Trojan War - Knowledge

2516: 2371: 2004: 2874: 1698: 2865:, the decision was made by secret ballot among the Achaeans. In all story versions, the arms were awarded to Odysseus. Driven mad with grief, Ajax desired to kill his comrades, but Athena caused him to mistake for the Achaean warriors the cattle and their herdsmen. In his frenzy he scourged two rams, believing them to be Agamemnon and Menelaus. In the morning, he came to his senses and killed himself by jumping on the sword that had been given to him by Hector, so that it pierced his armpit, his only vulnerable part. According to an older tradition, he was killed by the Trojans who, seeing he was invulnerable, attacked him with clay until he was covered by it and could no longer move, thus dying of starvation. 2740: 2649:. During the next days, however, the Trojans drove the Achaeans back to their camp and were stopped at the Achaean wall by Poseidon. The next day, though, with Zeus' help, the Trojans broke into the Achaean camp and were on the verge of setting fire to the Achaean ships. An earlier appeal to Achilles to return was rejected, but after Hector burned Protesilaus' ship, he allowed his companion Patroclus to go into battle wearing Achilles' armour and lead his army. Patroclus drove the Trojans all the way back to the walls of Troy, and was only prevented from storming the city by the intervention of Apollo. Patroclus was then killed by Hector, who took Achilles' armour from the body of Patroclus. 2701: 3294: 3759: 2680:, and a battle of the gods followed. The Trojan army returned to the city, except for Hector, who remained outside the walls because he was tricked by Athena. Achilles killed Hector, and afterwards he dragged Hector's body from his chariot and refused to return the body to the Trojans for burial. The body nevertheless remained unscathed as it was preserved from all injury by Apollo and Aphrodite. The Achaeans then conducted funeral games for Patroclus. Afterwards, Priam came to Achilles' tent, guided by Hermes, and asked Achilles to return Hector's body. The armies made a temporary truce to allow the burial of the dead. The 62: 3530: 3342: 661: 1558: 1432: 1931: 2637:, came to Agamemnon to ask for the return of his daughter. Agamemnon refused, and insulted Chryses, who prayed to Apollo to avenge his ill-treatment. Enraged, Apollo afflicted the Achaean army with plague. Agamemnon was forced to return Chryseis to end the plague, and took Achilles' concubine Briseis as his own. Enraged at the dishonour Agamemnon had inflicted upon him, Achilles decided he would no longer fight. He asked his mother, Thetis, to intercede with Zeus, who agreed to give the Trojans success in the absence of Achilles, the best warrior of the Achaeans. 7356: 2653: 1474:, inscribed "for the fairest". Each of the goddesses claimed to be the "fairest", and the rightful owner of the apple. They submitted the judgment to a shepherd they encountered tending his flock. Each of the goddesses promised the young man a boon in return for his favour: power, wisdom, or love. The youth—in fact Paris, a Trojan prince who had been raised in the countryside—chose love, and awarded the apple to Aphrodite. As his reward, Aphrodite caused Helen, the Queen of Sparta, and most beautiful of all women, to fall in love with Paris. The 3033: 1483: 2266: 2994: 3907:

Achilles's campaigns in the North Aegean and Telamonian Ajax's campaigns in Thrace and Phrygia. Most of these regions were part of Assuwa. That most Achaean heroes did not return to their homes and founded colonies elsewhere was interpreted by Thucydides as being due to their long absence. Nowadays the interpretation followed by most scholars is that the Achaean leaders driven out of their lands by the turmoil at the end of the Mycenaean era preferred to claim descent from exiles of the Trojan War.

2784:, who took one of Memnon's blows to save his father Nestor. Achilles and Memnon then fought. Zeus weighed the fate of the two heroes; the weight containing that of Memnon sank, and he was slain by Achilles. Achilles chased the Trojans to their city, which he entered. The gods, seeing that he had killed too many of their children, decided that it was his time to die. He was killed after Paris shot a poisoned arrow that was guided by Apollo. In another version he was killed by a knife to the back (or 2616: 1713: 2809: 1771: 1620: 3803: 3722: 1041: 1863: 3102: 1653:, that, like his father Cronus, he would be overthrown by one of his sons. Another prophecy stated that a son of the sea-nymph Thetis, with whom Zeus fell in love after gazing upon her in the oceans off the Greek coast, would become greater than his father. For one or both of these reasons, either upon Zeus' orders or because she wished to please Hera, who had raised her, Thetis was betrothed to an elderly human king, Peleus, son of 2936: 1690:, because of a prophecy that he would be the downfall of Troy. After bathing in the spring of Ida, the goddesses appeared to him naked, either for the sake of winning or at Paris' request. Paris was unable to decide among them, so the goddesses resorted to bribes. Athena offered Paris wisdom, skill in battle, and the abilities of the greatest warriors; Hera offered him political power and control of all of 3325:

her lover to kill Agamemnon. Cassandra foresaw this murder, and warned Agamemnon, but he disregarded her. He was killed, either at a feast or in his bath, according to different versions. Cassandra was also killed. Agamemnon's son Orestes, who had been away, returned and conspired with his sister Electra to avenge their father. He killed Clytemnestra and Aegisthus and succeeded to his father's throne.

7966: 1052: 2792:, daughter of Priam, in the temple of Thymbraean Apollo, the site where he had earlier killed Troilus. Both versions conspicuously deny the killer any sort of valour, saying Achilles remained undefeated on the battlefield. His bones were mingled with those of Patroclus, and funeral games were held. Like Ajax, Achilles is represented as living after his death in the island of 1686:("To the fairest"). The apple was claimed by Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. They quarrelled bitterly over it, and none of the other gods would venture an opinion favouring one, for fear of earning the enmity of the other two. Eventually, Zeus ordered Hermes to lead the three goddesses to Paris, a prince of Troy, who, unaware of his ancestry, was being raised as a shepherd on 2394:

due to lack of money. They raided the Trojan allies and spent time farming the Thracian peninsula. Troy was never completely besieged, thus it maintained communications with the interior of Asia Minor. Reinforcements continued to come until the very end. The Achaeans controlled only the entrance to the Dardanelles, and Troy and her allies controlled the shortest point at

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between the two competitors, referred the dispute to the decision of the Trojan prisoners, inquiring of them which of the two heroes had done most harm to the Trojans. Alternatively, the Trojans and Pallas Athena were the judges in that, following Nestor's advice, spies were sent to the walls to overhear what was said. A girl said that Ajax was braver:

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lives of the demi-gods, that the children of the gods should not mate with wretched mortals, seeing their fate with their own eyes; but that the blessed gods henceforth even as aforetime should have their living and their habitations apart from men. But on those who were born of immortals and of mankind verily Zeus laid toil and sorrow upon sorrow.

2092: 3454:, came to Ithaca and plundered the island. Odysseus, attempting to fight off the attack, was killed by his unrecognised son. After Telegonus realised he had killed his father, he brought the body to his mother Circe, along with Telemachus and Penelope. Circe made them immortal; then Telegonus married Penelope and Telemachus married Circe. 1378:, and the Cyclic Epics, the myths of the Trojan War were passed on orally in many genres of poetry and through non-poetic storytelling. Events and details of the story that are only found in later authors may have been passed on through oral tradition and could be as old as the Homeric poems. Visual art, such as 3317:, a shape-shifting sea god, to find out what sacrifices to which gods he would have to make to guarantee safe passage. According to some stories the Helen who was taken by Paris was a fake, and the real Helen was in Egypt, where she was reunited with Menelaus. Proteus also told Menelaus that he was destined for 2338:, landed first. Odysseus had tricked him, in throwing his own shield down to land on, so that while he was first to leap off his ship, he was not the first to land on Trojan soil. Hector killed Protesilaus in single combat, though the Trojans conceded the beach. In the second wave of attacks, Achilles killed 3733:

The historicity of the Trojan War, including whether it occurred at all and where Troy was located if it ever existed, is still subject to debate. Most classical Greeks thought that the war was a historical event, but many believed that the Homeric poems had exaggerated the events to suit the demands

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Achilles, maddened with grief over the death of Patroclus, swore to kill Hector in revenge. The exact nature of Achilles' relationship to Patroclus is the subject of some debate. Although certainly very close, Achilles and Patroclus are never explicitly cast as lovers by Homer, but they were depicted

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Odysseus had never forgiven Palamedes for threatening the life of his son. In revenge, Odysseus conceived a plot where an incriminating letter was forged, from Priam to Palamedes, and gold was planted in Palamedes' quarters. The letter and gold were "discovered", and Agamemnon had Palamedes stoned to

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Achilles and Ajax were the most active of the Achaeans, leading separate armies to raid lands of Trojan allies. According to Homer, Achilles conquered 11 cities and 12 islands. According to Apollodorus, he raided the land of Aeneas in the Troäd region and stole his cattle. He also captured Lyrnassus,

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The Achaeans besieged Troy for nine years. This part of the war is the least developed among surviving sources, which prefer to talk about events in the last year of the war. After the initial landing the army was gathered in its entirety again only in the tenth year. Thucydides deduces that this was

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Some scholars have regarded the expedition against Telephus and its resolution as a derivative reworking of elements from the main story of the Trojan War, but it has also been seen as fitting the story-pattern of the "preliminary adventure" that anticipates events and themes from the main narrative,

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texts that date to the time of the Trojan War. While they give a general description of the political situation in the region at the time, their information on whether this particular conflict took place is limited. Andrew Dalby notes that while the Trojan War most likely did take place in some form

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Agamemnon returned home with Cassandra to Argos. His wife Clytemnestra (Helen's sister) was having an affair with Aegisthus, son of Thyestes, Agamemnon's cousin who had conquered Argos before Agamemnon himself retook it. Possibly out of vengeance for the death of Iphigenia, Clytemnestra plotted with

3755:, which he and others believed to be Troy, and of the Mycenaean cities of Greece. Today many scholars agree that the Trojan War is based on a historical core of a Greek expedition against the city of Troy, but few would argue that the Homeric poems faithfully represent the actual events of the war. 3279:

According to Homer, Idomeneus reached his house safe and sound. Another tradition later formed. After the war, Idomeneus's ship hit a horrible storm. Idomeneus promised Poseidon that he would sacrifice the first living thing he saw when he returned home if Poseidon would save his ship and crew. The

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warned against keeping the horse. While Cassandra had been given the gift of prophecy by Apollo, she was also cursed by Apollo never to be believed. Serpents then came out of the sea and devoured either Laocoön and one of his two sons, Laocoön and both his sons, or only his sons, a portent which so

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After the withdrawal of Achilles, the Achaeans were initially successful. Both armies gathered in full for the first time since the landing. Menelaus and Paris fought a duel, which ended when Aphrodite snatched the beaten Paris from the field. With the truce broken, the armies began fighting again.

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went to retrieve Achilles. Achilles' mother disguised him as a woman so that he would not have to go to war, but, according to one story, they blew a horn, and Achilles revealed himself by seizing a spear to fight intruders, rather than fleeing. According to another story, they disguised themselves

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The Trojan survivors escape with a number of ships, seeking to establish a new homeland elsewhere. They land in several nearby countries that prove inhospitable, and are finally told by an oracle that they must return to the land of their forebears. They first try to establish themselves in Crete,

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and held him for ransom, demanding the wound be healed. Achilles refused, claiming to have no medical knowledge. Odysseus reasoned that the spear that had inflicted the wound must be able to heal it. Pieces of the spear were scraped off onto the wound, and Telephus was healed. Telephus then showed

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The Trojans, fuelled with desperation, fought back fiercely, despite being disorganised and leaderless. With the fighting at its height, some donned fallen enemies' attire and launched surprise counterattacks in the chaotic street fighting. Other defenders hurled down roof tiles and anything else

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A great battle raged around the dead Achilles. Ajax held back the Trojans, while Odysseus carried the body away. When Achilles' armour was offered to the smartest warrior, the two that had saved his body came forward as competitors. Agamemnon, unwilling to undertake the invidious duty of deciding

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Agamemnon refused, and the other commanders threatened to make Palamedes commander of the expedition. According to some versions, Agamemnon relented and performed the sacrifice, but others claim that he sacrificed a deer in her place, or that at the last moment, Artemis took pity on the girl, and

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Now all the gods were divided through strife; for at that very time Zeus who thunders on high was meditating marvelous deeds, even to mingle storm and tempest over the boundless earth, and already he was hastening to make an utter end of the race of mortal men, declaring that he would destroy the

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When the Trojans discovered that the Greeks were gone, believing the war was over, they "joyfully dragged the horse inside the city", while they debated what to do with it. Some thought they ought to hurl it down from the rocks, others thought they should burn it, while others said they ought to

2676:. He was reconciled with Agamemnon and received Briseis back, untouched by Agamemnon. He received a new set of arms, forged by the god Hephaestus, and returned to the battlefield. He slaughtered many Trojans, and nearly killed Aeneas, who was saved by Poseidon. Achilles fought with the river god 2064:. Because the wound would not heal, Telephus asked an oracle, "What will happen to the wound?" The oracle responded, "he that wounded shall heal". The Achaean fleet then set sail and was scattered by a storm. Achilles landed in Skyros and married Deidamia. A new gathering was set again in Aulis. 1274:. There is no single, authoritative text which tells the entire events of the war. Instead, the story is assembled from a variety of sources, some of which report contradictory versions of the events. The most important literary sources are the two epic poems traditionally credited to Homer, the 3155:

Ajax the Lesser, who had endured more than the others the wrath of the Gods, never returned. His ship was wrecked by a storm sent by Athena, who borrowed one of Zeus' thunderbolts and tore the ship to pieces. The crew managed to land in a rock but Poseidon struck it and Ajax fell in the sea and

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were forced to abandon the lands they controlled in the coast of the Aegean. It is possible that the Trojan War was a conflict between the king of Ahhiyawa and the Assuwa confederation. This view has been supported in that the entire war includes the landing in Mysia (and Telephus' wounding),

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sailed to the Troäd and asked for justice, but was refused. In revenge, Nauplius travelled among the Achaean kingdoms and told the wives of the kings that they were bringing Trojan concubines to dethrone them. Many of the Greek wives were persuaded to betray their husbands, most significantly

3556:(since according to tradition Carthage was founded in 814 BC, the arrival of Trojan refugees a few hundred years earlier exposes chronological difficulties within the mythic tradition). Eventually the gods order Aeneas to continue onward, and he and his people arrive at the mouth of the 3113:

The gods were very angry over the destruction of their temples and other sacrilegious acts by the Achaeans, and decided that most would not return home. A storm fell on the returning fleet off Tenos island. Nauplius, in revenge for the murder of his son Palamedes, set up false lights in

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notes developments that were made in the intervening ten years since his first edition was published. Scholarly skepticism about Schliemann's identification has been dispelled by the more recent archaeological discoveries, linguistic research, and translations of clay-tablet records of

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Menelaus then asked Agamemnon to help him enforce the oath of Helen's suitors, which was to defend her marriage, regardless of which suitor was chosen. Agamemnon agreed, and sent emissaries to all the Achaean kings and princes to call them to observe their oath and retrieve Helen.

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vied over the hand of Helen. Deiphobus prevailed, and Helenus abandoned Troy for Mount Ida. Calchas said that Helenus knew the prophecies concerning the fall of Troy, so Odysseus waylaid Helenus. Under coercion, Helenus told the Achaeans that they would win if they retrieved

1808:, he suggested that Tyndareus require all of Helen's suitors to promise that they would defend the marriage of Helen, regardless of whom he chose. The suitors duly swore the required oath on the severed pieces of a horse, although not without a certain amount of grumbling. 1725:

had prophesied that Troy could not again fall without his help. A number of sources credit Thetis with attempting to make Achilles immortal when he was an infant. Some of these state that she held him over fire every night to burn away his mortal parts and rubbed him with

1521:. The Achaeans slaughtered the Trojans, except for some of the women and children whom they kept or sold as slaves and desecrated the temples, thus earning the gods' wrath. Few of the Achaeans returned safely to their homes and many founded colonies in distant shores. The 2280:

Philoctetes was Heracles' friend, and because he lit Heracles's funeral pyre when no one else would, he received Heracles' bow and arrows. He sailed with seven ships full of men to the Trojan War, where he was planning on fighting for the Achaeans. They stopped either at

3054:, who had given hospitality to Menelaus and Odysseus when they asked for the return of Helen, and who had advocated so, was spared, along with his family. Aeneas took his father on his back and fled, and, according to Apollodorus, was allowed to go because of his piety. 2736:, a simple soldier and the ugliest Achaean, taunted Achilles over his grief and gouged out Penthesilea's eyes. Achilles slew Thersites, and after a dispute sailed to Lesbos, where he was purified for his murder by Odysseus after sacrificing to Apollo, Artemis, and Leto. 3028:

Neoptolemus killed Priam, who had taken refuge at the altar of Zeus of the Courtyard. Menelaus killed Deiphobus, Helen's husband after Paris' death, and also intended to kill Helen, but, overcome by her beauty, threw down his sword and took her to the ships.

