550:. Meanwhile, Lieutenant James Oketa, the UNLA's chief intelligence officer at Masaka, drove westward out of the town in his truck to conduct reconnaissance. He encountered the Mobile Brigade's 3rd Battalion at the outskirts of Masaka, east of the town of Kyabakuza in a valley surrounded by a large swamp. The NRA opened fire on his truck, and he quickly turned around and headed back into town. The NRA captured Masaka town the following day and laid siege to the barracks at Kasijjagirwa. The first assault on the barracks was defeated, as the installation was well protected by fortifications including minefields, heavy machine guns, anti-aircraft cannons, and mortars.
523:, the Ugandan capital. Masaka had key strategic importance for several reasons; it was one of the largest towns in the country, hosted a large market for the coffee trade, supported nearby ranching communities, and was located along a road network that connected Uganda to neighbouring states in the south and to the west. NRA commanders believed that the capture of Masaka would facilitate an attack on Kampala. Masaka was garrisoned by about 2,000 to 3,000 UNLA troops belonging to the 32nd Battalion and the Masaka Mechanised Regiment who were based out of a barracks at Kasijjagirwa, two kilometres outside of the town.
629:, the local population "would have only been too glad to lynch every one of them." Eventually, many of the UNLA soldiers including Captain Ojara switched allegiances and joined the NRA. The NRA's capture of Masaka and eventual success at Mbarara also solidified their control of the centre and south-western sections of the country and left Kampala vulnerable to attack. To take advantage of its improving military situation, the NRA High Command decided to launch an offensive to capture the city. On 24 January 1986, the NRA
557:'s headquarters in Masaka. They used flares to illuminate NRA positions, forcing 3rd Battalion commander Patrick Lumumba to withdraw some of his troops. Despite Lumumba's urging, Saleh refused to abandon his headquarters. The UNLA soldiers were eventually repelled by the 3rd Battalion, and Tebandeke was killed. This marked the end of the breakout attempts, as Tebandeke's successor, Captain Olanya Ojara, opted for a passive strategy. The garrison holed up in the barracks, hoping for reinforcements. On 18 November,
50:
532:
148:
136:
599:. Meanwhile, the garrison at Masaka suffered from dwindling supplies. Food, clean water, and medicine became scarce, and UNLA soldiers resorted to eating rats to survive. According to a NRA veteran, there were even incidents of cannibalism. Despite this, several died from starvation. In one instance, a soldier searching for food outside the barracks managed to retrieve a bunch of bananas, but stepped on a
57:
486:, which had about 3,000 members. Over time, power shifted to pro-Obote elements in the government and the army. Obote assumed power in 1980 through a disputed election, and ruled through repressive methods, including the incarceration and killing of dissidents. In February 1981, Museveni and a small band of rebels began attacking UNLA forces, initiating the
494:(NRM). Museveni was made Vice-Chairman of the National Resistance Council, the group's political body, and Chairman of the High Command of the National Resistance Army (NRA), the Movement's armed organ. By July 1985, the NRA had been largely defeated and pushed out of its strongholds, and Museveni retired to Sweden.
603:
while returning. Gravely wounded, he called for help, but the soldier that went out to retrieve him stepped on another mine, losing his leg. Both men screamed for assistance, but neither the NRA nor the UNLA were able to reach them, and they succumbed to their wounds three days later. Attempts by the
607:
In contrast to the desperate situation of the UNLA garrison, some NRA fighters regarded the siege as "enjoyable" because they had access to facilities in Masaka town that they had lacked during their insurgency in the bush. Many locals supported the rebels during the siege, and even joined the NRA.
505:
soldiers, which constituted the second-largest ethnic group in the UNLA and were loyal to Obote. The NRM was highly critical of the new government and accused the UNLA of committing atrocities. The UNLF, conscious of its weakening political position, nevertheless pursued negotiations with the NRM.
615:
As the conditions of the garrison worsened, the UNLA troops increasingly succumbed to indiscipline and divided into factions along ethnic lines. On 2 December, groups of UNLA troops began surrendering to the NRA. The NRA used its artillery to heavily shell the remaining government troops from 4
514:
In August, the NRA launched a series of coordinated attacks that resulted in the capture of significant amounts of territory in central and western Uganda. As part of the NRA's offensive, its Mobile
Brigade was ordered to attack the town of
624:
Immediately after the battle, the NRA 3rd
Battalion was redeployed to assist forces in combat in Bulenga. NRA commanders housed the UNLA prisoners taken at Masaka in the senior secondary school "for their own security" as, according to
616:
December. The rest of the Masaka garrison capitulated on 10 December. The NRA took between 2,000–3,000 UNLA troops prisoner and seized the stock of weapons from the armoury, while having suffered relatively light casualties.
