6144:(3): CD010987.
6130:
6126:
6095:(6): CD011350.
6081:
6077:
6067:
6065:
6053:
6049:
6005:
5999:
5995:
5986:
5984:
5975:
5974:
5970:
5960:
5958:
5941:
5937:
5928:
5926:
5919:The Paralympian
5913:
5912:
5908:
5898:
5896:
5886:
5882:
5873:
5871:
5862:
5861:
5857:
5840:
5839:
5835:
5820:
5816:
5801:
5797:
5758:
5754:
5731:(10): 410–416.
5725:Social Casework
5717:
5713:
5701:
5697:
5680:
5676:
5667:
5665:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5641:
5639:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5596:
5589:
5536:
5532:
5477:
5473:
5422:
5418:
5365:
5361:
5326:
5322:
5271:
5267:
5262:
5253:
5243:
5241:
5238:10.1.1.649.6742
5217:
5213:
5182:(4): CD003303.
5168:
5159:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5131:
5122:
5120:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5049:
5045:
5032:
5031:
5027:
4980:
4967:
4922:
4915:
4906:
4904:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4859:
4850:
4813:
4806:
4796:
4794:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4767:
4763:
4758:
4754:
4731:
4722:
4712:
4710:
4701:
4699:
4692:
4682:
4680:
4671:
4658:
4651:
4622:
4618:
4571:
4560:
4515:
4511:
4474:
4467:
4438:
4429:
4384:
4380:
4333:
4329:
4294:
4290:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4249:
4247:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4223:
4221:
4220:on 12 June 2010
4212:
4211:
4207:
4170:
4166:
4109:
4102:
4093:
4091:
4081:
4077:
4034:
4027:
3972:
3968:
3913:
3906:
3853:
3849:
3796:
3792:
3739:
3735:
3690:
3686:
3641:
3637:
3584:
3580:
3537:
3533:
3510:10.1139/h01-012
3490:
3486:
3463:10.1139/h01-013
3443:
3439:
3386:
3382:
3345:
3341:
3298:West, Sheila K.
3294:
3290:
3247:
3243:
3198:
3194:
3139:
3135:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3109:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3088:
3079:
3077:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3049:
3045:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3009:on Jun 4, 2010.
3006:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2978:
2971:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2945:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2924:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2885:
2883:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2800:
2759:
2752:
2721:
2717:
2678:
2671:
2663:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2640:
2631:
2629:
2615:
2611:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2499:
2492:
2453:
2449:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2342:
2341:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2285:Vision disorder
2275:Tactile graphic
2260:Stereoblindness
2250:Sensory tourism
2220:Color blindness
2175:
2161:Theodore Taylor
2128:
2122:
2094:
2088:
2080:Bias blind spot
2052:
1992:
1980:
1968:Geordi La Forge
1964:
1846:Diego Velázquez
1835:
1722:In Greek myth,
1709:
1704:
1694:
1658:
1653:
1651:Blind musicians
1643:
1601:
1526:identification.