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Neoptolemus, following the advice of Helenus, who accompanied him when he travelled over land, was always accompanied by Andromache. He met Odysseus and they buried Achilles' teacher Phoenix on the land of the Ciconians. They then conquered the land of the

1793:, who had been either raped or seduced by Zeus in the form of a swan. Accounts differ over which of Leda's four children, two pairs of twins, were fathered by Zeus and which by Tyndareus. However, Helen is usually credited as Zeus' daughter, and sometimes 2909:

The Greeks retrieved Pelops' bones, and sent Odysseus to retrieve Neoptolemus, who was hiding from the war in King Lycomedes's court in Skyros. Odysseus gave him his father's arms. Eurypylus, son of Telephus, leading, according to Homer, a large force of

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Peleus and Thetis bore a son, whom they named Achilles. It was foretold that he would either die of old age after an uneventful life, or die young in a battlefield and gain immortality through poetry. Furthermore, when Achilles was nine years old,

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argued that while the war was historical, it ended with the Trojans winning, and the Greeks attempted to hide that fact. Around 1870 it was generally agreed in Western Europe that the Trojan War had never happened and Troy never existed. Then

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Since this war was considered among the ancient Greeks as either the last event of the mythical age or the first event of the historical age, several dates are given for the fall of Troy. They usually derive from genealogies of kings.

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down from the walls of Troy, either out of cruelty and hate or to end the royal line, and the possibility of a son's revenge. They (by usual tradition Neoptolemus) also sacrificed the Trojan princess Polyxena on the grave of Achilles.

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After the tenth year, it was prophesied that Troy could not fall without Heracles' bow, which was with Philoctetes in Lemnos. Odysseus and Diomedes retrieved Philoctetes, whose wound had healed. Philoctetes then shot and killed Paris.

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Tyndareus chose Menelaus. Menelaus was a political choice on her father's part. He had wealth and power. He had humbly not petitioned for her himself, but instead sent his brother Agamemnon on his behalf. He had promised Aphrodite a

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grove sacred to Apollo, with the inscription: "The Greeks dedicate this thank-offering to Athena for their return home". The hollow horse was filled with soldiers led by Odysseus. The rest of the army burned the camp and sailed for

1742:, making him invulnerable wherever he was touched by the water. Because she had held him by the heel, it was not entirely immersed during the bathing and thus the heel remained mortal and vulnerable to injury (hence the expression " 2168:

that differs somewhat but agrees in numbers. Some scholars have claimed that Homer's catalogue is an original Bronze Age document, possibly the Achaean commander's order of operations. Others believe it was a fabrication of Homer.

2040:, a snake slithered from the altar to a sparrow's nest in a plane tree nearby. It ate the mother and her nine chicks, then was turned to stone. Calchas interpreted this as a sign that Troy would fall in the tenth year of the war. 1694:; and Aphrodite offered him the love of the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Sparta. Paris awarded the apple to Aphrodite, and, after several adventures, returned to Troy, where he was recognised by his royal family. 2349:

The walls served as sturdy fortifications for defence against the Greeks. The build of the walls was so impressive that legend held that they had been built by Poseidon and Apollo during a year of forced service to Trojan King

3144:, who had the best conduct in Troy and did not take part in the looting, was the only hero who had a fast and safe return. Those of his army that survived the war also reached home with him safely but later left and colonised 3222:, where he was buried. In Roman myths, the kingdom of Phtia was taken over by Helenus, who married Andromache. They offered hospitality to other Trojan refugees, including Aeneas, who paid a visit there during his wanderings. 3587:, who has Virgil act as his narrator's guide. Aeneas is given a vision of the future majesty of Rome, which it was his duty to found, and returns to the world of the living. He negotiates a settlement with the local king, 3707:, was destroyed around 1180 BC; it was long considered a poorer city, and dismissed as a candidate for Homeric Troy, but since the excavation campaign of 1988, it has come to be regarded as the most likely candidate. 5258: 3791:. Their conclusion was that there is regularly a consistency between the location of Troy as identified by Schliemann (and other locations such as the Greek camp), the geological evidence, and descriptions of the 2590:

Near the end of the ninth year since the landing, the Achaean army, tired from the fighting and from the lack of supplies, mutinied against their leaders and demanded to return to their homes. According to the

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raped Cassandra on Athena's altar while she was clinging to her statue. Because of Ajax's impiety, the Acheaens, urged by Odysseus, wanted to stone him to death, but he fled to Athena's altar, and was spared.

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It is unknown whether this Proclus is the Neoplatonic philosopher, in which case the summary dates to the 5th century AD, or whether he is the lesser-known grammarian of the 2nd century AD. See Burgess, p.

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According to one account, Hera, still jealous over the judgement of Paris, sent a storm. The storm caused the lovers to land in Egypt, where the gods replaced Helen with a likeness of her made of clouds,

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earned him the ire of both Hera and Athena, and when Helen left her husband, Menelaus, the Spartan king, for Paris of Troy, Menelaus called upon all the kings and princes of Greece to wage war upon Troy.

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Eight years after the storm had scattered them, the fleet of more than a thousand ships was gathered again. When they had all reached Aulis, the winds ceased. The prophet Calchas stated that the goddess

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According to some versions of this story, Thetis had already killed several sons in this manner, and Peleus' action therefore saved his son's life. Other sources state that Thetis bathed Achilles in the

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Paris, under the guise of a supposed diplomatic mission, went to Sparta to get Helen and bring her back to Troy. Before Helen could look up to see him enter the palace, she was shot with an arrow from

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Odysseus was sent to Thrace to return with grain, but came back empty-handed. When scorned by Palamedes, Odysseus challenged him to do better. Palamedes set out and returned with a shipload of grain.

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had once settled, but find it ravaged by the same plague that had driven Idomeneus away. They find the colony led by Helenus and Andromache, but decline to remain. After seven years they arrive in

2732:), and according to one version, Achilles himself, who was resurrected at the request of Thetis. In another version, Penthesilia was killed by Achilles, who would later mourn her after her death. 2108:

was punishing Agamemnon for killing either a sacred deer or a deer in a sacred grove, and boasting that he was a better hunter than she. The only way to appease Artemis, he said, was to sacrifice

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Disguised as a beggar, Odysseus went to spy inside Troy, but was recognised by Helen. Homesick, Helen plotted with Odysseus. Later, with Helen's help, Odysseus and Diomedes stole the Palladium.

3170:, son of Telamon and half-brother of Ajax, stood trial by his father for his half-brother's death. He was disowned by his father and was not allowed back on Salamis Island. He was at sea near 6121:

Pausanias 5.13.4–6, says that Pelop's shoulder-blade was brought to Troy from Pisa, and on its return home was lost at sea, later to be found by a fisherman, and identified as Pelop's by the

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outwitted him by placing Telemachus, then an infant, in front of the plough's path. Odysseus turned aside, unwilling to kill his son, so revealing his sanity and forcing him to join the war.

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The inspiration provided by these events produced many literary works, far more than can be listed here. The siege of Troy provided inspiration for many works of art, most famously Homer's

3178:. He was acquitted of responsibility but found guilty of negligence because he did not return his dead body or his arms. He left with his army (who took their wives) and founded Salamis in 7988: 3280:

first living thing he saw was his son, whom Idomeneus duly sacrificed. The gods were angry at his murder of his own son and they sent a plague to Crete. His people sent him into exile to

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According to other accounts Odysseus, with the other Greek captains, including Agamemnon, conspired together against Palamedes, as all were envious of his accomplishments. See Simpson,

2162:' ships only had the fifty rowers, these probably being maximum and minimum. These numbers would mean a total force of 70,000 to 130,000 men. Another catalogue of ships is given by the 3210:

also claimed to be descended from Heracles. Helenus founded a city in Molossia and inhabited it, and Neoptolemus gave him his mother Deidamia as wife. After Peleus died he succeeded

2985:, an Achaean spy, signalled the fleet stationed at Tenedos when "it was midnight and the clear moon was rising" and the soldiers from inside the horse emerged and killed the guards. 3826:(Achaea, or Greece) that lies beyond the sea (that would be the Aegean) and controls Milliwanda, which is identified with Miletus. Also mentioned in this and other letters is the 3313:, Menelaus's fleet was blown by storms to Crete and Egypt, where they were unable to sail away because the winds were calm. Only five of his ships survived. Menelaus had to catch 1226:

remains an open question. Many scholars believe that there is a historical core to the tale, though this may simply mean that the Homeric stories are a fusion of various tales of

1816:, a sacrifice of 100 oxen, if he won Helen, but forgot about it and earned her wrath. Menelaus inherited Tyndareus' throne of Sparta with Helen as his queen when her brothers, 5255: 3383:. For this sacrilege Odysseus' ships were destroyed, and all his men perished. Odysseus had not eaten the cattle, and was allowed to live; he washed ashore on the island of 2330:

Calchas had prophesied that the first Achaean to walk on land after stepping off a ship would be the first to die. Thus even the leading Greeks hesitated to land. Finally,

2539:). They were absorbed in the game and oblivious to the surrounding battle. The Trojans attacked and reached the heroes, who were only saved by an intervention of Athena. 2248:, and the allied contingents are said to have spoken many languages, requiring orders to be translated by their individual commanders. The Trojans and Achaeans in the 2025:

of Cyprus. Though he sent breastplates to Agamemnon and promised to send 50 ships, he sent only one real ship, led by the son of Mygdalion, and 49 ships made of clay.

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a figure of 3,000, a number that Simpson, p. 265, calls "absurd", saying that the surviving fragments only say that the Greeks put their "best men" inside the horse.

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Kakrides comments that the list is wrong in that it extends too far into the south. Other sources talk of Achilles taking Pedasus, Monenia, Mythemna (in Lesbos), and

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Numerous paintings on pottery have suggested a tale not mentioned in the literary traditions. At some point in the war Achilles and Ajax were playing a board game (

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in Italy. Dido commits suicide, and Aeneas's betrayal of her was regarded as an element in the long enmity between Rome and Carthage that expressed itself in the

3360:. Odysseus and his men were blown far off course to lands unknown to the Achaeans; there Odysseus had many adventures, including the famous encounter with the 8067: 5599: 2029:

was willing to lead the Cretan contingent in Mycenae's war against Troy, but only as a co-commander, which he was granted. The last commander to arrive was

3230: 1910:, Paris was emboldened by these examples to steal himself a wife from Greece, and expected no retribution, since there had been none in the other cases. 1588:, and had many relationships from which many children were born. Since Zeus believed that there were too many people populating the earth, he envisioned 2307:, son of Apollo, despite a warning by his mother that if he did so he would be killed himself by Apollo. From Tenedos, Agamemnon sent an embassy to the 1660:

All of the gods were invited to Peleus and Thetis' wedding and brought many gifts, except Eris (the goddess of discord), who was stopped at the door by

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Kraft, J. C.; Rapp, G. (Rip); Kayan, I.; Luce, J. V. (2003). "Harbor areas at ancient Troy: Sedimentology and geomorphology complement Homer's Iliad".

4047: 2981:

alarmed the followers of Aeneas that they withdrew to Ida. The Trojans decided to keep the horse and turned to a night of mad revelry and celebration.

2515: 3866:) which is addressed to the king of Ahhiyawa actually says: "Now as we have reached agreement on the matter of Wilusa over which we went to war-..." 3406:, who died in his lap. He then discovered that his wife, Penelope, had been faithful to him during the 20 years he was absent, despite the countless 3025:

heavy down on the rampaging attackers. The outlook was grim though, and eventually the remaining defenders were destroyed along with the whole city.

1989:

as merchants bearing trinkets and weaponry, and Achilles was marked out from the other women for admiring weaponry instead of clothes and jewellery.

1080: 2645:

and nearly killing Aeneas, who was only saved by his mother, Aphrodite. With the assistance of Athena, Diomedes then wounded the gods Aphrodite and

7149: 2358:, or Ephorbus as his slayer. The Achaeans buried him as a god on the Thracian peninsula, across the Troäd. After Protesilaus' death, his brother, 1804:

Finally, one of the suitors, Odysseus of Ithaca, proposed a plan to solve the dilemma. In exchange for Tyndareus' support of his own suit towards

660: 3844:

river. While the identification of Wilusa with Ilium (that is, Troy) is always controversial, in the 1990s it gained majority acceptance. In the

2599:, son of Apollo, who had the gift of producing by touch wine, wheat, and oil from the earth, in order to relieve the supply problem of the army. 7418:, translated by Sir James George Frazer, two volumes, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press and London: William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Volume 1: 4447: 4424: 2289:, along with the rest of the fleet. Then Philoctetes was bitten by a snake. The wound festered and had a foul smell; on Odysseus's advice, the 1918:

According to Homer, Menelaus and his ally, Odysseus, travelled to Troy, where they unsuccessfully sought to recover Helen by diplomatic means.

7781: 7567:) translated by W. H. S. Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. (1918). Vol 1, Books I–II, 7410: 4102:

Now, more than ever, in the 125 years since Schliemann put his spade into Hisarlik, there appears to be a historical basis to the tale of Troy

3777:

of the region that had started in 1977. The geologists compared the present geology with the landscapes and coastal features described in the

5414: 2370: 7681: 7628: 7446: 5388: 3422:

to ensure it was him, and he forgave her. The next day the suitors' relatives tried to take revenge on him but they were stopped by Athena.

8292: 7555: 7498: 7474: 2252:

share the same religion, same culture and the enemy heroes speak to each other in the same language, though this could be dramatic effect.

7525: 1938:

where Odysseus (Ulysses) discovers Achilles dressed as a woman and hiding among the princesses at the royal court of Skyros. A late Roman

3446:

leaves off, beginning with the burial of the dead suitors, and continues until the death of Odysseus. Some years after Odysseus' return,

3171: 5566: 4410: 3241:. The Athenians, unaware that they were allies, attacked them. Many were killed, and Demophon took the Palladium. He finally landed in 7238: 3126:

Agamemnon had made it back to Argos safely with Cassandra in his possession after some stormy weather. He and Cassandra were slain by

2918:

or Mysians according to Apollodorus, arrived to aid the Trojans. Eurypylus killed Machaon and Peneleos, but was slain by Neoptolemus.

2003: 8113: 1505:

troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years because of Paris' insult. After the deaths of many heroes, including the Achaeans

3470:

The journey of the Trojan survivor Aeneas and his resettling of Trojan refugees in Italy are the subject of the Latin epic poem the

2873: 7208: 1746:" for an isolated weakness). He grew up to be the greatest of all mortal warriors. After Calchas' prophecy, Thetis hid Achilles in 7613: 5362: 8502: 7258: 4470: 7688:, translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (1924) 8482: 8446: 1754:, where he was disguised as a girl. At a crucial point in the war, she assists her son by providing weapons divinely forged by 1525:

later traced their origin to Aeneas, Aphrodite's son and one of the Trojans, who was said to have led the surviving Trojans to

8047: 6504:

403–406. The rape of Cassandra was a popular theme of ancient Greek paintings; see Pausanias, 1.15.2, 5.11.6, 5.19.5, 10.26.3.

