Battle of Selinus - Knowledge

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Punic infantry to exploit. After the rubble was cleared away from the breaches, groups of soldiers assaulting in relays were unleashed on the town defenders through the gaps in the walls. Once the walls were breached, the Greeks abandoned their effort to defend them. They barricaded the narrow streets and fought a fierce hand-to-hand battle with the attackers. For nine days and nights a bitter street-by-street battle raged, the Iberian troops of the Punic army leading the assault against the Greeks. The Greeks fought back fiercely in the streets, while tiles and bricks were hurled on the Carthaginians by women on the rooftops. Despite heavy casualties, the weight of numbers slowly enabled the Carthaginians to advance through the city. On the ninth day, the Greek women ran out of missiles, which eased the conditions for the Carthaginians. The Greeks began to fall back and ultimately the last stand of the Greeks took place in the

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pro Carthaginian Selinute, obtained permission to eventually rebuild the city and ransom prisoners. The Carthaginians razed the city to the ground, but spared the temples from any desecration, although the temple treasures were carried off. The mission entrusted to Hannibal had been totally fulfilled with the destruction of Selinus. Instead of returning to Carthage or negotiating a truce with the now hostile Greeks, Hannibal chose to march against Himera, the site of the crushing Carthaginian defeat in 480. Syracusans, alert to the situation, began preparations to aid Himera in earnest. It is not known if the city of Himera had played a part in the battle of Selinus.

685:, a member of the Magonid dynasty – and no lover of Greeks. From the Carthaginian prospective, probably three factors stood out: A victory over Selinus would mean a strong power in Western Sicily capable of supporting Punic interests, the submission of Segesta would enlarge the Carthaginian domain, but at the same time any intervention risks a war with the mighty Syracuse. The Carthaginian Senate debated the matter at length, and the influence of Hannibal finally secured a verdict for accepting Segestan submission to the Punic hegemony and lending aid to Segesta. Hannibal was authorized to aid Segesta by any means necessary. 707:

Selinus was plundering Segestan territory and had scattered into small groups because of carelessness, the reinforced army of Segesta sallied forth, caught the scattered Selinute soldiers by surprise, inflicted almost 1,000 casualties on the Greeks and captured all the booty collected by them. Segesta was secure from Greek raids for the moment, as the Greeks retreated back to Selinus after this clobbering. Syracuse received a request for aid from Selinus after this fiasco, which was voted but nothing was done at this time. Segesta meanwhile, probably fearful of Syracusan retaliation, appealed for further aid to Carthage.

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relations with the native Sicilians and the Phoenicians, the Dorian Greeks were comparably more aggressive, pushing inland at the expense of the natives to expand the Greek domain. Conflicts among the Greeks colonies and between the natives and Greeks erupted, but these were mostly localised affairs without any decisive results or intervention from non-Sicilian powers. The Phoenicians and Carthaginians traded with everyone in Sicily and on the whole all the island colonies prospered. This prosperity caused some of the Greek cities to start to expand their territories again, ultimately leading to the events known as the

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city of Mazara, an outpost of Selinus, on the way. This city served as the supply base for the Punic army during the campaign. The army carried their siege equipment with them to Selinus, while the Carthaginian fleet stayed at Motya. Selinus, however, was forewarned of Hannibal's approach, as some of their cavalry had scouted out the Carthaginian army on their arrival at Motya and issued prompt warnings. The Selinute citizens prepared their defenses, called all their citizens outside the city to within their walls, and collected provisions to stand a siege, while requests for help were sent to

668:, but had not intervened in Sicilian affairs – and Sicilian Greeks had also refrained from provoking her. By changing trade patterns and consolidating markets Carthage had by 430 amassed a huge hoard of gold and silver. The Greeks were aware of the growing power of Carthage, which is why Syracuse had contemplated requesting her aid against the Athenian invasion, while the Athenians actually asked Carthage for aid during the invasion. Carthage had denied aid to both, and also declined to help Segesta in 416. The situation was different in 411, when the Segastans renewed their plea. 857:, broke off hostilities to gather a relief army, but the speed of their preparations was dictated by the assumption that Selinus would hold out for a long time against the Carthaginians. This assumption was erroneous because the Carthaginians were superior at siege warfare. One scholar had commented that among the Greek states of the 5th century, Athens had a reputation for being the most formidable in siege warfare, but compared to the skill of Asian and African powers in this art, its reputation is like the reputation of a one-eyed man among the blind. 631:

Syracuse to intervene in vain, in fact Syracuse joined Selinus and sent a fleet to blockade the Elymian coast. In desperation Segesta sent an embassy to Carthage, but the Carthaginians refused any aid. Segesta had allied with Athens in 426 BC when they had intervened in Sicily for the first time and an embassy was sent to Athens begging aid. The resultant Athenian invasion of Sicily during 415-413 BC was destroyed by a combined effort of Sicilian cities including Selinus and Syracuse. As an ally of Athens, the position of Segesta had become precarious.