1499:Adaptations of
1462:tactile feature
1454:
1421:Google TalkBack
1413:Adriane Knopper
1409:Adriane Knoppix
1369:
1306:and readers or
1271:
1168:
1152:
1143:
1114:
1112:
1101:, often due to
1047:
1003:
964:
962:Genetic defects
895:
856:
839:
827:
796:Glaucoma (5.9%)
748:Cataracts (51%)
687:
640:
623:
615:
595:
562:
557:
549:
547:Amaurosis fugax
543:
443:
430:field of vision
408:field of vision
376:Sight impaired
363:
320:
314:
290:river blindness
271:premature birth
231:far-sightedness
208:amaurosis fugax
144:Eye examination
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8021:
8011:
8010:
8005:
7988:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7980:
7978:Onchocerciasis
7975:
7969:
7966:
7965:
7953:
7952:
7949:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7941:
7936:
7930:
7928:
7924:
7923:
7921:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7879:
7877:
7871:
7870:
7867:
7866:
7864:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7842:
7840:
7836:
7835:
7833:
7832:
7830:Quadrantanopia
7827:
7826:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7804:
7802:
7796:
7795:
7793:
7792:
7779:
7778:
7777:
7775:Oguchi disease
7767:
7766:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7724:
7718:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7704:
7699:
7690:
7685:
7684:
7683:
7678:
7667:
7665:
7659:
7658:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7630:
7628:
7624:
7623:
7621:
7620:
7618:Duane syndrome
7615:
7610:
7605:
7604:
7603:
7598:
7588:
7583:
7573:
7571:
7565:
7564:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7541:
7539:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7513:
7507:
7498:
7480:
7479:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7456:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7429:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7395:
7394:
7393:
7386:Optic neuritis
7382:
7376:
7362:
7361:
7349:
7348:
7345:
7344:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7315:Phthisis bulbi
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7268:
7266:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7198:Coats' disease
7195:
7190:
7188:of prematurity
7185:
7180:
7175:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7146:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7122:
7111:
7109:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7097:Ectopia lentis
7094:
7089:
7088:
7087:
7082:
7071:
7069:
7063:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7044:
7043:
7033:
7027:
7025:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6979:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6969:
6963:
6957:
6955:Vascular tunic
6951:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6901:
6900:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6862:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6838:Photokeratitis
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6809:
6807:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6797:
6792:
6786:
6784:
6775:
6765:
6764:
6752:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6741:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6711:Conjunctivitis
6708:
6702:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6664:
6662:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6647:
6645:Dacryocystitis
6642:
6637:
6635:Dacryoadenitis
6631:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6594:
6592:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6513:
6511:
6504:
6494:
6493:
6481:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6459:
6452:
6444:
6435:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6411:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6395:
6380:
6356:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6347:Classification
6330:
6316:
6309:
6297:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6263:, ed. (1911).
6261:Chisholm, Hugh
6257:
6229:
6228:External links
6226:
6223:
6222:
6173:
6124:
6075:
6047:
5993:
5968:
5935:
5906:
5880:
5855:
5846:The Pitt Pulse
5833:
5814:
5795:
5768:(6): 819–820.
5752:
5711:
5695:
5674:
5649:
5623:
5620:on 2008-08-07.
5605:
5587:
5550:(1): e000135.
5530:
5491:(5): 368–375.
5471:
5436:(3): 190–196.
5416:
5379:(4): 661–666.
5359:
5340:(3): 211–218.
5320:
5265:
5251:
5211:
5157:
5139:
5129:
5102:
5043:
5040:on 2013-06-05.
5025:
4965:
4913:
4888:
4848:
4804:
4774:
4761:
4752:
4720:
4690:
4649:
4616:
4558:
4509:
4465:
4427:
4398:(2): e004015.
4378:
4327:
4288:
4257:
4231:
4205:
4178:Psychosomatics
4164:
4127:(7): 825–832.
4100:
4075:
4048:(2): 849–854.
4025:
3966:
3904:
3867:(9): 989–995.
3847:
3810:(3): 313–322.
3790:
3733:
3704:(6): 785–792.
3684:
3635:
3578:
3551:(2): 181–184.
3531:
3504:(2): 161–216.
3484:
3457:(2): 217–237.
3437:
3380:
3339:
3300:(2006-01-01).
3288:
3261:(6): 779–789.
3241:
3212:(3): 329–335.
3192:
3133:
3130:on 2006-05-28.
3115:
3112:on 2006-05-02.
3086:
3062:
3059:on 2015-05-23.
3043:
3012:
2987:
2969:
2966:on 2007-09-11.
2951:
2948:on 2012-09-16.
2922:
2919:on 2011-05-03.
2904:
2892:
2868:
2827:
2816:on 5 June 2015
2798:
2750:
2715:
2669:
2638:
2609:
2588:
2567:
2542:
2490:
2463:(3): 139–147.