1238:. Those who believe that the stories of the Trojan War are derived from a specific historical conflict usually date it to the 8082: 7290: 5576: 4026: 4016: 3916: 2387: 1073: 151: 7296: 6270:

xii.314–335, gives the names of thirty, and says that there were more. In late tradition it seems it was standardized at 40.

3276:. After making war on the Leucanians he founded there a sanctuary of Apollo the Wanderer, to whom also he dedicated his bow. 1995:

said that, according to Homer, Achilles did not hide in Skyros, but rather conquered the island, as part of the Trojan War.

8144: 8057: 8031: 7661:, Arthur Sanders Way (Ed. & Trans.), Loeb Classics #19; Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA. (1913). (1962 edition: 3418:, a local singer who had only been forced to help the suitors against Penelope. Penelope tested Odysseus with his unstrung 625: 3036:

Menelaus captures Helen in Troy, Ajax the Lesser drags Cassandra from Palladium before the eyes of Priam (fresco from the

3008:

The Achaeans entered the city and killed the sleeping population. A great massacre followed which continued into the day.

1151:(Books II – XXIII) describes a period of four days and two nights in the tenth year of the decade-long siege of Troy; the 8105: 2354:. Protesilaus had killed many Trojans but was killed by Hector in most versions of the story, though others list Aeneas, 1961:

According to Homer, however, Odysseus supported the military adventure from the beginning, and travelled the region with

7127: 2566:

says that Odysseus and Diomedes lured Palamedes into a well, which they said contained gold, then stoned him to death.

1363:, after the composition of the Homeric poems, though it is widely believed that they were based on earlier traditions. 8672: 8014: 7947: 7939: 7924: 7916: 7899: 7883: 7868: 7860: 7846: 7821: 7806: 7798: 7724: 7709: 7666: 7596: 7588: 7580: 7572: 7541: 7462: 7431: 7423: 7399: 7391: 5549: 4095: 3284:

in Italy, and then to Colophon, in Asia Minor, where he died. Among the lesser Achaeans very few reached their homes.

42: 1697: 1409:, wrote a number of dramas that portray episodes from the Trojan War. Among Roman writers the most important is the 1200:. By the mid-19th century AD, both the war and the city were widely seen as non-historical, but in 1868, the German 8285: 7855: 7383: 2164: 1355:. The authorship of the Cyclic Epics is uncertain. It is generally thought that the poems were written down in the 1066: 8071: 5593: 2903: 2739: 1532:

The following summary of the Trojan War follows the order of events as given in Proclus' summary, along with the

642: 7194: 5158: 3264:

Philoctetes, due to a sedition, was driven from his city and emigrated to Italy, where he founded the cities of

4087: 2595:, Achilles forced the army to stay. According to Apollodorus, Agamemnon brought the Wine Growers, daughters of 1219:. On the basis of excavations conducted by Schliemann and others, this claim is now accepted by most scholars. 3696:

12 Thargelion (26 May) while others give the 23rd of Sciroforion (7 July) or the 23rd of Ponamos (7 October).

2154:, ships with 50 rowers. Thucydides says that according to tradition there were about 1200 ships, and that the 4043: 3703:

by many twentieth century AD authors, and destroyed about 1275 BC, probably by an earthquake. Its successor,

3202:, to whom he later gave the throne. Thus the kings of Epirus claimed their lineage from Achilles, and so did 3199: 1446:

Traditionally, the Trojan War arose from a sequence of events beginning with a quarrel between the goddesses

1223: 17: 7732: 3738:, who is known for being critical, considers it a true event but doubts that 1,186 ships were sent to Troy. 3057:

The Greeks then burned the city and divided the spoils. Cassandra was awarded to Agamemnon. Neoptolemus got

2772:, came with his host to help his stepbrother Priam. He did not come directly from Ethiopia, but either from 2724:. She was purified from this action by Priam, and in exchange she fought for him and killed many, including 2700: 1627: 1596:, who was to use the Trojan War as a means to depopulate the Earth, especially of his demigod descendants. 123: 3293: 3225:

Diomedes was first thrown by a storm on the coast of Lycia, where he was to be sacrificed to Ares by king

3182:. The Athenians later created a political myth that his son left his kingdom to Theseus' sons (and not to 2776:

in Persia, conquering all the peoples in between, or from the Caucasus, leading an army of Ethiopians and

8702: 8667: 8557: 8527: 8451: 8428: 8278: 7654: 3447: 2729: 1955: 3233:, the king's daughter, took pity upon him, and assisted him in escaping. He then accidentally landed in 2314:

Philoctetes stayed on Lemnos for ten years, which was a deserted island according to Sophocles' tragedy

8692: 8512: 5153: 3076: 2233: 1393:, and other intellectuals would create works inspired by the Trojan War. The three great tragedians of 1014: 360: 3595:. This triggered a war with other local tribes, which culminated in the founding of the settlement of 3410:

that were eating his food and spending his property. With the help of his son Telemachus, Athena, and

8717: 8662: 8370: 7830:

Karykas, Pantelis, 2003. Μυκηναίοι Πολεμιστές ("Mycenean Warriors"), Communications Editions, Athens.

4444: 4421: 3704: 3576: 3321:(Heaven) after his death. Menelaus returned to Sparta with Helen eight years after he had left Troy. 2813: 1029: 77: 7778: 7407: 7317:Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους (History of the Greek Nation) Volume A. Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon, 1968. 7282:

Letters of the Great Kings of the Ancient Near East: The Royal Correspondence of the Late Bronze Age

3402:

Once in his home land, Odysseus travelled disguised as an old beggar. He was recognised by his dog,

2311:

king of Troy composed of Menelaus and Odysseus, asking for Helen's return. The embassy was refused.

1631: 8722: 8712: 8707: 8652: 8487: 8137: 7996: 7992: 7976: 7790: 4208:

Translated by Evelyn-White, H. G. Loeb Classical Library Volume 57. London: William Heinemann, 1914

4079: 4073: 3998:(2004). The war has also been featured in many books, television series, and other creative works. 3716: 3553: 2501: 2454:; then Endium, and Linaeum, and Colone. He took also Hypoplacian Thebes and Lyrnessus, and further 2379: 2057: 1985: 1255: 1134: 680: 618: 559: 61: 8038:

Maybe so. From Archeology, a publication of the Archaeological Institute of America. May/June 2004

7676: 7441: 5418: 1345:. Though these poems survive only in fragments, their content is known from a summary included in 8380: 8332: 7838: 7625: 7552: 7493: 7469: 5392: 4990:Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους (History of the Greek Nation) vol. A, Ekdotiki Athinon, Athens 1968. 3988: 3903: 3758: 3529: 3515: 2414:; it was said that if he reached 20 years of age, Troy would not fall. According to Apollodorus, 2148: 1250:, 1194–1184 BC, which roughly correspond to archaeological evidence of a catastrophic burning of 38: 7520: 3341: 1835:, and fell in love with Paris when she saw him, as promised by Aphrodite. Menelaus had left for 8727: 8697: 8687: 8605: 8587: 8562: 8421: 7564: 7547: 5523: 3656: 3545: 3526:

of Troy, which the historical Romans claimed to preserve as guarantees of Rome's own security.

2664:

as such in the archaic and classical periods of Greek literature, particularly in the works of

2018: 1992: 1668: 1557: 1024: 530: 5541: 3813:

Since the twentieth century, scholars have attempted to draw conclusions based on Hittite and

2485:

and brought back to Troy. Only 12 days later Achilles slew him, after the death of Patroclus.

1302:

following the sack of Troy and contains several flashbacks to particular episodes in the war.

8609: 8601: 8551: 8543: 8301: 8111:

A New Astronomical Dating Of The Trojan War's End, Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry

2474: 2074:, and either pretended to be a beggar, asking Agamemnon to help heal his wound, or kidnapped 1778: 1045: 964: 933: 7457:, with an English translation by David Kovacs. Cambridge. Harvard University Press. (1996). 6368:

5.17 says that Cassandra warned of an armed force inside the horse, and that Laocoön agreed.

4407: 2447: 1801:, and her father was unwilling to choose one for fear the others would retaliate violently. 1431: 8547: 8539: 8474: 8327: 7233: 7182: 3982: 3964: 3943: 3933: 3693: 3480:, Virgil has his hero give a first-person account of the fall of Troy in the second of the 3391:. After seven years, the gods decided to send Odysseus home; on a small raft, he sailed to 3215: 2570: 1977: 1702: 974: 921: 597: 525: 7255: 4467: 3414:, the swineherd, he killed all of them except Medon, who had been polite to Penelope, and 2952:

The end of the war came with one final plan. Odysseus devised a new ruse –

2652: 2469:

Among the loot from these cities was Briseis, from Lyrnessus, who was awarded to him, and

2048:

When the Achaeans left for the war, they did not know the way, and accidentally landed in

1930: 8: 8647: 8375: 8317: 8218: 8194: 8130: 8070:

The location of Troy and possible connections with the city of Teuthrania. Archived from

3948: 3762: 3748: 3677: 3600: 3407: 3388: 3203: 3106: 2780:. Like Achilles, he wore armour made by Hephaestus. In the ensuing battle, Memnon killed 2725: 2177: 1794: 1212: 1204: 849: 726: 700: 611: 577: 369: 7355: 7212: 7186: 8677: 8461: 8360: 8258: 8234: 7607: 5366: 3298: 3242: 3141: 3080: 2757: 2657: 2656:

Triumphant Achilles dragging Hector's body around Troy, from a panoramic fresco of the

2395: 2335: 2270: 2132: 1973: 1966: 1875: 1614: 1581: 1475: 820: 341: 288: 240: 169: 116: 8110: 3742:

started changing Greek myths at will, including those of the Trojan War. Near AD 100,

3032: 8682: 8572: 8395: 8385: 8106:

Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (about 2500 images related to the Trojan War)

7943: 7935: 7920: 7912: 7895: 7879: 7864: 7842: 7827:

Kakridis, J., 1988. Ελληνική Μυθολογία ("Greek mythology"), Ekdotiki Athinon, Athens.

7817: 7802: 7794: 7720: 7705: 7662: 7639: 7592: 7584: 7576: 7568: 7537: 7458: 7427: 7419: 7395: 7286: 7173: 6263: 5572: 5545: 4091: 4022: 3819: 3624: 3226: 3134:

and Orestes later avenged their father but Orestes was the one who was chased by the

3096: 3037: 2902:' bones, persuaded Achilles' son Neoptolemus to fight for them, and stole the Trojan 2785: 2777: 2300: 1817: 1743: 1526: 1346: 1299: 1165:, which have survived through fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for 1114: 540: 321: 190: 31: 7984: 3349: 2504:, one of Priam's children, of whom he had custody. He then attacked the town of the 2180:, consisting of the Trojans themselves, led by Hector, and various allies listed as 1482: 8627: 8597: 8582: 8507: 8436: 8352: 8337: 8051: 7190: 6122: 3938: 3927: 3870: 3681: 3537: 2824: 2265: 1859:. Paris, fearful of getting caught, spent some time there and then sailed to Troy. 1798: 1790: 1739: 1735: 1502: 1459: 1267: 1231: 1170: 1102: 690: 587: 520: 394: 270: 137: 8086: 2993: 2303:

took control of Philoctetes's men. While landing on Tenedos, Achilles killed king

1855:, while for Homer the Helen in Troy was one and the same. The ship then landed in 1129:. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology, and it has been 8535: 8416: 8117: 8035: 8028: 7785: 7685: 7658: 7632: 7617: 7559: 7529: 7502: 7478: 7450: 7414: 7280: 7262: 7242: 5262: 4474: 4451: 4428: 4414: 3837: 3692:

gives 1334 BC. As for the exact day Ephorus gives 23/24 Thargelion (6 or 7 May),

3689: 3646: 3604: 3214:'s throne. He had a feud with Orestes (son of Agamemnon) over Menelaus' daughter 3051: 3044: 2630: 2619: 2527: 2427: 2286: 2245: 2241: 2181: 1098: 650: 545: 535: 505: 284: 5674:

Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History Bk6 (as summarized in Photius, Myriobiblon 190)

3619:. The Trojan origins of Rome became particularly important in the propaganda of 2512:. Ajax also hunted the Trojan flocks, both on Mount Ida and in the countryside. 1954:. In order to avoid the war, he feigned madness and sowed his fields with salt. 8517: 8405: 8400: 8309: 8061: 3974: 3743: 3726: 3511: 3115: 1903: 1871: 1573: 1510: 1440: 1367: 1185: 1106: 957: 890: 373: 250: 7911:, edited by Martin M. Winkler. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2007 (hardcover, 3079:, Theseus' mother and one of Helen's handmaids, was rescued by her grandsons, 2615: 8657: 8641: 8615: 8365: 8342: 8322: 7360: 6308:, says that the Trojans pulled down a part of their walls to admit the horse. 3892: 3814: 3620: 3608: 3568: 3206:, whose mother was of that royal house. Alexander the Great and the kings of 3130:(in the oldest versions of the story) or by Clytemnestra or by both of them. 2439: 2419: 2282: 2112:, who was either the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, or of Helen and 1712: 1379: 1208: 1166: 1118: 1101:

that took place around the 12th or 13th century BC. The war was waged by the

945: 779: 230: 175: 8092: 6555:, says Odysseus killed Astyanax, while Pausanias, 10.25.9, says Neoptolemus. 3840:

implies this city lies on the north of the Assuwa confederation, beyond the

3352:: the Cyclops' curse delays the homecoming of Odysseus for another ten years 2808: 1950:

Since Menelaus's wedding, Odysseus had married Penelope and fathered a son,

1770: 1701:

Thetis gives her son Achilles weapons forged by Hephaestus (detail of Attic

8577: 8567: 8410: 8201: 8095: 8077: 7644: 7533: 6255: 3881: 3770: 3652: 2953: 2940: 2930: 2473:, from Hypoplacian Thebes, who was awarded to Agamemnon. Achilles captured 2451: 1821: 1522: 1518: 1471: 1351: 1329: 1323: 1247: 1056: 878: 180: 143: 3752: 2060:

to settle there. In the battle, Achilles wounded Telephus, who had killed

8592: 8522: 8497: 8492: 8441: 7892:

The Trojan War: Literature and Legends from the Bronze Age to the Present

7737:

Fr. 149 (Austin) and the Folk-Tale Origins of the Teuthranian Expedition"

6250:

5.14, says the hollow horse held 50, but attributes to the author of the

3994: 3969: 3869:

Formerly under the Hittites, the Assuwa confederation defected after the

3830:

confederation made of 22 cities and countries which included the city of

3787: 3685: 3579:, where the shade of his dead father serves as a guide; this book of the 3494:

Aeneas leads a group of survivors away from the city, among them his son

3419: 3403: 3149: 3145: 2997: 2961: 2709: 2331: 2159: 2151: 2140: 2011: 1981: 1852: 1785:

The most beautiful woman in the world was Helen, one of the daughters of

1619: 1562: 1201: 1189: 916: 839: 351: 130: 7509:, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. in two volumes. 1. 7485:, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. in two volumes. 1. 2641:

Diomedes won great renown amongst the Achaeans, killing the Trojan hero

2508:

king Teleutas, killed him in single combat and carried off his daughter

2477:, son of Priam, while he was cutting branches in his father's orchards. 8469: 8390: 8213: 8153: 8099: 8041: 7719:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen and Sword Books, 2006 (hardcover, 7369: 6525:

xiii.322–331, Livy, 1.1; Pausanias, 10.26.8, 27.3 ff.; Strabo, 13.1.53.