483:. The year this event took place is not known, but Carthage did not intervene in Sicily again until 480 after Heraclea had been destroyed. Carthage granted the Sicilian Phoenicians local autonomy, keeping control of their foreign policy, extracting some sort of tribute in exchange for military aid. The Elymians, dominated by Segesta, were given allied status, protecting them from further hostility of Selinus, which had also allied herself with Carthage because of the threat presented by the rise of 458:(which lies across the Phoenician colony of Motya) was defeated by their joint effort. Nothing is known of the role of Carthage in this episode, and it is possible that the Sicilian Phoenicians were not a part of the Punic hegemony at that time. The Carthaginian king Malchus is said to have "conquered all Sicily" and sent booty captured to Tyre sometime after this event. This probably implies that Carthage had incorporated the Phoenician colonies of 819:

cities ample time to send a large army and foil the Carthaginian enterprise. Instead of starving the Greeks into submission, Hannibal chose to attack the city directly with the help of siege equipment. A repeat of the Carthaginian debacle at Himera was not on Hannibal's agenda. The Carthaginian army did not immediately attack Selinus; some time was taken to set up the siege works and assemble the siege engines.

845:, was ultimately repulsed after an all-day battle, part of the reason being that the rubble of the walls had not been cleared away and it impeded the movements of the Carthaginian detachment. While the men of Selinus fought off the Carthaginians, the women and old men carried supplies to the walls and effected repairs. At nightfall, the Carthaginians broke off the assault and retired to their camp. 1496: 37: 694:

would have enlarged the Carthaginian domain (Segesta was a dependency now), ensured Segestan security without war. The Carthaginian offer was debated in council, and Empidion, a citizen with ties to Carthage, strongly advocated acceptance of these terms to avoid a conflict with Carthage. The Greeks of Selinus chose to decline the Carthaginian offer.

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Syracusans that they should mediate in the matter, Syracusans replied that they would neither break their alliance with Selinus nor break the peace with Carthage. Carthage thus had a free hand to deal with Selinus, without the fear of outright interference from Syracuse. Carthaginian diplomacy had managed to isolate Selinus for the time being.

785:, and the city also had a considerable number of cavalry available for its defence. Little is known about the state of Selinute warships or their disposition at this time. Selinus had fought most of its war away from the city after 480, so it is understandable that the walls of Selinus were said to have fallen into ill repair. During the 618:

Segesta, Selinus and Akragas took place, details are confusing except that Carthage was not involved, Selinus won a victory and the Elymians had appealed for aid from Athens without any known results. After a peace lasting almost 3 decades, Segestan power seem to have weakened and Selinus opened hostilities in 416 BC.

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Sicily and a relatively stronger opponent compared to Segesta. Furthermore, Segesta was allied to an enemy power and conquering the Elymians would have given Selinus control of an area rivaling that of Syracuse in size and direct land access to the Tyrrhenian Sea – and direct trade route with the

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Hannibal renewed his efforts the following day. Archers and slingers positioned on top of the six siege towers again cleared the walls of Greek defenders at different sections of the city wall. Six battering rams were again employed against the walls and ultimately several breaches were made for the

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to the south of the hill contained the original city, which later extended towards the north, covering the whole hill. Somewhere North of the acropolis was the agora. Selinus contained two harbors located to the west and east of the hill on the mouths of the rivers. To the west and east of the city,

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Carthage maintained no standing army, so Hannibal initially sent an army made of 5,000 African soldiers and 800 Italian mercenaries (previously in service with the Athenian expedition) to Sicily, (Carthage also provided horses for the Italians), and stationed this force at Segesta. While the army of

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the soldiers, supplies, and siege equipment were ferried from Africa to Motya in Sicily by 1,500 transports in the spring of 409. Levies from the Sicilian Punic cities and Segesta joined the force at Motya. Hannibal allowed one day rest for his soldiers before setting out for Selinus, capturing the