2447:
2398:
2361:
2350:on 12 May 2015
2311:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2290:Visual agnosia
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2144:blind mole rat
2124:Main article:
2121:
2118:
2090:Main article:
2087:
2084:
2064:placebo effect
2051:
2048:
1991:
1988:
1979:
1976:
1834:
1831:
1708:
1705:
1693:
1690:
1657:
1654:
1642:
1639:
1600:
1597:
1564:e-book readers
1557:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1527:
1523:
1516:pound sterling
1453:
1450:
1373:screen readers
1368:
1365:
1328:screen readers
1302:), or rely on
1270:
1267:
1255:Tactile paving
1167:
1164:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1096:
1090:
1085:
1075:
1070:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1043:
1002:
999:
963:
960:
924:occipital lobe
894:
891:
864:onchocerciasis
862:The burden of
855:
852:
838:
835:
826:
823:
822:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
774:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
742:
741:
738:
732:
727:
721:
715:
709:
703:
697:
686:
683:
652:cerebral palsy
639:
636:
622:
619:
614:
611:
594:
591:
561:
558:
556:
555:Health effects
553:
545:Main article:
542:
539:
504:
503:
497:
491:
480:
442:
439:
434:
433:
426:
423:
396:
395:
392:
385:
384:
381:
374:
373:
370:
362:
361:United Kingdom
359:
358:
357:
350:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
313:
312:Classification
310:
174:
173:
170:
166:
165:
151:
147:
146:
141:
135:
134:
120:
116:
115:
106:
100:
99:
93:
87:
86:
81:
75:
74:
62:
61:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8020:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
8000:
7998:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7967:
7963:
7958:
7954:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7925:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7898:Adie syndrome
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7876:
7872:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7837:
7831:
7828:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7810:
7809:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7801:
7797:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7780:
7776:
7773:
7772:
7771:
7768:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7753:Achromatopsia
7751:
7750:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7725:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7694:
7693:Anisometropia
7691:
7689:
7686:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7673:
7672:
7669:
7668:
7666:
7664:
7660:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7625:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7578:
7575:
7574:
7572:
7570:
7566:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7538:
7534:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7514:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7496:Accommodation
7493:
7489:
7485:
7481:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7435:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7426:
7422:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7410:Optic atrophy
7408:
7404:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7396:
7392:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7354:
7350:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7310:Keratomycosis
7308:
7306:
7305:Globe rupture
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7263:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7235:Macular edema
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7144:Retinoschisis
7142:
7138:
7135:
7134:
7133:
7130:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7116:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7104:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7068:
7064:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7042:
7039:
7038:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7031:Choroideremia
7029:
7028:
7026:
7024:
7020:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7008:Iridodialysis
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6964:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6952:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6936:Arcus senilis
6934:
6932:
6931:Haab's striae
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6905:
6902:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6873:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6845:Corneal ulcer
6843:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6823:acanthamoebic
6821:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6806:
6802:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6773:Fibrous tunic
6770:
6766:
6762:
6757:
6753:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6695:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6661:
6657:
6651:
6650:Xerophthalmia
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6587:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6555:Lagophthalmos
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6539:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6486:
6482:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6465:
6460:
6458:
6453:
6451:
6446:
6445:
6442:
6429:
6425:
6424:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6412:
6405:
6401:
6400:
6396:
6394:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6349:
6345:
6338:
6334:
6319:
6274:
6273:
6267:
6262:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6247:
6243:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6231:
6218:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6177:
6169:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6128:
6120:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6079:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6051:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5983:on 2011-02-07
5982:
5978:
5972:
5956:
5952:
5947:
5939:
5925:on 2007-09-18
5924:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5895:
5891:
5884:
5869:
5865:
5859:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5837:
5829:
5825:
5818:
5810:
5806:
5799:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5756:
5748:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5704:
5699:
5692:
5688:
5686:
5678:
5664:on 2017-03-01
5663:
5659:
5653:
5637:
5633:
5627:
5619:
5615:
5609:
5601:
5594:
5592:
5583:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5534:
5526:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5475:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5420:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5363:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5324:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5269:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5215:
5207:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5153:
5149:
5143:
5133:
5118:
5114:
5113:
5106:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5063:(5): e20162.
