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Siege of Syracuse (397 BC)

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Himilco, Mago would be compelled to fall back to a secure base. However, Dionysius also had to keep in mind the possibility of political trouble in Syracuse in deciding his strategy. The Greek army was opposed to facing a siege, and at first Dionysius was inclined to seek the Carthaginian army out and measure swords with Himilco. When his advisers pointed out the threat of Mago and his fleet capturing Syracuse in the absence of the Greek army, Dionysius decided to break camp, leave Catana and march south to Syracuse. At this juncture, Mother Nature intervened for the embattled Greeks, as worsening weather forced Mago to beach his ships, thus making the Punic fleet vulnerable to the Greek army attacks. However, luck seems to have favoured the Carthaginians, because Dionysius commenced his retreat prior to this, with the remnant of his fleet sailing parallel along the coast. This decision to face a siege proved so unpopular among the Sicilian Greek allies that they deserted the army and made for their respective cities. Once there, they manned the countryside castles and awaited the Carthaginians.
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the whole Syracuse navy joined the attack. Greek ships rammed and sunk some as they lay at anchor, some ships were boarded and captured by Greek soldiers after a brief skirmish, while the horsemen, now led by Dionysius, set fire to some of the ships, some of which drifted away when their anchor cables burnt. Punic soldiers and sailors leapt into the water and swam ashore. The fire spread to the camp but was put out after part of the camp was burnt. The Punic army could not offer assistance as they were busy fending off attacking Greek soldiers. Some Greeks from Syracuse manned some of the merchant vessels and boats, sailed to Dascon and towed some of the derelict Punic ships away, along with whatever spoils they could scavenge. Meanwhile, the fort at Dascon had also fallen into Greek hands. Dionysius encamped with his army near the temple of Zeus at Polichana while the fleet returned to Syracuse.
540:. Himilco next stormed Motya, where the mostly Sicel garrison under Biton was easily overcome. The Carthaginians then lifted the siege of Segesta, and Dionysius retired to Syracuse instead of offering battle in Western Sicily against a superior army. Himilco returned to Palermo, garrisoned the Carthaginian territories, and then sailed to Lipara with 300 warships and 300 transports. After collecting 30 talents of silver as tribute from Lipara, the Carthaginian force landed at Cape Pelorum, and the army of Messene marched north from the city to confront the Carthaginians. Himilco sent 200 ships filled with picked soldiers and rowers to Messene, and 551:, which he populated with Sicels. The Sicels now deserted Dionysius, so two things was achieved with one stroke, Himilco managed to detached allies away from Dionysius and at the same time gaining allies to block any activity by the still hostile Greeks of Messina in his rear. The Carthaginians resumed marching south along the coast, with the fleet sailing alongside. However, a severe eruption of Mt. Etna made the path north of Naxos impassable, so Himilco marched to detour around Mt. Etna. Mago with the fleet sailed to Catana, where he was to meet up with Carthaginian army. 834:
an unescorted Punic corn ship in the Great Harbour, five Syracusan ships sailed out and captured it. While the prize was being brought in, 40 Punic ships sailed forth, and promptly the whole Syracusan navy (number of ships not mentioned, but probably outnumbering the Carthaginian contingent, there is no mention of who the admiral was) engaged the Punic squadron, sinking 4 ships and capturing 20 including the flagship. The Greek ships then advanced on the main Punic anchorage but Carthaginians declined the challenge. The Greeks then returned to Syracuse with their spoils.
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Dascon. Dionysius elected to command the soldiers attacking the Punic camp. He planned to march out on a moonless night with his army, and instead of going directly south to the Punic camp, march in a roundabout way to the Temple of Cyan and attack the Carthaginian fortifications at first light. The Greek fleet was to attack after Dionysius had engaged the Carthaginians. The success of the plan largely depended on the timely coordination between the fleet and the army, the absence of which had doomed another complicated battle plan of Dionysius in 405 BC at Gela.
1041:, the victor of Catana, took command. The standing Punic army was in Sicily and recruiting a new one was time consuming and probably very costly (Himilco's misdeed would have made mercenaries wary), so he rallied Carthaginian citizens to man the walls while the Punic navy kept the city supplied. Mago then used bribes and other means to quell the rebels. Carthaginians also built a temple for Demeter and Kore in the city and had Greeks offer proper sacrifice to atone for the destruction of the temple at Syracuse. 627:, Carthaginian citizens usually served as crew alongside recruits from Libya and other Carthaginian domains. Carthaginian forces had captured a number of Quinqueremes from the Greeks at Catana, it is unknown if Carthaginians were constructing this type of ships themselves at this point. 40 Quinqueremes were present at Syracuse. Although the initial Punic armada at Syracuse contained 208 warships and 3,000 transports, it is unknown how many were permanently stationed there for the siege. 739:
side. Screens and walls were put up to enclose Laccius, and it could accommodate 60 triremes, and a gate was provided between the sea screens that would let one trireme pass at a time. Two castles were also built on Ortygia, one near the isthmus, which was the home of Dionysius, and one further south. Two walls were built on the isthmus itself, one separating the island from the isthmus and one the mainland from the isthmus. A series of five gates built on the isthmus, the
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publicly took full responsibility for the debacle, visited all the temples of the city dressed in rags and pleading for deliverance, and finally bricked himself inside his house and starved himself to death. Later, despite the sacrifice done to placate the Carthaginian gods, a plague swept through Africa, weakening Carthage. To top things off, the Libyans, angered by the desertion of their kinsmen in Africa, rebelled. They gathered an army of 70,000 and besieged Carthage.