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Hannibal, responding to the Segestan appeal, put together a larger force, said to have numbered 120,000 men, including 4,000 cavalry, recruited from Africa, Sardinia, Spain, and even Sicilian Greeks, and this army even contained many Carthaginian volunteers. Modern estimates place the army strength

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The Syracusan vanguard of 3,000 troops under Diocles had arrived at Akragas when Carthaginians finally captured Selinus. Unable to aid in the defense of that city, Diocles opened negotiations with Hannibal. The first Greek delegation was given harsh answers, but the second one led by Empediones, a

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The Carthaginian army reached the city before any help arrived and camped on the western hill near the acropolis before commencing siege operations. Hannibal did not fully invest Selinus by building circumvallation walls, as the construction delay might have given Syracuse and other Sicilian Greek

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The Carthaginian army composed of mercenaries from various nations. The Libyans supplied both heavy and light infantry and formed the most disciplined units of the army. The heavy infantry fought in close formation, armed with long spears and round shields, wearing helmets and linen cuirasses. The

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After the Athenian defeat, Selinus sought to expand her domain again. Her geographic position meant an expansion had to be against either Motya to the West or Akragas to the east or against Segesta to the north. Conflict with Motya meant taking on Carthage, while Akragas was the wealthiest city in

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Greek Selinus and Elymian Segesta share a long history of trade and conflict. The cities were trading partners and had a close enough relationship to have passed laws allowing inter-marriage between citizens. There had been conflicts as well; The Phoenicians had aided the Elymians to beat back the

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of Syracuse for his raiding on Punic territory in 407, who would rebuild the walls of Selinus. The peace of 405 would allow Greeks to resettle in Selinus, but as a city, Selinus would never rise to its former glory, and would never again be a threat to Segesta. It was finally destroyed during the

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The Selinites took this opportunity to again send messages to Akragas, Gela, and Syracuse and to repair the damage to their walls. Horsemen carried the messages, and could have reached Syracuse in two days; the Syracusans could have reached the city in five. Akragas and Gela opted to wait for the

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Hannibal was not influenced by his personal feelings while tackling his task. He sent an embassy to Selinus proposing they keep the disputed lands in exchange for a ceasefire with Segesta. This move gave Carthage some time to mobilize troops, as they had no standing army, and had it succeeded, it

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into the Punic hegemony led by Carthage, which had begun to resist Greek encroachment of the Western Mediterranean after 600 BC. The growth of Selinus and Himera during the period Malchus was active in Sicily indicates that Carthaginians were not in conflict with the Sicilian Greeks at that time.

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also provided cavalry, which relied on the all out charge. Allied cities of the Punic hegemony contributed contingents for the army as well. Carthaginian officer corps held overall command of the army, although many units may have fought under their chieftains. Greeks hired from Sicily and Italy

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and Eryx. It is unknown what role Segesta played in the war where Carthage destroyed Minoa. Segesta was neutral during the first battle of Himera (ironically Selinus had sided Carthage). The period following Himera was one of prosperity for both cities. Around 454 BC, a conflict involving Motya,

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was founded in around 648, bordering the Phoenician territory of Soluntum. The Dorian Greeks founded Syracuse in 734 and spread south then west along the coastline until Selinus was founded around 654, bordering the Phoenician territory of Motya. While the Ionian Greeks on the whole had friendly

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Selinus was one of the richest cities in Sicily, settled by Dorian Greeks from Megara Hybla in 628. Although not in the same league with Syracuse and Akragas, its location and citizens were expected to offer a taught defence - which was the assumption made by the Syracusans when preparing their

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Hannibal next sent Carthaginian and Segestan envoys to Syracuse, with a proposition that they mediate in the dispute between Selinus and Segesta – calculating that Selinus would refuse arbitration and then Syracuse would decline to become further involved. When a Selinite embassy told the

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in 415, an event that led to the Athenian invasion of Sicily in 415 and ended in the defeat of Athenian forces in 413. When Selinus again worsted Segesta in 411, Carthage, responding to the appeal of Segesta, had besieged and sacked Selinus after the Carthaginian offer of negotiations had been

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supported by the Italian mercenaries on the first day. The rams were covered by iron plating to secure them against fire. Selinus had not experienced any siege in the recent past so had little knowledge about dealing with siege warfare. The siege towers, which were taller than the city walls,

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wore purple-bordered white tunics and leather headgear. Iberian heavy infantry fought in a dense phalanx, armed with heavy throwing spears, long body shields, and short thrusting swords. Campanian, Sardinian and Gallic infantry fought in their native gear, but often were equipped by Carthage.

