655:
allowed UNLA soldiers to closely approach them until opening fire, inflicting more losses on the advancing soldiers. For two hours, heavy fighting raged. With the government troops continuing their attacks, Saleh had to reinforce the 3rd
Battalion with the 1st Battalion. However, the UNLA troops then nearly outflanked both units, and were only stopped by the intervention of 5th Battalion troops under "China" Mafundo close to the rebel field headquarters. According to rebel veterans of the clash, the UNLA troops were fought fiercely, engaging the insurgents at close range and often battling until death. One rebel officer, Kanyeihama, was killed around this time. Eventually, the government troops started to waver due to their heavy losses, whereupon Saleh ordered the 3rd Battalion under Lumumba to launch a counter-attack. The UNLA battalions were routed by this
526:, but the insurgents managed to escape the trap without heavy losses. According to Museveni, the result of the battle at Birembo demoralized the UNLA's soldiers, as they reportedly realized that the rebels' abilities were growing instead of declining. The NRA continued to successfully evade the UNLA troops, ambushing smaller units of government troops and repulsing more attacks including a major one at Kirema. The UNLA forces subsequently ended their pursuit, allowing the NRA troops to successfully reach rebel-held territories and reorganize. Expoliting the successes at Kabamba, Birembo, and Kirema, the NRA expanded its operations from March 1985. The rebels opened a second front in the
680:
as the Bush War's "titanic encounter" and "the battle, that broke the UNLA's back". According to
Kainerugaba, the battle "ranks amongst the most decisive in Ugandan history". The defeat of the Special Brigade, widely regarded as the best unit of the entire military, was especially humiliating and disconcerting to the UNLA's troops. Government soldiers became increasingly frustrated at the Bush War's course, their heavy losses, and Obote's leadership. The Special Brigade itself was close to a mutiny after its defeat at Kembogo. Kato claimed that the clash "led to the overthrow of Milton Obote".
651:. As its troops believed that the rebels were in retreat, the company's soldiers were loud and inattentive. They were consequently surprised when the rebels opened fire, and quickly fell back in confusion. The vanguard lost about 50 dead in the initial exchange of fire. Shocked by the NRA ambush, Odwar and Kiyengo had to spend an hour to reorganize and rally their troops. The rebels spent this time to recover guns and ammunition from the battlefield.
98:
86:
689:
480:. Knowing that his force was far smaller and not well equipped, Museveni envisioned that the NRA would wage a long-term "people's war" to gradually undermine Obote's government and build up support across Uganda, starting with the Luwero region where many civilians were already sympathetic to his cause. Over the next years, fighting between the NRA and UNLA ebbed and flowed, as the government would launch major
530:, using the opportunity to also relocate wounded fighters as well as supportive civilians to less dangerous areas. Pro-Obote propagandists attempted to frame this event as a rebel retreat, but the UNLA leadership recognized that the Mobile Brigade under Saleh could operate more freely thanks to the removal of slower NRA contingents from the Luwero Triangle.
465:. Over time power shifted to pro-Obote elements in the government and the army. Obote assumed power in 1980 through a disputed election, and ruled through repressive methods, including the incarceration and killing of dissidents. In February 1981 Museveni and a small band of rebels began attacking UNLA forces, entering the
511:. Journalist Joshua Kato described Saleh as a "daredevil commander" who was highly admired by his subordinates for his battlefield skills and fearless leadership. Determined to curtail the growing rebel activity, the UNLA high command organized a large search-and-destroy operation to follow the NRA, headed by
679:
The Battle of
Kembogo also had a significant impact on the course of the war. Historians Tom Cooper and Adrien Fontanellaz described the confrontation as "clear-cut NRA victory" that "delivered a massive psychological blow to the entire UNLA". Journalist Dennis Katungi described the Battle of Kembogo
585:
and entered the Singo area, where they unsuccessfully continued their evasion attempts and engaged in a number of skirmishes. Recognizing that they were chasing the NRA's Mobile
Brigade, the pursuing UNLA force was reinforced by another UNLA battalion. These units were commanded by Odwar and Kiyengo.