1116:
612:(boy soldiers aged 10 to 14) among the besiegers of Masaka. These fighters were often smartly dressed, and sang revolutionary songs to local audiences, prompting many peasants to believe that the war "was easy".
1446:
Katumanga, Musambayi (2007). "Folk poetry as a weapon of struggle: an analysis of the Chaka Mchaka resistance songs of the national resistance movement/army of Uganda". In Kimani Njogu; Hervé Maupeu (eds.).
470:. A new UNLF government was installed, but it was weak and exercised little control over the country. This was in part due to the UNLF's and its army's own internal divisions. The several-hundred-strong
553:
The Masaka
Mechanised Regiment launched counter-attacks against the 3rd Battalion during the following days. On 31 September, UNLA forces led by Major John Tebandeke and coordinated by Oketa attacked
501:
assumed power in his place. The new regime was weak and unstable, and Okello made overtures to anti-Obote rebel groups to form a coalition government and end the fighting. The coup upset many
1343:
348:
306:
591:
Upon being informed of the situation at Masaka, the UNLA high command resolved to lift the siege. At some point in early
December, it ordered the 11th Battalion, artillery units, allied
809:
331:
1108:
412:
596:
392:
336:
321:
407:
966:
1177:
1073:
272:
375:
353:
341:
397:
370:
316:
1335:
752:
640:
between
Tanzanian and Ugandan forces, Masaka was left further damaged by the siege. The town did not recover from the conflicts until the 2010s.
633:, completely securing it two days later. Many of the NRA soldiers who had defected from the UNLA garrison in Masaka participated in the battle.
669:
According to historians Cooper and
Fontanellaz, the final UNLA counter-attack at Masaka took place on 31 September 1985, while the Ugandan
265:
454:
In April 1979, Tanzanian forces and the Uganda
National Liberation Army (UNLA), a coalition of armed rebel groups united under the
801:
1506:
1481:
1462:
1436:
1415:
1394:
258:
901:
595:
militants, and helicopters to reopen the
Kampala–Masaka Road. This operation failed in face of NRA resistance during the
958:
1169:
1065:
1533:
296:
656:
Unidentified "travelers" already claimed that Masaka had been captured by the NRA on 12 August 1985. Similarly, the
604:
UNLA's helicopters to airlift supplies to Masaka mostly failed, as the NRA drove them off with anti-aircraft guns.
455:
49:
539:
443:
380:
1543:
506:
Museveni took advantage of the disruption caused by the coup to return to East Africa and rebuild the NRA.
491:
483:
152:
592:
1021:
657:
742:
1528:
1538:
435:
497:
On 27 July, several officers of the UNLA launched a coup which overthrew
President Obote. General
747:
547:
459:
608:
One of the factors that inspired many recruits was the large number of women soldiers and
8:
626:
463:
301:
1498:
558:
1502:
1477:
1458:
1432:
1411:
1390:
1026:
630:
561:
James
Tibamuleka, commander of the UNLA's 30th Brigade, was killed during the siege.
402:
365:
360:
311:
637:
487:
431:
326:
282:
182:
165:
37:
20:
1308:
1492:
1448:
1426:
1405:
1371:
991:
673:
newspaper stated that it occurred "nine or 10 days" after the siege's beginning.
479:
174:
1454:
1474:
Africa Contemporary Record : Annual Survey and Documents : 1985–1986
1522:
471:
434:
that took place from 25 September to 10 December 1985 in which forces of the
502:
475:
1476:. Vol. 18. New York City & London: Africana Publishing Company.
566:
554:
498:
193:
959:"NRM BUSH WAR MEMORIES: I was declared dead on radio, says Col. Kuteesa"
531:
600:
546:
On 24 September, the NRA's Mobile Brigade advanced eastward down the
1494:
Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence in Uganda, 1979 to 2016
1386:
572:
538:
in 2014. The town itself quickly fell to the rebels, whereupon the
467:
250:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
853:
851:
520:
438:(NRA) besieged and eventually captured the large Ugandan town of
490:. Shortly thereafter a new rebel coalition was organised as the
19:
For the 1979 conflict between Tanzanian and Ugandan forces, see
1277:
920:
848:
535:
516:
439:
140:
98:
94:
1222:
875:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1197:
1195:
802:"Today in History: How Museveni was appointed vice-president"
723:
779:
1212:
1210:
1407:
Battles of the Ugandan Resistance: A Tradition of Maneuver
1289:
1265:
1234:
1192:
1088:
1002:
863:
1170:"TODAY IN HISTORY: The battle that shaped the liberation"
1207:
1143:
1109:"Road to Nairobi Peace Talks: NRA refuse to board plane"
767:
699:
636:
Having already been the site of much destruction during
836:
660:
stated that the Siege of Masaka began in late August.