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despite the jeers of the Punic soldiers. Himilco chose not to assault the walls, and it is unclear if he had siege engines with him at that time. Himilco then unleashed his soldiers around Syracuse to strip the land of all possible supplies, and ravaged the area for 30 days, possibly to intimidate the Greeks into surrendering before winter set in, and when this failed the Carthaginians went to winter quarters and began siege preparations.
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which was devastated by the Greek raid and unable to man available ships due to crew shortage. The army was in no better condition to fight a successful pitched battle. Himilco was aware of the situation and opted to open secret negotiations with Dionysius that very night, while other Greek commanders were kept in the dark as the Italian and mainland Greek contingents were in favor of totally destroying the surviving Punic forces.
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was surrounded by a regular wall in addition to the existing moat and palisade. The tombs of Gelon and his wife were demolished in the process of building the wall. Part of the fleet was dispersed while transport ships were sent to Sardinia and Africa to bring in more provisions. The forts were stocked with wine, corn, and all needful items, Himilco seemed to have spared no expense to look after his soldiers needs.
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city section that contained several temples including one dedicated to Demeter and Kore, all of which were plundered. Dionysius also acted aggressively, sending out sorties to attack Carthaginian patrols and winning several skirmishes, but the overall tactical situation remained unchanged. In the meantime, Polyxenos had managed to gather a naval squadron in Greece, and under the command of
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beached nearby. The Carthaginians were caught by surprise, and before they could put up a coordinated resistance, Dionysius managed to defeat the force outside the camp and then storm the fort at Polichana successfully, after which his force began to attack the Carthaginian camp and the temple. The Carthaginians managed to hold off the Greeks until nightfall, when the fighting stopped.
1930: 710:, sailed into the Great Harbour at the same time and in perfect order sailed past Syracuse, displaying the spoils captured from the Greeks. 2000–3000 transports then moored in the harbour, bringing in soldiers and supplies. Himilco was ready to begin the siege. The Syracusan navy, which had initially mobilised 180 ships but lost 100 ships at the 992:
the Corinthians spotted them and informed Dionysius, who made a great show of arming his fleet but delayed calling his officers to give Himilco time to get away. The Corinthians, unaware of the secret pact, manned their ships and sailed out, managing to sink a few laggards, but the majority of Carthaginians ships managed to escape to Africa.
814:, 30 triremes managed to reach Syracuse. The Spartan had apparently captured a number of Punic ships, and the Carthaginian blockade ships had let his ships through thinking a Punic squadron was returning from patrol. The Greeks as well as the Carthaginians were now dependent on overseas supplies for sustaining their efforts. 967:
The Carthaginian forces had managed to survive the Greek attack, but they were still suffering from the plague, and to regain the initiative they had either to defeat the Greek army or the fleet, which was an impossible task at this stage. The Greek navy now probably outnumbered the Carthaginian one,
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Nothing of consequence happened during the winter of 397 BC as the adversaries played the waiting game from their respective positions. In the spring of 396 BC, Himilco began attacking the suburbs of Syracuse. There is no mention of Carthaginians breaching the city wall, but Punic soldiers captured a
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Himilco arrived at Catana two days after the battle with the Carthaginian army after a 110 km trek around Mt. Etna, and his presence ensured security of the Punic fleet. Both the Punic army and navy were accorded a few days rest, during which time Mago repaired his damaged ships and refitted the
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Himilco had dealt with a similar situation by sacrificing a child and various animals to appease this alleged divine anger. Whatever measures (if any) Himilco took at Syracuse to combat the plague proved ineffective; Punic forces were decimated and the fleet readiness was diminished. Himilco and the
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also provided cavalry, which relied on the all out charge. The Libyans also provided bulk of the heavy, four horse war chariots for Carthage, but Carthage at this point of time did not make use of war elephants. Himilco had lost his chariots when 50 of his transports were sunk by the Greeks off Eryx
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Dionysius had freed all the slaves in Syracuse to man 60 additional ships, provisioned the fortresses at Syracuse and Leontini with soldiers and supplies, and hired 1000 mercenaries from Greece. He moved his army and fleet to Catana to attack the Carthaginians. Due to the rash tactics of his brother
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The Carthaginians followed a strategy which the Athenians had used in 415 BC and were successful in isolating Syracuse. A pestilence broke out in the Carthaginian camp in the summer of 396 BC, which killed the majority of the troops. Dionysius launched a combined land and sea attack on the
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The return of Himilco, after abandoning his troops at the mercy of Dionysius, did not sit well with the Carthaginian citizens or their African subjects. Although the council of 104 did not crucify him, as unsuccessful Carthaginian commanders normally were, Himilco decided to do the deed himself. He
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was betrayed and sacked in 396 BC. Later, 10,000 mercenaries of Dionysius revolted after Dionysius arrested their commander Aristoteles of Sparta, and was placated only after their leader was sent to Sparta for judgement and the mercenaries received the city of Leontini to rule for themselves. Next
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Himilco secretly sent 300 talents either to the fort at Polichana or to Syracuse itself. Dionysius withdrew his army to Syracuse as part of his bargain, and on the appointed night Himilco manned forty ships with the citizens of Carthage and sailed away. As this fleet passed the Great Harbour mouth,
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While the mercenaries were being butchered, the main Greek army launched attacks towards the forts near the temple of Zeus at Polichana and Dascon. The cavalry, after deserting the mercenaries, joined the attack on Dascon while part of the Greek fleet also sallied forth and attacked the Punic ships
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This success was obtained without the leadership of Dionysius, and some of his political enemies tried to depose him upon his return at the citizen's assembly. The Spartans declined to support the dissenters and this caused the coup attempt to collapse. Some historians speculate that the sea battle
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Shortly after this event, Dionysius, along with his brother Leptines, sailed forth with a flotilla to escort a supply convoy crucial for Syracuse. It is not known who the commander was in Syracuse in their absence, but his actions netted a significant success for the Greeks. Firstly, after spotting
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Himilco chose to camp next to the Great Harbour in the Polichana area. The camp was either 10 stadia from the Syracuse city walls, which would place it north of the Anapus river, or 12 stadia from the walls, totally south of the river. Himilco chose the temple of Zeus as his quarters. The