732:
assumed power in his place. While Eric Odwar supported the coup, his superior Ogole opted to go into exile rather than serve under Okello's regime. The new regime was weak and unstable, and Okello made overtures to anti-Obote rebel groups to form a coalition government and end the fighting. The coup
723:
feared that this development might ultimately result in an ethnic purge of the military; such purges had repeatedly occurred over the previous two decades. To forestall a targeting of the Acholi, a faction of the UNLA opted to seize power for itself. On 27 July, several officers of the UNLA launched
675:
Kainerugaba argued that Ogole's overall plan to destroy the NRA's Mobile
Brigade in the area of Singo was sensible and plausible, as the territory was more open than the usual insurgent zones and presented a good opportunity to trap the militants. Conversely, Kainerugaba also took the view that the
737:
soldiers, which constituted the second-largest ethnic group in the UNLA and were loyal to Obote. The NRM was highly critical of the new government and accused the UNLA of committing atrocities. The UNLF, conscious of its weakening political position, nevertheless pursued negotiations with the NRM.
666:
According to Cooper, Fontanellaz, and researcher
Muhoozi Kainerugaba, the UNLA lost 200 to 300 soldiers in the battle, while the NRA suffered only 23 dead. Kato argued that about 350 UNLA soldiers were killed. Fearful of their superior's reaction, Kiyengo and Odwar initially did not contact Ogole
654:
The two UNLA battalions then launched a methodical assault on the rebel position, with the infantry advancing under the cover of artillery and machine gun fire. The government troops' support fire was inaccurate, as the rebels were still well-concealed in the tall grass. The NRA militants again
469:. Shortly thereafter a new rebel coalition was organised as the National Resistance Movement (NRM). Museveni was made vice-chairman of the National Resistance Council, the group's political body, and Chairman of the High Command of the National Resistance Army (NRA), the Movement's armed organ.
607:, Saleh declared his decision to turn around and confront their pursuers, reportedly declaring "if the enemy wants a fight, let's give it to them". The insurgent leadership thus planned a L-shaped ambush at the government forces' expected axis of advance at Kembogo, a location east of
541:
Smith Opon Acak, UNLA chief of staff, remained committed to the destruction of the NRA. He appointed Ogole as the commander of the counter-insurgency operations in the Luwero
Triangle. Ogole opted to split his Special Brigade into four contingents, each consisting of a reinforced
594:
Meanwhile, the NRA troops had recognized that they were trapped; their signals corps had monitored parts of the UNLA's radio communications, including Ogole's message. On late 20 June, Saleh called for a meeting of his officers, including
Patrick Lumumba, Stephen Kashaka, and
631:. The flank was held by the 5th Battalion. The 1st Battalion formed the reserve, while the 2nd acted as headquarters. Saleh instructed his troops to only open fire when the enemy was about 10 metres (11 yd) away. Furthermore, the rebels dug some shallow
457:. A new UNLF government was installed, but it was weak and exercised little control over the country. This was in part due to the UNLF's and its army's own internal divisions. One of the most important rivalries emerged between the supporters of
590:
strategy, with the pursuing battalions chasing the rebels toward the entrenched UNLA troops at the river. Informed of the situation and confident that he could end the war in a decisive battle, Ogole sent a boastful radio message to his troops.
676:
Special
Brigade's leadership, particularly Odwar and Kiyengo, underestimated the NRA's capabilities. Similar to veterans of the clash, Kainerugaba lauded Saleh's leadership and planning, viewing it as central to the NRA victory.
519:) John Charles Ogole. Ogole personally commanded the Special Brigade, also called the "Special Anti-Banditry Brigade" and "50 Special Brigade", a unit of 5,000 selected veteran soldiers with ample access to artillery.
