687:
the
Carthaginian camp. While this group fought with the Campanians and Iberians, the northern group was slow in arriving and did not launch their attack in time. This gave the Carthaginians time to first defeat the Greeks attacking in the south, where Leptines lost 1,000 men before giving way. The Carthaginians gave chase to the retreating Greeks, but Greek ships poured missiles on the advancing Carthaginians, which allowed the fleeing Greeks to reach Gela safely. Some of the Gelan soldiers aided the Greeks, but most held back because they feared leaving the city walls undefended.
748:, which always fought to achieve a favorable outcome, with treaties seen as temporary interludes, the Carthaginians were mostly willing to negotiate and abide by treaties as long as their commercial infrastructure was intact. Carthage had kept to the terms of the treaty after the Battle of Himera in 480 for 70 years. In 149, Carthage continually submitted to the ever harsher and insulting demands of the Roman consuls until they demanded Carthaginians to move to an inland location, ending all their commercial activities. Only then did the Carthaginians renege on the treaty.
472:
generals to death. He gave his soldier double pay from the confiscated property of the dead generals, then returned to
Syracuse to accuse his fellow generals of taking bribes from Carthage. The Syracusan government deposed the others and made Dionysius sole commander. Dionysius marched to Leontini, held an assembly, and after some stage-managed theatrics, promptly got the people to give him a bodyguard of 600 men, which he increased to 1,000. Then he sent Dexippus away and had Daphnaeus and other Syracusan generals executed. The tyranny of Dionysius had begun.
455:
army led by
Daphnaeus, and the city was relieved. The Akragans were not happy with the decision of the generals (who refrained from chasing the defeated Carthaginians) and had four of them stoned to death. The Greeks then cut off supplies to the Carthaginian camp and almost caused a mutiny in the Punic army. Himilco saved the situation by managing to defeat the Syracusan fleet and capturing the grain convoy bound for Akragas. The Greeks, faced with starvation, abandoned Akragas, which was sacked by Himilco. The siege had lasted for eight months.
695:
take the chance to stage a coup in
Syracuse. Dionysius chose to evacuate Gela and requested a truce to bury the dead. However, he instead slipped out that very night with most of his army and the population of Gela, leaving the battle dead unburied. A group of 2,000 light troops stayed behind, where they lit large campfires to dupe the Carthaginians into thinking the Greeks were staying put. The next morning, these troops also marched from Gela. The Carthaginians entered and sacked the near-empty city the following day.
44:
707:, where he ordered the population to leave town. The strategic problem for Dionysius had not changed, getting stuck in a siege at Camarina might still mean risking political disaster in Syracuse. The march to Syracuse was slow. Suspicion arose among the Syracusan citizens that Dionysius might be in league with Himilco, and a coup attempt was launched. The spoils of Gela included a famous statue of Apollo, which was sent to Tyre.
1347:
572:
Carthaginians spent some time plundering the countryside and gathering provisions prior to commencing siege operations. The Gelans had proposed removing their women and children to
Syracuse, but the women insisted on staying put. Finally no one was forced to evacuate the city, and the Greeks kept up an active defense by harassing the Carthaginian foragers.
601:
519:
cavalry, which relied on the all-out charge. Carthage at this time did not use elephants, but
Libyans provided the bulk of the heavy, four horse war chariots for Carthage, which is not mentioned being present at Gela. The Carthaginian officer corps held overall command of the army, although many units may have fought under their chieftains.