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Dionysius and the Greek army reached Syracuse first and began preparations for withstanding the inevitable Carthaginian siege. The forts around Leontini and Syracuse were fully manned and provisioned. Dionysius, shaken by the desertions of the Greek allies, also sent agents to hire mercenaries from
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The Greeks had managed to capture the fort at Polichana and Dascon, but after a day's battle had ended, the Punic camp and temple of Zeus was still in Carthaginian hands, while a substantial part of their fleet also had survived. The initiative now lay with Dionysius, and barring reinforcements or
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The Punic fleet was undermanned as some of the crews had perished in the plague, and many of their ships were deserted. The Greek ships had also achieved total surprise, the Punic ships at Dascon, which included 40 quinqueremes, could not be manned and launched in time to face the assault and soon
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The Carthaginians now began preparing for a siege in earnest, Himilco built a fort near the temple of Zeus (it is unclear if the temple was inside the fort). Another fort was built at Dascon and one at Plemmyrion to safeguard the main camp and provide safer anchorage for his ships. The camp itself
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Dionysius had rebuilt the walls around Ortygia so that they surrounded the whole island and the isthmus connecting the mainland with a robust wall complete with towers at regular intervals which were strongly built. The isthmus had docks on the west side and the little harbour, Laccius on the east
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Dionysius did not immediately march against the Punic possessions in Sicily but took time to order his realm. He probably did not wish to provoke Carthage more than necessary. The Sicilian Greek cities, which had thrown off the Carthaginian over-lordship, were more or less friendly with Syracuse.
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Himilco basically adopted the same strategy that the Athenian leader Nicias had in 415 BC, staying put and awaiting favourable developments inside Syracuse. He went to winter quarters after completing his preparations and while Syracuse was under siege, it was not fully cut-off, Greek ships could
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Himilco marched north from his camp and formed up for battle near the city after the camp was put in order. One hundred Carthaginian warships also sailed out and took position on both sides of Ortygia, ready to counter any Greek ships should they sally forth. The Greeks stayed put inside Syracuse
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ally were especially approached), including his kinsman Polyxenos. The fortresses were either to protect the harvest and serve as bases for harassing Carthaginian foragers or were to serve as bait and draw the Carthaginian army away from Syracuse, and gain time for Dionysius while Himilco reduced
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The Libyans supplied both heavy and light infantry and formed the most disciplined units of the army. The heavy infantry fought in close formation, armed with long spears and round shields, wearing helmets and linen cuirasses. The light Libyan infantry carried javelins and a small shield, same as
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The defeat at Catana put Dionysius in a difficult position. With the Greek fleet beaten, Mago had gained the option of making a dash at Syracuse itself, repeating the feat the Carthaginians had pulled at Messene on Syracuse. On the other hand, if Dionysius could now attack and defeat the army of
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Between 405 BC and 398 BC, Dionysius set about securing his political position and increasing the armed forces of Syracuse. He broke the treaty with Himilco in 404 BC by starting a war with the Sicels. While Carthage did nothing in response, Dionysius was put in a difficult situation by a revolt
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Dionysius was also ready to make a deal although he had a good chance of totally destroying the stricken Carthaginians. It has been alleged that as a tyrant, he needed to keep the threat of Carthage alive to keep the citizens of Syracuse in control; saving the west was not what he was trying to
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Dionysius planned to take advantage of the situation by launching a combined land and sea attack on the Punic forces before they recovered or received reinforcements. Eighty ships were manned and, under the command of Leptines and Pharakidas, were to attack the Punic ships beached at the Bay of
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The plague, bearing similarities with the Athenian plague, may have been caused by bad hygienic practices on marshy grounds, and malaria may have played a part also. The result was that scores of soldiers and sailors succumbed to the disease, burial parties were overwhelmed, bodies were hastily
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Syracuse by building another camp, which also would have exposed Carthaginians to sudden attacks from Greeks in Syracuse or to a relief force without circumvallation walls linking both camps. A direct assault on the southern side exposed the attacking soldiers to a flank attack from the fort at
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Dionysius successfully completed his night march and reached Cyan. At daybreak, he sent his cavalry and 1,000 mercenaries to attack the camp directly from the west. This was a diversion, Dionysius had secretly ordered his horsemen to abandon the rebellious, untrustworthy mercenaries after they
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Whether the alleged naval battle took place or not, the strategic situation had not changed for the combatants when summer arrived in Sicily. Himilco had not been able to take Syracuse, Dionysius had failed to defeat the Punic forces, and both parties were reliant on overseas supplies. At this
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Mago next moved to Sicily, where he did not try to recover lost territory. Instead he adopted a policy of cooperation and friendship, giving aid to Greeks, Sikans, Sicels, Elymians and Punics regardless of their prior standing with Carthage. The Greeks' cities, who had thrown off Carthaginian
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had already slipped away to their homes and most of the remaining Punic soldiers surrendered to Dionysius. Some soldiers trying to flee were captured by the Greeks. The Iberians, who stood at arms ready to resist, were hired by Dionysius for his own army. The rest of the Punic prisoners were
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by the summer of 405 BC. These defeats had caused political turmoil in Syracuse, and had ultimately brought Dionysius to power as tyrant. Himilco and Dionysius signed a peace treaty in 405 BC, which left Carthage in direct or indirect control of 60% of Sicily. The cities of
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Dionysius then populated the island of Orytiga with loyal mercenaries and close supporters. A massive castle with underground structures was built at Euryalos which guarded the main access to the route to the Plateau. He incorporated the walls built during the
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engaged the Carthaginians. The combined force attacked the camp, and the mercenaries were slaughtered after the Greek horsemen suddenly fled the field. Dionysius had succeeded in distracting the enemy and getting rid of some unreliable soldiers all at once.