542:
garrison was confined to the well-fortified barracks.
478:, who had served as President before Amin took power.
1253:
1131:
824:
711:
687:
1380:
1283:
945:
857:
1520:
998:. Vol. 2, no. 13–24. 1985. p. 29.
1428:Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964–1985
119:Masaka captured by the National Resistance Army
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1066:"Katonga bridge, the jewel of the liberation"
986:
984:
577:That remained fled, when will they come back
266:
1309:"Uganda: Masaka Fails to Heal From Two Wars"
796:
794:
1403:
1295:
1271:
1247:
1228:
1201:
1094:
1008:
881:
869:
1155:
981:
273:
259:
1445:
1383:Wars and Insurgencies of Uganda 1971–1994
1381:Cooper, Tom; Fontanellaz, Adrien (2015).
1216:
1149:
791:
569:tried and even came to Masaka and Mbarara
1376:. Kitata Publishing and Trading Company.
530:
1369:
1259:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
175:
1521:
1490:
1424:
1336:"Masaka: From 'ghost' to vibrant town"
1137:
1106:
896:
894:
892:
890:
773:
755:from the original on 22 September 2017
729:
717:
705:
693:
519:, located 128 kilometres southwest of
1471:
1333:
1119:from the original on 30 December 2019
842:
830:
785:
254:
1450:Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa
1346:from the original on 31 October 2019
1180:from the original on 13 October 2019
1076:from the original on 23 January 2019
1063:
1042:
969:from the original on 5 February 2017
280:
109:National Resistance Movement victory
1107:Mugabe, Faustin (12 January 2014).
887:
16:1985 battle of the Ugandan Bush War
13:
1431:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press.
14:
1555:
1334:Ssali, Michael J. (3 July 2013).
902:"Rebels attack government troops"
812:from the original on 29 June 2019
1410:. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
1389:: Helion & Company Limited.
1064:Kato, Joshua (23 January 2014).
575:'s soldiers. We beat them, those
456:Uganda National Liberation Front
146:
134:
55:
48:
1327:
1301:
1100:
1014:
951:
663:
650:
582:—Excerpt of the NRA version of
444:Uganda National Liberation Army
85:24 September – 10 December 1985
1022:"Ugandan Rebel Group Advances"
735:
56:
1:
1404:Kainerugaba, Muhoozi (2010).
1362:
1284:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
946:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
858:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
449:
680:
619:
492:National Resistance Movement
484:Front for National Salvation
153:National Resistance Movement
7:
10:
1560:
1472:Legum, Colin, ed. (1987).
658:United Press International
586:, an Ugandan marching song
509:
207:Masaka Mechanised Regiment
18:
631:advanced into the Kampala
349:West Nile (December 1982)
307:West Nile (December 1980)
292:
236:
223:
201:
158:
127:
77:
43:
35:
30:
1534:Battles involving Uganda
788:, pp. B-466, B-475.
732:, pp. 128, 163–164.
643:
597:Battle of Katonga Bridge
526:
436:National Resistance Army
297:West Nile (October 1980)
69:Siege of Masaka (Uganda)
1491:Otunnu, Ogenga (2017).
748:Encyclopedia Britannica
743:"Uganda : History"
1373:Inside Luwero Triangle
1370:Bukenya, Alex (1992).
579:
543:
181:James Tibamuleka
159:Commanders and leaders
564:
534:
237:Casualties and losses
1457:. pp. 129–156.
992:"Ceasefire Violated"
430:was a battle of the
242:2,000–3,000 captured
164:John Tebandeke
1544:20th-century sieges
1425:Kasozi, A. (1994).
1315:. 24 September 2011
1231:, pp. 148–149.
965:. 9 February 2004.
884:, pp. 142–143.
776:, pp. 164–165.
708:, pp. 129–130.
627:Muhoozi Kainerugaba
548:Masaka–Mbarara Road
474:group was loyal to
173:Olanya Ojara (
1499:Palgrave Macmillan
559:Lieutenant Colonel
544:
1508:978-3-319-33155-3
1483:978-0-8419-0556-6
1464:978-9987-449-42-2
1453:. Dar es Salaam:
1438:978-0-7735-6487-9
1417:978-9970-25-032-5
1396:978-1-910294-55-0
1027:Los Angeles Times
908:. 5 December 1985
421:
420:
249:
248:
123:
122:
1551:
1529:Ugandan Bush War
1512:
1487:
1468:
1442:
1421:
1400:
1377:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1305:
1299:
1296:Kainerugaba 2010
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1272:Kainerugaba 2010
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1248:Kainerugaba 2010
1245:
1232:
1229:Kainerugaba 2010
1226:
1220:
1214:
1205:
1202:Kainerugaba 2010
1199:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1176:. 27 July 2018.