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and occupied some disputed lands on the border of Segestan domain and started to raid Segestan territory. Segesta requested the Greeks to stop, and when this was not heeded, they managed to recapture the lands, but the Greeks defeated them in a later battle. Segesta then requested Akragas and

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This defeat of an external power brought prosperity, but not peace, for Sicilians, Greeks, and non-Greeks alike. The political landscape in Sicily during those years changed as some of the Greek tyrants were replaced by democracy and oligarchy, the influence of Syracuse shrank in Sicily and

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Firstly, Segesta decided to submit to Carthage and become a dependent ally. This probably meant that Segesta would retain internal and commercial autonomy, but surrender control of foreign policy, pay for any Punic garrison housed in Elymian territory and perhaps pay tribute in return for

870:. When all resistance finally ceased in Selinus, 6,000 Greeks were made prisoners, 3,000 soldiers had escaped to Akragas, while 16,000 Greeks had died in the battle and the subsequent massacre. The Carthaginians spared only those who had sought shelter in the temples in the city. 777:

Large Sicilian cities like Syracuse and Akragas could field up to 10,000 to 20,000 citizens, while smaller ones like Himera and Messana mustered between 3,000 and 6,000 soldiers. Selinus probably had between 3,000 and 5,000 soldiers, and no mercenaries to augment their numbers.

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had started their colonisation of Sicily after 800 BC. The Phoenicians had initially planted trading posts all over the coast of Sicily, but never penetrated far inland and ultimately withdrew without resistance to the western half of the island (concentrating in the cities of

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and missile troops. These attacked the defenders on the walls, who were ultimately forced to flee from the hail of missiles. Then the battering rams were employed against the walls, which were eventually breached. However, the follow-up infantry attack, led by the

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The Libyans, Carthaginian citizens and the Libyo-Phoenicians provided disciplined, well trained cavalry equipped with thrusting spears and round shields. Numidia contributed superb light cavalry armed with bundles of javelins and riding without bridle or saddle.

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in 424. Peace between Greeks and the natives of Sicily was not part of this agreement. Ironically, the defeated Carthaginians and their allies, the Elymians seem to have enjoyed comparably more peaceful existence after the battle of Himera until 415.

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Thus three powers were delicately balanced in Sicily by 483. Carthage kept the peace between Elymians and Selinus, while the Ionian Greeks in the north (led by Himera and Rhegion) faced the Dorians Greeks from the South, led by Syracuse and

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beyond the rivers, are two hills on top of which some of the temples of the city are located. The exact location of the city wall cannot be traced, but it may have covered at least the acropolis and hill on which the city stood.

575:. This situation changed when Theron, with support from citizens of Himera, deposed Terillus and took over that city in 483 BC. Carthage intervened at the instigation of Anaxilus, and the Sicilian Greeks under the tyrants 663:

Carthage, during the 70 years following the battle of Himera, had expanded her domain in Africa, explored new trade routes on the Atlantic coasts of Africa and Europe and had pacified Sardinia under the leadership of the

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The Phoenicians in Sicily had not resisted the initial Greek expansion by force of arms, but this state of affairs changed when the Greeks began to encroach on their territory in Western Sicily. Phoenicians had aided the

655:. Segesta, fearing that any resistance would bring Syracuse into the fray against them, remained passive, but the Greeks continued to raid Segestan domain. Segesta now sent an embassy to Carthage begging for protection. 587:. The Carthaginian domain in Western Sicily was untouched by this defeat. Carthage had refrained from intervening in Sicilian affairs for 70 years while expanding her hegemony in Africa, Sardinia and Spain. 551:, allied with Gelo to forestall any future conflicts between the neighboring powers. The Ionian Greeks, having lost Naxos and Catana to Gelan aggression, responded by creating an alliance between tyrants of 523:, sought to expand their dominion at the expense of native Sicilians and other Greek cities during 505 -480 BC, with the Dorian city of Gela being the most successful. Tyrants like Cleander and 789:, all citizens, including women and old men, were mobilized, and most served as improvised missile troops. By pelting the attacking enemy with tiles, brick and other objects, these impromptu 760:

The city of Selinus sits on a hill (height approximately 47 metres (154 ft), it is gently sloped on three sides except on the seaward side to the south) between the rivers Selinus and

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Leaving a detachment on the eastern side of the city to foil any approaching Greek relief army, the Carthaginians probably attacked the northern side of the city with six wooden