6075: 3792: 3735: 3700: 3640: 3596: 3561: 3396: 3364: 3191: 3058: 2781: 2497: 2435: 2197: 2144: 2061: 1951: 1913: 1755: 1691: 1642: 1390: 1386: 1306: 1294:

covers a short period in the last year of the siege of Troy, while the

1235: 1162: 1130: 1019: 952: 873: 582: 412: 331: 185: 102: 3818:

and is therefore grounded in history, its true nature is unknown. The

3721: 2977: 8270: 8189: 7516: 7437: 6059: 5148: 3845: 3739: 3376: 3368: 3258: 3246: 3127: 2894: 2878: 2761: 2733: 2721: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2623: 2575: 2478: 2463: 2455: 2217: 2213: 2189: 2109: 2026: 1943: 1907: 1879: 1786: 1751: 1687: 1667:

Insulted, she threw from the door a gift of her own: a golden apple (

1494: 1455: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1317: 1271: 1161:, one of the war's heroes. Other parts of the war are described in a 940: 861: 774: 510: 500: 470: 445: 326: 275: 265: 260: 220: 71: 3802: 3253:. According to later traditions, he had some adventures and founded 3101: 2120:

took her to be a maiden in one of her temples, substituting a lamb.

1862: 8253: 8170: 7995:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

7146:"Yale University: Introduction to Ancient Greek History: Lecture 2" 3855:) the king of the city is named Alaksandu, and Paris's name in the 3673: 3549: 3503: 3495: 3477: 3433: 3361: 3281: 3254: 3238: 3175: 3069: 2915: 2789: 2765: 2642: 2634: 2579: 2559: 2509: 2470: 2359: 2351: 2343: 2290: 2273: 2205: 2067: 2053: 2030: 1813: 1805: 1730:

during the day, but Peleus discovered her actions and stopped her.

1727: 1650: 1646: 1506: 1341: 1251: 1158: 1122: 969: 911: 868: 856: 832: 755: 743: 733: 721: 705: 515: 495: 432: 255: 245: 235: 225: 67: 3000:, son of Achilles, kills King Priam (detail of Attic black-figure 2346:. The Trojans then fled to the safety of the walls of their city. 2096: 1382:, was another medium in which myths of the Trojan War circulated. 8241: 8206: 5993: 3774: 3765:

was the first man to locate Troy at the mound known as Hisarlık

3669: 3612: 3592: 3588: 3523: 3499: 3415: 3411: 3392: 3336: 3318: 3314: 3269: 3265: 3250: 3207: 3157: 3135: 3131: 3001: 2966: 2817: 2713: 2505: 2496:

Ajax, son of Telamon, laid waste the Thracian peninsula of which

2423: 2411: 2407: 2383: 2375: 2355: 2319: 2237: 2225: 2221: 2209: 2193: 2155: 2113: 2105: 2075: 2022: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1844: 1722: 1498: 1153: 1009: 986: 844: 827: 815: 803: 786: 761: 592: 460: 355: 346: 195: 3925:, set in the last year of the siege. Some of the others include 2838:

For Aias took up and carried out of the strife the hero, Peleus'

2481:

sold him as a slave in Lemnos, where he was bought by Eetion of

8225: 8165: 8102:

and others on historicity, history and archaeology of the war.

7672: 7455:

Euripides: Children of Heracles, Hippolytus, Andromache, Hecuba

4744:

Il.11.767–770, (lines rejected by Aristophanes and Aristarchus)

3859:(among other works) is Alexander. The Tawagalawa letter (dated 3832: 3827: 3782: 3518:

is killed during the sack of the city. Aeneas also carries the

3487:

s twelve books; the Trojan Horse, which does not appear in the

3472: 3465: 3384: 3380: 3273: 3234: 3219: 3195: 3183: 3179: 3167: 3119: 3084: 3062: 2957: 2935: 2899: 2862: 2848:

shoulder; but she could not fight. For she would fail with fear

2797: 2717: 2563: 2482: 2431: 2399: 2339: 2294: 2201: 2185: 2125: 2121: 2071: 2037: 1939: 1747: 1705: 1661: 1654: 1638: 1593: 1577: 1514: 1467: 1463: 1451: 1420: 1415: 1394: 1335: 1311: 1216: 1174: 1126: 981: 928: 903: 897: 885: 808: 796: 791: 738: 685: 550: 450: 427: 422: 407: 336: 316: 311: 200: 107: 7771:

The Hinge Factor:How Chance and Stupidity Have Changed History

7649: 7513:, translated by E. P. Coleridge. New York. Random House. 1938. 7489:, translated by E. P. Coleridge. New York. Random House. 1938. 5478:

3.8, Odysseus forced a Phrygian prisoner, to write the letter.

4389: 4387: 3699:

The glorious and rich city Homer describes was believed to be

3356:

Odysseus' ten-year journey home to Ithaca was told in Homer's

8246: 8230: 8182: 8177: 8122: 7934:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998 (paperback, 6666: 6664: 5309: 3616: 3584: 3572: 3557: 3519: 3507: 3451: 3372: 3211: 3161: 2982: 2844:

Why, what is this you say? A thing against reason and untrue!

2793: 2747: 2673: 2610: 2596: 2534: 2443: 2308: 2304: 2229: 2139:. They consisted of 28 contingents from mainland Greece, the 2049: 1962: 1887: 1883: 1856: 1836: 1832: 1681: 1676: 1589: 1290:

centuries BC. Each poem narrates only a part of the war. The

1227: 1143: 1138: 1004: 769: 695: 306: 96: 5719: 5717: 4865: 4863: 3729:, Ahhiyawa (possibly the Achaeans (Homer)) and Wilusa (Troy) 2956:, an animal that was sacred to the Trojans. It was built by 2856:

Scholiast on Aristophanes, Knights 1056 and Aristophanes ib)

2846:

Even a woman could carry a load once a man had put it on her

1462:, the goddess of discord, was not invited to the wedding of 1305:

Other parts of the Trojan War were told in the poems of the

7702:

The Tradition of the Trojan War in Homer and the Epic Cycle

7388:

Gods & Heroes of the Greeks: The Library of Apollodorus

7195:

10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0163:HAAATS>2.0.CO;2

5489:

Gods & Heroes of the Greeks: The Library of Apollodorus

5463:

Gods & Heroes of the Greeks: The Library of Apollodorus

4384: 3841: 3807: 3630: 3611:: three hundred years later, in the more famous tradition, 2939:

The earliest known depiction of the Trojan Horse, from the

2773: 2646: 1828: 1585: 1569: 1447: 1366:

Both the Homeric epics and the Epic Cycle take origin from

1178: 1110: 475: 465: 455: 417: 7816:, Penguin (Non-Classics); Cmb/Rep edition (6 April 1993). 6661: 2500:, a son-in-law of Priam, was king. Polymestor surrendered 2008:

The Discovery of Achilles among the Daughters of Lycomedes

37:"Fall of Troy" redirects here. For the American band, see 7536:(translator), Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1920; 5714: 4860: 3769:

In November 2001, geologist John C. Kraft and classicist

3688:

1212 BC, Herodotus around 1250 BC, Eretes 1291 BC, while

2769: 1820:, became gods, and when Agamemnon married Helen's sister 5538:

The Tribal Imagination: Civilization and the Savage Mind

2695: 2091: 1847:. The myth of Helen being switched is attributed to the 1266:

The events of the Trojan War are found in many works of

1211:, who convinced Schliemann that Troy was at what is now 6611:

107–125, 218–224, 391–393, 521–582; Quintus Smyrnaeus,

2116:

entrusted to Clytemnestra when Helen married Menelaus.

7620:

translated by H.G. Evelyn-White, 1914 (public domain).

2893:

According to Apollodorus, Paris' brothers Helenus and

2716:, arrived with her warriors. Penthesilea, daughter of 2318:, but according to earlier tradition was populated by 2269:

Philoctetes on Lemnos, with Heracles' bow and quiver (

1544:, supplemented with details drawn from other authors. 1192:

and that the Trojan War was a historical event of the

3379:, Odysseus' men ate the cattle sacred to the sun-god 7835:

Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery

5661: 5659: 3891:–1210 BC) campaigned against this federation. Under 2083:

and therefore as likely to be "early and integral".

1914:

Gathering of Achaean forces and the first expedition

7878:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006 (hardcover, 7793:and London: William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Volume 1: 4323: 2574:Agamemnon's wife, Clytemnestra, who was seduced by 1489:(1759–1762), oil painting by Johann Georg Trautmann 666:

Theseus slays the Minotaur under the gaze of Athena

7170: 6300:5.16, as translated by Simpson, p. 246. Proculus, 3799:, although of course this could be a coincidence. 3013:Blood ran in torrents, drenched was all the earth, 2410:, and many of the neighbouring cities, and killed 2131:The Achaean forces are described in detail in the 1870:Paris' abduction of Helen had several precedents. 7979:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 7544:. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. 5656: 3773:presented the results of investigations into the 1984:. Odysseus, Telamonian Ajax, and Achilles' tutor 1298:concerns Odysseus's return to his home island of 8639: 4044:"Troy VII and the Historicity of the Trojan War" 3297:The murder of Agamemnon (1879 illustration from 2842:To this another replied by Athena's contrivance: 2446:, the so-called Hundred Cities; then, in order, 2021:. All the suitors sent their forces except King 2728:(according to Pausanias, Machaon was killed by 2056:, son of Heracles, who had led a contingent of 1765: 1584:. Zeus was not faithful to his wife and sister 7128:"LacusCurtius • Dio Chrysostom – Discourse 11" 6972:, New York: Emory and Waugh, volume III p. 244 6041:says Odysseus and Neoptolemus, while Proclus, 8286: 8138: 7773:. Coronet Books; New Ed edition (7 Oct 1999). 6641:5.22; Pausanias, 10.25.8; Quintus Smyrnaeus, 6437:xiii. 100–104, Translation by A.S. Way, 1913. 3249:committing adultery. In disgust, he left for 3198:) and Neoptolemus had a child by Andromache, 2720:and Ares, had accidentally killed her sister 2562:drowned Palamedes, while he was fishing, and 2488: 1169:and other works of Greek literature, and for 1074: 619: 6496:5.22; Pausanias 10.31.2; Quintus Smyrnaeus, 4141:Burgess, pp. 10–12; cf. W. Kullmann (1960), 3627:through Aeneas's son Iulus (hence the Latin 2821: 1898:had been taken by Heracles, who gave her to 1599:These can be supported by Hesiod's account: 1517:and Paris, the city fell to the ruse of the 8083:The Trojan War: A Prologue to Homer's Iliad 7372:depicting scenes from Trojan War narratives 5277:3.33; translation, Sir James George Frazer. 5224: 5018: 5003: 3644: 3628: 3017:Here were men lying quelled by bitter death 2877:A fresco depicting Odysseus, Diomedes, and 1998: 1580:; Cronus in turn had overthrown his father 8293: 8279: 8145: 8131: 7909:Troy: From Homer's Iliad to Hollywood Epic 7744:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 7269:, 12 December 2006. Accessed 30 June 2008. 7227: 5146: 4998: 4996: 3662: 3491:, became legendary from Virgil's account. 2244:; the Carians are specifically said to be 1081: 1067: 626: 612: 8015:Learn how and when to remove this message 6445: 6443: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6314: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5529: 4760: 3751:popularised his excavations at Hisarlık, 3615:founded Rome after murdering his brother 3061:, wife of Hector, and Odysseus was given 3019:All up and down the city in their blood. 2960:and guided by Athena, from the wood of a 2840:son: this great Odysseus cared not to do. 1716:Musician figures from clay in Troy Museum 1243: 1239: 1197: 1193: 7889: 7354: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5645: 5643: 5564: 3801: 3757: 3720: 3528: 3340: 3292: 3100: 3031: 3015:As Trojans and their alien helpers died. 2992: 2934: 2872: 2807: 2738: 2699: 2651: 2614: 2514: 2402:and communicated with allies in Europe. 2369: 2264: 2090: 2002: 1929: 1925: 1861: 1769: 1711: 1696: 1618: 1556: 1481: 1430: 1188:believed that Troy was located near the 7201: 5011: 4993: 4747: 3734:of poetry. For instance, the historian 3676:1172 BC, Eratosthenes 1184 BC/1183 BC, 3068:The Achaeans threw Hector's infant son 2704:Achilles killing the Amazon Penthesilea 2147:islands, Crete, and Ithaca, comprising 2124:says that Iphigenia became the goddess 1848: 1360: 1356: 1287: 1283: 14: 8640: 8300: 7730: 6440: 6311: 6201: 5900: 5568:Achilles in Love: Intertextual Studies 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 3980:Films based on the Trojan War include 3476:by Virgil. Writing during the time of 2365: 1309:, also known as the Cyclic Epics: the 1246:, often preferring the dates given by 8274: 8126: 7390:, translated by Michael Simpson, The 7365: 7278: 6262:641–650, gives a figure of 23, while 5677: 5640: 5591: 4014: 3917:Trojan War in literature and the arts 3910: 3781:and other classical sources, notably 3607:attempted to reconcile two different 3510:, his faithful sidekick Achates, and 3498:(also known as Iulus), his trumpeter 2882: 2696:Penthesilea and the death of Achilles 2542: 2519:Achilles and Ajax engaged in a game, 2388:Naples National Archaeological Museum 2386:, fresco, 1st century AD, now in the 2017:The Achaean forces first gathered at 1824:and took back the throne of Mycenae. 1797:is credited as her mother. Helen had 1608: 1547: 1410: 152:Trojan War in literature and the arts 8503:Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese 8078:The Greek Age of Bronze "Trojan war" 7959: 7209:"Geologists show Homer got it right" 5602:from the original on 20 October 2021 5540:. Harvard University Press. p. 5348:Dictis Cretensis ii. 18; Sophocles, 4078: 4021:. Taylor & Francis. p. 37. 3623:, whose family claimed descent from 3599:, ruled by Aeneas and Lavinia's son 3156:drowned. He was buried by Thetis in 3118:(also known today as Cavo D'Oro, in 3105:Poseidon smites Ajax the Lesser, by 2708:Shortly after the burial of Hector, 2255: 1370:. Even after the composition of the 7651:Quintus Smyrnaeus: The Fall of Troy 6517:3.203–207, 7.347–353; Apollodorus, 5535: 4601: 4050:from the original on 9 January 2023 3710: 3268:, Old Crimissa, and Chone, between 2803: 2633:, a priest of Apollo and father of 2086: 1470:, and so arrived bearing a gift: a 24: 8483:Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations 7626:Proclus' Summary of the Epic Cycle 7376: 7350: 6058:Philoctetes was cured by a son of 6021:This is according to Apollodorus, 5217: 5161:from the original on 23 April 2021 5147:Cartwright, Mark (2 August 2012). 4041: 3795:and accounts of the battle in the 3552:, where Aeneas has an affair with 3399:, who gave him passage to Ithaca. 3288: 2752:) in the gardens of the Achilleion 2687: 1675:) on which was inscribed the word 1270:and depicted in numerous works of 25: 8739: 8068:The Historicity of the Trojan War 7955: 7861:University of Massachusetts Press 7854:Gods & Heroes of the Greeks: 7757:from the original on 14 June 2007 7693: 7392:University of Massachusetts Press 7299:from the original on 5 April 2023 7256:Was The Iliad written by a woman? 5992:9.325–479), or by Paris' brother 5984:Either by Calchas, (Apollodorus, 5233:issue 14, June–July 2004, Athens. 4320:P.Oxy. 56, 3829 (L. Koppel, 1989) 3387:, and lived there with the nymph 3303:Stories from the Greek Tragedians 1789:, King of Sparta. Her mother was 43:The Fall of Troy (disambiguation) 7964: 7333: 7320: 7311: 7272: 7248: 7164: 7138: 7120: 7107: 7094: 7081: 7072: 7063: 7054: 7045: 7036: 7027: 7018: 7009: 7000: 6991: 6975: 6962: 6949: 6940: 6927: 6914: 6905: 6892: 6879: 6866: 6853: 6840: 6827: 6814: 6805: 6796: 6787: 6778: 6769: 6756: 6743: 6730: 6721: 6712: 6699: 6686: 6677: 6648: 6631: 6618: 6601: 6584: 6571: 6558: 6541: 6528: 6507: 6486: 6473: 6456: 6427: 6414: 6405: 6388: 6371: 6358: 6341: 6290: 6273: 6240: 6227: 6218: 6188: 6175: 6166: 6153: 6141: 6128: 6115: 6102: 6089: 6052: 6015: 5978: 5965: 5952: 5939: 5926: 5887: 5874: 5862: 5853: 5840: 5827: 5814: 5805: 5792: 5783: 5770: 5757: 5748: 5739: 5730: 5701: 5668: 5627: 5614: 5585: 5558: 5516: 5507: 5494: 5481: 5468: 5455: 5442: 5433: 4979:History of the Pelloponesian War 4018:The Trojans and their neighbours 3873:between Egypt and the Hittites ( 3367:, and an audience with the seer 2812:The suicide of Ajax depicted on 2684:ends with the funeral of Hector. 2554:However, Pausanias, quoting the 2079:the Achaeans the route to Troy. 1282:, composed sometime between the 1050: 1039: 659: 60: 27:Legendary war in Greek mythology 7015:Chronographiai FGrHist 241 F 1d 5407: 5381: 5355: 5342: 5329: 5316: 5302: 5289: 5280: 5267: 5245: 5236: 5208: 5199: 5186: 5173: 5140: 5127: 5118: 5105: 5096: 5083: 5070: 5057: 5048: 5039: 5026: 4984: 4972: 4963: 4946: 4933: 4920: 4907: 4898: 4885: 4876: 4851: 4838: 4829: 4816: 4803: 4786: 4777: 4738: 4725: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4681: 4668: 4655: 4642: 4629: 4588: 4571: 4554: 4545: 4532: 4515: 4508:Pausanias 1.33.1; Apollodorus, 4502: 4493: 4480: 4457: 4434: 4400: 4375: 4358: 4349: 4336: 4314: 4301: 4284: 4267: 4254: 4233: 4220: 4211: 4192: 4179: 4166: 3591:, and was wed to his daughter, 2988: 2924: 2293:ordered Philoctetes to stay on 1637:Zeus came to learn from either 1552: 201:Aeneas and the Founding of Rome 8152: 8058:Mortal Women of the Trojan War 5020:Η ναυτική ηγεμονία των Μυκηνών 4368:298; Div. i. 21; Apollodorus, 4203:Catalogue of Women Fra asgment 4189:3.1, Hesiod Fragment 204,95ff. 4157: 4148: 4135: 4125: 4116: 4107: 4088:University of California Press 4062: 4035: 4008: 3655:" presented frequently by the 3575:leads Aeneas on an archetypal 2442:; and afterwards Aegialus and 2362:, took command of his troops. 2260: 1759: 1568:According to Greek mythology, 1413:poet Virgil; in Book 2 of his 1157:describes the journey home of 13: 1: 7876:The Trojan War: A New History 7789:, two volumes, Cambridge MA: 6594:709–739, 1133–1135; Hyginus, 6411:Scholiast on Lycophroon, 344. 5226:"Τα όπλα του Τρωϊκού Πολέμου" 4956:5 (as summarized in Photius, 4564:4 (as summarized in Photius, 4068:In the second edition of his 4001: 3896: 3885: 3874: 3860: 3849: 3806:The walls of late Bronze Age 3122:) and many were shipwrecked. 2943: 2868: 2626:for his daughter (360–350 BC) 2520: 2033:, who was then 15 years old. 1946:, Spain, 4th–5th centuries AD 1738:, the river that runs to the 1224:historicity of the Trojan War 8048:The Legend of the Trojan War 7942:); London: BBC Books, 1985 ( 7894:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 6062:, either Machaon, (Proclus, 5487:Pausanias 10.31.2; Simpson, 5223:Papademetriou Konstantinos, 4086:(2 ed.). Berkeley, CA: 2748: 2535: 2135:, in the second book of the 2099:(Troas) in modern-day Turkey 1839:to bury his uncle, Crateus. 1766:Elopement of Paris and Helen 1682: 1628:Hendrick van Balen the Elder 1097:was a legendary conflict in 7: 8452:Wars of Alexander the Great 7932:In Search of the Trojan War 7700:Burgess, Jonathan S. 2004. 7583:; Vol 3, Books VI–VIII.21, 7115:In Search of the Trojan War 6521:, 5.21; Quintus Smyrnaeus, 5571:. Oxford University Press. 5450:Scholium on Virgil's Aeneid 5295:Demetrius (2nd century BC) 5205:Scholiast on Lycophron 532. 4084:In Search of the Trojan War 4077:contemporaneous diplomacy. 4070:In Search of the Trojan War 3880:). In 1230 BC Hittite king 3564:and led to Roman hegemony. 3425: 2954:a giant hollow wooden horse 2788:) by Paris, while marrying 2043: 1576:by overthrowing his father 1423:narrates the sack of Troy. 10: 8744: 7890:Thompson, Diane P (2004). 7856:The Library of Apollodorus 7776:Frazer, Sir James George, 7591:; Vol 4, Books VIII.22–X, 7285:. Routledge. p. 198. 6793:Tzetzes ad Lycophroon 609. 6398:xii.444–497; Apollodorus, 6033:9.325–479, and Euripides, 5789:Quintus Smyrnaeus ii. 224. 5310: 5154:World History Encyclopedia 4882:Aeschylus fragment 405–410 3914: 3714: 3463: 3450:, the son of Odysseus and 3431: 3334: 3328: 3245:, where he found his wife 3094: 3090: 2928: 2608: 2325: 1894:, and the Trojan princess 1781:, with Aphrodite directing 1677: 1672: 1649:had released him from the 1612: 1261: 36: 29: 8624: 8460: 8371:Wars of the Delian League 8351: 8308: 8160: 7784:21 September 2008 at the 7413:21 September 2008 at the 5736:Tzetzes ad Lycophroon 18. 5513:Apollodorus, Epitome 3.10 5474:According to Apollodorus 5225: 5019: 5004: 4217:Apollonius Rhodius 4.757. 3577:descent to the underworld 3534:Aeneas Flees Burning Troy 3457: 2822: 2585: 2558:, says that Odysseus and 2240:. Nothing is said of the 2158:ships had 120 men, while 2036:Following a sacrifice to 1426: 1046:Ancient Greece portal 1030:List of Mycenaean deities 8673:Late Bronze Age collapse 8396:Second Peloponnesian War 7791:Harvard University Press 7779:Apollodorus: The Library 7731:Davies, Malcolm (2000). 7616:20 February 2005 at the 7507:The Complete Greek Drama 7483:The Complete Greek Drama 7408:Apollodorus: The Library 6466:155; Quintus Smyrnaeus, 6351:8.505 ff.; Apollodorus, 6283:8.500–504; Apollodorus, 6211:8.492–495; Apollodorus, 6082:5.8; Quintus Smyrnaeus, 6074:571–595) or his brother 6029:103, Quintus Smyrnaeus, 5988:5.8; Quintus Smyrnaeus, 5565:Fantuzzi, Marco (2012). 4796:11.19 ff.; Apollodurus, 3717:Historicity of the Iliad 2820:, now on display at the 2602: 2458:, and many other cities. 2380:House of the Tragic Poet 1999:First gathering at Aulis 1980:, resulting in a child, 1972:At Skyros, Achilles had 1874:was taken from Mycenae, 1561:Polyxena Sarcophagus in 1256:Late Bronze Age collapse 560:Historicity of the Iliad 8381:First Peloponnesian War 8116:28 October 2020 at the 8044:at Greek Mythology Link 8029:Was There a Trojan War? 7841:(US), 2005 (hardcover, 7839:Oxford University Press 7657:1 December 2019 at the 7558:25 October 2008 at the 7528:1 February 2009 at the 7261:12 October 2007 at the 7241:7 December 2004 at the 6970:Commentary on the Bible 6112:5.10; Pausanias 5.13.4. 5868:Argument of Sophocles' 5754:Dictys Cretensis iv. 4. 5261:19 October 2022 at the 4904:Davies, esp. pp. 8, 10. 4473:15 October 2007 at the 4463:Alluded to in Statius, 4440:Frazer on Apollodorus, 4413:18 January 2008 at the 4199:Berlin Papyri, No. 9739 3663:Dates of the Trojan War 3346:Odysseus and Polyphemus 2973:dedicate it to Athena. 2881:, from Pompeii, Italy, 2378:to Agamemnon, from the 2374:Achilles' surrender of 2172:The second book of the 1866:A map of Homeric Greece 1572:had become king of the 1501:, led an expedition of 1437:Golden Apple of Discord 39:The Fall of Troy (band) 30:For the 1997 film, see 8588:Seleucid Dynastic Wars 8513:Seleucid–Parthian Wars 8447:Expansion of Macedonia 7636:, trans. Gregory Nagy. 7631:9 October 2009 at the 7575:; Vol 2, Books III–V, 7565:Loeb Classical Library 7373: 7279:Bryce, Trevor (2004). 6500:xiii.462–473; Virgil, 6237:5.15, Simpson, p. 246. 5709:Scholiast on Lycophron 5524:Achilles and Patroclus 5439:Kakrides vol. 5 p. 92. 4626:Proclus Chrestomathy 1 4163:Scholium on Homer A.5. 4015:Bryce, Trevor (2005). 3836:(Ilios or Ilium). The 3822:mentions a kingdom of 3810: 3766: 3730: 3657:Julio-Claudian dynasty 3645: 3643:(see for instance the 3629: 3540: 3353: 3306: 3110: 3041: 3022: 3005: 2949: 2886: 2859: 2829: 2796:, at the mouth of the 2756:While they were away, 2753: 2705: 2660: 2627: 2530: 2460: 2390: 2277: 2100: 2014: 1947: 1867: 1782: 1775:The Abduction of Helen 1717: 1709: 1634: 1632:Gemäldegalerie, Berlin 1624:The Judgement of Paris 1606: 1565: 1490: 1443: 1133:through many works of 1109:) against the city of 1025:Ancient Greek religion 531:Manapa-Tarhunta letter 196:Wanderings of Odysseus 78:Attic red-figure kylix 41:. For other uses, see 7553:Description of Greece 7501:19 March 2008 at the 7477:21 March 2008 at the 7449:21 March 2008 at the 7358: 7328:The Peloponnesian War 7132:penelope.uchicago.edu 6859:Scholiast on Homer's 6824:6.15b; Strabo, 6.1.3. 