497:
The
Libyans supplied both heavy and light infantry and formed the most disciplined units of the army. African heavy infantry fought in close formation, armed with long spears and round shields, wearing helmets and linen cuirasses. Light Libyan infantry carried javelins and a small shield, same as the
438:
provoked
Carthage into sending another army to Sicily in 406 under Hannibal Mago. The leading Greek cities of Sicily, Syracuse and Akragas, had prepared for the conflict by hiring mercenaries and expanding the fleet, along with keeping the city walls in good repair. Although Syracuse was involved in
776:
The
Carthaginian army and fleet left Sicily after the treaty. The plague was carried back to Africa, where it ravaged Carthage. Himilco was elected as "king" by 398. He would lead the Carthaginian response to the activities of Dionysius in 398. The treaty was to last until 404 when Dionysius started
686:
The plan depended on precise coordination between the three Greek detachments, or risked a defeat in detail for the Greeks. As things turned out, coordination was horrible: the sea-borne troops under
Leptines achieved total surprise and together with the hoplites attacking along the coast broke into
652:
A group of a few thousand light troops would land on the beach south of the Carthaginian camp under the command of his brother Leptines and attack the south end of the camp from the west, occupying the Carthaginian forces, while 4,000 Italian hoplites would march along the coast and attack the south
715:
Some of the cavalry, made up of rich former oligarchs, rode in haste to Syracuse and tried to take control of the city. Their attempt was clumsy, as Dionysius arriving at Syracuse found the gates shut but unguarded. He burnt down the gate and killed most of the rebels, while some of them managed to
613:
For three weeks Dionysius harassed the Carthaginians with light troops and cut off their supplies using his fleet. These tactics had almost brought disaster for the Carthaginians at Akragas, but it is likely that Dionysius chose to fight a pitched battle after three weeks because of the mood of his
480:
Hannibal Mago had brought together an army recruited from Carthaginian citizens, Africa, Spain and Italy, and a fleet of 120 triremes to Sicily. The army had been reduced by plague and casualties at Akragas and it is not known if Himilco had received any reinforcements or recruits while he wintered
694:
While the Greek army was far from beaten, its morale had suffered and Dionysius faced political unrest in Syracuse. The army may have been unwilling to resume the harassing campaign, and if the Greeks garrisoned in Gela had been bottled up by the Carthaginians, political enemies of Dionysius might
530:
Large Sicilian cities like Syracuse and Akragas could field up to 10,000–20,000 citizens, while smaller ones like Himera and Messana mustered between 3,000–6,000 soldiers. Gela probably could field similar numbers. Dionysius brought 30,000 foot and 1,000 horsemen, recruited from Syracuse, allied
454:
in summer 406, which withstood the initial assault. While building siege ramps for future attacks the army was struck by plague and Hannibal along with thousands of Carthaginians perished. Part of the Carthaginian army under Himilco, Hannibal’s kinsmen and deputy, was defeated by the Greek relief
418:. Syracuse and Akragas, the leading Greek cities in Sicily did not confront Carthage at that time and the Carthaginian army withdrew with the spoils of war. For three years, a lull fell on Sicily. No treaties had been signed between the Greeks and Carthaginians signaling a closure of hostilities.
690:
The northern Greek detachment meanwhile attacked the camp and drove back the Africans, who had come out to oppose them. At this juncture Himilco and the Carthaginian citizens counterattacked, and the Campanians and Iberians also came up, routing the northern prong of the attack, with the loss of
647:
The Carthaginians were camped to the west of Gela and Dionysius planned a three-pronged attack that had to follow a precise timetable. The Carthaginian cavalry was posted on the landward side while the mercenaries were on the seaward side, with the Africans in between inside the camp. Dionysius,
580:
Himilco resolved on storming the city before any help arrived. The Carthaginians did not bother to build circumvallation walls around Gela, they decided on direct assault. Despite Gelan resistance, the Carthaginians managed to move battering rams up to the western walls of the city and make some
463:
The homeless people from Akragas arrived at Syracuse and some made accusations against the Syracusan generals. In the assembly, Dionysius, who had fought bravely at Akragas, supported these accusations. He was fined for breaking meeting rules, but his friend Philistos paid the fine. The assembly
672:
Hannibal devised an unusual infantry formation to envelop the Roman infantry. He pushed the Carthaginian center forward, when the Roman infantry attacked and drove back the Carthaginians, Hannibal’s infantry posted at the end of the center attacked the exposed Roman flank and achieved a double
471:
Dionysius started scheming to expand his power. He got the government to recall political exiles who were former followers of Hermocrates, and then marched to Gela, which was under the command of the Spartan Dexippus. Dionysius dabbled in the political feud of Gela and managed to condemn their
571:
While Dionysius was busy with scheming his way to absolute power, the Carthaginian army had left their winter base at Akragas after destroying the city. Himilco marched along the coast to Gela, and set up camp near the sea on the west of the city, fortifying it with a trench and palisade. The
518:
The Libyans, Carthaginian citizens, and the Libyo-Phoenicians provided disciplined, well-trained cavalry equipped with thrusting spears and round shields. Numidia provided superb light cavalry armed with bundles of javelins and riding without bridle or saddle. Iberians and Gauls also provided
385:
When the Carthaginians laid siege to Gela, Dionysius responded by leading his forces from Syracuse to confront the threat. He devised a complex three-pronged attack strategy against the Carthaginians, but the plan failed due to a lack of proper coordination. Faced with the defeat and growing
597:, and had marched at a slow pace to Gela. The arrival of this army lifted the Punic siege for the time being. The Greeks encamped at the mouth of River Gela on the western bank beside the city opposite the Carthaginian camp, close enough to the sea to direct both land and naval operations.