201: 479:, a clear indication that Carthage now held sway over the Phoenician interests in Sicily. A war followed this event, which eventually led to Carthage destroying the city of 286: 291: 515:

of Sparta, the brother of Dorieus and who later would win immortal fame at a narrow pass called the Gates of Fire near Thermopylae in 480. While Carthage was engaged in

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Punic campaign against Selinus 409 BC. Political boundaries and path of troop movement are inexact because of lack of primary source data. Source map created by

567:, tyrant of Himera. Both Himera and Rhegion also made treaties with Carthage. Terillus went further, becoming guest-friend of Hamicar Mago, "king" of Carthage. 1510: 179: 352:, which took place early in 409 BC, is the opening battle of the so-called Second Sicilian War. The ten-day-long siege and battle was fought in 726: 519:, the Greek colonies in Sicily had fallen under the rule of tyrants. Some of these tyrants, notably those ruling Gela, Akragas, and 172: 1559: 716:

at 30,000-40,000 soldiers. The army started mustering in the summer of 410, and did not set forth until the spring of 409.

1564: 306: 563:, tyrant of Rhegion, who had managed to detach Zankle from the clutches of Syracuse by 485 BC, married the daughter of 311: 165: 1472: 1451: 1432: 1395: 1374: 1187: 1155: 1135: 389:

refused by the Greeks. This was the first step towards Hannibal's campaign to avenge the Carthaginian defeat at the

507:, had been involved in the war that eventually destroyed Heraclea Minoa. An appeal for aid to avenge the death of 336: 1505: 600: 261: 543:

had fallen under Gelan control. Syracuse had managed to survive the attempts of Hippocrates with help from

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against the Dorian Greeks of Selinus in 580, when a Greek colonization attempt of the area around future

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had sent fleets to Sicily in 427, 425 and 424 to intervene in these conflicts, which ultimately caused

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light Libyan infantry carried javelins and a small shield, same as the Iberian light infantry.

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Selinus resumed hostilities in 410, again reoccupying the disputed lands across the River

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Syracusan response before acting on behalf of Selinus. Syracuse, then engaged against

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in 480. The city of Selinus was later rebuilt, but never regained her former status.

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of Syracuse to request all Sicilian Greek cities to remain at peace at the

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in 735, and spread north and west along the island coast until the city of

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successfully took over Sicel and Ionian Greek territory, and by 490,

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took the lead in colonising Sicily among Greeks when they planted

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The Greeks of Selinus crossed the upper reaches of the River

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The island of Sicily contained the Elymians, Sikans, and the

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Herodotus 7.165- no mention of Elymians among the Punic army

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by Carthage, and its citizens were relocated to Lilybaeum.

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Diodorus Siculus 12.82.4-7, Thucydides 6.20.4 & 6.22

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However, Carthage countered the expedition of Spartan

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Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology

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Sicily Phoenician, Greek & Roman, Third Edition