5062:
5058:
5054:
5047:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4936:(2): 228–36.
4935:
4931:
4927:
4920:
4918:
4902:
4898:
4897:"A1C and eAG"
4892:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4844:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4827:(3): 227–32.
4826:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4809:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4771:
4765:
4756:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4708:
4704:
4697:
4695:
4678:
4674:
4667:
4663:
4656:
4654:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4513:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4488:(3): 249–56.
4487:
4483:
4479:
4472:
4470:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4331:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4308:(1): 127–34.
4307:
4303:
4299:
4292:
4278:on 2010-08-26
4274:
4267:
4261:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4184:(4): 339–44.
4183:
4179:
4175:
4168:
4160:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4105:
4090:
4086:
4079:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4032:
4030:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3986:: 4229–4251.
3985:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3909:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3394:Ophthalmology
3391:
3384:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3108:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3029:
3022:
3016:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2983:
2976:
2974:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2944:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2777:(9): 908–14.
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2755:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2731:(6): 756–80.
2730:
2726:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2674:
2662:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2598:
2592:
2577:
2571:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2495:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2312:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:Sighted guide
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2215:Braille trail
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2180:Accessibility
2178:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2151:Peter Shaffer
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2120:Other animals
2117:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:observer bias
2065:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:beep baseball
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1984:
1978:Blind culture
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1952:Marvel Comics
1949:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1922:José Saramago
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1901:Amazing Grace
1898:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1886:Book of Tobit
1883:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1824:nursery rhyme
1822:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1763:New Testament
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1670:visual acuity
1667:
1663:
1662:North America
1652:
1648:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1627:By geography:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:mobile phones
1382:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:talking books
1301:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1278:Braille watch
1275:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1204:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1172:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1104:
1100:
1099:Xerophthalmia
1097:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
969:
959:
957:
956:disfigurement
954:as a form of
953:
952:acid throwing
949:
945:
940:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
915:
911:
910:United States
907:
899:
890:
886:
884:
879:
877:
873:
865:
860:
851:
848:
843:
834:
831:
819:
816:
813:
811:Myopia (2.8%)
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
785:
784:
781:
779:
771:
768:
766:Trachoma (3%)
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
751:Glaucoma (8%)
750:
747:
746:
745:
739:
736:
733:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
691:
690:
682:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
664:deafblindness
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
635:
631:
627:
618:
610:
606:
604:
598:
590:
587:
582:
578:
575:
570:
566:
552:
548:
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
516:
511:
509:
506:In 1934, the
501:
500:Totally blind
498:
495:
494:Legally blind
492:
489:
484:
481:
478:
475:
474:
473:
471:
470:totally blind
467:
466:legally blind
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
441:United States
438:
431:
427:
424:
421:
417:
416:
415:
413:
409:
405:
404:visual acuity
400:
393:
390:
389:
388:
382:
379:
378:
377:
371:
368:
367:
366:
355:
354:
353:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
331:
330:
327:
325:
319:
309:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
209:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:
148:
145:
142:
140:
136:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
105:
104:Complications
101:
98:
94:
92:
88:
85:
84:Ophthalmology
82:
80:
76:
72:
71:visual acuity
68:
67:Snellen chart
63:
59:
54:
50:
46:
41:
33:
19:
8008:Eye diseases
7789:
7788: /
7784: /
7763:Monochromacy
7695: /
7591:Heterophoria
7579: /
7278: /
7274: /
7178:hypertensive
7151: /
6972:Ciliary body
6887:Keratoglobus
6795:Episcleritis
6673:Enophthalmos
6668:Exophthalmos
6613:Trichomegaly
6608:Distichiasis
6510:Inflammation
6421:
6397:
6382:
6359:
6270:
6239:
6190:
6186:
6176:
6141:
6137:
6127:
6092:
6088:
6078:
6066:. Retrieved
6060:
6050:
6034:10261/271174
6013:
6009:
5996:
5985:. Retrieved
5981:the original
5971:
5959:. Retrieved
5950:
5938:
5927:. Retrieved
5923:the original
5918:
5909:
5897:. Retrieved
5894:The Atlantic
5893:
5883:
5872:. Retrieved
5858:
5850:the original
5845:
5836:
5827:
5817:
5808:
5798:
5765:
5761:
5755:
5728:
5724:
5714:
5706:
5698:
5682:
5677:
5666:. Retrieved
5662:the original
5652:
5640:. Retrieved
5636:the original
5626:
5618:the original
5608:
5600:AER Yearbook
5599:
5547:
5543:
5533:
5488:
5484:
5474:
5433:
5429:
5419:
5376:
5372:
5362:
5337:
5333:
5323:
5285:(1): 37–45.