691:
another 600 Greeks. The force under Dionysius got entangled in the narrow streets of the city amid the population and never attacked. The Greek cavalry was never engaged and the Carthaginians chased the Greeks back to the city. After the fighting ceased, Himilco had won the day.
673:
envelopment. Dionysius formed no special formation, nor did the Greek center start the battle at Gela. The Greek troops were to attack the Carthaginian camp simultaneously from both sides and achieve a double envelopment before their center would get involved.
581:
breaches in them. However, the defenders managed to keep the attackers at bay all day and repaired the walls at night. The help of the women in repairing the walls was invaluable. The Carthaginians had to start from the beginning the following morning.
558:
was the standard fighting formation of the army. The cavalry was recruited from wealthier citizens and hired mercenaries They were augmented by mercenary hoplites hired from Sicily and Italy and even mainland Greece. Some of the citizens also served as
740:
The army of Himilco was struck by plague again. During the entire campaign, the army had lost almost half its strength to the plague. Himilco chose not to battle Syracuse in his weakened state and opted for the treaty, which mostly favored
630:
maneuver. Dionysius almost pulled one off on the Carthaginains at Gela in 405, but given the difference in circumstances that existed at Cannae and Gela, the battle plan of Hannibal and Dionysius varied; and like Hannibal’s brother
736:
Dionysius was indeed in communication with Himilco and agreed to a treaty favorable to Carthage in exchange for peace and recognition of his authority. This is highly probable based on the future events in the career of
502:
wore purple-bordered white tunics and leather headgear. The heavy infantry fought in a dense phalanx, armed with heavy throwing spears, long body shields, and short thrusting swords. Campanian (probably equipped like
481:
at Akragas. The original forces may have numbered around 60,000 men, and the survivors marched to Gela in the spring of 405. The Carthaginian fleet, which numbered around 105 ships after losing 15 triremes at
676:
The Carthaginian heavy cavalry was to play a special part in dispersing the Roman cavalry, then attacking the Roman infantry from the rear. Dionysius planned only a supporting role for the Greek cavalry at
759:
Greeks were allowed to return to Selinus, Akragas, Camarina and Gela. These cities, including the new city of Thermae, would pay tribute to Carthage. Gela and Camarina were forbidden to repair their walls.
604:
Greek battle plan at Gela 405 BC. A generic representation, not to exact scale and path of troop movement are indicative and geographic features are partially shown because of lack of primary source data.
538:, drawn mainly from the citizens by Dionysius, and had a large number of mercenaries from Italy and Greece as well. Sicels and other native Sicilians also served in the army as hoplites and also supplied
378:, marched to confront the Greeks at Gela. The Syracuse government had deposed Daphnaeus, the unsuccessful general of the Greek army at Akragas, with Dionysius, another officer who had been a follower of
656:
Dionysius, with the reserve force and Gelan hoplites, would sally out from the West gate of the city and attack the camp once the Carthaginians were fully committed on the flanks of their camp.
614:
soldiers against a war of attrition. The Carthaginian army probably outnumbered the combined Greek force and Dionysius resolved to use stratagem to neutralize this enemy advantage.
331:
777:
a war against the Sicels. As Carthage took no action, Dionysius increased his power and domain in Sicily and finally in 398 launched a war against the Carthaginians by attacking
211:
296:
639:
in 215, a field commander needs a certain amount of luck along with skilled subordinates and disciplined soldiers to coordinate the complexities of the maneuver correctly.