1413: 1404: 1100: 1541: 746: 793:could take a heavy toll during urban fighting. 591:infighting between the Greek cities flared up. 1489:Diodorus Siculus translated by G. Booth (1814) 677:Carthaginian protection. Secondly, one of the 634: 1441: 1422: 173: 1364: 405:living in respective communities before the 1460: 583:crushed the Punic expedition of 480 in the 1383: 882:Selinus would later serve as the base for 671: 180: 166: 607: 475:in 510 and the Greeks were defeated near 658: 621: 511:was ignored by mainland Greece, even by 444: 813: 719: 380:. The city of Selinus had defeated the 1542: 1504: 613:Greek invasions of 580 and 510 BC of 161: 701: 688: 86:Dorian Greek city Selinus destroyed 13: 710: 14: 1581: 1491:Complete book (scanned by Google) 1482: 797:Carthaginian expedition to Sicily 368:, not the famous Hannibal of the 187: 1494: 860: 822: 755: 490: 35: 1342: 1329: 1316: 1307: 1294: 1285: 1272: 1263: 1254: 1241: 1228: 1219: 1210: 1201: 1192: 1172: 1160: 1140: 1120: 1087: 1074: 1061: 1048: 1027: 1018: 997: 16:5th-century BC battle in Sicily 1464:Warfare in The Classical World 988: 979: 966: 957: 944: 935: 926: 913: 900: 1: 894: 781:The soldiers of Selinus were 747:Selinus: location and defence 396: 149:16,000 killed, 6,000 captured 1560:Battles of the Sicilian Wars 1427:. Indiana University Press. 873: 836:contained a large number of 772: 7: 1414:Freeman, Edward A. (1892). 1313:Diodorus Siculus, 13.55.6-7 1280:History of Sicily, Vol. III 1082:History of Sicily, Vol. III 974:History of Sicily, Vol. III 635:Renewed Selinute aggression 364:(a king of Carthage of the 10: 1586: 1565:Military history of Sicily 1405:Church, Alfred J. (1886). 1358: 1260:Diodorus Siculus 13.55.6-7 1225:Diodorus Siculus 13.54.1-5 1198:Diodorus Siculus, X.III.84 952:History of Sicily, Vol. II 43:Marco Prins-Jona Lendering 1207:Diodorus Siculus, X.IV.40 1168:The Dead Cities of Sicily 197: 143: 130: 115: 94: 48: 34: 26: 21: 1467:. Salamander Books Ltd. 1446:. Blackwell Publishers. 1269:Diodorus Siculus 13.55.5 1216:Diodorus Siculus XIII.60 1045:Diodorus Siculus XIII.59 1015:Diodorus Siculus XIII.43 985:Diodorus Siculus, XII.82 1369:. Cooper Square Press. 801:Under the escort of 60 672:Reason for intervention 1442:Lancel, Serge (1997). 1423:Kern, Paul B. (1999). 1291:Diodorus Siculus 13.56 608:Selinus versus Segesta 391:first battle of Himera 116:Commanders and leaders 1425:Ancient Siege Warfare 1407:Carthage, 4th Edition 1390:. Barns & Noble. 1365:Baker, G. P. (1999). 1324:Ancient Siege Warfare 1302:Ancient Siege Warfare 1249:Ancient Siege Warfare 1180:Ancient Siege Warfare 1126:Goldsworthy, Adrian, 1115:Ancient Siege Warfare 1056:Ancient Siege Warfare 659:Carthaginian response 622:Athenenian expedition 445:Carthaginian hegemony 144:Casualties and losses 1461:Warry, John (1993). 1387:Hannibal's Campaigns 1278:Freeman, Edward A., 1128:The fall of Carthage 1093:Freeman, Edward A., 1080:Freeman, Edward A., 972:Freeman, Edward A., 950:Freeman, Edward A., 919:Freeman, Edward A., 906:Freeman, Edward A., 814:Setting up the siege 743:fought as hoplites. 720:Carthaginian cohorts 585:1st battle of Himera 76:Carthaginian Victory 1384:Bath, Tony (1992). 1335:Church, Alfred J., 1234:Freeman Edward A., 1067:Church, Alfred J., 1444:Carthage A History 1418:. T. Fisher Unwin. 1409:. T. Fisher Unwin. 