1166:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1104:
1098:
1095:Kainerugaba 2010
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1061:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1030:. 13 August 1985
1018:
1012:
1009:Kainerugaba 2010
1006:
1000:
999:
988:
979:
978:
976:
974:
955:
949:
943:
918:
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882:Kainerugaba 2010
879:
873:
870:Kainerugaba 2010
867:
861:
855:
846:
845:, p. B-466.
840:
834:
833:, p. B-464.
828:
822:
821:
819:
817:
808:. 27 July 2018.
798:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
764:
762:
760:
739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
709:
703:
697:
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674:
667:
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587:
488:Ugandan Bush War
462:and deposed the
432:Ugandan Bush War
332:West Nile (1981)
287:
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284:Ugandan Bush War
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139:
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79:
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59:
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38:Ugandan Bush War
28:
27:
21:Battle of Masaka
1559:
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1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1539:Battles in 1985
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622:
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584:Tutasonga Mbele
581:
576:
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529:
512:
482:controlled the
480:Yoweri Museveni
452:
428:siege of Masaka
424:
423:
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417:
288:
283:
281:
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213:Mobile Brigade
208:
197:Patrick Lumumba
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135:
133:
115:
101:
73:
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31:Siege of Masaka
24:
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1507:
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1455:Mkuki na Nyota
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1416:
1401:
1395:
1378:
1366:
1364:
1361:
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1357:
1326:
1300:
1298:, p. 170.
1288:
1276:
1274:, p. 155.
1264:
1252:
1250:, p. 149.
1233:
1221:
1219:, p. 154.
1217:Katumanga 2007
1206:
1204:, p. 148.
1191:
1154:
1152:, p. 153.
1150:Katumanga 2007
1142:
1140:, p. 152.
1130:
1099:
1097:, p. 146.
1087:
1041:
1013:
1011:, p. 143.
1001:
980:
950:
919:
886:
874:
872:, p. 142.
862:
847:
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823:
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778:
766:
734:
722:
720:, p. 133.
710:
698:
696:, p. 129.
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675:
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648:
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645:
642:
621:
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460:invaded Uganda
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403:Kampala (1986)
400:
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393:Katonga Bridge
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1340:Daily Monitor
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1330:
1314:
1313:allAfrica.com
1310:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1286:, p. 51.
1285:
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1262:, p. 98.
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963:Daily Monitor
960:
954:
948:, p. 50.
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928:
926:
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895:
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878:
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866:
860:, p. 49.
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638:a 1979 battle
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36:Part of the
1497:. Chicago:
1350:15 December
1138:Otunnu 2017
1123:30 December
1034:30 December
973:30 December
912:30 December
774:Kasozi 1994
730:Kasozi 1994
718:Kasozi 1994
706:Kasozi 1994
694:Kasozi 1994
555:Salim Saleh
499:Tito Okello
442:, from the
376:1985 mutiny
229:2,000–3,000
194:Salim Saleh
190:James Oketa
114:Territorial
1523:Categories
1363:References
1319:23 January
1184:23 October
1174:New Vision
1080:12 October
1070:New Vision
996:AfricaAsia
843:Legum 1987
831:Legum 1987
806:New Vision
786:Legum 1987
671:New Vision
450:Background
302:Rwenzururu
681:Citations
620:Aftermath
601:land mine
464:President
381:1985 coup
355:Safari 50
1387:Solihull
1344:Archived
1178:Archived
1117:Archived
1074:Archived
967:Archived
810:Archived
753:Archived
468:Idi Amin
458:(UNLF),
446:(UNLA).
224:Strength
90:Location
816:29 June
610:Kadogos
521:Kampala
510:Prelude
398:Mbarara
366:Kembogo
361:Birembo
343:Bonanza
312:Kabamba
232:Unknown
185:†
168:†
116:changes
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759:3 July
536:Masaka
517:Masaka
440:Masaka
408:Tororo
388:Masaka
371:Rubona
327:Kakiri
317:Kiboga
141:Uganda
106:Result
99:Uganda
95:Masaka
63:Masaka
644:Notes
571:With
527:Siege
503:Lango
245:Light
1503:ISBN
1478:ISBN
1459:ISBN
1433:ISBN
1412:ISBN
1391:ISBN
1352:2018
1321:2019
1186:2019
1125:2019
1082:2019
1036:2019
975:2019
914:2019
818:2019
761:2019
593:FUNA
573:Amin
567:Tito
540:UNLA
426:The
413:Nile
82:Date
906:UPI
176:POW
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