410:. Segesta appealed to Carthage for aid, and the Carthaginian Senate agreed to intervene on behalf of Segesta. Hannibal Mago of Carthage led an army which took the city of
301:
398:
Carthage had stayed away from Sicilian affairs for almost 70 years following the defeat at Himera in 480, during which time Greek culture had started to penetrate the
511:
warriors), Sicel, Sardinian and Gallic infantry fought in their native gear, but often were equipped by Carthage. Sicels and other Sicilians were equipped like Greek
665:
The armies and terrain, as well as the circumstances at Cannae, differed greatly from those at Gela and the battle plans of Hannibal and Dionysius reflected this:
589:
Apart from his political machinations, Dionysius had managed to make ready an army made of Italian and Sicilian Greeks and mercenaries, numbering at least 30,000
653:
end of the camp from the east. At the same time, the Greek cavalry, supported by 8,000 hoplites would engage the Carthaginians on the northern side of the camp.
563:
while the wealthier citizens formed the cavalry units. Sicels and Sikan soldiers also served in the force. Mercenaries provided archers, slingers, and cavalry.
1361:
189:
732:
Instead of a Carthaginian assault on Syracuse, a peace treaty was signed between the belligerents in 405. Reasons for the treaty are speculated as:
522:
The Punic navy was built around the trireme, Carthaginian citizens usually served alongside recruits from Libya and other Carthaginian domains.
648:
observing that a seaborne force could attack the camp from the south, where it was open and lightly defended, decided on the following course:
464:
deposed Daphnaeus and the other generals and appointed replacements, Dionysius among them. The Akragan refugees ultimately found shelter in
1315:
Warfare in The Classical World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons, Warriors and Warfare in the Ancient Civilisations of Greece and Rome
499:
724:. The position of Dionysius was hardly secure, as Himilco and his army, after taking and sacking Camarina, were marching for Syracuse.
756:
Carthage keeps full control of the Phoenician cities in Sicily. Elymian and Sikan cities were in the Carthaginian sphere of influence.
182:
669:
Hannibal planned to fight the Romans outside their camp while Dionysius planned to attack the Carthaginians within their camp.
1410:
1264:
386:
discontent in Syracuse, Dionysius made the decision to evacuate Gela to preserve his own power. After the Greeks had fled to
1415:
316:
321:
175:
1323:
1302:
1283:
1223:
1202:
928:
892:
346:
406:
cities in Sicily. This all changed in 411 when the Elymian city Segesta was defeated by the Dorian Greek city
1356:
626:
destroyed a large Roman army near a Roman supply depot in Apulia using perhaps the best-known example of the
271:
468:. An appeal from Gela then reached Syracuse to send aid, as the Carthaginians were approaching that city.
341:
1383:
1405:
1370:
336:
306:
266:
261:
251:
231:
226:
216:
311:
126:
720:. The refugees of Gela and Camarina, distrustful of Dionysius, joined the Akragan refugees at
551:
508:
326:
20:
129:
8:
627:
276:
1245:
1234:
1319:
1298:
1279:
1260:
1219:
1198:
924:
888:
636:
555:
443:
and with disputes with her neighbors, their government sent an appeal for support to
440:
367:
291:
281:
256:
221:
134:
286:
241:
114:
1339:
1400:
1313:
1213:
632:
109:
745:
246:
772:
Both sides agreed to release prisoners and ships captured during the campaign.
531:
Sicilian Greek cities, and mercenaries along with 50 triremes to Gela in 405.
1394:
1351:
766:
were to remain free of Carthaginian and Syracusan influence, as was Leontini.
482:
444:
371:
199:
48:
Sandy stretch of coast in the Manfria district, near Gela (in the background)
35:
717:
427:
379:
1350: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
543:
43:
844:
842:
721:
704:
623:
539:
512:
486:
465:
387:
839:
763:
594:
590:
560:
547:
535:
504:
451:
435:
411:
407:
399:
375:
374:), which had spent the winter and spring in the captured city of
167:
415:
363:
390:
Himilco, the Carthaginian general, sacked the abandoned city.
778:
447:
and mainland Greece once the Carthaginians landed in Sicily.
431:
403:
769:
Dionysius was acknowledged as ruler of Syracuse by Carthage.
660:
622:
One hundred and eighty-nine years after the events at Gela,
105:
69:
600:
382:. Dionysius schemed and gained full dictatorial powers.
1362:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
987:
985:
414:
by storm in 409 and then also destroyed the city of
1254:
902:
900:
1243:
982:
1232:
1392:
897:
617:
489:, was at Motya and did not accompany the army.