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over-lordship after the war started, now moved from a pro-Syracuse position to a more neutral one, either feeling threatened by Dionysius or because of the activities of Mago. This peaceful policy continued until Dionysius attacked the Sicels in 394 BC.
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main camp was probably situated on the marshy ground east of the temple of Zeus, and adjacent to the Dascon bay and the Lysimeleia marsh. The berthing facilities for the ships formed part of the camp, and the camp was surrounded by a moat and palisade.
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captured Greek ships. Himilco took the time to negotiate with the Campanians at Aetna, offering them to switch sides. They had given Dionysius hostages and their best troops were serving with the Greek army, so they chose to stay loyal.
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among them) with Carthage in Sicily. Lacking a standing army, Carthage could only send a fleet of 100 triremes under Himilco to aid Motya. Himilco was unsuccessful and Dionysius sacked Motya after overcoming fierce Punic resistance.
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The Carthaginians had successfully besieged Greek cities in the past. In 409, they had stormed Selinus using siege engines, Himera was also a victim of Carthaginian besieging skills that same year, and in 406 the Carthaginians
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and the desertion of his allies Dionysius' forces had shrunk to 80 ships. He managed to hire some mercenaries to make up for these losses, and the population of Syracuse supplied a number of soldiers to augment his forces. 30
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within his army, which besieged him in Syracuse. Fortune and incompetence of his enemies helped Dionysius to emerge triumphant from this crisis. Dionysius then enlarged his territory by conquering and sacking the cities of
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Akragas by encamping on both sides of the city. The size of the Syracusan defences made building a circumvallation wall impractical. Himilco either wished to keep his forces concentrated or lacked the numbers to
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The Syracuse navy was built around the Quinquereme, an invention attributed to Dionysius, and the trireme. Dionysius also transport ships available, but the number is unknown. Citizen rowers manned the fleet.
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in 415 BC, when walls were built around the Tycha and Archadina areas. After Dionysius finished adding to the existing structures, Syracuse possessed walls with the greatest circuit in the Greek world.
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Himilco ignored Leontini and the forts, and his army slowly marched to Syracuse. They moved round the Epipolae Plateau and concentrated on building their encampment. The Punic war-fleet, made up of 250
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Carthaginians stubbornly stood their ground and remained in the camp, but the morale of the Carthaginians plummeted as a result of the plague, along with the combat effectiveness of their forces.
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was the standard fighting formation of the army. Dionysius also had the option of using old men and women as peltasts if needed. The cavalry was recruited from wealthier citizens and mercenaries.
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The attack of Dionysius caused the Sicilian Greeks and Sikans under Carthaginian dominion to rebel, and by the time Dionysius besieged Motya, only 5 cities remained in league (Segesta,
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for settling the people in Achradina. The walls around the plateau, made entirely of stone may have had a thickness between 2 and 4.5 meters and a height of 6 meters.
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buried, new burials were almost impossible, and the stench of decaying bodies hung in the air. Fear of infection may have prevented proper care being given to the sick.
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and none seemed to have served at Syracuse. Carthaginian officer corps held overall command of the army, although many units may have fought under their chieftains.
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with the original inhabitants of Messana who had been driven out after the Carthaginian sack of their city in 397 BC. Dionysius in 394 BC unsuccessfully besieged
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achieve. He responded to Himilco's overtures, but declined to let the Carthaginians simply sail away. After some haggling, the following terms were agreed on:
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joined Dionysius. Dionysius began expanding his domain, while Carthage, weakened by the plague, took no action against Syracusan activities until 393 BC.
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Carthaginian forces, and Himilco escaped with the Carthaginian citizens after an underhanded deal with Dionysius. The surviving Libyans were enslaved, the
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The Libyans, Carthaginian citizens and the Libyo-Phoenicians provided disciplined, well trained cavalry equipped with thrusting spears and round shields.
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Warfare in The Classical World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons, Warriors and Warfare in the Ancient Civilisations of Greece and Rome
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Carthage had previously invaded Sicily in 406 BC, in retaliation of Greek raids on Phoenician lands. This expedition was first commanded by
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Himilco was free to depart with the Carthaginian citizens unmolested at night. Dionysius could not guarantee their safety during the day.
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machinations, especially by 16th −18th century historians. However, some of their activities have more to do with saving their rule than
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Eryelus. The height of the walls on top of the plateau meant it might be impossible to assault the walls without building siege ramps.
1886: 1026:, then held by Sicels allied to Carthage. In response, Mago of Carthage led an army to Messana in 393 BC, and the war was renewed. 41:
Punic siege of Syracuse 397 BC. Political boundaries and path of troop movement are inexact because of lack of primary source data.