5282:
5278:
5268:
5242:. Retrieved
5214:
5179:
5175:
5152:the original
5142:
5132:
5121:, retrieved
5111:
5105:
5060:
5056:
5046:
5038:the original
5028:
4994:(6): 253–4.
4991:
4987:
4933:
4929:
4905:. Retrieved
4891:
4866:
4862:
4824:
4820:
4795:. Retrieved
4791:the original
4786:
4777:
4769:
4764:
4755:
4742:
4738:
4711:. Retrieved
4681:. Retrieved
4665:
4661:
4633:
4629:
4619:
4582:
4578:
4529:(7): 782–6.
4526:
4522:
4512:
4485:
4481:
4449:
4445:
4395:
4391:
4381:
4344:
4340:
4330:
4305:
4301:
4291:
4280:. Retrieved
4273:the original
4260:
4248:. Retrieved
4244:the original
4234:
4222:. Retrieved
4218:the original
4208:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4124:
4120:
4092:. Retrieved
4088:
4078:
4045:
4041:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3924:
3920:
3864:
3860:
3850:
3807:
3803:
3793:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3701:
3697:
3687:
3652:
3648:
3638:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3454:
3450:
3440:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3356:
3352:
3342:
3312:(1): 65–71.
3309:
3305:
3291:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3128:the original
3118:
3107:the original
3100:"AMA Guides"
3078:. Retrieved
3074:
3065:
3057:the original
3046:
3035:. Retrieved
3015:
3004:the original
2990:
2981:
2964:the original
2954:
2943:the original
2917:the original
2907:
2895:
2884:. Retrieved
2880:
2871:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2818:. Retrieved
2814:the original
2774:
2770:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2688:(5): 384–7.
2685:
2681:
2652:
2630:. Retrieved
2626:
2622:
2612:
2601:. Retrieved
2591:
2580:. Retrieved
2570:
2559:. Retrieved
2557:. 2021-08-10
2554:
2545:
2510:
2506:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2389:. Retrieved
2385:the original
2352:. Retrieved
2348:the original
2164:
2155:
2148:
2129:
2114:
2111:
2098:gene therapy
2095:
2053:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1959:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1910:
1904:
1894:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1855:
1841:
1833:Modern times
1827:
1814:
1787:
1760:
1728:clairvoyance
1721:
1710:
1678:visual field
1664:and most of
1659:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1602:
1599:Epidemiology
1593:
1589:
1576:
1561:
1558:
1520:Indian rupee
1481:thermometers
1478:
1447:
1436:
1425:
1370:
1357:
1347:
1332:
1294:Others read
1293:
1282:
1263:right-of-way
1252:
1247:echolocating
1244:
1237:
1229:
1217:
1209:
1159:Tommy Edison
1144:
1136:
1128:
1011:formaldehyde
1004:
987:human genome
981:Advances in
980:
966:People with
965:
936:
918:
906:Eye injuries
904:
887:
880:
869:
840:
828:
782:
775:
743:
688:
668:
641:
632:
628:
624:
616:
607:
599:
596:
583:
579:
571:
567:
563:
550:
534:
518:
513:
505:
499:
493:
482:
476:
469:
465:
461:
457:
455:
444:
435:
401:
397:
386:
375:
364:
351:
328:
321:
302:
283:
212:
202:
198:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:
122:Uncorrected
7913:Cycloplegia
7856:Photophobia
7851:Hemeralopia
7808:Hemianopsia
7786:Vision loss
7697:Aniseikonia
7688:Astigmatism
7608:Cyclotropia
7586:Hypertropia
7398:Papilledema
7370:Optic nerve
7203:Sickle cell
7183:Purtscher's
7168:Retinopathy
7036:Choroiditis
6877:Keratoconus
6698:Conjunctiva
6575:Xanthelasma
6527:Blepharitis
6423:MedlinePlus
6234:‹ The
5828:www.nfb.org
5703:Julius Held
5642:January 22,
5394:2117/130141
3359:(5): A557.