370:(a member of the Magonid family and kinsman of
1340:Diodorus Siculus translated by G. Booth (1814)
1292:
1273:
183:
1192:
1311:
426:The raids of the exiled Syracusan general,
421:
1211:
797:Kern, Paul B., Ancient Greek Warfare, p172
190:
176:
42:
661:Difference with Hannibal’s plan at Cannae
642:
599:
534:The mainstay of the Greek army was the
492:
1393:
710:
362:took place in the summer of 405 BC in
1355:
1247:Sicily: Phoenician, Greek & Roman
716:get away and seize the Sicel town of
171:
608:
593:and 4,000 cavalry and a fleet of 50
566:
554:warriors, were present as well. The
13:
575:
475:
14:
1427:
1342:Complete book (scanned by Google)
1333:
1278:. Indiana University Publishers.
584:
458:
197:
1345:
1318:. New York: Barnes & Noble.
1250:(3rd ed.). T. Fisher Unwin.
1239:(4th ed.). T. Fisher Unwin.
1169:
1156:
1143:
1130:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1086:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1046:
1037:
1024:
1011:
998:
973:
964:
955:
946:
933:
913:
727:
525:
16:5th-century BC battle in Sicily
941:Warfare in the Classical World
908:Warfare in the Classical World
877:
868:
863:Dionysius I: Warlord of Sicily
855:
826:
813:
800:
791:
752:The terms of the treaty were:
366:. The Carthaginian army under
1:
784:
393:
91:Dorian Greek city Gela sacked
1411:Battles of the Sicilian Wars
1255:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2007).
1074:Diodorus Siculus, XIII.110.6
1065:Diodorus Siculus, XIII.110.5
1043:Diodorus Siculus, XIII.109.4
698:
618:Pulling a Cannae on Carthage
498:Iberian light infantry. The
430:, on Punic territory around
7:
1244:Freeman, Edward A. (1892).
1114:Diodorus Siculus 13.112-113
1105:Diodorus Siculus 13.111.1-2
979:Diodorus Siculus, XIII.80.4
762:The Sicels and the city of
10:
1432:
1416:Military history of Sicily
1259:. Orion Publishing Group.
1233:Church, Alfred J. (1886).
1186:
952:Diodorus Siculus, X.III.84
703:Dionysius led the army to
485:to the Greeks fleet under
18:
1083:Diodurus Siculus XIII.110
961:Diodorus Siculus, X.IV.40
874:Diodorus Siculus, XIII.80
681:
546:, probably equipped like
207:
153:
149:estimated 30,000 - 40,000
146:estimated 30,000 - 40,000
140:
120:
99:
52:
41:
33:
28:
19:For the 1943 battle, see
1297:. Blackwell Publishers.
970:Diodorus Siculus XIII.60
422:The expedition of 406 BC
1197:. Cooper Square Press.
127:Dionysius I of Syracuse
29:Battle of Gela (405 BC)
1293:Lancel, Serge (1997).
1274:Kern, Paul B. (1999).
605:
121:Commanders and leaders
1312:Warry, John (1993) .
1276:Ancient Siege Warfare
1218:. Barns & Noble.
1193:Baker, G. P. (1999).
1162:Goldsworthy, Adrian,
1032:Ancient Siege Warfare
1006:Ancient Siege Warfare
993:Ancient Siege Warfare
883:Goldsworthy, Adrian,
834:Ancient Siege Warfare
643:The Greek battle plan
603:
154:Casualties and losses
21:Battle of Gela (1943)
1215:Hannibal's Campaigns
1136:Freeman, Edward A.,
1123:Freeman, Edward A.,
885:The fall of Carthage
848:Freeman, Edward A.,
819:Freeman, Edward A.,
808:Hannibal's Campaigns
493:Carthaginian cohorts
130:Leptines of Syracuse
81:Carthaginian Victory
1295:Carthage: A History
1212:Bath, Tony (1992).