5880:Scholiast on Homer's 5192:Eustathius on Homer, 4952:Ptolemy Hephaestion, 4939:Antoninus Liberalis, 4766:Scholiast on Homer's 4581:11 ep4; Apollodorus, 4560:Ptolemy Hephaestion, 4450:21 March 2008 at the 4427:21 March 2008 at the 4239:Scholiast on Homer's 4143:Die Quellen der Ilias 3805: 3761: 3724: 3532: 3514:as a guide. His wife 3344: 3296: 3104: 3035: 3010: 2996: 2938: 2876: 2850:if she should fight. 2835: 2811: 2742: 2703: 2655: 2618: 2518: 2416: 2373: 2268: 2094: 2006: 1969:, to recruit forces. 1933: 1926:Odysseus and Achilles 1865: 1831:, otherwise known as 1779:Francesco Primaticcio 1773: 1750:at the court of King 1715: 1700: 1622: 1601: 1560: 1485: 1434: 934:Ancient Olympic Games 8488:Seleucid–Mauryan war 8328:Second Messenian War 8074:on 23 November 2011. 8064:on 19 December 2014. 7985:improve this article 7684:9 March 2008 at the 6968:Adam Clarke (1831), 6705:Scholiast on Homer, 6381:2.199–227; Hyginus, 6049:says Diomedes alone. 5620:Scholiast on Homer, 5421:on 15 September 2006 5005:Μυκηναίοι Πολεμιστές 4113:Wood (1985: 116–118) 3965:Joost van den Vondel 3944:Troilus and Cressida 3934:Troilus and Criseyde 3583:directly influenced 3218:, and was killed in 2285:for supplies, or in 1976:the king's daughter 975:Calydonian boar hunt 922:Eleusinian Mysteries 526:Late Bronze Age Troy 70:tending the wounded 8376:Third Messenian War 8333:Lydian–Milesian War 8318:First Messenian War 8219:Arctinus of Miletus 8195:Arctinus of Miletus 8054:on 28 October 2007. 7997:footnote references 7715:Castleden, Rodney. 7187:2003Geo....31..163K 6718:Pausanias, 1.28.11. 6577:Quintus Smyrnaeus, 6433:Quintus Smyrnaeus, 6394:Quintus Smyrnaeus, 5833:Quintus Smyrnaeus, 5633:Quintus of Smyrna, 5536:Fox, Robin (2011). 5389:"Greek Board Games" 5311:Ερωτικά Παθήματα 21 4709:Il. 3.205-6; 11.139 4499:Apollodorus 3.10.7. 4406:Apollonius Rhodius 4082:(1998). "Preface". 3949:William Shakespeare 3749:Heinrich Schliemann 3442:picks up where the 3375:. On the island of 3204:Alexander the Great 3107:Bonaventura Genelli 2976:Both Cassandra and 2551:death for treason. 2489:Ajax and a game of 2366:Achilles' campaigns 1673:το μήλον της έριδος 1487:The Burning of Troy 1230:and expeditions by 1205:Heinrich Schliemann 1163:cycle of epic poems 578:Bronze Age Collapse 506:Archaeology of Troy 440:On the Trojan side: 370:Trojan Battle Order 8703:Deeds of Aphrodite 8668:Military deception 8563:Roman–Seleucid War 8422:Theban–Spartan War 8361:Greco-Persian Wars 8302:Ancient Greek wars 8259:Eugammon of Cyrene 8235:Eumelus of Corinth 8034:2012-12-28 at the 7852:Simpson, Michael. 7769:Durschmied, Erik. 7717:The Attack on Troy 7374: 7152:on 5 February 2011 6946:Pausanias, 2.16.7. 6911:Pausanias, 2.16.6. 6784:Pausanias, 1.28.9. 6224:Pausanias, 3.13.5. 6008:604–613; Tzetzes, 5859:Pausanias 3.19.13. 5800:Library of History 5798:Diodorus Siculus, 5745:Pausanias 10.31.7. 5369:on 9 December 2006 5102:Herodotus 4.145.3. 5002:Pantelis Karykas, 4969:Pausanias, 1.43.1. 4857:Pausanias, 9.5.14. 4783:Pausanias, 1.22.6. 4355:Pausanias, 15.9.5. 4292:Catalogue of Women 4042:Rutter, Jeremy B. 3959:by Samuel Coster, 3911:In popular culture 3811: 3767: 3731: 3639:), and during the 3541: 3395:, the home of the 3354: 3307: 3261:in Southern Italy. 3111: 3042: 3006: 2950: 2887: 2830: 2754: 2749:Achilleas thniskon 2706: 2661: 2628: 2569:Palamedes' father 2543:Death of Palamedes 2531: 2391: 2278: 2246:barbarian-speaking 2133:Catalogue of Ships 2101: 2015: 1948: 1868: 1783: 1718: 1710: 1664:, on Zeus' order. 1635: 1615:Judgement of Paris 1609:Judgement of Paris 1566: 1548:Origins of the war 1513:, and the Trojans 1493:Menelaus' brother 1491: 1476:judgement of Paris 1444: 1147:. The core of the 714:Heroes and heroism 402:On the Greek side: 300:Trojans and allies 289:Catalogue of Ships 170:Judgement of Paris 117:Iphigenia in Aulis 8693:Deeds of Poseidon 8635: 8634: 8573:War against Nabis 8386:Second Sacred War 8268: 8267: 8093:BBC audio podcast 8089:on 19 April 2019. 8025: 8024: 8017: 7833:Latacz, Joachim. 7704:(Johns Hopkins). 7640:Quintus Smyrnaeus 7608:Fragments of the 7292:978-1-134-57586-2 7024:FGrHist 566 F 125 6727:Pausanias, 8.15.7 6264:Quintus Smyrnaeus 6172:Pausanias 9.5.15. 6037:– but Sophocles, 5811:Pausanias 1.13.9. 5665:Pausanias 3.26.9. 5595:Against Timarchus 5578:978-0-19-162611-1 5297:Scholium on Iliad 4835:Pausanias, 1.4.6. 4700:Herodotus, 1.3.1. 4551:Pausanias 3.20.9. 4525:3.10.5; Hyginus, 4381:Homer Iliad I.410 4154:Burgess, pp. 3–4. 4028:978-0-415-34959-8 3820:Tawagalawa letter 3684:1209 BC/1208 BC, 3641:reign of Augustus 3309:According to the 3097:Returns from Troy 3038:Casa del Menandro 2823:Château-musée de 2524: 540–530 BC 2256:Nine years of war 1934:A scene from the 1818:Castor and Pollux 1799:scores of suitors 1121:from her husband 1091: 1090: 636: 635: 598:Mycenaean warfare 541:Tawagalawa letter 214:Greeks and allies 32:Trojan War (film) 16:(Redirected from 8735: 8718:Deeds of Artemis 8663:War in mythology 8628:Military history 8598:Mithridatic Wars 8583:Maccabean Revolt 8531: 8508:Chremonidean War 8437:Third Sacred War 8432: 8338:First Sacred War 8295: 8288: 8281: 8272: 8271: 8147: 8140: 8133: 8124: 8123: 8085:. Archived from 8060:. Archived from 8050:. Archived from 8020: 8013: 8009: 8006: 8000: 7968: 7967: 7960: 7905: 7874:Strauss, Barry. 7812:Graves, Robert. 7766: 7764: 7762: 7756: 7741: 7367: 7344: 7343:, "The Returns". 7339:Graves, Robert. 7337: 7331: 7324: 7318: 7315: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7276: 7270: 7252: 7246: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7211:. Archived from 7205: 7199: 7198: 7168: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7148:. 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Archived from 5359: 5353: 5346: 5340: 5333: 5327: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5293: 5287: 5284: 5278: 5271: 5265: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5214:Thucydides 1.11. 5212: 5206: 5203: 5197: 5190: 5184: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5144: 5138: 5131: 5125: 5124:Pausanias 4.2.7. 5122: 5116: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5094: 5087: 5081: 5074: 5068: 5061: 5055: 5054:Pausanias 8.33.4 5052: 5046: 5045:Diodorus iv, 38. 5043: 5037: 5030: 5024: 5022: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5007: 5006: 5000: 4991: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4967: 4961: 4950: 4944: 4937: 4931: 4924: 4918: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4896: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4874: 4867: 4858: 4855: 4849: 4842: 4836: 4833: 4827: 4820: 4814: 4807: 4801: 4790: 4784: 4781: 4775: 4764: 4758: 4751: 4745: 4742: 4736: 4729: 4723: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4692: 4685: 4679: 4672: 4666: 4659: 4653: 4646: 4640: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4599: 4592: 4586: 4575: 4569: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4543: 4536: 4530: 4519: 4513: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4491: 4484: 4478: 4461: 4455: 4438: 4432: 4404: 4398: 4391: 4382: 4379: 4373: 4362: 4356: 4353: 4347: 4340: 4334: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4312: 4305: 4299: 4288: 4282: 4271: 4265: 4258: 4252: 4237: 4231: 4228:Prometheus Bound 4224: 4218: 4215: 4209: 4196: 4190: 4183: 4177: 4170: 4164: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4146: 4139: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4012: 3989:The Trojan Horse 3939:Geoffrey Chaucer 3901: 3898: 3890: 3887: 3879: 3876: 3871:battle of Kadesh 3865: 3862: 3854: 3851: 3725:Map showing the 3711:Historical basis 3650: 3634: 3538:Federico Barocci 3486: 3065:, Priam's wife. 2948: 2945: 2885:– 1st century AD 2884: 2857: 2828: 2827: 2825:Boulogne-sur-Mer 2804:Judgment of Arms 2751: 2538: 2525: 2522: 2334:, leader of the 2271:Attic red-figure 2087:Second gathering 2052:, ruled by King 1850: 1685: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1412: 1362: 1358: 1289: 1285: 1268:Greek literature 1245: 1241: 1232:Mycenaean Greeks 1199: 1195: 1173:poets including 1135:Greek literature 1083: 1076: 1069: 1057:Myths portal 1055: 1054: 1053: 1044: 1043: 1042: 663: 653: 638: 637: 628: 621: 614: 588:Homeric Question 521:Homeric Question 385:Participant gods 138:The Trojan Women 89:Literary sources 64: 50: 49: 21: 8743: 8742: 8738: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8733: 8732: 8723:Deeds of Hermes 8713:Deeds of Apollo 8708:Deeds of Athena 8653:12th century BC 8638: 8637: 8636: 8631: 8620: 8536:Macedonian Wars 8529: 8456: 8430: 8417:Theban hegemony 8347: 8304: 8299: 8269: 8264: 8156: 8151: 8118:Wayback Machine 8036:Wayback Machine 8021: 8010: 8004: 8001: 7982: 7973:This section's 7969: 7965: 7958: 7953: 7930:Wood, Michael. 7902: 7814:The Greek Myths 7786:Wayback Machine 7760: 7758: 7754: 7739: 7696: 7691: 7686:Wayback Machine 7659:Wayback Machine 7633:Wayback Machine 7618:Wayback Machine 7560:Wayback Machine 7530:Wayback Machine 7503:Wayback Machine 7479:Wayback Machine 7451:Wayback Machine 7415:Wayback Machine 7379: 7377:Ancient authors 7353: 7351:Further reading 7348: 7347: 7341:The Greek Myths 7338: 7334: 7325: 7321: 7316: 7312: 7302: 7300: 7293: 7277: 7273: 7263:Wayback Machine 7254:Wilson, Emily. 7253: 7249: 7243:Wayback Machine 7232: 7228: 7218: 7216: 7215:on 2 April 2003 7207: 7206: 7202: 7169: 7165: 7155: 7153: 7144: 7143: 7139: 7126: 7125: 7121: 7112: 7108: 7099: 7095: 7086: 7082: 7078:FGrHist 4 F 152 7077: 7073: 7069:FGrHist 76 F 41 7068: 7064: 7060:FGrHist 242 F 1 7059: 7055: 7051:Histories 2,145 7050: 7046: 7041: 7037: 7032: 7028: 7023: 7019: 7014: 7010: 7006:FGrHist 595 F 1 7005: 7001: 6996: 6992: 6980: 6976: 6967: 6963: 6954: 6950: 6945: 6941: 6932: 6928: 6919: 6915: 6910: 6906: 6897: 6893: 6884: 6880: 6871: 6867: 6858: 6854: 6845: 6841: 6832: 6828: 6819: 6815: 6810: 6806: 6801: 6797: 6792: 6788: 6783: 6779: 6774: 6770: 6761: 6757: 6748: 6744: 6735: 6731: 6726: 6722: 6717: 6713: 6704: 6700: 6691: 6687: 6683:Strabo, 6.1.15. 6682: 6678: 6669: 6662: 6653: 6649: 6636: 6632: 6623: 6619: 6606: 6602: 6589: 6585: 6576: 6572: 6563: 6559: 6546: 6542: 6533: 6529: 6512: 6508: 6491: 6487: 6478: 6474: 6461: 6457: 6448: 6441: 6432: 6428: 6419: 6415: 6410: 6406: 6393: 6389: 6376: 6372: 6363: 6359: 6346: 6342: 6329: 6312: 6295: 6291: 6278: 6274: 6245: 6241: 6232: 6228: 6223: 6219: 6206: 6202: 6193: 6189: 6180: 6176: 6171: 6167: 6158: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6133: 6129: 6120: 6116: 6107: 6103: 6094: 6090: 6057: 6053: 6020: 6016: 5983: 5979: 5970: 5966: 5957: 5953: 5944: 5940: 5931: 5927: 5914: 5901: 5892: 5888: 5879: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5858: 5854: 5845: 5841: 5832: 5828: 5819: 5815: 5810: 5806: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5784: 5775: 5771: 5762: 5758: 5753: 5749: 5744: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5722: 5715: 5706: 5702: 5689: 5678: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5657: 5648: 5641: 5632: 5628: 5619: 5615: 5605: 5603: 5598:. Section 133. 5590: 5586: 5579: 5563: 5559: 5552: 5534: 5530: 5521: 5517: 5512: 5508: 5499: 5495: 5486: 5482: 5473: 5469: 5460: 5456: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5434: 5424: 5422: 5413: 5412: 5408: 5398: 5396: 5395:on 8 April 2009 5387: 5386: 5382: 5372: 5370: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5347: 5343: 5334: 5330: 5321: 5317: 5307: 5303: 5294: 5290: 5285: 5281: 5272: 5268: 5263:Wayback Machine 5250: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5231:Panzer Magazine 5222: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5204: 5200: 5191: 5187: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5145: 5141: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5088: 5084: 5075: 5071: 5062: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5031: 5027: 5017:P. E. Konstas, 5016: 5012: 5001: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4951: 4947: 4938: 4934: 4925: 4921: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4893:Natural History 4890: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4868: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4821: 4817: 4808: 4804: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4765: 4761: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4730: 4726: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4686: 4682: 4673: 4669: 4660: 4656: 4647: 4643: 4634: 4630: 4625: 4602: 4593: 4589: 4576: 4572: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4537: 4533: 4520: 4516: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4485: 4481: 4475:Wayback Machine 4462: 4458: 4452:Wayback Machine 4439: 4435: 4429:Wayback Machine 4417:; Apollodorus, 4415:Wayback Machine 4405: 4401: 4392: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4341: 4337: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4306: 4302: 4289: 4285: 4277:5 ep2; Pindar, 4272: 4268: 4259: 4255: 4238: 4234: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4197: 4193: 4184: 4180: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4126: 4122:Wood (1985: 19) 4121: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4013: 4009: 4004: 3919: 3913: 3899: 3888: 3877: 3863: 3852: 3838:Milawata letter 3719: 3713: 3672:gives 1135 BC, 3665: 3647:Tabulae Iliacae 3484: 3468: 3462: 3436: 3430: 3339: 3333: 3291: 3289:House of Atreus 3099: 3093: 3045:Ajax the Lesser 3021: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2991: 2946: 2933: 2927: 2871: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2806: 2712:, queen of the 2698: 2693: 2613: 2607: 2588: 2545: 2528:Vatican Museums 2523: 2494: 2368: 2328: 2263: 2258: 2242:Trojan language 2184:led by Aeneas, 2176:also lists the 2089: 2046: 2001: 1928: 1916: 1906:. According to 1878:was taken from 1777:(1530–1539) by 1768: 1617: 1611: 1555: 1550: 1429: 1264: 1244:11th century BC 1198:12th century BC 1137:, most notably 1099:Greek mythology 1087: 1051: 1049: 1048: 1040: 1038: 668: 652:Greek mythology 651: 632: 603: 602: 573: 572: 563: 562: 555: 546:Trojan language 536:Milawata letter 491: 490: 481: 480: 437: 399: 390:Caused the war: 387: 386: 377: 376: 365: 302: 301: 292: 291: 285:Achaean Leaders 280: 216: 215: 206: 205: 165: 164: 155: 154: 91: 90: 81: 75: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8741: 8731: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8633: 8632: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8618: 8613: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8533: 8525: 8520: 8518:Cleomenean War 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8472: 8466: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8426: 8425: 8424: 8413: 8408: 8406:Corinthian War 8403: 8401:Phyle Campaign 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8357: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8314: 8312: 8306: 8305: 8298: 8297: 8290: 8283: 8275: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8250: 8238: 8222: 8210: 8198: 8186: 8174: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8150: 8149: 8142: 8135: 8127: 8121: 8120: 8108: 8103: 8090: 8080: 8075: 8065: 8055: 8045: 8042:The Trojan War 8039: 8023: 8022: 7977:external links 7972: 7970: 7963: 7957: 7956:External links 7954: 7952: 7951: 7928: 7906: 7900: 7887: 7872: 7850: 7831: 7828: 7825: 7810: 7774: 7767: 7728: 7713: 7697: 7695: 7694:Modern authors 7692: 7690: 7689: 7670: 7637: 7621: 7600: 7545: 7514: 7490: 7466: 7435: 7403: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7366:1st-century BC 7352: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7332: 7319: 7310: 7291: 7271: 7267:Slate Magazine 7247: 7226: 7200: 7163: 7137: 7119: 7117:, pp. 114–116. 