920:
745:, allowing the NRM to assume government power and Museveni to become Ugandan President. In 2015, Museveni declared the fighting at Kembogo "a decisive battle that brought down the regime of
300:
258:
741:
In August 1985, the NRA launched a series of co-ordinated attacks that resulted in the capture of significant amounts of territory in central and western Uganda. In
January 1986, the NRA
711:, the Battle of Kembogo contributed to the growing frustration in the UNLA's tranks. A widespread mutiny erupted soon after the clash, with soldiers refusing to follow orders in
966:
413:
commander John Charles Ogole subsequently organized an operation to destroy the NRA's most important formation, the Mobile Brigade. After detecting the rebel unit, three UNLA
1411:
283:
364:
581:. The government troops began to follow the rebels; the insurgents failed to shake off their pursuers. Consisting of about 1,500 militants, Saleh's forces crossed the
344:
288:
273:
504:
359:
912:
224:
327:
305:
293:
708:
349:
322:
268:
1445:
425:, confronting two of the three government battalions. In this surprise confrontation, the insurgents inflicted heavy losses on the UNLA troops and
824:
1164:
484:
operations in the Luwero Triangle, disrupting NRA activities, only for the rebels to retake lost territory upon the end of the offensives.
647:
On 21 June, the UNLA battalions under Odwar and Kiyengo approached the ambush site in three columns. The vanguard column consisted of a
719:. Unrest spread, and various political factions attempted to exploit the situation to gain influence in the military. UNLA officers of
217:
958:
546:. These contingents were respectively led by Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Kiyengo, Lieutenant Colonel Tony Kirama, Lieutenant Colonel
441:
In April 1979 Tanzanian forces and the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA), a coalition of armed rebel groups united under the
659:, and the rebels pursued them. Many insurgents hoped to personally kill or capture a fleeing soldier to get their hands on fresh
1403:
586:
A third battalion took up a position at the Mayanja River. The government forces planned to destroy the NRA brigade by using a
1673:
1654:
1608:
1587:
1566:
210:
1717:
1629:
1707:
409:(NRA), had managed to expand its operations and engaged in a series of successful attacks and raids. The UNLA's main
248:
667:
until Odwar eventually sent a radio message in which he reportedly described the confrontation as a "catastrophe".
499:, site of a barracks and weapons depot. The NRA had already unsuccessfully attempted raids on the locality before,
442:
487:
In early 1984, the NRA won a number of victories over the security forces, most importantly raiding the cities of
1062:
391:
142:
725:
430:
332:
1088:
623:
easily concealed people. The ambush's blocking element was formed by the NRA's 3rd Battalion, equipped with
577:. One battalion of the Special Brigade detected traces of the NRA's Mobile Brigade which was marching from
383:
66:
746:
402:
and inflicted a heavy defeat on them. The battle contributed to growing unrest among government forces.
1361:
814:
1702:
1523:
1156:
429:
them. This NRA victory demoralized the UNLA, contributing to a widespread mutiny and eventually the
1712:
624:
570:
406:
154:
1722:
819:
648:
446:
749:" (Obote's party) and the area "sacred ground for the NRM because many lives were lost here".
738:
The NRA took advantage of the disruption caused by the coup to further build up its strength.
421:. NRA commander Saleh responded by unexpectedly switching from evasive evasive maneuvers to a
8:
507:
on 1 January 1985 resulted in the capture of the depot by the NRA's Mobile Brigade under
450:
253:
1646:
620:
527:
512:
410:
663:. The pursuit lasted for the rest of the day, and many more UNLA members were killed.
1669:
1650:
1625:
1604:
1583:
1562:
742:
523:
500:
481:
354:
312:
263:
656:
604:
596:
587:
466:
387:
278:
234:
127:
30:
417:
were dispatched and managed to corner the Mobile Brigade in the Singo area of the
1640:
1619:
1598:
1577:
692:
496:
473:
462:
418:
339:
54:
422:
1666:
Africa Contemporary Record : Annual Survey and Documents : 1985–1986
1696:
720:
712:
696:
582:
578:
555:
If Salim Saleh's Mobile Brigade is crushed, that will be the end of the war.
734:
632:
458:
1668:. Vol. 18. New York City & London: Africana Publishing Company.