1175:Church, Alfred J.,
1149:Church, Alfred J.,
711:Syracuse discontent
628:double envelopement
919:Makroe, Glenn E.,
606:
542:, and a number of
450:Hannibal besieged
1406:400s BC conflicts
1378:Missing or empty
1371:cite encyclopedia
1266:978-0-7538-2258-6
637:Battle of Dertosa
609:Prelude to battle
567:Gela under threat
441:Peloponnesian War
355:
354:
347:Strait of Messina
166:
165:
95:
94:
1423:
1387:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1366:
1349:
1348:
1329:
1308:
1289:
1270:
1251:
1240:
1229:
1208:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1147:
1141:
1134:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1028:
1022:
1015:
1009:
1002:
996:
989:
980:
977:
971:
968:
962:
959:
953:
950:
944:
937:
931:
917:
911:
904:
895:
881:
875:
872:
866:
859:
853:
846:
837:
830:
824:
817:
811:
804:
798:
795:
500:Iberian infantry
202:
192:
185:
178:
169:
168:
54:
53:
46:
26:
25:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1391:
1390:
1379:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1346:
1336:
1326:
1305:
1286:
1267:
1226:
1205:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1144:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1030:Kern, Paul B.,
1029:
1025:
1016:
1012:
1004:Kern, Paul B.,
1003:
999:
991:Kern, Paul B.,
990:
983:
978:
974:
969:
965:
960:
956:
951:
947:
938:
934:
918:
914:
905:
898:
882:
878:
873:
869:
860:
856:
847:
840:
832:Kern, Paul B.,
831:
827:
818:
814:
805:
801:
796:
792:
787:
730:
713:
701:
684:
663:
645:
633:Hasdrubal Barca
620:
611:
587:
578:
576:Assault on Gela
569:
528:
495:
478:
476:Opposing forces
461:
424:
402:, Sikanian and
396:
356:
351:
332:2nd White Tunis
327:1st White Tunis
203:
198:
196:
108:
87:
73:
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1429:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1389:
1388:
1359:, ed. (1870).
1357:Smith, William
1343:
1335:
1334:External links
1332:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1309:
1303:
1290:
1284:
1271:
1265:
1252:
1241:
1230:
1224:
1209:
1203:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1168:
1155:
1142:
1129:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1092:Caven, Brian,
1085:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1052:Caven, Brian,
1045:
1036:
1023:
1017:Caven, Brian,
1010:
997:
981:
972:
963:
954:
945:
932:
912:
896:
876:
867:
861:Caven, Brian,
854:
838:
825:
812:
799:
789:
788:
786:
783:
774:
773:
770:
767:
760:
757:
750:
749:
746:Roman Republic
742:
738:
729:
726:
712:
709:
700:
697:
683:
680:
679:
678:
674:
670:
662:
659:
658:
657:
654:
644:
641:
619:
616:
610:
607:
586:
585:Siege relieved
583:
577:
574:
568:
565:
527:
524:
494:
491:
477:
474:
460:
459:A tyrant rises
457:
423:
420:
395:
392:
360:Battle of Gela
353:
352:
350:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
208:
205:
204:
195:
194:
187:
180:
172:
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
138:
137:
132:
123:
122:
118:
117:
112:
102:
101:
97:
96:
93:
92:
89:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
68:
66:
62:
61:
60:Summer, 405 BC
58:
50:
49:
39:
38:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1428:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1385:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1352:public domain
1344:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1325:1-56619-463-6
1321:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1304:1-57718-103-4
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1285:0-253-33546-9
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1257:Roman Warfare
1253:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1225:0-88029-817-0
1221:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1204:0-8154-1005-0
1200:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1164:Roman Warfare
1159:
1152:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1095:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1062:
1055:
1049:
1040:
1033:
1027:
1020:
1014:
1007:
1001:
994:
988:
986:
976:
967:
958:
949:
942:
939:Warry, John.
936:
930:
929:0-520-22614-3
926:
922:
916:
909:
906:Warry, John.