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The original city of Syracuse stood on the island Ortyga with some structures around the Agora in the mainland before the
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Dionysius marshalled his army after Himilco's departure and approached the Carthaginian camp, by which this time the
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Greek tyrants, especially Gelo, Hiero and Dionysius are often credited with saving the Western civilization from
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juncture a plague broke out among the Carthaginian troops, who had been suffering from the intense heat as well.
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provided superb light cavalry armed with bundles of javelins and riding without bridle or saddle. Iberians and
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and enlarged his fleet, building 200 new ships. Syracuse was fortified, with Dionysius turning the island of
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After Carthage had readied its forces, Himilco sailed from Africa and landed at Palermo, and then captured
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A generic representation of Greek attacks on Carthaginian camps at Syracuse in 396 BC. Not to exact scale.
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Dionysius had an army of 30,000 foot and 3,000 horsemen at Catana along with 180 quinqueremes. After the
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them. The fortresses would surrender easily and retain part of the Carthaginian force as garrisons.
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The cause of this calamity was attributed to the desecration of Greek temples and tombs. At the
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the Carthaginian possessions, and the Carthaginians had been reinforced by Sicels, Sikans and
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A generic representation of the Carthaginian siege of Syracuse in 397 BC – not to exact scale
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were left independent, and Dionysius was acknowledged as the ruler of Syracuse by Carthage.
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and subsequent events never actually took place and are the work of anti-tyranny authors.
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family of Carthage led a substantial force to Sicily. After retaking Motya and founding
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Himilco chose not to set up base at Messina, but marched south, and founded a city in
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and other native Sicilians also served in the army as hoplites and also supplied
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by his kinsman Himilco, had managed to capture and sack the cities of
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with colonists from Italian and mainland Dorian Greeks, then founded
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sail in and out of the Laccius unless challenged by the Punic ships.
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might befall the Carthaginians unless Himilco acted to avert it.
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The Carthaginian departure would take place on the fourth night.
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unlooked for developments, a disaster comparable to the one at
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Carthaginians would pay Dionysius 300 talents immediately
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Leptines, the Greek fleet was heavily defeated at the
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Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
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Unsuccessful siege by Carthage during Sicilian Wars
1815: 1804: 924: 1793: 1975: 1029: 1060:Kern, Paul B., Ancient Siege Warfare, pp163-172 946: 1923:Diodorus Siculus translated by G. Booth (1814) 1117:Kern, Paul B., Ancient Siege Warfare, pp179-83 1096:Kern, Paul B., Ancient Siege Warfare, pp174-78 841: 1843: 1824: 717: 679: 192: 1753: 904: 805:Spring 397 BC: Carthage commences operations 772: 1862: 1520:Kern, Paul B., Ancient Siege Warfare, pp175 1285:Kern, Paul B., Ancient Siege Warfare, pp185 1160:Kern, Paul B., Ancient Siege Warfare, pp184 1135:Kern, Paul B., Ancient Siege Warfare, pp183 1078:Kern, Paul B., Ancient Siege Warfare, pp174 379:from 397 to 278 BC. In retaliation for the 1772: 371:was the first of four unsuccessful sieges 199: 185: 1014:Dionysius repopulated the ruined city of 971: 763: 171:Unknown, plague killed majority of troops 1656:Church, Alfred J., Carthage, pp57 - pp58 845: 781: 754: 721: 666: 635:The mainstay of the Greek army was the 594: 459: 1976: 1938: 1808:Sicily: Phoenician, Greek & Roman 1305:Sicily, Phoenician, Greek & Roman 496:). In 398 BC, Dionysius attacked the 180: 1294:Church, Alfred J., Carthage, pp54-55 1171:Sicily Phoenician, Greek & Roman 1146:Sicily Phoenician, Greek & Roman 1087:Freeman, Edward A., Sicily, pp160-65 962: 886: 817: 655:warriors, were present as well. The 623:The Punic navy was built around the 168:Unknown, less than the Carthaginians 53:Summer of 397 BC to summer of 396 BC 1185:Church, Alfred J., Carthage, p53-54 933: 895: 542:easily captured and sacked the city 13: 1994:Battles involving ancient Syracuse 689:, the mother city of Syracuse and 562: 14: 2020: 1925:Complete book (scanned by Google) 1916: 1829:. Indiana University Publishers. 