2763:Grossman DC
2597:"Home page"
2555:www.cdc.gov
2000:snow skiing
1912:H. G. Wells
1897:John Newton
1868:John Milton
1842:Blind Woman
1736:the Odyssey
1568:large-print
1489:calculators
1285:large-print
1239:GPS devices
1015:formic acid
932:optic nerve
387:Low vision
239:astigmatism
221:(33%), and
48:Other names
7997:Categories
7962:Infections
7883:Anisocoria
7846:Asthenopia
7839:subjective
7823:homonymous
7818:bitemporal
7770:Nyctalopia
7758:Dichromacy
7702:Presbyopia
7663:Refraction
7484:Strabismus
7374:Optic disc
6733:Pinguecula
6598:Trichiasis
6399:DiseasesDB
6333:Audio help
6324:2020-07-12
6020:: 2231–9.
5987:2008-03-04
5929:2008-03-04
5874:2008-03-04
5689:New York:
5668:2017-02-28
5244:August 27,
4907:2014-05-05
4783:"Methanol"
4713:2014-05-05
4683:2014-05-05
4636:(3): 115.
4585:: 409–16.
4452:(3): 115.
4282:2009-08-08
4094:2022-03-07
3255:Ergonomics
3080:2022-03-07
3037:2015-05-23
2886:2022-03-03
2632:2023-01-16
2603:2023-01-16
2582:2023-01-16
2561:2022-03-03
2307:References
2235:Nyctalopia
2076:blind spot
2056:blind date
2042:since the
1954:superhero
1740:Polyphemus
1696:See also:
1686:Low vision
1645:See also:
1621:By gender:
1232:guide dogs
1220:white cane
1150:Management
1141:Prevention
1031:alcoholics
991:low vision
854:Infections
483:Low vision
462:low vision
456:The terms
316:See also:
259:infections
235:presbyopia
199:low vision
162:white cane
158:eyeglasses
65:A typical
18:Sight loss
8003:Blindness
7934:Nystagmus
7908:Mydriasis
7782:Blindness
7728:Amblyopia
7716:Blindness
7676:Hyperopia
7601:Exophoria
7596:Esophoria
7581:Exotropia
7577:Esotropia
7115:Retinitis
6813:Keratitis
6790:Scleritis
6723:Pterygium
6603:Madarosis
6550:Ectropion
6545:Entropion
6522:Chalazion
6289:hour and
6251:Blindness
5747:150116014
5564:2397-3269
5507:1998-3689
5450:0928-6586
5403:1464-360X
5346:0014-1755
5299:0962-9343
5233:CiteSeerX
4141:2168-6165
4062:1552-5783
4002:1177-5467
3943:1477-7525
3927:(1): 24.
3881:2168-6165
3824:0002-9262
3767:0007-1161
3720:0003-9950
3671:2168-6173
3612:0950-222X
3565:0016-9013
3518:1066-7814
3471:1066-7814
3414:1549-4713
3375:1568-4156
3326:1552-5783
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