903:
901:
894:
893:0-253-33546-9
890:
886:
880:
871:
864:
858:
851:
845:
843:
836:, pp. 163-170
835:
829:
822:
816:
809:
803:
794:
790:
782:
780:
771:
768:
765:
761:
758:
755:
754:
753:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:
733:
725:
723:
719:
708:
706:
696:
692:
688:
675:
671:
668:
667:
666:
655:
651:
650:
649:
640:
638:
635:found at the
634:
629:
625:
615:
602:
598:
596:
592:
582:
573:
564:
562:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
523:
520:
516:
514:
510:
506:
501:
490:
488:
484:
473:
469:
467:
456:
453:
448:
446:
445:Magna Graecia
442:
437:
433:
429:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
391:
389:
383:
381:
377:
373:
372:Hannibal Mago
369:
365:
361:
348:
345:
343:
342:3rd Lilybaeum
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
297:2nd Lilybaeum
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
212:1st Lilybaeum
210:
209:
206:
201:
200:Sicilian Wars
193:
188:
186:
181:
179:
174:
173:
170:
161:
158:
157:
152:
148:
145:
144:
139:
136:
135:Himilco Hanno
133:
131:
128:
125:
124:
119:
116:
113:
111:
107:
104:
103:
98:
90:
85:
84:
80:
77:
76:
71:
67:
64:
63:
59:
56:
55:
51:
45:
40:
37:
36:Sicilian Wars
32:
27:
22:
1380:|title=
1360:
1314:
1294:
1275:
1256:
1246:
1235:
1214:
1194:
1176:
1171:
1163:
1158:
1150:
1145:
1137:
1132:
1127:, pp. 153-54
1124:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1093:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1053:
1048:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1018:
1013:
1008:, pp. 172-73
1005:
1000:
992:
975:
966:
957:
948:
940:
935:
923:, pp. 84-86
920:
915:
907:
884:
879:
870:
862:
857:
852:, pp. 151-52
849:
833:
828:
823:, pp. 145-47
820:
815:
807:
806:Bath, Tony,
802:
793:
775:
751:
731:
728:Peace of 405
714:
702:
693:
689:
685:
664:
646:
621:
612:
588:
579:
570:
533:
529:
526:Greek forces
521:
517:
496:
479:
470:
462:
449:
425:
397:
384:
359:
357:
337:4th Syracuse
322:3rd Syracuse
317:Himera River
307:2nd Syracuse
267:1st Syracuse
236:
100:Belligerents
34:Part of The
1179:, pp. 44-45
1094:Dionysius I
1056:, pp. 63-72
1054:Dionysius I
1019:Dionysius I
943:. pp. 98-99
921:Phoenicians
865:, pp. 45-46
744:Unlike the
428:Hermocrates
380:Hermocrates
272:Tauromenium
232:1st Akragas
86:Territorial
1395:Categories
785:References
737:Dionysius.
544:Campanians
394:Background
227:2nd Himera
217:1st Himera
741:Carthage.
699:Aftermath
312:Crimissus
277:Abacaenum
1236:Carthage
1195:Hannibal
1177:Carthage
1151:Carthage
1140:, p. 154
1034:, p. 173
995:, p. 172
910:. p. 103
887:, p. 32
722:Leontini
705:Camarina
624:Hannibal
595:triremes
591:hoplites
561:peltasts
552:Etruscan
540:peltasts
513:Hoplites
509:Etruscan
487:Leptines
466:Leontini
436:Panormus
388:Camarina
242:Camarina
141:Strength
115:Carthage
110:Syracuse
72:, Sicily
65:Location
1354::
1187:Sources
1166:, p. 85
1153:, p. 44
1096:, p. 63
1021:, p. 62
810:, p. 11
764:Messene
556:Phalanx
548:Samnite
536:hoplite
505:Samnite
452:Akragas
412:Selinus
408:Selinus
400:Elymian
376:Akragas
368:Himilco
302:Drepana
292:Cronium
282:Chrysas
257:Messene
252:Segesta
222:Selinus
162:Unknown
88:changes
1401:405 BC
1322:
1301:
1282:
1263:
1222:
1201:
1138:Sicily
1125:Sicily
927:
891:
850:Sicily
821:Sicily
682:Battle
416:Himera
364:Sicily
287:Cabala
262:Catana
78:Result
779:Motya
718:Aetna
677:Gela.
432:Motya
404:Sicel
247:Motya
159:1,600
1384:help
1320:ISBN
1299:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1199:ISBN
925:ISBN
889:ISBN
483:Eryx
439:the
434:and
358:The
237:Gela
106:Gela
70:Gela
57:Date
550:or
507:or
1397::
1375::
1373:}}
1369:{{
984:^
899:^
841:^
781:.
515:.
1386:)
1382:(
1365:.
1328:.
1307:.
1288:.
1269:.
1228:.
1207:.
191:e
184:t
177:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