1647:Church, Alfred J., Carthage, pp58 1319:Church, Alfred J., Carthage, pp55 1069:Church, Alfred J., Carthage, pp45 515: 206: 1928: 1869:. New York: Barnes & Noble. 1820:. Vol. IV. T. Fisher Unwin. 1811:(3rd ed.). T. Fisher Unwin. 1800:(4th ed.). T. Fisher Unwin. 1629:Church, Alfred J., Carthage, p57 1108:Church, Alfred J., Carthage, p47 369:siege of Syracuse in 397 BC 35: 1747: 1735: 1726: 1713: 1688: 1675: 1650: 1641: 1632: 1623: 1614: 1605: 1592: 1563: 1554: 1545: 1536: 1523: 1514: 1501: 1485: 1460: 1447: 1422: 1409: 1396: 1387: 1362: 1353: 1344: 1335: 1322: 1297: 1288: 1259: 1246: 1226: 1201: 1188: 1163: 1138: 925:Punic fleet decimated at Dascon 630: 375:forces would undertake against 1571:Dionysius I: Warlord of Sicily 1330:Dionysius I: Warlord of Sicily 1267:Warfare in the Classical World 1254:Warfare in the Classical World 1196:Dionysius I: Warlord of Sicily 1129: 1120: 1111: 1090: 1081: 1072: 1063: 1054: 591:later joined him from Greece. 492:), and new ships (such as the 1: 1048: 1030:Carthage: plagued by problems 422: 1984:Battles of the Sicilian Wars 1620:Diodorus Siculus, X.IV.72–74 1457:, pp123 - pp124, pp509-pp510 1003: 947:Strange political bedfellows 7: 1816:Freeman, Edward A. (1894). 1805:Freeman, Edward A. (1892). 1560:Diodorus Siculus X.IV.68–70 957:saving western civilization 842:Summer 396: the siege fails 10: 2025: 2009:Sieges of Syracuse, Sicily 1794:Church, Alfred J. (1886). 718:Fortifications of Syracuse 680:Preparations for the siege 579:after arriving in Sicily. 22:Siege of Syracuse (397 BC) 1741:Diodorus Siculus, X.IV.88 1732:Diodorus Siculus, X.IV.90 1710:Diodorus Siculus, X.IV.78 1672:Diodorus Siculus, X.IV.75 1638:Diodorus Siculus, X.IV.73 1611:Diodorus Siculus, X.IV.72 1404:History of Sicily Vol. 4 1393:Diodorus Siculus, X.IV.10 1359:Diodorus Siculus, X.III.5 1126:Diodorus Siculus, X.IV.55 905:Attack on the Punic forts 880:siege of Akragas (406 BC) 858: 773:Carthaginian preparations 557:Battle of Catana (397 BC) 216: 162: 133: 108: 89: 45: 34: 26: 21: 1848:. Blackwell Publishers. 1721:History of Sicily Vol. 4 1696:History of Sicily Vol. 4 1683:History of Sicily Vol. 4 1600:History of Sicily Vol. 4 1587:History of Sicily Vol. 4 1551:Diodorus Siculus X.IV.64 1531:History of Sicily Vol. 4 1509:History of Sicily Vol IV 1482:Diodorus Siculus X.IV.63 1468:History of Sicily Vol. 4 1455:History of Sicily Vol IV 1444:Diodorus Siculus X.IV.62 1417:History of Sicily Vol. 4 1384:Diodorus Siculus, X.IV.7 1350:Diodorus Siculus, XIV.60 1221:History of Sicily Vol IV 1207:Diodorus Siculus, XIV.62 1758:. Cooper Square Press. 504:with an army of 80,000 1844:Lancel, Serge (1997). 1825:Kern, Paul B. (1999). 1779:. Barnes & Noble. 972:Duplicity of Dionysius 851: 764:Preliminary activities 727: 602:Iberian light infantry 415:melted away while the 109:Commanders and leaders 1902:37.06917°N 15.28750°E 1863:Warry, John (1993) . 1827:Ancient Siege Warfare 1754:Baker, G. P. (1999). 1370:Ancient Siege Warfare 849: 782:Carthaginian strategy 755:The Carthaginian camp 725: 385:Dionysius of Syracuse 163:Casualties and losses 1776:Hannibal's Campaigns 1694:Freeman, Edward A., 1598:Freeman, Edward A., 1585:Freeman, Edward A., 1529:Freeman, Edward A., 1507:Freeman, Edward A., 1491:Freeman, Edward A., 1466:Freeman, Edward A., 1453:Freeman, Edward A., 1303:Freeman, Edward A., 1265:Warry, John (1993). 1252:Warry, John (1993). 1219:Freeman, Edward A., 1169:Freeman, Edward A., 1144:Freeman, Edward A., 812:Pharakidas of Sparta 714:, remained at port. 667:Prelude to the siege 595:Carthaginian cohorts 460:Dionysius gets ready 1898: /  1846:Carthage: A History 1773:Bath, Tony (1992). 1719:Freeman, Edward A. 1681:Freeman, Edward A. 1415:Freeman, Edward A. 1402:Freeman, Edward A. 749:Athenian Expedition 732:Sicilian Expedition 706:and captured Greek 1907:37.06917; 15.28750 1232:Makroe, Glenn E., 852: 728: 685:Italy and Greece ( 584:defeat of his navy 2004:390s BC conflicts 1961:Missing or empty 1954:cite encyclopedia 1818:History of Sicily 1493:History of Sicily 963:Himilco's dilemma 887:Dionysius strikes 818:Danger of success 657:Phalanx formation 364: 363: 356:Strait of Messina 175: 174: 85: 84: 2016: 1970: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1949: 1932: 1931: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1880: 1859: 1840: 1821: 1812: 1801: 1790: 1769: 1742: 1739: 1733: 1730: 1724: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1699: 1692: 1686: 1679: 1673: 1670: 1657: 1654: 1648: 1645: 1639: 1636: 