729:
700:
660:
628:
508:
395:
119:
913:"Battle of Birembo: NRA's longest, fiercest encounter with UNLA troops"
547:
112:
851:
543:
538:
414:
173:
1642:
Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence in Uganda, 1979 to 2016
1558:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
608:
522:
The UNLA pursuit force managed to catch a large NRA section in the
454:
202:
1493:
1491:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1198:
1196:
1194:
875:
863:
688:
616:
612:
574:
561:
516:
488:
477:
394:(UNLA) attempted to corner and destroy a major rebel force under
569:
On 18 June, Ogole's forces left their base at Katikamu near the
1503:
1488:
1341:
1000:
636:
399:
90:
1379:
1317:
1271:
1247:
1220:
1191:
1106:
887:
1404:"Today in History: How Museveni was appointed vice-president"
1307:
1305:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1237:
1235:
1125:
1123:
1121:
795:
716:
492:
990:
988:
986:
984:
495:. Emboldened, Museveni decided to launch another attack on
426:
1579:
Battles of the Ugandan Resistance: A Tradition of Maneuver
1329:
1302:
1283:
1259:
1232:
1208:
1179:
1118:
603:
headquarters. After rearguard commander Rwabwisho gave a
981:
839:
771:
386:(NRM) rebels and the Ugandan government during the late
1476:
1464:
405:
The battle took place after the NRM's armed wing, the
1426:
1446:"UNLA commander John Ogole's account of Luweero war"
783:
759:
1089:"Museveni recounts the decisive battle of Birembo"
1063:"Why Galamba - Birembo trek is special - Museveni"
1552:
1509:
1497:
1086:
1060:
1045:
959:"The battle that ended Obote's second government"
881:
869:
857:
1694:
1157:"Kembogo, the battle that broke the UNLA's back"
564:John Charles Ogole's radio message to his troops
1600:Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964–1985
1362:"1984: Mande, Kagame, Saleh Break UNLA's Spine"
910:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1359:
1056:
1054:
218:
1624:(Macmillan ed.). Macmillan Publishers.
1575:
1385:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1296:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1185:
1135:
1129:
1112:
956:
935:
906:
904:
902:
893:
1524:"Museveni Names Kiboga an NRM Holy Ground"
1391:
1051:
398:, the latter lured their pursuers into an
225:
211:
1682:
1555:Wars and Insurgencies of Uganda 1971–1994
1553:Cooper, Tom; Fontanellaz, Adrien (2015).
1521:
994:
573:, and began a security sweep starting at
1617:
899:
687:
1695:
1685:A Military History of Africa. Volume 3
1638:
1596:
1432:
1167:from the original on 10 September 2024
1080:
969:from the original on 20 September 2024
845:
827:from the original on 22 September 2017
801:
789:
777:
765:
726:a coup which overthrew President Obote
707:Along with other setbacks such as the
1663:
1482:
1470:
206:
1061:Dickens H. Okello (6 January 2020).
232:
503:. Unlike the previous attacks, the
16:1985 battle of the Ugandan Bush War
13:
1603:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press.
1155:Dennis Katungi (4 February 2019).
1087:Dickens H. Okello (10 June 2018).
911:Gillian Nantume (5 January 2020).
382:(21 June 1985) was fought between
14:
1734:
1414:from the original on 29 June 2019
1360:Gilles Muhame (26 January 2015).
1582:. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
1561:: Helion & Company Limited.
443:Uganda National Liberation Front
96:
84:
1515:
1438:
1353:
923:from the original on 7 May 2023
550:, and Lieutenant Colonel Otim.
472:The NRA mainly operated in the
392:Uganda National Liberation Army
1683:Stapleton, Timothy J. (2013).
1545:
807:
1:
1576:Kainerugaba, Muhoozi (2010).
1522:Sam Waswa (26 January 2015).
1510:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
1498:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
1046:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
882:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
870:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
858:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
752:
436:
191:
178:
957:Joshua Kato (21 June 2021).