7106: 7102:The Trojan War 7093: 7089:Troy and Homer 7080: 7071: 7062: 7053: 7044: 7035: 7026: 7017: 7008: 6999: 6990: 6974: 6961: 6948: 6939: 6926: 6913: 6904: 6891: 6878: 6865: 6852: 6839: 6826: 6813: 6811:Strabo, 6.1.3. 6804: 6802:Strabo, 6.3.9. 6795: 6786: 6777: 6768: 6755: 6742: 6729: 6720: 6711: 6698: 6685: 6676: 6660: 6647: 6630: 6617: 6600: 6583: 6570: 6557: 6540: 6527: 6506: 6485: 6472: 6462:Aristophanes, 6455: 6439: 6426: 6413: 6404: 6387: 6370: 6357: 6340: 6310: 6289: 6272: 6239: 6226: 6217: 6200: 6187: 6174: 6165: 6152: 6140: 6127: 6114: 6101: 6088: 6078:(Apollodorus, 6051: 6025:5.8, Hyginus, 6014: 5977: 5964: 5951: 5938: 5925: 5899: 5886: 5873: 5861: 5852: 5839: 5826: 5813: 5804: 5791: 5782: 5769: 5756: 5747: 5738: 5729: 5713: 5700: 5676: 5667: 5655: 5639: 5626: 5613: 5584: 5577: 5557: 5550: 5528: 5515: 5506: 5493: 5480: 5467: 5454: 5441: 5432: 5406: 5380: 5354: 5341: 5328: 5315: 5301: 5288: 5286:Volume 5 p. 80 5279: 5266: 5244: 5235: 5216: 5207: 5198: 5185: 5172: 5139: 5126: 5117: 5104: 5095: 5082: 5069: 5056: 5047: 5038: 5025: 5010: 5008:, Athens 1999. 4992: 4983: 4971: 4962: 4945: 4932: 4919: 4906: 4897: 4895:24.42, 34.152. 4884: 4875: 4859: 4850: 4837: 4828: 4815: 4809:Philostratus, 4802: 4785: 4776: 4770:19.326; Ovid, 4759: 4746: 4737: 4724: 4711: 4702: 4693: 4680: 4667: 4654: 4641: 4628: 4600: 4587: 4570: 4553: 4544: 4531: 4514: 4501: 4492: 4479: 4456: 4433: 4399: 4383: 4374: 4357: 4348: 4335: 4322: 4313: 4300: 4283: 4266: 4253: 4232: 4219: 4210: 4191: 4178: 4165: 4156: 4147: 4134: 4124: 4115: 4106: 4096: 4061: 4034: 4027: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3975:Hector Berlioz 3931:by Euripides, 3915:Main article: 3912: 3909: 3902:–1205 BC) the 3878: 1274 BC 3864: 1250 BC 3853: 1280 BC 3744:Dio Chrysostom 3727:Hittite Empire 3712: 3709: 3664: 3661: 3609:founding myths 3464:Main article: 3461: 3456: 3432:Main article: 3429: 3424: 3350:Arnold Böcklin 3335:Main article: 3332: 3327: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3285: 3277: 3262: 3223: 3187: 3165: 3153: 3150:Southern Italy 3139: 3116:Cape Caphereus 3095:Main article: 3092: 3089: 3011: 2990: 2987: 2929:Main article: 2926: 2923: 2883:1st century BC 2870: 2867: 2853: 2836: 2805: 2802: 2744:Dying Achilles 2697: 2694: 2692: 2686: 2622:pleading with 2609:Main article: 2606: 2601: 2587: 2584: 2544: 2541: 2493: 2487: 2367: 2364: 2327: 2324: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2088: 2085: 2045: 2042: 2000: 1997: 1974:an affair with 1927: 1924: 1915: 1912: 1851:Sicilian poet 1849:6th century BC 1767: 1764: 1744:Achilles' heel 1613:Main article: 1610: 1607: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1441:Jacob Jordaens 1428: 1425: 1411:1st century BC 1385:In later ages 1368:oral tradition 1361:6th century BC 1263: 1260: 1215:in modern-day 1186:ancient Greeks 1089: 1088: 1086: 1085: 1078: 1071: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 999: 998: 994: 993: 992: 991: 990: 989: 979: 978: 977: 967: 962: 961: 960: 958:Teumessian fox 950: 949: 948: 938: 937: 936: 926: 925: 924: 914: 909: 908: 907: 895: 894: 893: 883: 882: 881: 871: 866: 865: 864: 854: 853: 852: 847: 837: 836: 835: 825: 824: 823: 813: 812: 811: 801: 800: 799: 794: 784: 783: 782: 772: 767: 766: 765: 753: 752: 751: 741: 736: 731: 730: 729: 716: 715: 711: 710: 709: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 675: 674: 670: 669: 664: 656: 655: 647: 646: 634: 633: 631: 630: 623: 616: 608: 605: 604: 601: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 574: 571:Related topics 570: 569: 568: 565: 564: 554: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 492: 488: 487: 486: 483: 482: 479: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 436: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 398: 397: 388: 384: 383: 382: 379: 378: 374:Trojan Leaders 364: 363: 358: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 303: 299: 298: 297: 294: 293: 279: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 217: 213: 212: 211: 208: 207: 204: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 172: 166: 162: 161: 160: 157: 156: 147: 146: 141: 134: 127: 120: 113: 105: 100: 92: 88: 87: 86: 83: 82: 65: 57: 56: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8740: 8729: 8728:Deeds of Ares 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8698:Deeds of Hera 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8688:Deeds of Zeus 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8630: 8629: 8623: 8617: 8616:War of Actium 8614: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8478: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8459: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8427: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8366:Aeginetan War 8364: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8350: 8344: 8343:Sicilian Wars 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8323:Lelantine War 8321: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8296: 8291: 8289: 8284: 8282: 8277: 8276: 8273: 8260: 8256: 8255: 8251: 8248: 8244: 8243: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8227: 8223: 8220: 8216: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8204: 8203: 8199: 8196: 8192: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8180: 8179: 8175: 8172: 8168: 8167: 8163: 8162: 8159: 8155: 8148: 8143: 8141: 8136: 8134: 8129: 8128: 8125: 8119: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8101: 8097: 8094: 8091: 8088: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8073: 8069: 8066: 8063: 8059: 8056: 8053: 8049: 8046: 8043: 8040: 8037: 8033: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8019: 8016: 8008: 8005:February 2020 7998: 7994: 7993:inappropriate 7990: 7986: 7980: 7978: 7971: 7962: 7961: 7949: 7948:0-563-20161-4 7945: 7941: 7940:0-520-21599-0 7937: 7933: 7929: 7926: 7925:1-4051-3183-7 7922: 7919:; paperback, 7918: 7917:1-4051-3182-9 7914: 7910: 7907: 7903: 7901:0-7864-1737-4 7897: 7893: 7888: 7885: 7884:0-7432-6441-X 7881: 7877: 7873: 7870: 7869:0-87023-205-3 7866: 7862: 7858: 7857: 7851: 7848: 7847:0-19-926308-6 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7829: 7826: 7823: 7822:0-14-017199-1 7819: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7807:0-674-99136-2 7804: 7800: 7799:0-674-99135-4 7796: 7792: 7788: 7787: 7783: 7780: 7775: 7772: 7768: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7738: 7736: 7729: 7726: 7725:1-84415-175-1 7722: 7718: 7714: 7711: 7710:0-8018-7890-X 7707: 7703: 7699: 7698: 7687: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7674: 7671: 7668: 7667:0-674-99022-6 7664: 7660: 7656: 7653: 7652: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7638: 7635: 7634: 7630: 7627: 7622: 7619: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7597:0-674-99328-4 7594: 7590: 7589:0-674-99300-4 7586: 7582: 7581:0-674-99207-5 7578: 7574: 7573:0-674-99104-4 7570: 7566: 7562: 7561: 7557: 7554: 7549: 7546: 7543: 7542:0-674-99133-8 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7518: 7515: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7491: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7464: 7463:0-674-99533-3 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7432:0-674-99136-2 7429: 7425: 7424:0-674-99135-4 7421: 7417: 7416: 7412: 7409: 7405:Apollodorus, 7404: 7401: 7400:0-87023-205-3 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7371: 7363: 7362: 7361:Tabula Iliaca 7357: 7342: 7336: 7329: 7323: 7314: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7284: 7283: 7275: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7251: 7244: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7230: 7214: 7210: 7204: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7175: 7167: 7151: 7147: 7141: 7133: 7129: 7123: 7116: 7110: 7103: 7097: 7090: 7084: 7075: 7066: 7057: 7048: 7042:Bios Hellados 7039: 7030: 7021: 7012: 7003: 6994: 6988: 6984: 6978: 6971: 6965: 6958: 6952: 6943: 6936: 6930: 6923: 6920:Apollodorus, 6917: 6908: 6901: 6898:Apollodorus, 6895: 6888: 6882: 6875: 6869: 6862: 6856: 6849: 6843: 6836: 6830: 6823: 6820:Apollodorus, 6817: 6808: 6799: 6790: 6781: 6775:Plutarch, 23. 6772: 6765: 6762:Apollodorus, 6759: 6752: 6749:Apollodorus, 6746: 6739: 6736:Apollodorus, 6733: 6724: 6715: 6708: 6702: 6695: 6692:Apollodorus, 6689: 6680: 6673: 6670:Apollodorus, 6667: 6665: 6657: 6654:Apollodorus, 6651: 6645:xiii.547–595. 6644: 6640: 6637:Apollodorus, 6634: 6627: 6621: 6614: 6610: 6604: 6597: 6593: 6587: 6581:xiii.279–285. 6580: 6574: 6567: 6564:Apollodorus, 6561: 6554: 6550: 6544: 6537: 6534:Apollodorus. 6531: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6510: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6492:Apollodorus, 6489: 6482: 6479:Apollodorus, 6476: 6470:xiii.423–457. 6469: 6465: 6459: 6452: 6449:Apollodorus. 6446: 6444: 6436: 6430: 6423: 6420:Apollodorus, 6417: 6408: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6367: 6364:Apollodorus, 6361: 6354: 6350: 6344: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6296:Apollodorus, 6293: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6246:Apollodorus, 6243: 6236: 6233:Apollodorus, 6230: 6221: 6214: 6210: 6204: 6197: 6194:Apollodorus, 6191: 6184: 6178: 6169: 6162: 6159:Apollodorus, 6156: 6149: 6144: 6137: 6134:Apollodorus, 6131: 6124: 6118: 6111: 6108:Apollodorus, 6105: 6098: 6095:Apollodorus, 6092: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6011: 6007: 6004:; Sophocles, 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5975:42, 277, 852. 5974: 5968: 5961: 5955: 5948: 5945:Apollodorus, 5942: 5935: 5929: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5896: 5890: 5883: 5877: 5871: 5865: 5856: 5849: 5846:Apollodorus, 5843: 5836: 5830: 5823: 5817: 5808: 5801: 5795: 5786: 5779: 5773: 5766: 5760: 5751: 5742: 5733: 5726: 5723:Apollodorus, 5720: 5718: 5710: 5704: 5697: 5693: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5671: 5662: 5660: 5652: 5649:Apollodorus, 5646: 5644: 5636: 5630: 5623: 5617: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5588: 5580: 5574: 5570: 5569: 5561: 5553: 5551:9780674060944 5547: 5543: 5539: 5532: 5525: 5519: 5510: 5503: 5500:Apollodorus, 5497: 5490: 5484: 5477: 5471: 5464: 5458: 5451: 5445: 5436: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5351: 5345: 5338: 5332: 5325: 5322:Apollodorus, 5319: 5305: 5298: 5292: 5283: 5276: 5273:Apollodorus, 5270: 5264: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251:Apollodorus, 5248: 5239: 5232: 5220: 5211: 5202: 5195: 5189: 5182: 5179:Apollodorus, 5176: 5160: 5156: 5155: 5150: 5143: 5136: 5133:Apollodorus, 5130: 5121: 5114: 5111:Apollodorus, 5108: 5099: 5092: 5089:Apollodorus, 5086: 5079: 5076:Apollodorus, 5073: 5066: 5063:Apollodorus, 5060: 5051: 5042: 5035: 5029: 5023:, Athens 1966 5014: 4999: 4997: 4987: 4980: 4975: 4966: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4942: 4941:Metamorphoses 4936: 4929: 4923: 4916: 4913:Apollodorus, 4910: 4901: 4894: 4888: 4879: 4872: 4869:Apollodorus, 4866: 4864: 4854: 4847: 4841: 4832: 4825: 4822:Apollodorus, 4819: 4812: 4806: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4780: 4773: 4772:Metamorphoses 4769: 4763: 4756: 4750: 4741: 4734: 4731:Apollodorus, 4728: 4721: 4718:Apollodorus, 4715: 4706: 4697: 4690: 4687:Apollodorus, 4684: 4677: 4671: 4664: 4661:Apollodorus, 4658: 4651: 4645: 4638: 4635:Apollodorus, 4632: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4597: 4594:Apollodorus, 4591: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4548: 4541: 4538:Apollodorus, 4535: 4528: 4524: 4521:Apollodorus, 4518: 4511: 4505: 4496: 4489: 4483: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4460: 4453: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4437: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4403: 4396: 4393:Apollodorus, 4390: 4388: 4378: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4352: 4345: 4339: 4332: 4326: 4317: 4310: 4304: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4263: 4260:Apollodorus, 4257: 4250: 4249:Metamorphoses 4246: 4242: 4236: 4229: 4223: 4214: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4188: 4185:Apollodorus, 4182: 4175: 4169: 4160: 4151: 4144: 4138: 4128: 4119: 4110: 4103: 4099: 4097:0-520-21599-0 4093: 4090:. p. 4. 4089: 4085: 4081: 4080:Wood, Michael 4075: 4071: 4065: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4030: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4011: 4007: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3990: 3985: 3984: 3983:Helen of Troy 3978: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3918: 3908: 3905: 3894: 3893:Arnuwanda III 3883: 3872: 3867: 3858: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3682:Parian marble 3680:1193 BC, the 3679: 3675: 3671: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3648: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3632: 3626: 3622: 3621:Julius Caesar 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3506:, the healer 3505: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3490: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3467: 3460: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3428: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3299:Alfred Church 3295: 3283: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3009: 3004:, 520–510 BC) 3003: 2999: 2995: 2986: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2947: 670 BC 2942: 2937: 2932: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2880: 2875: 2866: 2864: 2861:According to 2851: 2834: 2826: 2819: 2815: 2814:Greek pottery 2810: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2702: 2691: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2537: 2529: 2517: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2418:He also took 2415: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2283:Chryse Island 2275: 2272: 2267: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2178:Trojan allies 2175: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2098: 2095:A map of the 2093: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1923: 1919: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1846: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1731: 1729: 1724: 1714: 1708:, 575–550 BC) 1707: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1670: 1669:Ancient Greek 1665: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1605: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1564: 1559: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1380:vase painting 1377: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1209:Frank