1630: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1603: 1596: 1590: 1583: 1574: 1567: 1561: 1558: 1552: 1549: 1543: 1540: 1534: 1527: 1521: 1518: 1512: 1505: 1499: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1471: 1464: 1458: 1451: 1445: 1442: 1433: 1426: 1420: 1413: 1407: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1385: 1382: 1373: 1366: 1360: 1357: 1351: 1348: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1326: 1320: 1317: 1308: 1301: 1295: 1292: 1286: 1283: 1270: 1263: 1257: 1250: 1244: 1230: 1224: 1217: 1208: 1205: 1199: 1192: 1186: 1183: 1174: 1167: 1161: 1158: 1149: 1142: 1136: 1133: 1127: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1109: 1106: 1097: 1094: 1088: 1085: 1079: 1076: 1070: 1067: 1061: 1058: 934:A good days work 917: 916: 912: 896:Subtle treachery 871: 870: 866: 830: 829: 825: 433:siege of Akragas 211: 201: 194: 187: 178: 177: 158:2,000 transports 47: 46: 39: 19: 18: 2024: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2015: 2014: 2013: 1974: 1973: 1962: 1960: 1951: 1950: 1929: 1919: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1897: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1884: 1877: 1856: 1837: 1787: 1766: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1702: 1698:, pp147 – pp149 1693: 1689: 1685:, pp141 – pp143 1680: 1676: 1671: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1597: 1593: 1589:, pp134 – pp135 1584: 1577: 1573:, pp115 – pp116 1568: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1542:Polyanios II.11 1541: 1537: 1533:, pp125 – pp127 1528: 1524: 1519: 1515: 1506: 1502: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1474: 1470:, pp509 – pp510 1465: 1461: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1436: 1427: 1423: 1414: 1410: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1376: 1368:Kern, Paul B., 1367: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1341:Polyainos 5.2.9 1340: 1336: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1311: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1273: 1264: 1260: 1251: 1247: 1231: 1227: 1218: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1177: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1152: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1032: 1006: 974: 965: 949: 936: 927: 918: 914: 910: 908: 907: 898: 889: 872: 868: 864: 862: 861: 844: 831: 827: 823: 821: 820: 807: 784: 775: 766: 757: 720: 682: 669: 633: 597: 565: 563:Opposing forces 518: 462: 431:who, after the 425: 365: 360: 341:2nd White Tunis 336:1st White Tunis 212: 207: 205: 157: 155: 154:40 quinqueremes 153: 145: 140: 126: 117: 99:Sicilian Greeks 98: 73: 40: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2022: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1972: 1971: 1942:, ed. (1870). 1940:Smith, William 1926: 1918: 1917:External links 1915: 1882: 1881: 1875: 1860: 1854: 1841: 1835: 1822: 1813: 1802: 1791: 1785: 1770: 1764: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1743: 1734: 1725: 1712: 1700: 1687: 1674: 1658: 1649: 1640: 1631: 1622: 1613: 1604: 1591: 1575: 1569:Caven, Brian, 1562: 1553: 1544: 1535: 1522: 1513: 1500: 1484: 1472: 1459: 1446: 1434: 1421: 1408: 1395: 1386: 1374: 1361: 1352: 1343: 1334: 1328:Caven, Brian, 1321: 1309: 1296: 1287: 1271: 1258: 1245: 1225: 1209: 1200: 1194:Caven, Brian, 1187: 1175: 1162: 1150: 1137: 1128: 1119: 1110: 1098: 1089: 1080: 1071: 1062: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1031: 1028: 1005: 1002: 989: 988: 985: 982: 973: 970: 964: 961: 948: 945: 935: 932: 926: 923: 906: 903: 897: 894: 888: 885: 860: 857: 843: 840: 819: 816: 806: 803: 783: 780: 774: 771: 765: 762: 756: 753: 719: 716: 681: 678: 668: 665: 632: 629: 596: 593: 564: 561: 517: 516:The war begins 514: 461: 458: 424: 421: 401:sacked Messana 381:siege of Motya 362: 361: 359: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 217: 214: 213: 204: 203: 196: 189: 181: 173: 172: 169: 165: 164: 160: 159: 150: 136: 135: 131: 130: 121: 111: 110: 106: 105: 100: 92: 91: 87: 86: 83: 82: 79: 75: 74: 61: 59: 55: 54: 51: 43: 42: 32: 31: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2021: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1968: 1955: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1935:public domain 1927: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1914: 1911: 1878: 1876:1-56619-463-6 1872: 1868: 1867: 1861: 1857: 1855:1-57718-103-4 1851: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1836:0-253-33546-9 1832: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1792: 1788: 1786:0-88029-817-0 1782: 1778: 1777: 1771: 1767: 1765:0-8154-1005-0 1761: 1757: 1752: 1751: 1738: 1729: 1722: 1716: 1707: 1705: 1697: 1691: 1684: 1678: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1653: 1644: 1635: 1626: 1617: 1608: 1601: 1595: 1588: 1582: 1580: 1572: 1566: 1557: 1548: 1539: 1532: 1526: 1517: 1510: 1504: 1498: 1494: 1488: 1479: 1477: 1469: 1463: 1456: 1450: 1441: 1439: 1431: 1425: 1418: 1412: 1405: 1399: 1390: 1381: 1379: 1371: 1365: 1356: 1347: 1338: 1331: 1325: 1316: 1314: 1306: 1300: 