683:
615:. The area was dominated by
384:National Resistance Movement
102:National Resistance Movement
67:National Resistance Movement
7:
670:
10:
1739:
1718:June 1985 events in Africa
1664:Legum, Colin, ed. (1987).
533:
1618:Museveni, Yoweri (1997).
642:
476:west of Uganda's capital
301:West Nile (December 1982)
259:West Nile (December 1980)
244:
185:
166:
135:
106:
77:
36:
28:
23:
1708:Battles involving Uganda
804:, pp. 128, 163–164.
431:1985 Ugandan coup d'état
407:National Resistance Army
249:West Nile (October 1980)
155:National Resistance Army
1639:Otunnu, Ogenga (2017).
1621:Sowing the Mustard Seed
820:Encyclopedia Britannica
815:"Uganda : History"
505:Third Battle of Kabamba
704:
557:
107:Commanders and leaders
860:, pp. 40–41, 44.
691:
553:
390:. After government's
186:Casualties and losses
1350:, pp. 125, 133.
571:Kampala–Gulu Highway
501:most notably in 1981
1597:Kasozi, A. (1994).
1452:. 22 September 2018
1388:, pp. 133–134.
1326:, pp. 134–135.
1280:, pp. 132–133.
1256:, pp. 131–132.
1229:, pp. 130–131.
1205:, pp. 129–130.
1115:, pp. 125–127.
896:, pp. 115–125.
848:, pp. 164–165.
780:, pp. 129–130.
1647:Palgrave Macmillan
705:
528:Rwenzori Mountains
513:Lieutenant Colonel
411:counter-insurgency
1675:978-0-8419-0556-6
1656:978-3-319-33155-3
1610:978-0-7735-6487-9
1589:978-9970-25-032-5
1568:978-1-910294-55-0
884:, pp. 47–48.
872:, pp. 45–47.
524:Battle of Birembo
482:counterinsurgency
380:Battle of Kembogo
373:
372:
201:
200:
73:
72:
24:Battle of Kembogo
1730:
1703:Ugandan Bush War
1688:
1679:
1660:
1635:
1614:
1593:
1572:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1486:
1485:, p. B-466.
1480:
1474:
1473:, p. B-464.
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1410:. 27 July 2018.
1400:
1389:
1386:Kainerugaba 2010
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1357:
1351:
1348:Kainerugaba 2010
1345:
1339:
1336:Kainerugaba 2010
1333:
1327:
1324:Kainerugaba 2010
1321:
1315:
1312:Kainerugaba 2010
1309:
1300:
1297:Kainerugaba 2010
1294:
1281:
1278:Kainerugaba 2010
1275:
1269:
1266:Kainerugaba 2010
1263:
1257:
1254:Kainerugaba 2010
1251:
1245:
1242:Kainerugaba 2010
1239:
1230:
1227:Kainerugaba 2010
1224:
1218:
1215:Kainerugaba 2010
1212:
1206:
1203:Kainerugaba 2010
1200:
1189:
1186:Kainerugaba 2010
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1152:
1133:
1130:Kainerugaba 2010
1127:
1116:
1113:Kainerugaba 2010
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1058:
1049:
1043:
998:
992:
979:
978:
976:
974:
954:
933:
932:
930:
928:
908:
897:
894:Kainerugaba 2010
891:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
836:
834:
832:
811:
805:
799:
793:
787:
781:
775:
769:
763:
743:captured Kampala
721:Acholi ethnicity
709:Battle of Rubona
605:situation report
597:Fredrick Mugisha
588:hammer and anvil
565:
467:Ugandan Bush War
449:and deposed the
388:Ugandan Bush War
284:West Nile (1981)
239:
237:
236:Ugandan Bush War
227:
220:
213:
204:
203:
193:
180:
128:Fredrick Mugisha
101:
100:
99:
89:
88:
87:
38:
37:
31:Ugandan Bush War
21:
20:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1713:Battles in 1985
1693:
1692:
1691:
1676:
1657:
1632:
1611:
1590:
1569:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1303:
1295:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1153:
1136:
1128:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1001:
993:
982:
972:
970:
955:
936:
926:
924:
909:
900:
892:
888:
880:
876:
868:
864:
856:
852:
844:
840:
830:
828:
813:
812:
808:
800:
796:
788:
784:
776:
772:
764:
760:
755:
703:in October 1987
693:Yoweri Museveni
686:
673:
645:
567:
559:
536:
474:Luwero Triangle
463:Yoweri Museveni
439:
419:Luwero Triangle
376:
375:
374:
369:
240:
235:
233:
231:
148:Special Brigade
131:"China" Mafundo
130:
126:
125:Stephen Kashaka
124:
123:Patrick Lumumba
122:
115:
97:
95:
85:
83:
58:
55:Luwero Triangle
17:
12:
11:
5:
1736:
1726:
1725:
1723:1985 in Uganda
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1690:
1689:
1680:
1674:
1661:
1655:
1636:
1631:978-0333642344
1630:
1615:
1609:
1594:
1588:
1573:
1567:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1514:
1502:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1437:
1435:, p. 158.