1146:Makroe, Glenn E., 1033:Thucydides VI.88.6 1024:Thucydides VI.34.2 954:, pp. 551-557 book 1555:400s BC conflicts 1527:Missing or empty 1520:cite encyclopedia 1166:Rivela, Antonio, 994:Thucydides VI.6.2 702:Expedition of 410 689:Shuttle diplomacy 350:Battle of Selinus 345: 344: 337:Strait of Messina 156: 155: 90: 89: 22:Battle of Selinus 1577: 1536: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1515: 1498: 1497: 1478: 1457: 1438: 1419: 1410: 1401: 1380: 1353: 1346: 1340: 1333: 1327: 1320: 1314: 1311: 1305: 1298: 1292: 1289: 1283: 1276: 1270: 1267: 1261: 1258: 1252: 1245: 1239: 1232: 1226: 1223: 1217: 1214: 1208: 1205: 1199: 1196: 1190: 1176: 1170: 1164: 1158: 1144: 1138: 1124: 1118: 1111: 1098: 1091: 1085: 1078: 1072: 1065: 1059: 1052: 1046: 1043: 1034: 1031: 1025: 1022: 1016: 1013: 1004: 1001: 995: 992: 986: 983: 977: 970: 964: 961: 955: 948: 942: 939: 933: 932:Thucydides 6.6.2 930: 924: 917: 911: 904: 727:Iberian soldiers 681:of Carthage was 601:congress of Gela 495:Two Greeks from 372:family) and the 192: 182: 175: 168: 159: 158: 50: 49: 39: 19: 18: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1540: 1539: 1528: 1526: 1517: 1516: 1495: 1485: 1475: 1454: 1435: 1398: 1377: 1361: 1356: 1347: 1343: 1334: 1330: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1246: 1242: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1178:Kern, Paul B., 1177: 1173: 1165: 1161: 1145: 1141: 1125: 1121: 1112: 1101: 1092: 1088: 1079: 1075: 1066: 1062: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1007: 1002: 998: 993: 989: 984: 980: 971: 967: 962: 958: 949: 945: 940: 936: 931: 927: 918: 914: 905: 901: 897: 889:First Punic War 876: 863: 825: 816: 799: 775: 758: 749: 722: 713: 711:Main expedition 704: 691: 674: 666:Magonid dynasty 661: 637: 624: 610: 493: 447: 399: 346: 341: 322:2nd White Tunis 317:1st White Tunis 193: 188: 186: 103: 82: 68: 40: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1583: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1538: 1537: 1508:, ed. (1870). 1506:Smith, William 1492: 1484: 1483:External links 1481: 1480: 1479: 1473: 1458: 1452: 1439: 1433: 1420: 1411: 1402: 1396: 1381: 1375: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1354: 1341: 1328: 1322:Kern, Paul B, 1315: 1306: 1300:Kern, Paul B, 1293: 1284: 1271: 1262: 1253: 1247:Kern, Paul B, 1240: 1227: 1218: 1209: 1200: 1191: 1171: 1159: 1139: 1119: 1113:Kern, Paul B, 1099: 1086: 1073: 1060: 1054:Kern, Paul B, 1047: 1035: 1026: 1017: 1005: 1003:Thucydides 6.2 996: 987: 978: 965: 956: 943: 934: 925: 912: 898: 896: 893: 875: 872: 862: 859: 833:battering rams 824: 821: 815: 812: 810:and Syracuse. 798: 795: 774: 771: 757: 754: 748: 745: 721: 718: 712: 709: 703: 700: 690: 687: 673: 670: 660: 657: 636: 633: 623: 620: 609: 606: 492: 489: 481:Heraclea Minoa 446: 443: 398: 395: 366:Magonid family 343: 342: 340: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 198: 195: 194: 185: 184: 177: 170: 162: 154: 153: 150: 146: 145: 141: 140: 137: 133: 132: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 113: 112: 107: 97: 96: 92: 91: 88: 87: 84: 78: 77: 74: 70: 69: 64: 62: 58: 57: 54: 46: 45: 32: 31: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1582: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1545: 1534: 1521: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1501:public domain 1493: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1476: 1474:1-56619-463-6 1470: 1466: 1465: 1459: 1455: 1453:1-57718-103-4 1449: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1434:0-253-33546-9 1430: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1397:0-88029-817-0 1393: 1389: 1388: 1382: 1378: 1376:0-8154-1005-0 1372: 1368: 1363: 1362: 1351: 1345: 1338: 1332: 1325: 1319: 1310: 1303: 1297: 1288: 1281: 1275: 1266: 1257: 1250: 1244: 1237: 1231: 1222: 1213: 1204: 1195: 1189: 1188:0-253-33546-9 1185: 1181: 1175: 1169: 1163: 1157: 1156:0-520-22614-3 1153: 1149: 1143: 1137: 1136:0-253-33546-9 1133: 1129: 1123: 1116: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1096: 1090: 1083: 1077: 1070: 1064: 1057: 1051: 1042: 1040: 1030: 1021: 1012: 1010: 1000: 991: 982: 975: 969: 960: 953: 947: 938: 929: 922: 916: 909: 903: 899: 892: 890: 885: 880: 871: 869: 861:Final assault 858: 856: 852: 846: 844: 839: 834: 830: 823:First assault 820: 811: 809: 804: 794: 792: 788: 784: 779: 770: 767: 764:. The walled 763: 756:City features 753: 752:relief army. 744: 741: 737: 