1291: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1268: 1262: 1255: 1249: 1243: 1242:0-520-22614-3 1239: 1235: 1229: 1222: 1216: 1214: 1204: 1197: 1191: 1182: 1180: 1172: 1166: 1157: 1155: 1147: 1141: 1132: 1123: 1114: 1105: 1103: 1093: 1084: 1075: 1066: 1057: 1053: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1001: 998: 993: 986: 983: 980: 979: 978: 969: 960: 958: 954: 944: 942: 931: 922: 913: 902: 893: 884: 881: 876: 867: 856: 848: 839: 835: 826: 815: 813: 802: 798: 795: 790: 779: 770: 761: 752: 750: 744: 742: 736: 733: 724: 715: 713: 709: 705: 699: 696: 692: 688: 677: 673: 664: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 628: 626: 621: 618: 614: 609: 607: 603: 592: 590: 585: 580: 578: 574: 570: 560: 558: 552: 550: 545: 543: 539: 534: 531: 527: 523: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 476: 472: 468: 457: 455: 451: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 429:Hannibal Mago 420: 418: 414: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 357: 354: 352: 351:3rd Lilybaeum 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 306:2nd Lilybaeum 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 221:1st Lilybaeum 219: 218: 215: 210: 209:Sicilian Wars 202: 197: 195: 190: 188: 183: 182: 179: 170: 167: 166: 161: 152:50,000 troops 151: 149: 144: 139:30,000 troops 138: 137: 132: 129: 125: 122: 120: 116: 113: 112: 107: 104: 101: 97: 94: 93: 88: 81:Greek victory 80: 77: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 57: 56: 52: 49: 48: 44: 38: 33: 30: 29:Sicilian Wars 25: 20: 1963:|title= 1943: 1883: 1865: 1845: 1826: 1817: 1807: 1796: 1775: 1755: 1748:Bibliography 1737: 1728: 1720: 1715: 1695: 1690: 1682: 1677: 1652: 1643: 1634: 1625: 1616: 1607: 1599: 1594: 1586: 1570: 1565: 1556: 1547: 1538: 1530: 1525: 1516: 1508: 1503: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1467: 1462: 1454: 1449: 1429: 1424: 1416: 1411: 1403: 1398: 1389: 1369: 1364: 1355: 1346: 1337: 1329: 1324: 1304: 1299: 1290: 1269:. pp. 102-3. 1266: 1261: 1256:. pp. 98-99. 1253: 1248: 1233: 1228: 1220: 1203: 1195: 1190: 1170: 1165: 1145: 1140: 1131: 1122: 1113: 1092: 1083: 1074: 1065: 1056: 1043: 1037: 1033: 1007: 994: 990: 975: 966: 956: 952: 950: 937: 928: 919: 899: 890: 877: 873: 853: 836: 832: 808: 799: 793: 788: 785: 776: 767: 758: 745: 740: 737: 729: 708:quinqueremes 700: 683: 674: 670: 661: 634: 631:Greek forces 622: 610: 598: 581: 566: 553: 546: 535: 519: 463: 426: 409: 373:Carthaginian 368: 366: 346:4th Syracuse 331:3rd Syracuse 326:Himera River 316:2nd Syracuse 276:1st Syracuse 275: 156:200 triremes 143:quinqueremes 90:Belligerents 27:Part of The 1905: / 1234:Phoenicians 1024:Tauromenium 693:, a fellow 549:Tauromenion 494:Quinquereme 482:mercenaries 480:. He hired 281:Tauromenium 241:1st Akragas 1978:Categories 1893:15°17â€ē15â€ģE 1890:37°04â€ē09â€ģN 1428:Plutarch, 1236:, p 84-86 1049:References 1000:enslaved. 573:garrisoned 508:and 3,000 498:Phoenician 423:Background 399:, Himilco 236:2nd Himera 226:1st Himera 1004:Aftermath 953:barbarian 789:straddled 741:Pentaplya 397:Lilybaeum 321:Crimissus 286:Abacaenum 115:Dionysius 1797:Carthage 1756:Hannibal 1020:Tyndaris 794:straddle 704:triremes 653:Etruscan 645:peltasts 606:Hoplites 589:triremes 577:Elymians 569:triremes 506:infantry 500:city of 490:Catapult 478:Leontini 475:annexing 454:Leontini 445:Camarina 417:Iberians 377:Syracuse 251:Camarina 148:triremes 134:Strength 119:Leptines 103:Carthage 96:Syracuse 63:Syracuse 58:Location 1999:390s BC 1937::  1723:, pp153 1602:, pp136 1511:, pp127 1497:, pp127 1372:, pp174 1332:, pp111 1307:, pp176 1223:, pp113 1198:, pp107 1148:, pp173 1016:Messana 687:Corinth 649:Samnite 637:Hoplite 625:trireme 613:Numidia 526:Palermo 522:Entella 510:cavalry 486:Ortygia 450:Messina 437:Akragas 393:Magonid 391:of the 389:Himilco 311:Drepana 301:Cronium 291:Chrysas 266:Messene 261:Segesta 231:Selinus 124:Himilco 1989:397 BC 1873:  1852:  1833:  1783:  1762:  1495:Vol 4. 1432:, pp27 1419:, pp49 1406:, pp12 1240:  1173:, p173 997:Sicels 941:Himera 909:": --> 863:": --> 859:Plague 822:": --> 712:Catana 691:Sparta 641:Sicels 473:, and 471:Catana 413:Sicels 405:Catana 296:Cabala 271:Catana 78:Result 67:Sicily 1011:Solus 695:Doric 617:Gauls 530:Solus 502:Motya 467:Naxos 256:Motya 71:Italy 1967:help 1871:ISBN 1850:ISBN 1831:ISBN 1781:ISBN 1760:ISBN 1430:Dion 1238:ISBN 1039:Mago 911:edit 865:edit 824:edit 538:Eryx 528:and 469:and 452:and 443:and 441:Gela 367:The 246:Gela 128:Mago 50:Date 651:or 383:by 146:30 141:80 1980:: 1958:: 1956:}} 1952:{{ 1703:^ 1661:^ 1578:^ 1475:^ 1437:^ 1377:^ 1312:^ 1274:^ 1212:^ 1178:^ 1153:^ 1101:^ 608:. 524:, 439:, 407:. 387:, 69:, 65:, 1969:) 1965:( 1948:. 1879:. 1858:. 1839:. 1789:. 1768:. 915:] 869:] 828:] 200:e 193:t 186:v

Index

Sicilian Wars

Syracuse
Sicily
Italy
Syracuse
Carthage
Dionysius
Leptines
Himilco
Mago
quinqueremes
triremes
v
t
e
Sicilian Wars
1st Lilybaeum
1st Himera
Selinus
2nd Himera
1st Akragas
Gela
Camarina
Motya
Segesta
Messene
Catana
1st Syracuse
Tauromenium

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