Calvert 1206: 1203: 1202:archaeologist 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1167:Greek tragedy 1164: 1160: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1117:of Troy took 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1047: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1002: 1001: 1000: 996: 995: 988: 985: 984: 983: 980: 976: 973: 972: 971: 968: 966: 963: 959: 956: 955: 954: 951: 947: 946:Centauromachy 944: 943: 942: 939: 935: 932: 931: 930: 927: 923: 920: 919: 918: 915: 913: 910: 906: 905: 901: 900: 899: 896: 892: 889: 888: 887: 884: 880: 877: 876: 875: 872: 870: 867: 863: 860: 859: 858: 855: 851: 848: 846: 843: 842: 841: 838: 834: 831: 830: 829: 826: 822: 819: 818: 817: 814: 810: 807: 806: 805: 802: 798: 795: 793: 790: 789: 788: 785: 781: 780:Golden Fleece 778: 777: 776: 773: 771: 768: 764: 763: 759: 758: 757: 754: 750: 747: 746: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 728: 725: 724: 723: 720: 719: 718: 717: 713: 712: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 678: 677: 676: 672: 671: 667: 662: 658: 657: 654: 649: 648: 644: 640: 639: 629: 624: 622: 617: 615: 610: 609: 607: 606: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 575: 567: 566: 561: 558: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 493: 485: 484: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 443: 442: 441: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 405: 404: 403: 396: 393: 392: 391: 381: 380: 375: 371: 368: 362: 359: 357: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 304: 296: 295: 290: 286: 283: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 218: 210: 209: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174:Seduction of 173: 171: 168: 167: 159: 158: 153: 150: 145: 142: 140: 139: 135: 133: 132: 128: 126: 125: 121: 119: 118: 114: 112: 110: 106: 104: 101: 99: 98: 94: 93: 85: 84: 79: 74: 73: 69: 63: 59: 58: 55: 52: 51: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 18:Siege of Troy 8626: 8578:Galatian War 8568:Aetolian War 8530:(220–217 BC) 8476: 8475:Wars of the 8431:(357–355 BC) 8415:Wars of the 8411:Boeotian War 8252: 8240: 8224: 8212: 8202:Little Iliad 8200: 8188: 8176: 8164: 8096:Melvyn Bragg 8087:the original 8072:the original 8062:the original 8052:the original 8011: 8002: 7987:by removing 7974: 7931: 7908: 7891: 7875: 7853: 7837:. New York: 7834: 7813: 7801:. Volume 2: 7777: 7770: 7759:. Retrieved 7747: 7743: 7734: 7716: 7701: 7677: 7650: 7645:Posthomerica 7643: 7624: 7609: 7604:Chrestomathy 7603: 7551: 7534:A. D. Godley 7521: 7510: 7506: 7494: 7486: 7482: 7470: 7454: 7442: 7426:. Volume 2: 7406: 7387: 7359: 7340: 7335: 7327: 7326:Thucydides. 7322: 7313: 7301:. Retrieved 7281: 7274: 7266: 7250: 7245:, Discovery. 7234: 7229: 7217:. Retrieved 7213:the original 7203: 7178: 7172: 7166: 7154:. 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Retrieved 4037: 4017: 4010: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3979: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3942: 3932: 3926: 3922: 3920: 3882:Tudhaliya IV 3868: 3856: 3831: 3823: 3812: 3796: 3786: 3778: 3771:John V. Luce 3768: 3732: 3698: 3666: 3636: 3580: 3566: 3542: 3533: 3493: 3488: 3481: 3471: 3469: 3458: 3443: 3439: 3437: 3426: 3401: 3357: 3355: 3345: 3329: 3323: 3310: 3308: 3302: 3112: 3075: 3067: 3056: 3050: 3043: 3027: 3023: 3012: 3007: 2989:Sack of Troy 2975: 2971: 2951: 2941:Mykonos vase 2931:Trojan Horse 2925:Trojan Horse 2920: 2911: 2908: 2892: 2888: 2860: 2837: 2831: 2755: 2743: 2707: 2689: 2681: 2662: 2639: 2629: 2603: 2592: 2589: 2568: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2532: 2495: 2490: 2468: 2461: 2417: 2404: 2392: 2348: 2329: 2315: 2313: 2299: 2279: 2249: 2173: 2171: 2163: 2152:pentekonters 2136: 2130: 2118: 2102: 2081: 2066: 2047: 2035: 2016: 2007: 1991: 1971: 1960: 1949: 1935: 1920: 1917: 1869: 1841: 1826: 1822:Clytemnestra 1810: 1803: 1784: 1774: 1732: 1719: 1703:black-figure 1666: 1659: 1636: 1623: 1602: 1598: 1567: 1553:Plan of Zeus 1541: 1537: 1533: 1531: 1519:Trojan Horse 1492: 1486: 1472:golden apple 1445: 1436: 1414: 1384: 1375: 1371: 1365: 1352:Chrestomathy 1350: 1340: 1334: 1330:Iliou Persis 1328: 1324:Little Iliad 1322: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1295: 1291: 1279: 1275: 1265: 1248:Eratosthenes 1221: 1183: 1152: 1148: 1142: 1094: 1092: 902: 879:Golden apple 760: 748: 665: 556: 439: 438: 401: 400: 389: 366: 281: 186:Sack of Troy 181:Trojan Horse 148: 144:Posthomerica 136: 129: 122: 115: 108: 95: 80:, c. 500 BC) 66: 53: 47: 8593:Achaean War 8528:Social War 8523:Lyttian War 8498:Syrian Wars 8493:Pyrrhic War 8462:Hellenistic 8442:Foreign War 8429:Social War 8098:interviews 7733:"Euripides 7492:Euripides, 7468:Euripides, 7384:Apollodorus 6955:Sophocles, 6607:Euripides, 6590:Euripides, 6553:Ilio Persis 6086:9.325–479). 6070:; Tzetzes, 6039:Philoctetes 6035:Philoctetes 6006:Philoctetes 5971:Sophocles, 5934:Nemean Odes 5837:iv. 88–595. 5820:Euripides, 5606:21 February 5592:Aeschines. 5425:11 December 5399:11 December 5373:11 December 4958:Myriobiblon 4954:New History 4674:Herodotus, 4648:Euripides, 4566:Myriobiblon 4562:New History 4309:Myrobiblion 4243:; Hyginus, 4226:Aeschylus, 3992:(1961) and 3970:Les Troyens 3900: 1210 3889: 1240 3788:Geographica 3686:Dicaearchus 3558:Tiber River 3420:recurve bow 3146:Metapontium 3109:(1798–1868) 2998:Neoptolemus 2962:cornel tree 2710:Penthesilea 2332:Protesilaus 2316:Philoctetes 2261:Philoctetes 2216:, Mysians, 2190:Adrasteians 2165:Bibliotheca 2160:Philoctetes 2141:Peloponnese 2012:Jan de Bray 1982:Neoptolemus 1853:Stesichorus 1563:Troy Museum 1387:playwrights 1234:during the 1190:Dardanelles 917:Triptolemus 840:Bellerophon 489:Historicity 352:Penthesilea 191:The Returns 124:Philoctetes 8648:Trojan War 8642:Categories 8558:Cretan War 8470:Lamian War 8391:Samian War 8214:Iliupersis 8154:Epic Cycle 8100:Edith Hall 7863:, (1976). 7443:Andromache 7394:, (1976). 7370:bas-relief 7219:9 February 7181:(2): 163. 6937:1.30, 298. 6464:Lysistrata 6076:Podalirius 5996:(Proclus, 5958:Zenobius, 5036:Β.803–806. 4774:13.162 ff. 4366:Andromache 4364:Euripides 4247:54; Ovid, 4201:; Hesiod. 4054:31 January 4002:References 3793:topography 3763:Schliemann 3736:Thucydides 3715:See also: 3694:Hellanicus 3605:Roman myth 3597:Alba Longa 3562:Punic Wars 3554:Queen Dido 3536:(1598) by 3397:Phaeacians 3365:Polyphemus 3231:Callirrhoe 3192:Molossians 3059:Andromache 3040:, Pompeii) 2869:Prophecies 2782:Antilochus 2688:After the 2658:Achilleion 2498:Polymestor 2448:Adramytium 2436:Clazomenae 2336:Phylaceans 2208:spearmen, 2198:Pelasgians 2194:Percotians 2182:Dardanians 2145:Dodecanese 2062:Thersander 2010:(1664) by 1952:Telemachus 1756:Hephaestus 1740:underworld 1643:Prometheus 1626:(1599) by 1497:, king of 1391:historians 1307:Epic Cycle 1254:, and the 1236:Bronze Age 1125:, king of 1095:Trojan War 1020:Demogorgon 953:Amphitryon 874:Hippomenes 749:Trojan War 681:Primordial 583:Euhemerism 413:Hephaestus 332:Andromache 103:Epic Cycle 54:Trojan War 8678:Agamemnon 8353:Classical 8190:Aethiopis 7989:excessive 7678:Geography 7623:Proclus, 7602:Proclus, 7548:Pausanias 7522:Histories 7517:Herodotus 7438:Euripides 7330:, 1.12.2. 7100:Strauss, 7091:, p. 286. 6547:Proclus, 6330:Proclus, 6185:4.242 ff. 6060:Asclepius 6012:571–595). 5936:8.46(25). 5915:Proclus, 5776:Pindarus 5707:Tzetzes, 5696:Aethiopis 5690:Proclus, 5491:, p. 251. 5465:, p. 251. 5448:Servius, 5363:"Petteia" 5339:Φ 35–155. 4755:Achilleid 4753:Statius, 4676:Histories 4486:Hyginus, 4468:1.269–270 4465:Achilleid 4408:4.869–879 4329:Hyginus, 4307:Photius, 3961:Palamedes 3953:Iphigenia 3846:Alaksandu 3753:Çanakkale 3740:Euripides 3705:Troy VIIa 3653:Troy Game 3651:and the " 3502:, father 3448:Telegonus 3377:Thrinacia 3369:Teiresias 3259:Argyrippa 3247:Aegialeia 3172:Phreattys 3128:Aegisthus 2904:Palladium 2895:Deiphobus 2879:Cassandra 2764:, son of 2734:Thersites 2730:Eurypylus 2722:Hippolyte 2678:Scamander 2670:Aeschines 2666:Aeschylus 2624:Agamemnon 2578:, son of 2576:Aegisthus 2502:Polydorus 2479:Patroclus 2464:Peisidice 2456:Antandrus 2342:, son of 2276:, 420 BC) 2226:Miletians 2222:Maeonians 2218:Phrygians 2214:Halizones 2212:archers, 2202:Thracians 2110:Iphigenia 2058:Arcadians 2027:Idomeneus 1993:Pausanias 1956:Palamedes 1944:La Olmeda 1908:Herodotus 1880:Phoenicia 1787:Tyndareus 1752:Lycomedes 1688:Mount Ida 1495:Agamemnon 1456:Aphrodite 1407:Euripides 1403:Sophocles 1399:Aeschylus 1318:Aethiopis 1272:Greek art 965:Narcissus 941:Pirithous 862:Labyrinth 775:Argonauts 691:Olympians 557:See also: 511:Attarsiya 501:Alaksandu 471:Scamander 446:Aphrodite 367:See also: 327:Cassandra 282:See also: 276:Myrmidons 266:Thersites 261:Patroclus 221:Agamemnon 149:See also: 72:Patroclus 8683:Odysseus 8477:Diadochi 8254:Telegony 8171:Stasinus 8114:Archived 8032:Archived 7782:Archived 7761:10 April 7752:Archived 7750:: 7–10. 7735:Telephus 7682:Archived 7655:Archived 7629:Archived 7614:Archived 7556:Archived 7526:Archived 7499:Archived 7475:Archived 7447:Archived 7411:Archived 7297:Archived 7259:Archived 7239:Archived 7104:, p. 10. 7087:Latacz, 6987:Telegony 6981:Proclus 6846:Virgil, 6424:5.19–20. 6377:Virgil, 6355:5.16–15. 5932:Pindar, 5763:Virgil, 5637:i.18 ff. 5600:Archived 5259:Archived 5165:23 April 5159:Archived 4928:On Piety 4846:Isthmian 4844:Pindar, 4811:Heroicus 4585:3.11.15. 4577:Pindar, 4471:Archived 4448:Archived 4425:Archived 4411:Archived 4294:fr. 57; 4290:Hesiod, 4279:Isthmian 4273:Pindar, 4174:Republic 4048:Archived 3986:(1956), 3957:Polyxena 3904:Hittites 3848:treaty ( 3824:Ahhiyawa 3815:Egyptian 3674:Sosibius 3550:Carthage 3546:Dardanus 3504:Anchises 3496:Ascanius 3478:Augustus 3440:Telegony 3434:Telegony 3427:Telegony 3282:Calabria 3255:Canusium 3239:Phaleron 3216:Hermione 3200:Molossus 3176:Peiraeus 3081:Demophon 3070:Astyanax 2916:Hittites 2854:— 2790:Polyxena 2766:Tithonus 2762:Ethiopia 2643:Pandaros 2635:Chryseis 2580:Thyestes 2571:Nauplius 2560:Diomedes 2510:Tecmessa 2506:Phrygian 2471:Chryseis 2428:Colophon 2360:Podarces 2352:Laomedon 2344:Poseidon 2291:Atreidae 2274:lekythos 2234:Sarpedon 2210:Paionian 2206:Ciconian 2186:Zeleians 2156:Boeotian 2070:went to 2068:Telephus 2054:Telephus 2044:Telephus 2031:Achilles 1978:Deidamia 1965:' king, 1814:hecatomb 1806:Penelope 1728:ambrosia 1683:Kallistē 1678:καλλίστῃ 1651:Caucasus 1647:Heracles 1645:, after 1507:Achilles 1342:Telegony 1278:and the 1252:Troy VII 1213:Hisarlık 1159:Odysseus 1131:narrated 1123:Menelaus 1103:Achaeans 1010:Centaurs 970:Meleager 912:Phaethon 869:Atalanta 857:Daedalus 833:Minotaur 756:Odysseus 744:Diomedes 734:Achilles 722:Heracles 706:Chthonic 643:a series 641:Part of 516:Hisarlık 496:Ahhiyawa 433:Poseidon 361:Sarpedon 354:and the 271:Achaeans 256:Diomedes 246:Odysseus 236:Menelaus 226:Achilles 163:Episodes 111:, Book 2 68:Achilles 8600: ( 8538: ( 8310:Archaic 8242:Odyssey 8207:Lesches 7983:Please 7975:use of 7303:1 April 7183:Bibcode 7174:Geology 7156:29 July 6957:Electra 6935:Odyssey 6933:Homer, 6922:Epitome 6900:Epitome 6887:Odyssey 6885:Homer, 6874:Odyssey 6872:Homer, 6863:13.259. 6861:Odyssey 6835:Odyssey 6833:Homer, 6822:Epitome 6764:Epitome 6751:Epitome 6738:Epitome 6694:Epitome 6672:Epitome 6656:Epitome 6639:Epitome 6624:Homer, 6596:Fabulae 6566:Epitome 6536:Epitome 6519:Epitome 6513:Homer, 6494:Epitome 6481:Epitome 6451:Epitome 6422:Epitome 6400:Epitome 6383:Fabulae 6366:Epitome 6353:Epitome 6349:Odyssey 6347:Homer, 6298:Epitome 6285:Epitome 6281:Odyssey 6279:Homer, 6256:Tzetzes 6248:Epitome 6235:Epitome 6213:Epitome 6209:Odyssey 6207:Homer, 6196:Epitome 6183:Odyssey 6181:Homer, 6161:Epitome 6148:Odyssey 6136:Epitome 6110:Epitome 6097:Epitome 6080:Epitome 6027:Fabulae 6023:Epitome 5994:Helenus 5986:Epitome 5947:Epitome 5895:Odyssey 5893:Homer, 5882:Odyssey 5848:Epitome 5802:4.75.4. 5780:vi. 30. 5778:Pythian 5725:Epitome 5651:Epitome 5502:Epitome 5476:Epitome 5335:Homer, 5326:3.12.5. 5324:Library 5275:Epitome 5253:Epitome 5196:ii.701. 5181:Epitome 5135:Epitome 5113:Epitome 5091:Epitome 5078:Epitome 5065:Epitome 5032:Homer, 4915:Epitome 4891:Pliny, 4871:Epitome 4824:Epitome 4798:Epitome 4792:Homer, 4733:Epitome 4720:Epitome 4691:3.12.7. 4689:Library 4663:Epitome 4637:Epitome 4596:Epitome 4583:Library 4579:Pythian 4542:3.10.9. 4540:Library 4527:Fabulae 4523:Library 4512:3.10.7. 4510:Library 4488:Fabulae 4442:Library 4419:Library 4397:3.13.8. 4395:Library 4372:3.12.5. 4370:Library 4344:Epitome 4331:Fabulae 4262:Library 4251:11.217. 4245:Fabulae 4187:Epitome 4176:2,379e. 4172:Plato, 3928:Troädes 3775:geology 3701:Troy VI 3678:Timaeus 3670:Ephorus 3613:Romulus 3601:Silvius 3593:Lavinia 3589:Latinus 3524:Penates 3500:Misenus 3444:Odyssey 3416:Phemius 3412:Eumaeus 3408:suitors 3393:Scheria 3389:Calypso 3362:Cyclops 3358:Odyssey 3337:Odyssey 3330:Odyssey 3319:Elysium 3315:Proteus 3311:Odyssey 3266:Petilia 3251:Aetolia 3208:Macedon 3158:Myconos 3132:Electra 3091:Returns 3052:Antenor 3002:amphora 2978:Laocoön 2967:Tenedos 2912:Kêteioi 2818:Exekias 2800:River. 2778:Indians 2726:Machaon 2714:Amazons 2631:Chryses 2620:Chryses 2536:petteia 2491:petteia 2426:, then 2424:Phocaea 2412:Troilus 2408:Pedasus 2384:Pompeii 2376:Briseis 2356:Achates 2326:Arrival 2320:Minyans 2287:Tenedos 2238:Carians 2232:led by 2230:Lycians 2114:Theseus 2106:Artemis 2076:Orestes 2023:Cinyras 1986:Phoenix 1904:Salamis 1900:Telamon 1896:Hesione 1892:Colchis 1845:Nephele 1795:Nemesis 1723:Calchas 1538:Odyssey 1503:Achaean 1499:Mycenae 1376:Odyssey 1347:Proclus 1296:Odyssey 1280:Odyssey 1262:Sources 1154:Odyssey 1015:Dragons 997:Related 987:Amazons 850:Chimera 845:Pegasus 828:Theseus 821:Orphism 816:Orpheus 804:Oedipus 787:Perseus 762:Odyssey 727:Labours 673:Deities 593:Mycenae 461:Artemis 356:Amazons 347:Troilus 8606:Second 8552:Fourth 8544:Second 8226:Nostoi 8166:Cypria 7946: 7938: 7923: 7915: 7898: 7882: 7867: 7859:, The 7845: 7820: 7805: 7797: 7723: 7708: 7673:Strabo 7665: 7610:Kypria 7595: 7587: 7579: 7571: 7540: 7511:Hecuba 7495:Hecuba 7461: 7430: 7422: 7398: 7368:Roman 7289: 7113:Wood, 6889:4.382. 6876:4.360. 6848:Aeneid 6837:3.191. 6709:13.66. 6628:3.144. 6609:Hecuba 6502:Aeneid 6379:Aeneid 5897:λ 542. 5884:λ.547. 5822:Hecuba 5767:8.372. 5765:Aeneid 5575: 5548: 5149:"Troy" 4445:3.13.6 4422:3.13.6 4298:fr. 4. 4296:Cypria 4275:Nemean 4264:3.168. 4094: 4025: 3833:Wilusa 3828:Assuwa 3783:Strabo 3690:Douris 3637:Iulius 3581:Aeneid 3571:, the 3544:where 3516:Creusa 3482:Aeneid 3473:Aeneid 3466:Aeneid 3459:Aeneid 3385:Ogygia 3381:Helios 3274:Thurii 3270:Croton 3235:Attica 3229:, but 3220:Delphi 3196:Epirus 3184:Megara 3180:Cyprus 3168:Teucer 3142:Nestor 3136:Furies 3120:Euboea 3085:Acamas 3077:Aethra 3063:Hecuba 2958:Epeius 2900:Pelops 2863:Pindar 2798:Danube 2758:Memnon 2718:Otrera 2593:Cypria 2586:Mutiny 2564:Dictys 2556:Cypria 2483:Imbros 2475:Lycaon 2438:, and 2434:, and 2432:Smyrna 2430:, and 2420:Lesbos 2400:Sestos 2396:Abydos 2340:Cycnus 2295:Lemnos 2143:, the 2126:Hecate 2122:Hesiod 2038:Apollo 1967:Nestor 1940:mosaic 1876:Europa 1748:Skyros 1706:hydria 1662:Hermes 1655:Aeacus 1639:Themis 1594:Themis 1582:Uranus 1578:Cronus 1542:Aeneid 1540:, and 1523:Romans 1515:Hector 1468:Thetis 1464:Peleus 1454:, and 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