731: 728: 717: 708: 699: 695: 686: 684: 683:Hannibal Mago 680: 669: 667: 656: 654: 649: 647: 643: 632: 629: 619: 616: 605: 602: 598: 594: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 568: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 491:Greek tyrants 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 442: 440: 439: 438:Sicilian Wars 433: 429: 425: 424:Ionian Greeks 421: 417: 413: 408: 404: 394: 392: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 362:Hannibal Mago 360:forces under 359: 355: 351: 338: 335: 333: 332:3rd Lilybaeum 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 287:2nd Lilybaeum 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 202:1st Lilybaeum 200: 199: 196: 191: 190:Sicilian Wars 183: 178: 176: 171: 169: 164: 163: 160: 151: 148: 147: 142: 138: 135: 134: 129: 126: 125:Hannibal Mago 123: 120: 119: 114: 111: 108: 106: 102: 99: 98: 93: 85: 80: 79: 75: 72: 71: 67: 63: 60: 59: 55: 52: 51: 47: 44: 38: 33: 30: 29:Sicilian Wars 25: 20: 1529:|title= 1509: 1463: 1443: 1424: 1415: 1406: 1386: 1366: 1349: 1344: 1336: 1331: 1326:, pp. 165-66 1323: 1318: 1309: 1301: 1296: 1287: 1279: 1274: 1265: 1256: 1248: 1243: 1235: 1230: 1221: 1212: 1203: 1194: 1179: 1174: 1167: 1162: 1150:, pp. 84-86 1147: 1142: 1127: 1122: 1114: 1094: 1089: 1081: 1076: 1068: 1063: 1055: 1050: 1029: 1020: 999: 990: 981: 973: 968: 959: 951: 946: 937: 928: 920: 915: 907: 902: 881: 877: 864: 847: 829:siege towers 826: 817: 800: 780: 776: 759: 750: 732: 723: 714: 705: 696: 692: 675: 662: 650: 638: 625: 611: 589: 569: 494: 448: 436: 400: 358:Carthaginian 356:between the 349: 347: 327:4th Syracuse 312:3rd Syracuse 307:Himera River 297:2nd Syracuse 257:1st Syracuse 211: 95:Belligerents 27:Part of The 1148:Phoenicians 976:, pp. 81-82 884:Hermocrates 597:Hermocrates 525:Hippocrates 407:Phoenicians 262:Tauromenium 222:1st Akragas 81:Territorial 1544:Categories 895:References 843:Campanians 397:Background 376:Greeks of 217:2nd Himera 207:1st Himera 139:40,000 men 136:25,000 men 1570:Selinunte 1348:Freeman, 1182:, p. 164 874:Aftermath 773:Defenders 766:acropolis 648:markets. 646:Massaliot 615:Lilybaeum 456:Lilybaeum 302:Crimissus 267:Abacaenum 1367:Hannibal 1352:, p. 143 1337:Carthage 1304:, p. 166 1282:, p. 464 1251:, p. 163 1238:, p. 142 1130:, p. 32 1117:, p. 164 1084:, p. 453 1069:Carthage 1058:, p. 165 851:Leontini 838:slingers 803:triremes 791:peltasts 783:hoplites 736:Iberians 642:Etruscan 565:Terillus 561:Anaxilas 533:Leontini 517:Sardinia 513:Leonidas 501:Cleander 464:Panormus 452:Elymians 420:Soluntum 416:Panormus 384:city of 232:Camarina 131:Strength 110:Carthage 101:Syracuse 61:Location 1503:: 1359:Sources 1339:, p. 30 1071:, p. 29 923:, p. 67 910:, p. 55 679:Suffets 653:Mazaros 628:Mazaros 573:Akragas 557:Rhegion 545:Corinth 521:Rhegium 509:Dorieus 485:Akragas 473:Dorieus 386:Segesta 382:Elymian 378:Selinus 292:Drepana 282:Cronium 272:Chrysas 247:Messene 242:Segesta 212:Selinus 152:Unknown 121:Unknown 105:Selinus 83:changes 66:Selinus 1550:409 BC 1471: 1450: 1431: 1394: 1373: 1350:Sicily 1236:Sicily 1186: 1154: 1134: 1097:p. 142 1095:Sicily 921:Sicily 908:Sicily 762:Hypsas 593:Athens 581:Theron 553:Himera 549:Theron 539:, and 537:Catana 529:Zankle 466:, and 432:Himera 418:, and 403:Siculi 374:Dorian 370:Barcid 354:Sicily 277:Cabala 252:Catana 73:Result 56:409 BC 868:Agora 855:Naxos 787:siege 740:Gauls 541:Naxos 468:Solus 460:Motya 428:Naxos 412:Motya 237:Motya 1533:help 1469:ISBN 1448:ISBN 1429:ISBN 1392:ISBN 1371:ISBN 1184:ISBN 1152:ISBN 1132:ISBN 853:and 831:and 808:Gela 738:and 644:and 579:and 577:Gelo 555:and 505:Gelo 503:and 497:Gela 477:Eryx 348:The 227:Gela 53:Date 1546:: 1524:: 1522:}} 1518:{{ 1102:^ 1038:^ 1008:^ 559:. 535:, 531:, 499:, 487:. 462:, 441:. 414:, 1535:) 1531:( 1514:. 1477:. 1456:. 1437:. 1400:. 1379:. 181:e 174:t 167:v

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