1425:
1390:
1378:
1352:
1340:
1338:, p. 135.
1328:
1316:
1314:, p. 138.
1301:
1299:, p. 133.
1282:
1270:
1268:, p. 132.
1258:
1246:
1244:, p. 131.
1231:
1219:
1217:, p. 130.
1207:
1190:
1188:, p. 129.
1178:
1134:
1132:, p. 128.
1117:
1105:
1079:
1050:
999:
997:, p. 140.
995:Stapleton 2013
980:
934:
898:
886:
874:
862:
850:
838:
806:
794:
792:, p. 133.
782:
770:
768:, p. 129.
757:
756:
754:
751:
685:
682:
672:
669:
661:military boots
644:
641:
621:elephant grass
552:
535:
532:
447:invaded Uganda
438:
435:
423:pitched battle
371:
370:
368:
367:
362:
357:
355:Kampala (1986)
352:
347:
345:Katonga Bridge
342:
337:
336:
335:
325:
320:
315:
310:
303:
298:
291:
289:Kampala (1982)
286:
281:
276:
274:Kampala (1981)
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
245:
242:
241:
230:
229:
222:
215:
207:
199:
198:
195:
194:200–300 killed
188:
187:
183:
182:
176:
169:
168:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:Mobile Brigade
151:
150:
149:
138:
137:
136:Units involved
133:
132:
117:
116:Joseph Kiyengo
109:
108:
104:
103:
93:
80:
79:
75:
74:
71:
70:
64:
60:
59:
52:
50:
46:
45:
42:
34:
33:
26:
25:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1735:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1529:
1528:Chimp Reports
1525:
1518:
1512:, p. 51.
1511:
1506:
1500:, p. 49.
1499:
1494:
1492:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1451:
1450:Daily Monitor
1447:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1367:
1366:Chimp Reports
1363:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1228:
1223:
1216:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1187:
1182:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1114:
1109:
1094:
1093:Chimp Reports
1090:
1083:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1048:, p. 48.
1047:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
996:
991:
989:
987:
985:
968:
964:
960:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
922:
918:
917:Daily Monitor
914:
907:
905:
903:
895:
890:
883:
878:
871:
866:
859:
854:
847:
842:
826:
822:
821:
816:
810:
803:
798:
791:
786:
779:
774:
767:
762:
758:
750:
748:
744:
739:
736:
731:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
702:
698:
697:Ronald Reagan
694:
690:
681:
677:
668:
664:
662:
658:
652:
650:
640:
638:
634:
633:shell scrapes
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
611:and north of
610:
606:
602:
598:
592:
589:
584:
583:Mayanja River
580:
576:
572:
566:
563:
556:
551:
549:
545:
540:
531:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
334:
331:
330:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
308:
304:
302:
299:
297:
296:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
243:
238:
228:
223:
221:
216:
214:
209:
208:
205:
196:
190:
189:
184:
177:
175:
171:
170:
165:
159:
158:
157:
156:
152:
147:
146:
145:
144:
140:
139:
134:
129:
121:
118:
114:
111:
110:
105:
94:
92:
82:
81:
76:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
48:
47:
43:
40:
39:
35:
32:
27:
22:
1684:
1665:
1641:
1620:
1599:
1578:
1554:
1533:20 September
1531:. Retrieved
1527:
1517:
1505:
1478:
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1449:
1440:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1407:
1381:
1371:20 September
1369:. Retrieved
1365:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1273:
1261:
1249:
1222:
1210:
1181:
1171:20 September
1169:. Retrieved
1160:
1108:
1096:. Retrieved
1092:
1082:
1070:. Retrieved
1066:
973:20 September
971:. Retrieved
962:
925:. Retrieved
916:
889:
877:
865:
853:
841:
829:. Retrieved
818:
809:
797:
785:
773:
761:
740:
706:
678:
674:
665:
653:
646:
635:, though no
629:machine guns
600:
593:
568:
558:
554:
537:
521:
486:
471:
459:Milton Obote
440:
404:
379:
377:
317:
306:
294:
153:
141:
78:Belligerents
44:21 June 1985
29:Part of the
1687:. ABC-Clio.
1645:. Chicago:
1546:Works cited
1433:Otunnu 2017
846:Kasozi 1994
802:Kasozi 1994
790:Kasozi 1994
778:Kasozi 1994
766:Kasozi 1994
733:upset many
730:Tito Okello
701:White House
509:Salim Saleh
396:Salim Saleh
328:1985 mutiny
120:Salim Saleh
1697:Categories
1483:Legum 1987
1471:Legum 1987
1408:New Vision
1161:New Vision
1067:New Vision
963:New Vision
753:References
728:. General
548:Eric Odwar
437:Background
415:battalions
254:Rwenzururu
174:battalions
113:Eric Odwar
684:Aftermath
544:battalion
539:Brigadier
451:president
333:1985 coup
307:Safari 50
197:23 killed
53:Kembogo,
1559:Solihull
1412:Archived
1165:Archived
967:Archived
921:Archived
825:Archived
671:Analysis
637:trenches
609:Bukomero
455:Idi Amin
445:(UNLF),
167:Strength
57:, Uganda
49:Location
1418:29 June
699:at the
649:company
617:savanna
613:Kapeeka
599:at his
575:Lwamata
562:Colonel
534:Prelude
517:Colonel
515:(later
497:Kabamba
489:Masindi
478:Kampala
350:Mbarara
318:Kembogo
313:Birembo
295:Bonanza
264:Kabamba
69:victory
1672:
1653:
1628:
1607:
1586:
1565:
831:3 July
657:charge
643:Battle
619:whose
601:ad-hoc
427:routed
400:ambush
360:Tororo
340:Masaka
323:Rubona
279:Kakiri
269:Kiboga
91:Uganda
63:Result
1456:3 May
1098:7 May
1072:7 May
927:7 May
735:Lango
717:Mbuya
713:Jinja
695:with
579:Ngoma
493:Hoima
181:1,500
1670:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1626:ISBN
1605:ISBN
1584:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1535:2024
1458:2021
1420:2019
1373:2024
1173:2024
1100:2023
1074:2023
975:2024
929:2023
833:2019
715:and
627:and
625:RPGs
491:and
461:and
378:The
365:Nile
143:UNLA
41:Date
747:UPC
1699::
1649:.
1557:.
1526:.
1490:^
1448:.
1406:.
1393:^
1364:.
1304:^
1285:^
1234:^
1193:^
1163:.
1159:.
1137:^
1120:^
1091:.
1065:.
1053:^
1002:^
983:^
965:.
961:.
937:^
919:.
915:.
901:^
823:.
817:.
639:.
453:,
433:.
192:c.
179:c.
172:2
1678:.
1659:.
1634:.
1613:.
1592:.
1571:.
1537:.
1460:.
1422:.
1375:.
1175:.
1102:.
1076:.
977:.
931:.
835:.
560:—
226:e
219:t
212:v
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